GRASSES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


BV 


W.  J.  BEAL.  M.A.,  M.Sc.  l»n.l).. 

J'tofessor  e/^  liotiiny  and  horistry  in  Mii/tigan 
Agricuitiiral  CoUege. 


CoMtents  0/  Vol.  /.-CHAPTERS  ON  THE  PHYSI- 
OLOGY, COMPOSITION,  SKLECTION.  IM- 
PROVING, AND  Cl'LTlVATION  OK  OR  ASSKS; 
MANAGEMENT  OF  GRASS  LANDS;  ALSO 
CHAPTERS  ON  CLOVERS,  INJURIOUS  IN- 
SECTS. AND  FUNGI.     8VO.    $2.50. 

CanUxts  of  Vol.  //.—THE  GRASSES  C  LASSIFIED. 
DESCRIBED.  AND  EACH  (;ENrS  ILI.fS 
TRATED,  WITH  CHAPTERS  ON  THEIR 
GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION,  AND  A 
BIBLIOGRAPHY.     Sv.). 

HENRY  HOLT  &  CO., 

Publishers,  New   York. 


il 


\ 


GRASSES 


or 


NORTH    AMERICA 


BY 


W.  J.  BEAL,  M.A.,  M.S.,  Ph.D. 

I'ro/esior  p/  Hotany  niiii  J't'ti-stty  in 
Michigan  Agricuiturui  College 


m 


IN   TWO   VOLUMES 
%  Vol.  II 


THE  GRASSES  CLASSIFIED,  DESCRIBED.  AND  EACH 

GENUS    ILLUSTRATED,   WITH    CHAPTERS    ON 

THEIR  (iEOGRAIMHCAL  DISTRIBUTION 

AND    A    BIBLIOGRAPHY 


►■»» 


NEW  YORK 

HENRY  HOLT  AND  COMPANY 

lSc)6 


Copyright,  1896, 

BV 

HEXRY  HOLT  &  CO. 


ROBERT   DRUMMOND,   KLBCTROTYPHR   AND   I'H»NTKR,    NBW  VORK. 


PREFACE. 


To  some  extent  this  volume  supplements  the  first,  though  in 
mosst  respects  it  is  an  indei)endeiit  work.  The  first  volume  is  in- 
teiitled  more  particularly  for  farmers  and  students,  and  comi)rise8 
chai»ters  on  the  jdiysiology,  composition,  selection,  improving,  and 
cultivation  of  gras^^es  and  clovers.  A  few  of  the  illustrations  in  the 
lirst  apply  also  to  species  descrihed  in  tlie  .second. 

It  is  ten  yeans,  lacking  less  than  live  months,  since  the  first  vol- 
ume was  i»u]»li.shed.  During  this  i)erio(l  many  collections  have  been 
added  to  the  herbarium  and  new  ])ul»lications  have  a])pcared,  mak- 
iiiir  it  often  ncccssarv  to  clianw  and  add  lo  tiie  text.  Owiiiif  to  the 
nature  of  the  W(U-k,  it  seemed  necessary  to  have  many  specimens 
well  in  mind  at  one  time;  to  do  this  it  was  necessary  to  limit  the 
time  for  study  to  a  few  weeks  each  year.  Little  o]>portunity  could 
be  found  for  this  work  while  college  classes  were  to  be  instructed; 
besides  a  considerable  i)ortion  of  the  long  vacation  was  claimed  for 
])articipating  in  farmers'  institutes. 

It  has  re(piirod  some  courage  and  jKirsistence  to  adhere  to  the 
rtork  so  long,  realizing  fully  that  it  must  contain  many  defects,  and 
that  pcriia[)s  its  chief  use  would  be  to  serve  as  the  basis  for  others 
in  the  future  to  enlarge,  correct,  and  otherwise  ihi]»i*ove. 

f)riginally  it  was  the  intention  that  I'rol".  J'\  L.  Scribner  should 
furnish  all  the  drawings  and  share  as  author  of  this  volume,  but  to 
my  regret  he  appeared  to  be  unable  to  coiu|)li'te  his  i)art  of  the 
work.  As  will  be  seen,  he  furnished  many  of  the  drawings  and 
^Irs.  I).  ^[.  Ifichardsoji  the  others,  with  a  single  exception  which 
was  nnido  by  H.  (>.  Longyear.  Prof.  Scribner  furnished  hints 
for  some  of  the  artillcial  keys. 

lit 


IV  PREFACE. 

In  most  cases  the  generic  eliamoters  closely  follow  those  given 
by  Bentham  ai:«l  Hooker  in  Genera  Plantarnm.  Some  valuable 
extracts  from  Heiitham  will  be  found  regarding  the  writings  of 
prominent  authorities  on  grasses ;  also  notes  regarding  the  tribes 
and  some  of  the  genera. 

Besides  the  fine  herbarium  of  Micliigaui  Agricultural  College,  I 
have  been  ])ermitted  toexanune  all  the  grasses  in  the  herbaria  of  the 
University  of  Michigan  and  Harvard  University  (including  the 
grasses  of  the  late  Dr.  CJeo.  Thurber),  those  of  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  at  Washington,  and  those  of  Professor  Seribner. 

Prof.  L.  II.  Bailey  rendered  some  assistance  in  reporting  the 
geographical  distribution  of  certain  species ;  Professor  S.  j\I. 
Tracy  furnished  some  notes  on  geographical  distribution;  L.  11. 
Dewey  looked  up  a  number  of  authorities  and  furnished  notes  con- 
cerning a  few  sjH'cies.  A.  A.  C'rozier  rendered  valuable  assistance 
in  reading  much  of  the  revised  j)roof. 

I  have  made  an  enormous  number  of  measurements,  usually 
many  from  several  plants  for  each  species,  and  have  recorded  the 
extremes.  With  rare  exceptions  the  figures  given  are  the  results 
of  my  own  measurements.  To  familiarize  readers  with  the  decimal 
scale  here  adopted,  the  i>ublishers  have  placed  a  sheet  in  the  back 
part  of  this  volume  on  which  are  ruled  duplicates  that  may  be  cut 
out  and  used  to  mejisure  any  part  of  a  grass  which  is  to  be  com- 
jtared  with  tlie  text. 

Up  to  Aj)ril,  1805,  when  the  text  was  sent  to  the  j)ublisliers,  I 
had  described  all  species  that  I  was  able  to  obtain  that  were 
native  of  the  T'nited  States  and  northward;  all  those  collected  in 
Mexico  by  ('.  (J.  Pringle  and  Dr.  E.  Palmer,  but  net  the  meagre 
specimens  of  several  of  the  older  collectors  in  Mexico  and  Central 
America. 

Heartily  thanking  every  one  who  has  rendered  assistance  and  en- 
couragement, this  long-delayed  volume  is  now  subject  to  the  in- 
spection of  all  interested  in  the  subject. 

W.  J.  BEAL. 

AomciTl.TlU.VI,  COM.EOK,    Micu., 
S«'pti'inl)er,  1«96. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

GKAMINE.E 1 

Iiuporttiiit  Works  on  Graniinooe 3 

The  Division  iiilo  Tribes  and  Subtribes 7 

DIVISION  I.  PANICACE.E V2 

TiuuK  I.  Maydk/K i;5 

1 .  EucliliiMia i:'. 

2.  Zc!i 15 

3.  Tripsivcuin IT 

4.  Coix li> 

TUIBK  II.   ANI)i:()rO(i<)NK,K 'JO 

5.  Impi'iatii ',*1 

U.  Misciuithus i2;5 

T.  Saccliiirum 25 

s.  Eriiuitliiis l'(i 

y.  .Maiiisuris 2!( 

10,  Ilackflochloa :!'J 

11.  Ereuiocliloa  IM 

1  "i.  Tracliy pogoii W'l 

l;{.  Elionunis ;;tt 

14.  Aiulr(>[)<)U()n ',',U 

TlllBK    ill.    ZuYSIK.K (i5 

15.  Atlu'iilioiii <!('» 

K;.  lliiaiiii (IT 

IT.  yEg()i)(i,!,'()ii . .   TO 

IS.  Nazia  (Tnn/us)  T:! 

li>.  SclialTiK  ra T4 

Thiuk  IV.  Thistkcixk.k 15 

'JO.  ArundiiiL'lla 70 

TuiiiK  V.  T'amck.k ~,s 

•Jl.  Uciinaria (?(► 

22.  Paspaluin «1 

'J3.  Antha-imntia !)T 

34.  Anipliicarpuii Its 

25.  Eriocliloa loo 

26,  Paiiic\nn 1 04 

2T.  Ichnantiuia 115 

88.  Oplisnuims 140 

V 


VI  CONTENTS. 

PAOE 

20.  Cli.Tliiim  148 

30.  t'liama'iitp'iis  {Setnria) l.jO 

ill.  C'enclirus IT)!* 

3i.  Peiiuisi'tuiu , Ki'i 

33.  Steiiotiipliniiu ...  Ki? 

34.  Olym 1(5H 

TiuiiK  VI.  Oky/.i:.k  1«!) 

3.').  Ilyilnu  lil.iii 1TI» 

3G.  IMuinis 171 

37.  liUziola 171 

38.  Zizaiiiii 17:! 

351.  Zi/.aiiinj)sis 17."> 

40.  On  /.a 17(> 

41.  Hjniialoceiiclnus  ( J.ei'r.sin,. 177 

DIVISION  II.  I'OACK.E 180 

TitiuK  VII.  I'ii.\i..\i{inK.K 180 

ii.  Plmlari.s ....  181 

43.  Amhoxjuithuni 184 

44.  Savas-liina  ( flieror/i/oP) 18."> 

TuiBK  VIII.  A(iUosTiui;.K 180 

45.  Aiisticla 193 

■16.  Slipa 211 

47.  Ory/ojisis ij'i3 

48.  Eriocoiiia '2'^i 

40.    Militim ','34 

.■)().   .Muhlciilter.Lna  '.'3."> 

51.   IJealia. . 'J«7 

5:?.  IJrachyelylniiii 2(')S 

53.  Lycmiis 270 

54.  Pi'ieili'ina 271 

55.  Ilelcocliloa 273 

50.  PIiUmiiu 274 

57.  Alopocunis 270 

58.  ColcantluLS 281 

50.  Pliippsia 282 

GO.  Sporobolus 282 

01.  P^picaiiipts 30() 

02.  Polyjidj^'oii 312 

03.  Tlimheria 314 

04.  Arclagrostis 316 

05.  C'iiina 817 

06.  Agrostis 310 

07.  Gastridii'.iu 335 

08.  Calaiiiagrostis  (l>i>j<  ii.viii) 33(» 

09.  AiniHopliila 353 

70.  Ciiiiiii>ovilfa 354 

71.  Ap.-nv 356 

72.  Lagunis 357 

Thiijk  IX.  AVENK.K 358 


CONTENTS.  Ml 

PAOR 

73.  HoUus 35!) 

74.  Aiiii ;{01 

75.  \\ inui^tVYliMir'ni  (Corynep/iorus)  ;Hi2 

70.  Ik'.st:liiimi)siii  ;^(i;{ 

77.  Triscluin ',\~'i 

78.  Avc'im ;{81 

7y.  Anheimllienim ;i8(! 

80.  Tristiuliya 388 

81.  Diiiitlioiiiii mt 

Thihk  X ;{»;{ 

83.  Micmcliloii '3\)\ 

83.  Ciii)ri()l:i  (Jhicti/lou) 395 

84.  Sp!irtiiiH 390 

85.  (/'aiiipuln.sus 4(11 

80.  Cliloris 403 

87.  Cliloropsis 408 

88.  Gyinii(in(),u:(>ii 410 

89.  Sclit'doiiiianliis 412 

90.  Bout  el  I)  11 11 413 

91.  Ik'ckiniiiiiiia 427 

93.  Eluiisiiic 4.>8 

93.  Lc'ptochlofi  (Dipluc/nif)  430 

94.  IJvilbilis  ( liiK'Idov) 438 

95.  Opiziii 439 

90.  IViiliuilKiiiliiH 441 

TuiHK  Xr.   Fksti ci;.!': .   443 

97.  Piippophoruin 447 

98.  Cottt-a 4.')0 

99.  Catlu'sticmu 450 

100.  Scleropogoii 453 

101.  MoiiiiiitliocliloO 454 

103.  Muroa 455 

103.  OrfuUia 450 

104.  Soslcria 4.57 

105.  Ariimlo  45S 

100.  Pliiugiuitc's  459 

107.  Su'gliiij.Ma  ( Tviodia)  403 

108.  Kedtii'Ulla  473 

109.  Dlssanllicliiiin 473 

110.  Moliiiiu 474 

111.  Eragiostis 475 

113.  Eatoiiia 490 

113.  Kci'lcim 494 

114.  Calahiosa 495 

115.  Molka 490 

110.  Koiycarpu-s  (Diarrluna) 51 1 

1 17.  Zougilis 513 

118.  Plemopogon 513 

1 19.  riiiola 515 


vm  CONTENTS. 

■  AGE 

120.  Disticlilis .^17 

121.  Hriza 511» 

122.  DeiniiztTi.i  . .  522 

123.  Ductylis 52:i 

124.  CyiJosunis .'(24 

12'i.  Lniimrkia o2.'> 

120.  P(Mi 52»5 

127.  Colpoiliuin WO 

128.  Dupontiii 558 

12S».  Scoloehloa 551) 

130.  Gniphephonnn 5G0 

131.  Piuiiciiliiriii  ('»7^''^r<«)   .503 

1 32.  Atropis 570 

133.  Ffstiicii 5S2 

134.  Bronius (ii>8 

135.  liriicliypodium 027 

Tribk  XII.    IloltDK.K   028 

130.   Lollum 028 

137.  Juuvi'ii 030 

l:;s.  Leptunis 031 

13!).  ScribiiL'iiii 033 

140.  Aj^J  opy roil 034 

141.  SiTule 040 

142.  TrllicMiin  041 

143.  Iloitleiim 042 

144.  Klymiis 047 

145.  AsptTclla  (Vnmnoxtielnim) 050 

TiuiiK  XIII.  Bamiutsk.k 057 

14(i.  Aruiuiiiiaria 057 

GEOGRAIMIKAL  DIS TUllUTION  000 

15UJLIOGKAP1IY 071 


XLMP.KK   HERE  DESCRIHED. 

Native  Species 80!) 

Exotie  Species 103 

Total  describuil  in  lliii  vuluuie  lU'-i 


GKASSES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


■  W- J'^"^ 


GR AMINES.    '^'    '"^ 

Flowers  perfect  or  imperfect  in  litlffe  jrreen  or  more  or  less  sca- 
lious  spikes,  called  sjtikrh'fs,  consj/Briu*;  of  a  small  axis,  rachilhi, 
beariii<r  several  scalelike  disticbmis  bracts  called  (/liniics,  the  2 
or  sometimes  I  or  rarely  3  or  more  lower  ones  and  sonietimes  1 
or  more  upper  ones  empty,  the  other  one  or  more  ffornf  or  j!oir- 
(■riiifi  <rlumes  with  I  sessile  flower  in  the  axil  of  each.  No  normal 
l)erianth,  but  the  Hower  usually  in  a  '^-nerved  ^lumelike  scale 
called  a  palm  (prophyllum).  within  which  are  often  found  'I  or  3 
very  thin  liyaline  scales  called  laiiirKh's.  Stamens  usually  .'{. 
sometimes  'i  or  1.  in  a  few  genera  0-40  ;  filaments  distinct,  filiform 
or  rarely  monadelj)hous;  anthei's  usually  versatile,  rarely  attached 
at  one  end.  ovate,  oblong  or  linear,  with  H  parallel  cavities  without 
any  prominent  connective.  Ovary  sessile  or  on  a  short  stipe, 
erect.  1 -celled.  Styles  2,  lateral  or  nirely  '.i  or  1.  distinct  or  united 
at  the  base  into  a  'I-  or  .'M)ranched  style,  the  npper  sti<rmatic  iM)r- 
tion.  or  sfi(/nnifi,  either  feathery  with  simple  or  bnmched  stifjinatic 
hairs,  or  more  rarely  simple  aiul  clothed  with  very  short  papilhv. 
Ovule  1.  ascendiiiir.  slijrhtly  camj)ylotropous.  Kruit  a  rarjfopsis  or 
^rain.  usually  small,  often  eiu'losed  in  the  palea  and  sul)tendin<f 
^lume.  to  the  former  (and  rarely  the  latter)  of  which  it  sometimes 
adheres,  the  thin  membranous  pericarp  usually  closely  adnate  to 
the  seed  and  inseparable  from  it.  in  a  few  genera  loosely  surround- 
iiijr  the  seed  and  dehiscent.  Seed  erect  with  a  thin  adnate  testa; 
end)ryo  small,  on  one  side  of  the  base  of  the  endosperm  (albumen). 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  usually  tufted  or  decumbent,  rarely 


»  CiRAMIXP:.E. 

climbing,  often  creeping  and  rooting  at  the  base;  some  of  tlie  Bton- 
buxm  shrubby  or  ahnost  arborescent.  Steins,  cut»'s,  simple  or 
branclied,  usually  hollow  between  the  nodes.  Leaves  alternate, 
<listichous;  the  sheatiis  while  growing  often  split  open  opposite 
the  base  of  the  blade  and  often  terminate  within  the  blade  in  a 
scarious  or  ciliate  appendage,  the  liyide ;  blade  entire,  parallel- 
veined,  sometimes  with  sniiiU  netted  veins,  usually  long  and  nar- 
row ;  a  '2-keeled  membranous  prophylUdn  stands  between  each 
branch  and  the  main  axis. 

There  are  in  the  (Jramiuea?  proliably  about  3500  species,  the 
family  ranking  fiftli  in  size  a.i:ong  flowering  plants,  and  among 
monocotyledons  is  only  exceeded  by  the  Orchidaceae.  The  family 
is  allied  most  nearly  to  the  Cyperacea'. 

IMPORTANT   WORKS  ON   (JKAMINE.E.* 

*' A  considerable  proportion  of  Graminetv  are  almost  cosmo- 
politan in  tlieir  geograi)hical  distribution  within  or  without  the 
tropics,  often  covering  the  ground  M-ith  innumerable  individuals. 
(Jrasses  are  easily  dried,  abound  in  herbaria  in  specimens  readily 
exhibiting  their  most  essential  characters:  and  every  local  botanist 
considers  himst'lf  i)erfectly  competent  to  describe  as  new  species  or 
genera  suggested  oidy  by  comparison  with  the  few  forms  known  to 
him  from  the  same  limited  locality.  The  consequence  is  tliat  tiie 
number  of  bad  species  and  genera  of  (iramineiv  with  which  science 
has  been  overwhelmed  is  truly  api)alling. 

"The  paramount  importance  of  the  order  in  an  cconomiiial 
]>oint  of  view  lias  called  forth  innumerable  treatises,  memoirs,  aiid 
essays  on  cereals,  on  forage  and  otiier  cultivated  grasses,  on  niciid- 
ows  and  i)astures.  on  ornamental  grasses,  on  the  i)hysio!ogy  and 
proj)erties  of  the  order. 

"  In  a  systematic  ])oint  of  view,  the  great  mistake  of  Ijinna'us 
and  the  earlier  systeniatists  was  the  attempt  to  regard  the  whole 
spikelet  as  a  single  flower,  with  a  calyx  and  coralla  to  be  compared 

♦Notes  cm  (jlraiuiiieii',  by  Ueoige  Uenthuiu,  F.U.S.,  Jourii.  Linn,  Soe.,  xi.\. 
]).  18  aUstruft. 


IMPOUTANT  WOKKS.  3 

witli  tliose  of  tlie  more  perfect  ^louocotyledons.  Robert  Brown, 
with  liis  usual  sagacity,  pointed  out  this  and  otlier  errors,  and  first 
hiid  down  tlie  truo  principles  upon  which  the  order  could  best  be 
divided  into  tribes  and  genera  ;  but  he  unfortunately  took  uj)  the 
idea  that  the  so-called  lower  and  upper  pakw  ro})resentetl  three 
outer  segments  of  a  perianth ;  and  although  this  theory  has  long 
since  been  proved  to  be  groundless,  especially  by  Hugo  Mohl, 
whose  views  have  been  fully  confirmed  by  all  subsequent  careful 
observers,  yet  so  great  is  the  authority  so  deservedly  attached  to 
everything  that  has  issued  from  the  pen  of  Brown,  that  his  expla- 
nation of  the  structure  of  the  spikelet  is  still  allowed  to  influence 
the  terminology  adopted  in  generic  and  si)ecific  descriptions. 

'•  Shortly  after  the  publication  of  Brown's  '  Prodromus,'  CJramin- 
eie  were  taken  up  by  several  French  botanists  who  had  acquired 
materials,  rich  for  the  time,  chiefly  from  North  America  and  the 
AVest  Indies.  Some  of  these  had  already  been  ])ublished  by  Mi- 
chaux  or  by  Persoon,  with  more  or  less  assistance  from  Louis 
Claude  Kichard,  to  whom  the  credit  of  all  that  is  good  in  Per- 
soon's  '  Synopsis'  as  well  as  in  Michaux's  '  Flora'  has  been  attribu- 
ted by  several  subsequent  writers.  Michaux's  'Flora'  Mas  pub- 
lished in  1803,  the  flrst  volume  of  Persoou's  'Synopsis'  in  1805, 
both  antecedent  to  Brown's. 

"Desvaux  published  his  new  genera,  first  by  abstract  in  1810, 
and  afterwards  in  full  in  the  second  'Journal  de  Botanique'  in 
18i;5.  Between  these  two  periods  Polisot  de  lieauvois  published 
his  '  Agrostographieie'  in  which  he  undertook  a  general  arrange- 
ment of  the  whole  order. 

"  A  few  years  later,  three  eminent  botanists  undertook  the  gen- 
eral study  of  (Jramiiuw.  Kunth  at  P'lris  and  afterwards  at  Berlin, 
Trinius  in  (Jermany  and  afterwards  at  St.  Petersburg,  and  Nees 
von  Esenbeck  at  Bonn,  afterwards  at  Breslau,  worked  more  or  less 
contemporaneously,  but  with  little  or  no  ('(mimunication  with  each 
other.  Kunth's  '  Pevisio  (Jraminium  '  [*  Pevision  des  (iraminces '] 
jniblished  in  18'-ii>  and  following  years,  is  a  work  not  only  splendidly 
illustrated,  but  renuirkable  alike  for  the  accuracy  of  detail  in  the 
descriptions  of  species,  us  for  several  of  the  views  given  of  their 


4  (IHAMINK.E. 

structure  aud  arrangement.  This  work  is  costly,  while  the  more 
generally  known  first  two  volumes  of  his  '  Euumeratio  Plantarum,' 
containing  the  gnusses,  were  unfortunately  a  far  too  hasty  compila- 
tion. Kunth  in  all  his  works  fully  adopted  Brown's  theory  as  to 
the  homology  of  the  parts  of  the  spikelet. 

**Trinius  published  his  •  Fundamenta  Agrostographia? '  in  1820, 
evidently  founded  on  insufficient  materials.  From  that  time, 
however,  he  devoted  himself  with  the  greatest  zeal  and  increasing 
success  to  the  study  of  the  order.  I  heard  him  say,  a  projms  of 
some  rather  costly  collection  of  si)ccimcns,  that  he  would  willingly 
sell  his  last  coat  for  a  new  grass;  and  all  his  later  works  published 
in  the  ^lemoirs  of  the  Petersburg  Academy  are  of  the  greatest 
value  to  agrostologists. 

"  Nees  von  Esenbeck  entered  but  little  into  general  considera- 
tions of  the  structure  and  terminology  of  the  Order;  but  he  de- 
scribed with  great  care  the  grasses  of  various  troi)ical  and  other 
regions,  lie  had  ample  materials  from  the  collections  of  Martins. 
Drege,  Preiss,  Hooker,  Arnott  and  Lindley,  and  he  came  to  be 
regarded  as  the  great  authority  for  the  determination  of  exotic 
<Jramine{i>.  His  *  Agrostographia  Hrasilicnsis '  is  perhaps  the  best 
of  all  his  works;  and  his  'Flora  Afric{\3  australis'  is  also  very 
good.  lie  showed  a  tendency  to  multiply  genera  as  well  as 
8])ecies.  He  worked  up  the  grasses  of  each  country  separately, 
without  paying  sufficient  attention  to  the  cosmopolitan  nature  of 
so  many  s^jccies. 

"  The  last  enumeration  of  CJramineiV  was  that  of  Steudel,  who 
published  in  1S55  the  first  volume  of  his  'Synopsis  IMantarum 
(Jlumacearum,'  the  worst  production  of  its  kind  I  have  ever  met 
with.  He  was  an  excellent  mechanical  comjuler.  .  .  .  but  beyond 
that,  as  he  was  no  botanist,  he  wjus  tboroughly  incompetent  for  the 
tjisk  he  had  undertaken.  Whenever  he  met  with  a  grass  he  could 
not  readily  make  out.  he  set  it  down  as  new.  with  new  name,  and 
u  character  so  carelessly  drawn  up  as  to  render  its  identification 
hopeless  without  recourse  to  the  specinuMis  themselves;  ...  in 
one  case  describing  as  a  caryopsis  the  larva  which  had  eaten  up  the 
ovary  and  taken  its  place  in  the  enlarged  pericarp.     Having,  more- 


IMPORTANT   WORKS.  6 

Dvor,  no  idea  of  methodical  arrangement,  his  work  is  a  perfect 
chaos. 

'•  Mueli  has  been  done,  however,  for  tlie  ehicidation  of  the 
order  in  local  flonis.  .  .  .  About  the  close  of  tlie  last  century, 
several  continental  botanists  proposed  new  genera  for  anonuilous 
Euroi>cau  grasses  .  .  .  that  were  overlooked  by  Beauvois,  Persoon, 
"Willdcnow,  and  other  general  systematists.  Several  of  the  same 
genera  have  since  been  re-established,  but  under  other  names  which 
have  now  been  so  long  and  so  universally  adopted  that  they  must 
be  i;onsidered  as  having  accjuired  a  right  of  i)rescrii)tion  to  overrule 
the  strict  laws  of  priority.  It  would  indeed  be  mere  pedantry, 
highly  iMconvenient  to  lK)tanists,  and  so  far  detrimental  to  science, 
now  to  substitute  lilidiwubachia  for  Sunjlndii,  Fihicliia  for  Ci/iwdo/i, 
JSaiitio  for  PubjpoijDU,  or  Siu(jlin(ji(t  for  Triodia. 

"Since  the  days  of  Kunth,  Trinius,  and  Xees,  the  most  im- 
portant local  revisions  of  Gramineaj  are:  Andersson's  '(Jramincie 
Scaiulinavia^'  I*arlatore"'s  first  volume  of  his  *  Flora  Italiana,' 
Cosson  and  Durieu's  (Jlumaceous  volume  of  the  great  unfinished 

*  Flore  d'Algerie,''  Doell's  (Jramineae  for  the  great  Brazilian  Flora 
founded  by  Martins,  and  Fournier's  (Jramineie  for  the  Mexican 
Flora  he   has  undertaken;  partial   revisions  by  Grisebach    in   his 

*  Spicilegium  Flora?  Kumelica?  et  Bithyniciv.'  in  the  fourth  volume 
of    'Flora   Kossica,'   and   by   Emile    Desvaux    in    Claude   (Jray's 

*  Chilian  Flora,'  supplemented  by  new  genera  and  si)ecies  pub- 
lished by  Philipjti  in  various  papers  on  Chilian  plants.  Andcrsson 
was  a  most  acute  observer,  but,  for  want  of  access  to  an  extensive 
library,  his  synonyms  are  often  very  inaccurate.  I'alatore's  mono- 
graph of  Italian  gnisses  is  thoroughly  to  be  relied  upon  when  the 
result  of  his  own  observations,  but  old  ern)rs  have  sometimes  been 
copied  from  others.  Cosson  and  Durieu's  •  Moiu)graph  of  Algerian 
Grasses'  is  a  most  valuable  treatise.  Grisebach  has  also  doiie 
much  for  the  elucidation  of  oriental  (Jramineic.  In  Doell's  work 
I  have  been  disappointed,  as  he  exhibits  a  general  curele-isiicss  in 
redaction.  Advance  sheets  of  Kugcne  Fournier's  'Enumeration 
f)f  Mexican  (!raminea>'  have  k'cn  published.  Ilis  genus  Li'soiirdia 
had  already  been   published  for  a  southern   species  by   I'hilippi 


0  ORAMINE^. 

under  tlie  name  of  Scleropogon.  His  work  would  liave  been  muclt 
more  useful  if  he  had  more  frequently  given  the  eharaeter  of  the 
tribes,  genera,  or  other  groups  instead  of  limiting  himself  to 
diehotomous  keys.  These  keys  when  carefully  drawn  up  are  of 
tJie  greatest  use  as  guides  or  indexes  to  direct  the  botanist  where  to 
look  for  his  plant,  but  are  wholly  insufficient  for  its  identification 
either  generic  or  specific.  For  about  sixty  years  I  have  had  great 
experience  both  in  using  and  in  making  them.  It  was  with  the 
aid  of  the  admirable  'Analyses'  in  De  Candolle's  '  Floru  iM-anyaise ' 
that  I  was  enabled  in  1817  and  1818  to  learn  botany  without  any 
extraneous  teaching.  Their  principle  was  developed  in  the  •  Essay 
on  Nomenclature  and  Classification'  which  I  published  in  1823. 

1  have  introduced  them  more  or  less  into  all  my  local  floras.  They 
frequently  require  the  repetition  of  the  same  plant  under  different 
branches  of  the  key.  The  best  genera  and  other  groups  are  usually 
distinguished  by  a  combination  of  characters. 

"  In  recent  days,  however,  we  had  all  been  led  to  look  up  to  my 
much  lamented  friend,  the  late  (Jeneral  Munro,  as  the  one  who  was 
to  unravel  the  intricate  web  into  which  the  order  had  become  in- 
volved. Ills  'Monograph  of' Bumbusea?,'  and  various  detached 
papers  and  communications,  were  instalments  of  great  promise, 
lie  was  known  to  have  a  thorough  acquaintance  with  species,  and 
to  have  already  formed  a  well-digested  framework  for  genera  and 
tribes;  he  had  amassed  an  immense  number  of  notes,  etc.,  for  use 
in  DeCandoUe's  Monograjjlis,  but  much  of  his  knowledge  I  can  only 
gather  from  his  conversation  and  (iorrespondencc. 

[For  Dr.  lientham's  views  on  the  teiminology  of  various  parts  of 
Graminea?  see  vol.  i.  p.  33.]  , 

"In  Ciraminew  we  have  a  new  element  on  the  floral  axis  below 
the  stamens  and  pistil  or  actual  flower,  in  the  palen  and  lo(lirnle.Sy 
for  which  we  cannot  at  once  fiiul  any  parallel  in  other  orders. 
They  have  recently  been  the  subject  of  a  very  able  paper  in  Engler's 
/iofain'srJio  Jalirhilrher  (i.  p.  330)  by  Professor  llackel  of  Vienna. 

••  He  comes  to  the  conclusion  that  the  palea  and  the  pair  of  lodi- 
cules  (when  only  two)  are  each  of  them  single,  more  or  less  bifid 
organs,  and  that  they  and  the  third  lodicule,  when  present,  must 


THIHKS   AM)   snn'IMUF.S.  7 

be  roganlc'cl  sis  two  or  three  bractlets  inserted  cilti'rnutcly  fore  and 
aft  on  the  Horal  axis  below  the  flo  ,er.  The  only  representations  of 
li()niolo<;iies  to  the  pak-a  and  lodienles  in  the  orders  nearly  allied 
to  (Jraniinejt  are  mentioned  in  niy  paper  (Journ.  Linn.  Soe.  (Hot.), 
XV.  J).  510),  where  it  is  eonipared  with  the  hypogynous  scales  of 
J/i/^ti)li//niiii  pungens  and  I'l((fi//i'pi^,  and  some  species  of  L'n'i)- 
caiduit. 

"In  all  cases  the  palea  .  .  .  acquires  a  certain  fixity  of  char- 
acter, and  requires  mention  in  all  full  generic  characters,  'i'he 
lodicules.  on  the  other  hand,  are  generally  rudimentary  representa- 
tives of  suppressed  organs  having  lost  all  functional  powers  [*|, 
.  .  .  and  their  slight  variations  in  form  or  consistency  are  generally 
not  even  of  s[tecilic  importance.'' 

^'ear  the  end  of  this  volume  will  be  found  a  [lartial  list  of  works 
on  Gramineffi,  with  comments  concerning  a  few  of  them. 

THE   DIVISION   INTO   THIHES  AND   SI  HTIUHES. 

"The  division  of  the  order  into  tribes  mid  subtribes  is  a  matter 
of  exceptional  ditliculty.  Whatever  tribes  have  been  ]>roposed, 
whatever  characters  have  been  assigned  to  them,  tiiere  have  always 
been  more  or  less  Jimbiguous  forms  uniting  them  and  preventing 
the  restricting  them  within  absolutely  definite  limits.  We  are 
obliged  in  fJraminea?,  more  perhaps  than  in  any  other  order,  to 
rely  upon  combinations  of  characters,  allowing  for  occasional 
exceptions  in  every  one  of  our  groups,  [(referring  those  which 
exi)erience  has  shown  to  jtreaent  the  fewest  aberrations.  Following 
up  these  views,  none  of  the  general  divisions  of  the  order 
hitherto  proj)osed  have  proved  to  be  more  natural  or  more  definite 
than  Jirown's  original  jjrimary  one  into  two  great  groups  or  sub- 
orders— Pdiifrarece,  in  which  the  tendency  to  imperfection  is  in 
the  lower  fiowers  of  the  s{)ikelet;  and  Piuiira'.  in  wliicli  the  ten- 
dency is  in  the  opposite  direction.     This  indication  of  the  principle 


*  Tlifi  use  of  lodicules  is  to  sprf-ad  tlip  ulinncs  and  pnlca  wlu'ti  the  plants 
are  in  Hower.     At  such  times  tbuv  are  turgestent,  liut  soon  alter  witlier. 


8  GRAMINE^. 

kept  in  view  is  too  iudefinite  to  aerve  as  a  practical  cluiractor;  but 
combining  it  with  that  proposed  by  Munro  of  tlie  arti(;ulatiou  in 
the  axis  of  the  spikolet  being  below  tlie  spikelet  itself  (in  the  i)e(li- 
cel)  in  Pauicacea?,  and  above  the  lowest  glume  or  ncme  in  Poacew, 
the  exceptional  forms  are  reduced  to  the  lowest  possible  figure. 

"  Knnth  entirely  gave  up  Hrown's  groups  and  divided  the  order 
into  thirteen  tribes,  many  of  which  were  natural,  fairly  defined  by 
a  combination  of  characters,  and  have  been  very  generally  adopted. 
He  attached  too  much  importance  to  such  characters  as  the  separa- 
tion of  the  sexes  or  the  increase  in  the  number  of  stamens;  in  the 
general  arrangement  his  removal  of  the  Andro()ogoneai  to  a  dis- 
tance from  the  Panicea^  is  disaj)proved  of:  and  his  describing  lh)W- 
ers  as  actually  existing  when  only  theoretically  imagined  is  some- 
times misleading.  Nees  generally  adopted  Kuntli's  trihes.  but 
imi)roved  tlie  circrmscriptiou  of  some  of  them,  and  added  two 
or  three  small  ones, 

"Fries,  fi-llowed  by  Andersson,  proposed  for  a  primary  division 
of  Graminea?  that  into  Clisanthew,  witli  the  flower  (i.e..  the  flower- 
ing glume  aiul  piiici)  closed  and  the  elongated  styles  protruding  at 
the  ai)ex,  and  Ei(njaiitli<'a>,  with  the  glume  and  palea  open  at  the 
time  of  flowering  and  the  short  styles  ])rotruding  laterally.  This 
division  is  practically  useless,  as  the  flowers  of  most  si)ecies  oi)en 
oidy  for  a  very  short  time,  and  in  dried  specimens  are  almost  always 
closed:  besides,  the  styles  are  usually  sliuler  and  fugacious.  The 
long  styles,  moreover,  would  place  the  nuijority  of  the  sul)tril>o 
Seslerieii?,  for  instance,  among  I'anicacciv,  when  all  their  other 
characters  are  those  of  Poacea?. 

"  Fournicr  rejects  both  Hrown's  and  Fries's  primary  divisions, 
but  proposes  a  new  one  foumled  (m  the  position  of  the  lowest  glume 
of  the  spikelet  next  to  the  main  axis  in  Chloridcie  and  Ilordeaceiv, 
and  averted  from  it  or  exteriud  in  other  tribes.  Hut  this  rela- 
tive |)osition  cannot  well  be  ascertained  in  loosely  i)aniculate  (ira- 
minea»,  and  in  one-flowered  spikelets  it  is  often  uncertain  which  is 
to  be  regarded  as  tlu^  lower  ghune.  The  total  number  of  glumes  in 
the  tribe  Paniceae  is  variable,  two,  three,  or  four;  the  lowest  in 
h\'inian'(t,  the  highest  in  /'inn'nnn,  and  medium  in  Paspalnm.     All 


TlilBES  AND  SUBTRIBES.  9 

these  genera  are  incliuled  by  Fournler.  as  by  all  others,  in  one  and 
the  same  tribe;  and  if  so,  are  we  to  repird  as  tlie  outer  glume  the 
small  outer  one  of  Paiiiruin,  ealled  by  some  an  extra  bract,  and  an 
imaginary  one  in  Pasjxdinn  and  its  allies,  or  the  outer  one  of 
I'tis/Kf/K/ti,  which  is  second  in  Paiiicuin?  Again,  in  one  and  the 
same  genus  the  rehitive  position  of  the  outer  glume  iind  the  main 
axis  is  not  always  constant,  as,  for  instance,  in  Paspabim. 

"  Another  character  much  insisted  on  of  late  years  for  tribal 
distinction  is  still  more  uncertain,  the  adherence  of  the  riiie  grain 
or  caryopsis  to  the  palea,  as  in  Festuca,  lironuis,  etc.  This  is  usu- 
ally very  conspicuous  in  a  dry  state,  and  the  union  is  perliajis  never 
truly  organic,  yet.  if  not  taken  too  absolutely,  the  character  is 
sometimes  a  useful  one. 

•'  Considerable  inii)ortance  was  attached  by  tlie  earlier  agrostolo- 
gists  to  the  presence  or  absence  of  the  awn  on  the  back  or  ajjcx  of 
the  (lowering  glume:  l)ut  this  has  subsequently  been  found  to  be 
subject  to  great  variations. 

••The  spiral  twist,  however,  in  the  lower  part  of  the  awn  in 
some  genera  is  more  constant.  The  awn,  when  present,  is  generally 
twisted  in  .\ndropogonea>.  'I'risteginea".  Agrostidea-.  and  Aveiiacete. 
and  nut  in  I'anicea'.  Chlorideas  Fcstucea'.  or  llordea".  but  tliere 
are  occasional  exceptions.  In  all  the  tribes  the  awn  is  occasionally 
deficient. 

•'The  [>artial  or  al)solute  separation  of  the  sexes  or  the  increase 
in  Ihe  number  of  stamens  observed  in  a  few  genera  have  l)een  occa- 
sionally introduced  amongst  tribal  characters  ;  but  they  have 
proved  to  be  often  of  no  more  tlian  generic  value,  although  in  tlie 
tribe  Maydeie  the  absolute  unisexuality  of  the  gpikelet  may  be 
constant. 

••  Ditferences  in  the  size  of  the  embyro,  in  the  form  of  the  so- 
called  scutellum  on  tiie  caryopsis.  or  in  the  longitudinal  groove  or 
cavity,  have  been  sometimes  brought  forward  as  absolute  generic, 
if  not  tribal,  characters,  but,  as  yet,  we  know  too  little  about  them 
to  test  their  value  fairly." 

•More  recently  H.  Haekel  of  Austria  has  demonstrated  the 
great  value  of  the  shai)e  of  the  liilum  in  detining  some  of  the  tribes. 


10 


UliAMLNE.l-]. 


See  the  "True  Gnisses."  tniuslated  by  Scribner  and  South. k-orth, 
1890,  and  publislicd  by  Henry  Jlolt  &  Co.,  New  York. 

"  Following  out  the  views  of  (Jenerul  Munro  as  to  tlie  general 
arrangement  of  the  order,  in  so  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  aseertain 
them,  I  have  divided  it  into  tribes  and  subtribes.  as  follows,  giving 
the  most  i)rominent  characters,  and  some  other  remarks  on  the  pages 
referred  to  in  connection  with  the  names  as  here  enumerated :  " 


Arrangement  according  to  Munro 
and  Hentbam. 

Division  Panicace^. 

Tribe     i.  Panicere. 

Tribe   ii.  Maydeae. 

Trilje  iii.  Oryzea?. 

Tribe  iv.  "J'ristegineae. 

Tribe   v.  Zoysiea?. 

Subtribe  1.  Anthephoreae. 

Subtribe  2.   Euzoysieiv. 
Tribe  vi.  Andropogone*. 
Division  Poace.«. 
Tribe  vii.  Phalarideae. 
Tribe  viii.  Agrostide*. 

Subtribe  1.  Stipeae. 

Subtri1)e  i.   Phleoideaj. 

Subtribe  3,   Sporoboleae. 

Subtribe  4.  Euagrosteae. 
Tribe  ix.  Avenea?. 

Subtribe  1.  Aireae. 

Subtribe  2.  EuaveneaB. 
Tribe  x.  Chloridete. 
Tribe  xi.  Festucew. 

Subtribe  1.  Pappophoreae. 

Subtribe  2.  Triodieae. 

Subtribe  3.  Arundinefe. 

Subtribe  4.  Sesleriea?. 

Subtril)e  5.  Euagrosteae. 

Subtribe  6.  Meliceae. 


Arrangement  of  tril)es  according  to  E. 
Hackel  and  I'ollovved  in  this  vvorlv. 


Maydeie. 

Andiopogoneae. 

Zoysieffi. 

Tristeginese. 

Paniceae. 


Oryzcae. 

Phalarideae. 
Agrostideae. 


<r^M 


AveneaB. 


Chlorideae. 
Festuceae. 


TKIBES   AX])   snn'HlBES. 


11 


Subtribe  7.  Centotlieceae. 

Subtribe  8.  Eufestuce». 
Tribe  xii.  HordeeaB. 

Subtribe  1.  Triticese. 

Subtribe  3.  Leptureae. 

Subtribe  3.  Elymeae. 
Tribe  xiii.  Bambuseae. 

Subtribe  1.  ArundinerieaB. 

Subtribe  3.  Eubambusese. 

Subtribe  3.  DeudrocalamesB. 

Subtribe  4.  Melocanneae. 


Hordeas. 


Bambnsese. 


DIVISION  I.— FANICACEiE. 

Spikelets  1-,  rarely  2-flowered ;  lower  flower  when  present  stam- 
inate  or  neuter,  at  maturity  falling  from  the  pedicels  entire,  in 
groups,  or  together  with  certain  Joints  of  the  rachis.  Kachilla  not 
produced  beyond  the  flowers.  (In  IsuvIdk'  the  lower  flower  is  per- 
fect and  the  rachilla  is  articulate  above  the  empty  glumes.) 

""This  division  of  Gramineae  is  very  well  defined  by  two  char- 
acters: the  articulation  of  the  pedicel  below  the  spikelet  or  cluster 
of  spikelets,  and  the  single  fertile  flower  apparently  terminal,  with  or 
without  a  single  male  or  sterile  one  below  it.  Where  either  of  these 
two  characters  fail,  the  plant  should  be  referred  to  Poacea?. 

**  As  the  spikelet  falls  away  it  usually  leaves  a  slight  dilation  at 
the  apex  of  the  persistent  portion.  This  kiiul  of  articulation  has 
not  been  observed  in  any  species  of  Poacea?  except  in  Fi/t(/i-f/nif/iit(, 
a  genus  of  one  species  belonging  to  South  Africa.  In  the  Cciic/irns 
group  of  the  tribe  I*anice:e,  in  the  sul)tribe  Anthe])hore{e  of  Zoysiea\, 
and  in  some  Andropogonea^  the  articulation  is  not  under  each  spike- 
let. but  under  little  clusters  of  spikelets;  and  in  Maydere  it  is  the 
whole  rachis  of  the  si)ike  or  ear  which  disarticulates  under  each 
female  spikelet.  The  articulation  is  usually  under  the  fertile  s})ike- 
lets  only,  and  not  under  the  males."  Panicaceti?  have  never  more 
than  four  glumes,  and  sometimes  only  three,  rarely  only  two.  In 
Isarhtie  and  He<k-mannia,  and  in  very  rare  instances  in  some  species 
of  Si'fttrid  \('h((ma>raphix]  and  PanicHm,  the  lower  flower  may  be 
perfect,  still  it  is  usually  sterile,  excepting  in  the  first  genus  men- 
tioned. 

"The  tribes  of  Panicacea3  run  much  into  each  other." 

13 


MAYDEJi;.  18 


Tribe  L— MAYDEJE. 

Moiut'cious.  The  staminato  spikelets  paniculate,  spicate  or 
solitary  at  the  apex  of  the  culm  or  its  branches,  the  pistillate  below, 
spicate  or  solitary,  disarticulating  (except  in  Zea)  with  the  joints  of 
the  rachis.  firain  ellipsoidal,  spherical,  or  obcompresseil,  un- 
furrowed,  with  large  embryo,  and  often  enclosed  in  a  hard  capsule 
winch  is  composed  either  of  the  glumes  or  a  part  of  the  articulate 
rachis. 

Culms  usually  tall,  solid  (without  cavity);  leaf-blades  usually 
broad  and  ilat. 

A.  Pistillate  spikes  fasciculate,  distinct,  articulate.     .     1.  (37) 

B.  Pistillate  spikes  of  each  leaf-axil  grown  together,  form- 

ing a  compound  spike  with  a  very  thick  axis.     .     2.  (38) 
C  Staminate  and  jiistillate  spikelets  in  the  same  spike, 
the  axis  articulate  between  each  two  fertile  spike- 
lets 3.  (36) 

D.   Pistillate  spike   usually  reduced  to  a  single  spikelet, 
wholly   enclosed  by   the   indurated    sheath   of  the 
subtending  bract,  the  pedicel  of  the  solitary  stami- 
nate spike  issuing  from  tlie  opening  at  the  top   .     4.  (32) 
1.   (37).  EUCHIJENA  Schrad.    Ind.   Sem.    llort.    (Ju'tt.   (1832). 
ReiDia  lirign.  Ind.  Sem.  Ilort.  Moden.  (184{»). 

S})ikelets  mona>cious,  the  staminate  2-ilowered.  in  pairs,  one 
subsessile,  the  other  pedicellate,  in  the  alternate  notches  of  the 
spikes  of  the  terminal  panicle;  the  pistillate  1-2-flowercd  on 
axillary  sjjikes,  each  surrounded  by  leaflike  bracts.  I'he  stami- 
nate spikelets  with  2  outer  acute  membranous  glumes,  each  floral 
glume  also  acute  membranous,  enclosing  a  hyaline  palea.  Stamens 
3.  Pistil  rudimentary.  The  pistillate  spikelets  solitary,  sessile  on 
alternate  teeth  of  the  rachis.  first  emjjty  glume  very  broad,  smooth, 
coriaceous,  enclosing  the  others  and  the  slender  rachis.  second 
glume  not  so  firm,  floral  glume  hyaline,  enclosing  a  palea,  other 
glumes  thin,  empty.  The  pistillate  spikelet  nniy  be  said  to  con- 
tain 2  fiowers,  the  lower  neuter  and  the  terminal  fertile.     Stami- 


14  PANI(A("K.E. 

nodiii  0.  Stylos  very  lojijr,  (ilirorm,  bifid.  Oraiii  enclosed  wifch 
the  internodi's  of  the  mcliis,  not  adhere  it. 

Tenninjd  jwnicle  niucli  resembling  that  of  Maize;  tlie  fertile 
spikes  racemose,  each  enclosed  in  long  bracts.  The  affinity  to  Zva 
appears  to  be  recognized  even  by  those  not  botanists,  as  in  its 
native  country  it  is  known  as  "  Wild  Maize." 

Leaves  much  like  those  of  Maize.  Si)ecies  3,  or  perhaps  1  species 
and  'Z  varieties,  all  belongiag  to  Mexico. 

1.  £.  luxurians  Dur.  et  Asch.  Hull.  Soc.  Linn.  Par.  1  :  107 
(1877).     Tkosixte.     CJuatemala  ouass. 

/;.  Me.ricaiia  Fourn.  Bull.  Soc.  IJoy.  Bot.  Belg.  15,  4G7.  not 
Schrad.  Henna  liixurinns  Dur.  Bull.  Soc.  d'Acclim.  ser.  2,  0,  581. 

'J'he  plant  considerably  resembles  Lidian  corn,  sometimes  attain- 
ing the  heiglit  of  4-5  m.,  branching  freely  near  the  ground. 
Spikes  bearing  stimiinate  spikclets  numer  ms,  digitate,  about  15  cm. 
long;  stipe  of  the  pedicellate  si)ikelet  nearly  lialf  as  long  as  the 
spikelet.  Spikelcts  elliptical,  acute,  scabrous.  8-10  mm.  long; 
firet  glume  pointed,  flattened  on  the  back,  almost  2-kcelcd,  many- 
nerved,  longer  than  the  others;  second  glume  thinner,  broad  oval; 
floral  glume  and  })alea  similar,  G-7  mm.  long.  Fertile  spikelets 
6,  thick,  about  7  mm.  long,  in  section  almost  semicircular,  apex 
obtuse.  Grain  4  mm.  long,  ovoid,  with  a  broad  truncate  base  and 
a  short  point. 

Mexico.  Ciiltivated  in  Florida  and  other  warm  regions  for 
the  green  fodder.  This  is  the  plant  in  cultivation,  and  in  Index 
Ki' ice /IS  is  is  included  under  E.  Mencana  Schrad. 

2.  E.  Mexicana  Schrad.  Ind.  Sem.  Ilort.  Ga?tt.  (1832). 
Spikes  bearing  staminate  spikelets  5-7,  nearly  digitate,  about 

15  cm.  long.  Stipe  of  the  pedicellate  spikelet  15  mm.  long,  the 
si)ikelets  10  mm.  long.  Empty  glumes  oval  or  ovate,  sub-equal, 
many-nerved.  Fertile  spike  3-8  cm.  long,  1.5  cm.  wide,  the 
lower  portion  fertile.  Fertile  spikelets  2-ranked,  usually  appear- 
ing 4-ranked  owing  to  the  production  of  a  grain  to  each  floret. 
Grain  ovoid,  projecting  beyond  the  glumes,  7  mm.  long. 

Mexico  (Michoacan),  Pringlc  43iU. 
Found  on  rockv  hills. 


MAYDE.E. 


10 


2.  (38).  ZeaL.  Sp.  PI.  071  (17on).  Indian  oorx.  Corv. 
Maizk. 

Spikelcts  unisexual,  moud'cious.  tlie  stiiminato  in  pairs  on  alter- 
iiate  si  ties  of  the  spikes  of  a  ternunal  panicle.  '-J-tlowered ;  the  pis- 
tillate borne  on  the  large  dense  axillary  sjjikes  ('•  the  cob"),  each 
enclosed  by  an  ample  involucre  ("the  husk"),  lougitudiual  rows 


Fig,  1. — EucfUcena  Mexicnmi.     A,   portion  of  the  staminate  panicle,  x  1;  6j 
pistillate  Horet,  x  3.     (Richardson.) 

4-40,  1-flowered.  Sfaminate  spikelets  slightly  unequal,  pedicel- 
late, or  one  sessile.  Glumes  4-5,  acute,  the  2  outer  larger,  mem- 
branous, empty,  the  2  inner,  the  floral  and  the  palea  hyaline. 
Stamens  3.  Pistil  rudimentary  or  0.  Pisfillafe  spikelets  sessile, 
densely  imbricated  in  longitudinal  rows,  the  rachis  hard  or  slightly 
spongy,  not  articulate.     (Jlumes  4,   all  membranous,   hyaline,   or 


16 


PANICACE.E. 


rarely  subherbaceons,  short,  very  broad,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  2- 
lobed,  the  'Z  outer  empty  sometimes  thicker,  tlie  tliird  hyaline, 
often  protecting  tlie  short  palea,  the  terminal  or  floral  glume 
hyaline,  often  bifid;  the  palea  equally  broad,  but  not  divided. 
Staminodia  0.  Style  very  long,  threadlike,  briefly  parted  at  tlie 
apex,  rarely  separated  to  the  base,  stigmatic  hairs  very  sliort. 
(J rain,  on  a  short  stipe,  subglobose  or  obcompressed,  hard,  slightly 
protected  by  the  delicate  glumes  and  palea?  or  enclosed  or  covered 
by  a  variety  of  acute  or  subherbaceons  glumes. 

The  terminal  staminate  panicle  with  a  long  showy  peduncle, 
in  some  varieties  in  cultivation  bearing  some  pistillate  flowers 
mixed  with  tlie  staminate.  Staminate  flowers  at  the  ajiex  of  the 
pistillate  spike  are  not  uncommon.  The  pistillate  spikes  usually 
solitary  or  branching  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  the  styles  when  mature 
much  exserted,  pendulous;  at  maturity  the  pistillate  sjiike  is  long, 
hard,  and  entirely  covered  with  the  palealike  slieaths.  It  is  excep- 
tional in  the  whole  order,  by  the  manner  in  which  its  pistillate 
spikelets  are  densely  packed  in  several  vertical  rows  around  a  central 
spongy  or  corky  axis.  How  much  of  this  arrangement  is  due  to 
changes  brought  about  by  cultivation  and  selection  can  only  be  a 
matter  of  conjecture. 

Species  "^,  possibly  3,  all  American. 

1.  Z.  Mays  L.  Sp.  PI.  971  (ir*))}).  Annual.  Most  likely  a 
native  of  Iropic'ul  America;  extensively  cultivated  in  the  warmer 

temperate  zones,  exceedingly  variable, 
().5-(!  m.  high,  not  known  in  a  wild 
state.  A  very  valuable  well-known 
cereal  and  fodder-plant.  See  \'ol.  I. 
2.  Z.  canina  S.  Wats.  Proc  Am. 
Acad.  20  :  ICO  (1S91). 

('ulms  several  from  the  same  root, 
ascending,  branched.  2-4  m.  high. 
Leaves  like  those  of  Zea  Mays.  Stami- 
;.ate  racemes  often  elongated  and 
drooping.  S])ikelets  2-4  (usually  3)  at  each  node,  one  or  nn)ro 
short-pedicelled ;   emjity  glume  3-5-nerved,  bicarinate.     Pistillate 


Fk).  2. — Zen   Mujix.     Staminate 
spikt'U't,  X  3.     (IJirlinrdson.) 


MAYDE.E.  17 

spikes  sessile  in  the  axils  and  terminal,  the  terminal  staminate  at 
the  apex;  pistillate  spike  (ears)  very  variable,  5-10  or  more  cm. 
long,  abont  2  cm.  broad,  tapering  slightly  to  an  acntish  apex,  4-13- 
rovvcd,  dividing  more  or  less  readily  at  the  joints.  Kernels  0-8 
mm.  long,  ovoid,  white,  hard,  smooth,  aeutish,  constricted  at  the 
base. 

Specimens  obtained  from  Prof.  Duges  at  Moro  Leon  near 
Wiangato,  about  four  Mexican  leagues  north  of  Cape  Cuitzo ;  near 
the  boundary-line  between  the  states  of  Guanajuato  and  Michoacan, 
Mexico. 

The  natives  are  said  to  believe  this  to  be  the  source  of  the 
cultivated  varieties  of  Maize. 

In  the  report  of  the  New  York  Agricultural  Society  for  187S, 
there  is  a  statement  by  Dr.  Surtevant  from  Dr.  Brewer  to  tlie 
effect  that  Koezl,  the  well-known  German  collector,  stated  in  1800 
that  "lie  found  in  the  State  of  Guerero  a  Zea  which  he  thinks 
specifically  distinct,  and  he  thinks  undescribed;  the  ears  very 
small,  in  rows  truly  distichous;  the  ear  (but  not  each  grain  sepa- 
rately) covered  rvith  a  husk,  the  grain  i)re('isely  like  some  varieties 
of  Maize,  only  smaller  and  harder."  Possibly  this  may  be  the 
original  })lant  from  which  our  cultivated  maize  has  been  derived. 

In  1S8!».  at  the  botanic  garden  of  Harvard  University,  plants 
were  raised,  but  the  riced  failed  to  nniture.  For  a  fuller  account  of 
this  very  interesting  plant  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  original 
article  above  noted. 

o.   (:!0).  Tripsacum  L.   Syst.   Ed.  10,  •;2: 1201  (1759). 

Spikelets  unisexual,  mouo'cious,  sessile  on  alternate  joints  of  the 
s]iike,  the  u])per  staminate,  "i-jlowered,  the  lower  pistillate.  1-llow- 
cred.  the  spikes  breaking  up  at  maturity,  each  piece  carrying  a 
spikelet.  Spikes  axillary  and  terminal;  the  staminate  spikelets  in 
pairs  on  two  sides  of  a  triangular  rachis.  (ilumes  4,  the  2  outer 
slender,  coriaceous,  stiff  or  membraiuius,  empty,  the  'i  inner 
shorter,  more  slender,  usually  hyaline,  enclosing  the  iiyaline  |»alea 
aiid  flower.  Stamens  ;{.  I'istils  rudinuMitary  or  0.  The  pistil- 
lih'"'  spikelets  single,  sessile,  embcddi'd  in  tiu'  cartilaginous  rachis. 
(iliimes   4,    broad,    concave,    the    outer    coriaceous   or    becoming 


18 


PANICACE.B. 


woody,  the  second  slender,  pointed,  the  3  inner  hyaline,  slender 
inclnded  with  the  palea,  the  third  empty,  the  terminal  including 
the  pistillate  flower.  Staminodia  0.  Styles  joined  near  the  base, 
much  exserted,  slender,  hispid.  Grain  enclosed  by  the  hard  outer 
glume  and  the  internode  of  the  hard  rachis,  but  not  adherent. 
Peduncles  straight,  erect,  solitary  or  in  pairs  in  the  upper  axils  or 
often  bearing  2-3,  rarely  4  to  many  or  only  one  spike,  the  staminate 
portion  above  witli  an  articulate  rachis,  the  pistillate  portion  below 
at  length  breaking  up  at  maturity,  each  internode  carrying  one 
grain. 

Species  2  or  3,  American,  allied  to  Euchlwna  and  Zea. 


FlQ.  8. — Tripmcum  dacti/loidts.    A,  staminate  spikelet,  x  2  ;  Zj>',  pistillate  spike- 
let,  X  2.     (A,  Uicbardson  ;  B,  after  A.  Gray,  "  Man.") 


1.  T.  dactyloides  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  1378  (17G3).  Gama 
Grass.     Sesame  Grass. 

Coix  darfi/hides  L.  Sp.  PI.  072  (1753).  T.  monnstarhi/nm 
Willd.  TFort.  lierol.  1.  'IWi.  1.  (1810).  T.  Innceolafion  Rupt.,  in 
Boutli.  PI.  llartw.  247  (1830-57).  T.  comprcssiitn  Fourn.  in  Bull. 
Soc.  Hoy.  Hot.  Belg.  15  :  405. 

Culms  stout,  1-2  m.  high.  Sheaths  subcylindrical.  keeled; 
blades  scabrous  above.  30-00  cm.  long,  often  2  cm.  wide.  Spikes 
often  iligitate,  2-3  together,  rarely  single,  10-20  cm.  long.     Stam- 


MAYDE.E.  19 

inate  spikelets  oblong  or  liuear  or  acute,  8-9  mm.  long,  first  empty 
glume  coriaceous,  oblong,  margins  abruptly  involute,  keeled,  ob- 
scurely !)-ir»-uerved,  second  tbiuuer,  5-nerved;  tloral  glumes  bya- 
line.  oblong,  5-nerved;  paleae  spatulate  oblong,  a  little  longer  tban 
the  glnnu'S.     Anthers  5  mm.  long. 

Fla..  Cin-tit>s',m2(J;  Texas,  JIallSU;  Ala.,  Winchell;  Ind.  Terr., 
/'((/iiirr  4'i'i.  Moist  soil,  Conn.,  111.,  and  soutli  to  Brazil.  When 
young  sometimes  cut  for  bay. 

\'ar.  Floridanum  (Porter).  T.  Floridiouim  T.  V.  Porter, 
Vasey  in  Contrib.  U.  8.  Nat.  Herb.  3  :  G  (1892). 

Culm  rather  slender.  Sbeatlis  comi)ressed-keeled ;  blades  in- 
voluti",  tlie  longest  about  60  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide,  with  filiform 
tips.     Anthers  -i  mm.  long. 

Fla..  (htrbcr'i':;  Texas,  XcaUij. 

\ar.  Lemmoni  (\'asey).  T.  Lcmmoni  Vasey  Contrib.  U.  S. 
Kat.  Herb.  3  :  U  (1892). 

Sheaths  sometimes  hirsute;  blades  narrower,  often  involute. 
Joints  of  fertile  portion  of  spikes  3-4  mm.  long.  First  glume  of 
the  stam inate  spikelets  membranous,  ovate-oblong,  about  7  mm. 
long.     Second  glume  thinner. 

Arizona,  Leitimon  and  icife  2932. 

2.  T.  fasciculatum  Trin.  Bull.  Acad.  Brux.  9  :  8  (         ). 

T.  (iar/i/loidrs  Schlecht.  (not  Linn.)  in  Linn.  G  :  40  (1831). 

Culms  robust.  5-T  m.  high.  Blades  lanceolate,  often  4-5  cm. 
wide,  nuirgins  ciliate-scabrous.  Spikes  racemose  witb  3-T~20 
brandies;  joint  of  pistillate  portion  5  mm.  long,  tlie  staminate 
portion  flexuose.  Staminate  spikelets  4-5-8  mm.  long,  first  glume 
membranous,  linear,  7-nerved. 

Mexico.  Palmer  58,  508,  509. 

4.   (32).  COIX  L.  Sp.  PI.  972  (1753). 

Spikelets  monoDcious,  si)icate,  several  above  staminate,  1-2  of 
tlie  lower  pistillate;  the  slender  raciiis  articulate  above  the  pistillate 
Bpikelets.  'I'he  staminate  spikelets  in  twos  or  threes,  one  of  them 
lu'dicellate,  1-2-ilowered.  CJlunu's  of  the  staminate  spikelets  4,  the 
2  outer  firm  or  herbaceous,  aligiitly  unequal,  empty,  the  2  inner 
hyaline.     Stamens   3.     Pistil   rudimentary  or   0.      The    pistillate 


20 


PANICAC'E.E. 


spikelets  one  at  the  base  of  the  spike,    1-2 -flowered,  the  upper 

fertile,  the  lower  neuter,  both  included  in 
a  hard  shining  bract,  having  a  small  open- 
ing above.  Glumes  of  the  staminate  spike- 
lets  4,  all  slender,  hyaline,  the  2  outer 
empty,  broad,  acuminate,  the  2  inner  in- 
cluding the  hyaline  palea  and  the  pistillate 
flower  or  the  third  empty.  I^odicules  very 
rarely  present,  3.  Style  very  long,  slender, 
parted  for  half  its  length,  covered  with  very 
short  hairs,  drain  globose  or  oblong,  en- 
closed by  a  smooth,  hard  globose  or  oblong 
bract. 

Culms  branching,  leaf -blades  l)road. 
Spikelets  often  more  or  less  included  in  the 
sheaths  of  the  upper  leaves,  the  staminate 
portion  at  length  deciduous.  Species  3  or  4, 
natives  of  East  India. 

1.  C.  LACIIKYMA    L.  1.  C.  .Toij's  TeARS. 

Annual;    00  cm.    high.      Leaf-blades   2 

cm.  wide. 

The  hard  bract  covering  the  lower  flowers 
Fui.  4. — Col.v    Lachry-  ■,     ,  ,.  i  i    •  i       i  -^        i 

111(1,  X  I.'")    Portion  of  ovo;(l.  S  mm,  diaui.,  bluish  white  when  ripe; 

\mmv\v.  (Hiclmnlson.)  sometimes  used  for  rosaries. 
Common  in  gardens,  scarcely  naturalized.     Native  of  Southern 
Europe.     M.  A.  C.  Cult.  Xos.  1.  2. 


Thiiu:  II.— ANDROPOGONEiE. 


S]iikelets  two  (rarely  one)  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis,  one  sessile 
and  one  pedicellate  (both  pedicellate  in  7)'(rrJ/t/jiii(f(iti),  often  appa- 
rently three  at  the  terminal  joint.  Spikelets  usually  1 -flowered 
with  3  empty  glumes,  rarely  a  floral  glume  with  a  staminate  flower 
instead  of  the  third  empty  glume;  flrst  glume  always  thicker  than 
the  floral  gUime.  tlie  latter  often  hyaline,  usually  bearing  a  bent  or 
twisted  awn.     Palea  usuallv  shorter  tlian   its  glnnic.  sometimes  0. 


AXDltOPOUONE.E.  21 

Stamens  3,  rarely  2  or  1.     Styles  free.    Stigmas  plumose.     Embryo 
n(!arly  half  as  large  as  the  unfurrowed  obcompressed  grain. 

A.  Spikelets  homogamous,  paniculate,  rarely  spicate,  joints  of  the 
racliis  usually  hairy,  not  much  thickened,  nor  excavated  for  the 
reception  of  the  spikelets. 

a.  Axis  of  the  racemes  continuous,  spikelets  in  pairs,  rarely  in 
threes. 

b.  Racemes  in  a  spikelike  panicle,  spikelets  awnless.      5.  (73) 
b.  Racemes  in  broad  panicles.  Spikelets  usually  awned.  G.  (74) 

a.  Axis  of  racemes  articulate.     Spikelets  2-flowered,  the  spikes 
or  racemes  paniculate,  main  axis  elongated. 

b.  Spikelets  awnless 7.  (75) 

b.  Spikelets  av.ned 8.   (7<3) 

B.  Axis  of  the  spikes  articulate,  somewhat  thickened  and  excavated 
for  receiving  tiie  spikelets;  fertile  glumes  awnless. 

a.  First  empty  glume  of  the  perfect  s[)ikelet  flattened  or  con- 
vex  !i.  (84,  88) 

a.  First  empty  glume  of  the  perfect  spikelet  hard  and  globular, 
externally  pitted 10.  (s7) 

C.  Spikelets  heterogamous.  the  sessile  perfect  (rarely  pistillate), 
the  pedicellate  staminate,  neuter  or  rudimentary  (\n  7'ntrfii/po- 
go)i  one  spikelet  is  pedicellate,  the  other  subsessilc). 

a.   Secondary    s])ikelets   2-flowered,    sessile,  awned.  pedicellate 
si)ikelets  flower-bearing;  racemes  3-lG.  digitate    .     11.   (!>1) 
a.  Sessile  or  subsessile  spikelets  1-flowered.  Horal  gluine  of  the 
l)e(licellate  spikelets  awidess.     (n) 

n.    Axis  of  the  racenu'sim  perfectly  articulate,   not  brittle, 
spikelets  all  more  or  less  pedicellate  .     .     .     .      12.   (!I2) 
n.   Axis    of   racemes    distinctly   articulate;    spikelets    both 
sessile  and  pedicellate,     (o) 

o.  First  empty  glunu'   with  abalsam-bearing  line   along 

the  nerves ;  racemes  solitary ;  spikelet  awnless.    I '.].   (s;{) 

0.  First   empty   glume    ^\itliOut    a    balsam-bearing    line 

along  the  nerve->,  racemes  in  i)airs,  often  subtende<l  by 

a  leaf-slu'ath  or  bract 14.   ('.•4) 

6.  (73).  IMPERATA  (yrill.  I'l.  Rar.  Ic.  2.  2*5,  L    .     11  (17!)2). 


22  PAXICAC'E.E. 

Spikelets  with  1  or  rarely  'Z  flowers,  usually  in  pairs,  one  sessile, 
the  other  pedicellate  along  the  slender  continuous  rachis  of  the 
short  branches  of  a  long  cylindrical  spikelike  panicle,  densely  silky 
with  the  long  hairs  surrounding  and  seated  on  the  spikelets. 
Glumes  4,  all  thin,  hyaline,  and  awnless,  'Z  outer  empty  ones  usually 
hairy,  the  third  empty,  or  rarely  enclosing  a  ilowei',  smaller  and 
without  hairs;  terminal  floral  glume  still  smalh'r;  palea  usually 
truncate  and  jagged  at  the  top.  Stamens  1-2.  Styles  united 
below,  distinct  above.     Grain  small,  encloseil,  not  adherent. 

'J'liere  are  3  or  4  species  widely  dispersed  in  tropical  and  sub- 
tro])ical  regions  of  Europe,  China,  Jaj)an  and  America. 

In  this  genus  the  branches  of  the  panicle  are  exceptionally  in- 
articulate, approaching  Tristeginea.%  but  the  long  silky  hairs  and 
the  very  much  reduced  floral  glume  and  palea  retain  it  in  Andro- 
pogonea?. 

1.  I.  Braziliensis  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  (G)  2  :  331 
(1833).     /.  randata  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  States.  Ed.  3,  G08  (1889). 

Culms  erect,  terete,  smooth,  30-100-130  cm.  high.  Ligule 
short  with  long  hairs  at  the  base;  blades  10-30  cm.  long,  4-8  mm. 
wide  induplicate.  Arm,  the  upper  shorter,  often  3-5  cm.  long. 
The  dense  wliite  woolly  panicle  lO-lo-'iO  cm.  long,  1.5-2  cm. 
diani.  Spikelets  in  pairs,  densely  covered  with  silky  hairs  reaching 
1  cm.  from  tlie  l)ase,  emi)ty  glumes  sub-equal,  about  3  mm.  long, 
the  tips  obtus(!  and  ciliate,  first  ovate-lanceolate,  and  very  delicately 
5-nerved  near  the  base,  second  lance-oblong  and  3-nerved,  third 
glume  oval,  2.5  mm.  long,  smooth,  without  nerves,  delicately 
hyaline,  with  a  few  short  hairs  above,  fourth  glume  oval,  about  1 
mm.  long,  smooth  and  nerveless;  i)alea  narrower,  otherwise  like 
the  fourth  glume.  Stamen  1.  Styles  united  for  1  mm.,  then 
distinct,  about  4  mm.  long. 

Mexico,  PriiKjIc  515.     Florida.  Mexico,  "West  Indies,  Brazil. 

2.  I.  Hookeri  Hupr.  ex  Anderss.  in  n<]fvers.  Vet.  Akad. 
Stockh.  12:1(J0  (1855).  /.  caiulnfa  Scrilui.  Hull.  Torr.  Club, 
9  :  8(i  (1882).  1.  hvvcifoUa  Vasey,  Hull.  Torr.  Clul),  13,  2G  {l>^^^\). 
By  some  distributions  of  authors  incorrectly  called  /.  a  run  din  area  L. 

An  erect  glabrous  perennial,  50-120  cm.  high.     Upper  slieaths 


ANDUOPOGONE^. 


23 


lax,  very  smooth ;  ligtile  very  sliort ;  blades  erect,  flat,  some  of  the 
lower  W  cm.  long,  1  cm.  wide,  tlie  upper  1-4  cm.  long.  Punicjle 
dense,  20-30  cm.  long,  2-6  cm.  diam.,  more  or  less  interrui)ted 
below,  clothed  with  yellowish-white  wool,  the  anthers  and  the  stig- 
miis  protruding.  Spikelets  in  pairs,  bearing  at  the  base  a  tuft  of 
silky  hairs  1  cm.  long,  and  scattered  hairs  on  the  back  of  tluf  outer 
glumes;  first  glume  4  mm.  long,  oblong,  obtuse,  ciliate  at  the  ai)ex, 
5-nerved,  second  a  little  shorter,  otherwise  like  the  first,  third 
empty,  smooth,  still  shorter,  fourth  and  the  jjalea  1.5  mm.  long. 


Fro.  5. — Impenitii  Jliokvri.     ypiki-lot,  x  9.     (Uicburdson.) 

Stamen  1.  Styles  united  below,  6  mm.  long  including  the  ovary. 
X.  Mex,,  Wrif/Iif  'Z()Ol ;  Texas,  Haranl  24;  Southern  Calif.,  Parish 
10;51 ;  Mexico  (Jalisco),  /'a/tiier  444. 

Arizona,  Nevada,  West  Texjis. 

0.  (74).  MISCANTHUS  Anderss.  (Efvers.  Vet.  Akad.  Stoekh.  Ifi5 
(1HS5).  /':i(/a/i((Tnn.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  IVtersb.  (vi.)  2  :  XVi  (is;i;{) 
in  i)art.     EmiiUiptis  Stoud.  Syn.  I'l.  Gram.  \'i'.\  (185.5). 

Spikelets  in  pairs  une(|ually  |)edicellate  on  tiu^  inarticulate 
branches  of  the  sj)reading  panicle.     First  aiul  second  glumes  mem- 


24 


PAXICACI'LE. 


branous,  3-7-nerve(l.  awnlcss,  third  glume  smaller,  hyaline,  awnless; 
floral  glume  delicately  hyaline,  bitid  with  moi'  or  less  of  an  awn  in 
the  notch.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Tall  grasses  with  nai-row 
and  usually  flat  leat'-blades.  Panicle  terminal,  large,  usually  silky 
hairy. 

It  differs  from  Impevata  by  its  broad  panicle,  three  stamens, 
and  bifid  lloral  glume  usually  with  an  awn  in  the  notch. 

There  are  8  species,  tall  grasses  found  in  Southern  and  East- 
ern Asia,  1  of  which  is  found  in  Southern  Africa. 


Fio.  6. — Miscanthua  Sinensis,  X  9.    Spikelet.    (Richardson.) 


1.  M.  SiXEXSis  Anderss.,  (Efvers.  K.  Vet.  Akad.  Stoekh.  106 
(1S.55).  See  Hack,  in  D.  C.  Monog.  Phan.  0  :  105  (ISS(i).  Eiilalia 
Jajionim  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  (vi.)  2  :  :533  (1833). 
EviaHthus  Japnninis  Beanv.  ap.  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2  :  324  (LSIT). 

Cidms  solid,  rather  stout,  1-2  m.  high.  Sheaths  slightly  com- 
pressed, smooth,  throat  ciliate;  ligule  obtuse,  broad,  1-2  mm.  long; 
blade  flat,  3()-<i0  cm.  long,  8-12  mm.  wide.  Panicle  oval,  20-30  or 
more  cm.  long,  rays  numerous,  simple,  bearing  spikelets  for  their 
entire  length.     Spikelets  with  numerous  silky  hairs  of  their  own 


ANDHOl'OOONE.E. 


25 


leiigtli.  liiicar-lanecoliitc,  4  mm.  lon,<f.  the  twisted  awn  j^i'otrudiiig 
about  4  mm.     Cultivated,  from  Japan. 

Var.  VAiiiEGATA.  Leaf-blades  striped.  Var.  zehrixa.  Leaf- 
blades  contain  transverse  bands  of  brown  and  light  color.  Culti- 
vated for  ornament:  not  hardy,  in  the  northern  U.  S. 

7.   (75).  SacchaRUM  L.  Cell.  PI.  Ed.  1,  No.  4!>  (1735). 

Spikelets  awnless  in  pairs,  one  sessile,  the  other  pedicellate,  on 
the  jointed  branches  of  a  panicle,  each  containing  perfect  flowers  or 
the  pedicellate  one  containing  a  pistillate  flower.  The  three  empty 
glumes  acute  or  acuminate,  hyaline,  or  membranous,  first  and 
second  equal,  third  smaller,  floral  glume  unawned.  Stamens  3. 
Styles  distinct.     Grain  oblong  enclosed,  but  not  adherent. 


Fig.  7. — Saccharum  officinarum.    Spikelet,  X  7.     (RicLardson.) 

Tall  perennials  with  flat  or  convolute  leaf-blades.  Panicle  termi- 
nal, variable,  spreading  ov  spikelike.     Spikelets  more  or  less  villous. 

Species  about  12  which  are  tropical  or  subtropical,  1  of  which 
i>  extensively  cultivated. 

1.  S.  Officinarum  L.  8p.  PL  Ed.  2,  1  :  79  (1702).    Sugar- 

CAXE. 

Culms  solid,  2-4  m.  high,  2-5  cm.  diara.  Leaf -Wades  long, 
2-4  cm.  or  more  wide.  Panicle  pyramidal.  40-80  cm.  long.  Silky 
hairs  twice  as  long  as  the  spikelets.  Spikelets  linear,  2.2-2.5  mm. 
long. 


26  PANR'ACE.E. 

Seldom  flowering  in  the  United  States.  Proi)iiji:Mtcd  by  plant- 
ing tlie  culms  in  furrows.     Introduced  from  tro})icul  Asia. 

8.  (70).  Eeianthus  Michx.  F\.  Uor.  Am.  1  :  54  (1803).  Bi- 
pidiiiiii  Trin.  Fund.  Agrost.  100  (18'2U),  Spodi^jHif/a/i  Fourn. 

Spikelets  in  pairs  on  each  joint  ol*  the  slender  rachis,  one  sessile, 
the  other  pedicellate;  otherwise  alike.  Cilumes  4,  the  2  outer 
men)hranous,  often  tirm,  subequal,  empty,  first  4-0-nerved  (0  in  /i'. 
stria/tffi),  often  2-toothed,  second  many-nerved,  third  shorter,  hya- 
line, empty;  fourth  or  floral  glume  hyaline,  setaceous,  or  bearing 
a  straight  or  twisted  uwn;  palea  hyaline,  smaller.  Stamens  3. 
Styles  distinct.     Grain  oblong,  enclosed,  but  not  adherent. 

Tall  often  reedlike  grasses  with  flat  or  convolute  leaf-blades. 
Panicle  terminal,  narrow  and  dense  or  somewhat  spreading,  some- 
times one-sided,  often  clotlied  with  numerous  hairs.  Et'iantlms  is 
intei-mediate  between  Savcharum  and  Full  in  ia. 

Species  I'l,  widely  spread  over  the  warmer  regions  of  Europe, 
China,  Japan  and  Nortl)  America. 

Spikelets  4-5  mm.  long. 1 

•  *'  G  mm.  long 2 

"  7  mm.  long 3 

*'  10  mm.  long 4 

1.  E.  RAVEXX.Ti;  (Z.)  13eauv.  Agrost.  14  (1812).  'Woolly  heard 
GRASS.  A)ifh'(ipof/on  liavennm  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  1481  (1703). 
Sacclianon  Rareniiw  L.  Syst.  Veg.  Ed.  13,  88  (1774). 

Culms  2-3  m.  high,  recdlike,  glabrous.  Sheaths  smooth; 
ligule  short,  pilose;  the  lower  blados  hairy,  very  narrow,  grooved  on 
the  upper  side,  1-2  m.  long.  Panicle  30-00  cm.  long,  15-20  cm. 
wide  when  in  flower.  Spikelets  5  mm.  long,  these  as  well  as  their 
pedicels  'lothed  with  hairs  about  their  own  length;  glumes  nearly 
equal,  ovate-lanceolate.  3-nervcd,  third  hyaline,  oval,  acuminate.  4-5 
mm.  long,  1-nerved;  floral  glume  broad-oval,  hyaline,  3  mm.  long, 
3-nerved  with  a  straiglit  av/n  about  5  mm.  long;  palea  ovate,  acute, 
hyaline,  nerveless,  2  mm.  long.  Lodicules  0.0-0.7  mm.  long. 
Stamens  3. 

Introduced  into  cultivation  from  Europe  for  its  stately  appear- 
ance in  gardens. 


ANDUOP0(J0NE.B. 


27 


3.  E.  alopecuroides  (L.)  Ell.  liot.  S.  0.  &  Ga.  1  :  38  (1816). 
Andropogon  alopecuroides  L.  Sp.  PI.  1045  (1753). 


Pig.  B.—Enanthus  alopecuroides.    Spikelets,  X        (Richardson.) 

E.  saccharoules  Michx.  Fl.   lior.  Am.  1  :  55  (1803).     Anthox- 
anthum  giganteiim  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  05  (1788). 


28  PAMCACH.K. 

Culms  1-2  111.  lu,ij;li,  liai'T  at  tlu'  nodes.  Piiniclc  contracted. 
20-(5()  em.  long.  The  tawny  hairs  at  the  hase  and  s])arnijj:ly  on  the 
outer  <jlumes  exeeediiiir  tlio  spikelets,  spreading  wlien  drv  and 
mature;  first  and  second  empty  glumes  ecjual.  ovate-ianeeohite. 
linn  membranous,  tawny,  round,  or  Hat  on  the  bade.  0  mm.  long, 
firsts-toothed,  o-0-nerved,  second  mucronale.  IJ-nervcd;  third  and 
fourth  red.  hyaline,  ovate-lanceolate.  1-3-nerved,  third  -i-o  mm. 
long,  with  a  terminal  straight  awn  nearly  its  own  length,  fourth 
shorter.  2-tootiieil  with  a  straight  awn  1-2  cm.  long;  palea  hyaline, 
membranous,  about  2  mm.  long.  Lodicules  broad,  truncate,  ciliate, 
0.?"  mm.  long.     Stamens  S.     Styles  distinct. 

New  Jersey.  Srribnci'  ;3(J'S7  From  Parker;  Delaware,  Caiihtj; 
Fla.  Cn-liss  3027. 

Dry  or  wot  soils,  Xew  Jersey  to  Texas. 

3.  E.  brevibarbis  Miehx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1  :  S'j  (1803).  E.  sar- 
c/Ku'didcs  sub-sp.  brevibarbis  Hack.,  D.  C.  Mouog.  Phan.  0  : 
131  (188!»). 

Culms  ratlier  slender,  tall,  sparingly  hairy  at  the  nodes. 
Sheaths  often  glal)rous;  ligule  1-3  mm,  long;  blade  30-80  cm. 
long.  O-lo  mm.  wide.  Panicle  15  cm,  long,  hairs  seldom  as  long 
as  the  spikelets.  Spikelets  7  mm.  long,  first  and  second  glumes 
nearly  alike.  3-1-iierved  above,  2-toothed.  third  shorter,  hyidine, 
fourth  still  shorter.  2-cleft  ])earing  a  twisted  awn  2  cm.  long. 

The  plain  resembles  Atidntpoffon  (C'/iri/spof/oii)  nutans,  except 
that  the  sj)ikelets  are  sessile  or  ou  short  stilf  pedicels. 

Virginia  to  Texas. 

Yah.  Contortus  (Nutt.)  Chapm,  Fl,  S,  States,  582  (1800). 
Sacrhanini  contortum  Xutt,  Gen.  1:00  (1818).  E.  eonfoiius  Ell. 
Bot.  S.  C.  and  Ga.  1 :40  (1810).  E.  sarrJiaroides  Miclix.  sub.-sp. 
contortion  Hack,,  D,  C,  Monog,  Phan,  0  :  131  (1889). 

Culm  00-130  cm.  high,  leaf -blades  smoother.  Panicle  20-40 
cm,  long,  narrower,  thinner.  The  third  glume  white  with  two 
slender  teeth,  the  awu  twisted  at  the  base  and  twined  like  a  cork- 
screw aliove. 

North  Carolina  to  Texas, 


ANI)HOPO(U)NK.E.  30 

4.  E.  strictus  Hiildwin,  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  juid  Gii.  1:30  (181G). 
fiarc/iarutn  .s/ fiction  >«utt.  (umi.  I :  <)»)  (1818). 

Ci'lins  sleiuU'r,  i:]()-:240  cm.  lii^'h,  terete,  amootli,  slii^^htly  luiiry 
ttt  the  nodes.  Sheaths  terete,  i:lightly  keeled  ubove,  ^diibrous, 
nodes  minutely  pubesrent;  ligule  1-'^  mm.  long,  trnneate;  blades 
smooth.  Hat,  setaeeo-aeiiminate.  iJO-OO  cm.  long,  (j-15  mm.  widi', 
with  a  narrow  base.  Panicle  20—10  em.  long,  l-H  cm.  wide,  all 
]>arts  more  or  less  red  or  carmine.  Sessile  spikelets  10  mm.  long, 
linear-ianceolate;  first  and  second  glumes  about  10  nnn.  long,  firm. 
scabrid,  round  on  the  back,  involucre  of  hairs  very  short  or  none; 
lirst  oblong-lanceolate  when  spread.  K-uerved,  2-toothed.  second 
ovate-lanceolate,  '^-toothed,  mucroiuite,  third  memliranous,  linear- 
lanceolate,  T  mm.  long,  2-3-nerved,  fourth  shorter,  hyaline,  :}- 
nerved,  '^-toothed  with  a  straight  awn  about  'i  cm.  long;  palea 
2-nerved,  hyaline,  nerveless.      Lodicules  truncate.  1  mm.  long. 

Texas,  XvaUcy;  Tenn.,  Oattliujcr;  Fla.,  Clinpiiiiiii. 

KMver  banks.     North  Caroliiui,  Tennessee  to  Florida  and  Texas. 

!i.   (84,  88).     ManisUBIS  L.  Mant.  2:  104  (ITO:)  not  Sw. 

nulthn'JUa  L.  f.  Diss.  Xov.  Gram,  n  (irTO)-  /l<'i>iarfliria  R. 
Br.  Prod,  --ior  (1810),     Pharehinis  Griseb.  PeJfuphom  Desv. 

Spikelets  in  pairs  in  the  alternate  notches  of  the  articulate  or 
almost  entire  rachis  of  a  sim})le  spike,  the  first  sessile  and  embedded 
in  a  cavity  of  the  rachis,  with  one  perfect  flower  and  sometimes  a 
staminate  one  below  it.  the  other  on  a  closely  a])pressed  or  adnato 
])cdicel,  but  often  spreading  with  a  staminate  or  rarely  a  i)erfect 
ilower,  or  reduced  to  1-2  empty  glumes,  ^Phe  spike  single  on  each 
])eduncle  above  a  sheathing  bract  and  cylindrical  or  nearly  so. 
Glumes  in  the  sessile  spikelet  4,  the  outer  one  coriaceous,  fiat- 
tt-ned  on  the  back,  closely  covering  the  cavity  of  the  rachis,  second 
tliinner  but  often  firm,  concave  or  keeled,  third  and  fourth  and 
the  i)alea  hyaline,  all  awidess.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct, 
(iraiu  enclosed,  but  not  adherent. 

In  addition  to  the  above  from  Bentham.  our  4  species  are 
smooth,  tall  perennials,  blades  compressed  and  pointed.  The 
second  glume  of  the  sessile  spikelets  ovate,  acute,  compressed, 
keeled,   3-nerved,  third  and   fourth   glumes  aiul   the  palea  ovate. 


30  PANICACE^. 

Third  glume  flat,  3-uerved,  the  fourth  compressed,  3-nerved. 
Lodieules  2,  truncate,  many-nerved.  Bentham  in  Flora  Ans- 
traUensis  remarks  tliat  "  RottbmlUa  was  originally  founded  by  the 
younger  Linnaeus  on  five  species  wliich  are  now  separated  into  as 
many  genera.  Brown's  proposed  plan  to  restrict  the  name  to 
R.  exaUata  and  allied  species  since  added  has  now  been  generally 
adopted." 

These  grasses  are  mostly  tall  perennials,  with  flat  or  compressed 
leaf-blades.  Spikes  terminal  and  lateral.  Species  about  23,  ex- 
tending over  tropical  Asia,  Africa,  and  4  in  America. 

The  characters  of  this  genus  have  been  very  differently  restricted 
by  different  botanists.  I  have  followed  E.  Ilackel,  and  included 
Hemarthria  R.  Br.  in  this  genus. 

On    this    subject  Bentham   says:    *' Hemarthria  is   separated 
from  EoWmUia  chiefly  on  account  of  the  flattened  and  less  dis- 
tinctly articulated  rachis  and  the  curious  way  in  which  the  stipes 
of  the  sterile  spikelet  is  adnate  to  the  rachis." 
a.  First  glumes  of  the  sessile  spikelet 

Transversely  rugose 1 

**  and  vertical!;  rugose 2 

Unequally  pitted     .     .  3 

a.  First  glume  of  the  sessile  spike.et 

Neither  rugose  nor  pitted 4 

1.  M.  rugosa  (Chapm.)  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  780  (ISOl). 

R.  rugosa  Chapm.  Hack,  in  D.  C.  Monog.  Phan.  0  :  308  (1889). 
R.  rugom  Chapm.     Fl.  S.  States,  570  (18r,0),  not  Nutt. 

Culms  robust,  comjiressed,  40-90  cm.  high.  Lower  sheaths 
compressed,  equitaut;  ligule  very  short,  truncate;  lower  blades 
20-00  cm.  long,  2-5  mm.  wide;  the  upper  about  4  mm.  long. 
Spikes  terminal  and  lateral,  3-5  cm.  long,  2-5  mm.  diam.,  often 
partly  Included  in  the  sheaths.  Sessile  spikelets  a])oi'.t  as  long 
as  the  joints  of  the  rachis.  In  the  acssile  spikelets,  first  glume  4-5 
mm.  long,  including  the  spongy  base,  ovate,  flat,  2-keeled,  bifid, 
(5-8-iu'rved,  with  two  or  more  regular  spongy  ridges  jiassiug  more  or 
less  trnnsversely :  second  glume  3.5-4  mm.  long;  third  3.5  mm. 
long.  2-nerved;  fourth  broad  ovate,  obtuse,  3  mm.  or  less  in  lengtii. 


ANDHOPOOONE^.  31 

The  wavy  cell-walls  of  the  palea  and  the  fourth  glume  are 
conspicuous  under  a  lens.  In  the  pedicellate  spikelets,  first  glume 
flat,  ovate,  9-11-nerved,  over  2  mm.  long,  a  winged  keel  near 
one  margin,  second  glume  as  long  as  the  first,  compressed,  keeled? 
5-uerved,  third  glume  as  long  as  the  others,  hyaline,  3-nerved. 
Fla.,  Curtissm%%:   G.  V.  Nash\()l^. 

2.  M.  corrugata  (Baldw.)  Kuntze,  Hev.  Gen.  PI.  779  (1891). 
R.  corrugata  Baldwin,  Sill.  Am.  Journ.  1:355  (1819). 
Culms  robust,  compressed,  90-120  cm.  high.      Lower  sheaths 

compressed,  equitant;  ligule  very  short;  lower  blades  50  cm. 
long,  5-8  mm.  wide,  the  upper  shorter.  Spikes  projecting  above 
the  sheaths,  6-10-15  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  diam.,  cyindrical.  Ses- 
sile spikelets  about  as  long  as  the  Joints  of  the  rachis,  first  glume, 
including  the  callous  base.  5  mm.  long,  concave,  ovate,  bifid,  nerves 
indistinct,  vertically  and  transversely  rugose,  second  glume  about 
4  mm.  long,  third  glume  about  3.5  mm.  long,  2-nerved,  fourth 
glume  as  long  as  the  third.  Pedicellate  spikelets  nearly  3  mm. 
long,  first  glume  ovate,  G-nerved,  a  keel  near  one  edge,  second 
glume  compressed,  keeled,  3-nerved. 

Low  j)ine  barrens  near  the  coast.     South  Carolina  to  Texas. 

3.  M.  cylindrica  (Michx.)  Kuntze,  1.  c.  Tripmcum  cylinilri- 
cum  Michx.  Fl.  Hor.  Am.  1 :  00  (1803). 

R.  cylimlrica  Torr.  liot.  Whippl.  Exped.  159  (1857). 

Culms  slender,  terete,  simple,  GO-90  cm.  high.  Sheaths  gla- 
brous, terete  or  subcompressed;  ligule  very  short,  ciliate;  blade 
15-40  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  broad.  Spikes  single,  projecting,  terete, 
10-18  cm.  long,  2.5  mm.  wide.  Spikelets  sessile,  G-7  mm.  long, 
with  a  callus  1  mm.  long;  first  glume  of  the  sessile  spikelets  obtuse, 
7-iierved,  6-8  mm.  long,  very  firm,  bifid,  nerves  inconspicuous,  con- 
cave, with  slight  pits  on  the  outside;  second  and  third  glumes  4 
mm.  long.  Anthers  3  mm.  long.  The  pedicellate  spikelets  rudi- 
mentary, consisting  of  2  small  glumes  1.5-2  mm.  long. 

Texas,  ff all  H-in-,   Fla.,  Chapman. 

Dry  sandy  soil,  Florida  to  Texas. 

4.  M.  compressa  (L.  f.)  Kuntze,  1.  c. 


82 


PANRACE.E. 


R.  compressa  L.  f.  Suppl.  1U(1781).     Xxw.  fasciculata  {\jim.) 

Hack.,  D.  ('.  Monog.  Phan.  G:-^,SO  (1880). 

R.  fascictdata  Lam.  111.  Gen.  1 :  -lO^  (ITOl).     Lepturix  fascicu- 

lafus   Trill.  Fund.  Agrost.    1-^3  (18'^0).       llcinarihria    ILwan/ii 

Vasey. 

Culms  branching,  compressed,  120  cm.  or  more  liigli.     ^jowei' 

blades  few  and  rather  short,  keeled,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  the 

sheaths  of  the  other  leaves  half  to  two-thirds 

as  long  as  the  internodes;  ligule  short  ciliate, 

blades  of  the  culms  5-7-nerved,  more  or  less 

scabrous,  usually  conduplieate,   10-18  cm. 

long,   4-0   mm.   wide.     Spikes   numerous. 

terminal  and  lateral,  usually  compressed  and 

more  or  less  enclosed,  (5-10  cm.  long.     Ses- 

ailc  spikelets  about  as  long  as  the  joints  of 

the  rachis.     In   the  sessile  spikelets.   first 

glume   oblong  acute.    0   mm.   long,   about 

10-nerved,  second  glume  linear,  as  long  as 

„       «      .,    .      .  the  first,  third  irlunio  linear  acute.  5-0  mm. 

iui.    y.—MiiniKiins  com- 

pnxm.      Portion    of    a  long,  fourth  oviite-lanceolatc.  obtuse.  4  mm. 
.si.ik...x3.  (Rkluirdson.)  ^^^^^,  ^^^^^,^  about  the  length  of  its  glume. 

In  pcdivellute  spikelets  first  glume  fiat,  linear-lanceolate,  extreme 
ti])  obtuse  and  "2-toothed,  7-nerved,  second  glume  lanceolate,  ex- 
tending to  the  apex  of  the  first  glume,  compressed.  .'5-o-nerved, 
third  glume  and  palea  much  alike,  about  3  mm.  long.  Grain 
2  mm.  long. 

S.  E.  Texas,  Havarih  XeaUei/  ;  Mexico,  Pn'iif/k  3132. 
Also  found  in  N.  Africa  and  S.  W.  Europe. 

10.  (87).  Hackelochloa  Kuntze.  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  770  (1801). 
Jhntisiin's  Sw.  Prod.  Veg.  Ind.  Occ.  1 :  180  (1707),  not  Linn. 

Si)ikelets  in  pairs  in  the  notches  of  the  1-sided  articulate  rachis 
of  a  simple  spike.  1  sessile  and  hall"  einltedded  in  a  cavity  on  the 
rachis,  with  1  perfect  llower.  the  other  on  a  sliort  appressed  pedicel 
reduci'd  to  2  em|>ty  glumes,  or  with  a  staininate  fiower,  the  spike 
single  on  the  jieduncle  above  a  sheathing  bract.     Glumes  of  the 


AXDKUl'OtiOXE.E. 


33 


sessile  spikelet  4,  awnless,  warty,  hard,  empty,  the  second  smaller 
concave,  thiu  and  firm,  third  and  fourth  small,  thin  and  hyaline, 
awnless;  palea  minute  or  0.  Stamens 
3.  Styles  distinct.  Grain  enclosed  by 
the  round  glume,  but  not  adherent. 

Species  11,  widely  spread  over  the 
warmer  regions  of  the  New  and  the  Old 
World. 

1.  H.  granulans  (L.)  Kuntze,  Rev. 
CJeu.  PI.  770  (1801).  CeticJirus  (jmnu- 
loris  L.  Mant.  2  :  App.  575  (1771). 
MatdsHi'isi  fjratnilat'h  Sw. 

A  slender  leafy  bninolung  annual, 
70-90  cm.  high.  Sheaths  loose,  com- 
pressed, hispid;  ligule  very  short;  blades 
short  flat,  ciliate  cordate.  G-"iO  cm.  long, 
8-12  mm.  wide,  clothed  with  spreading 
hairs  each  springing  from  a  tubercle,  the 
floral  leaves  generally  exceeding  the  en- 
closed sheathing  bracts  and  spikes  and 
narrower  sheathing  bracts,  the  whole  in- 
floivscence  foi'ining  an  irregular  leafy 
panicle.  S})ikes  1.5-2.5  cm.  long. 
Si'sxiU'  spikelets  1.8-2.5  mm.  long, 
l.;5  mm.  diam.  on  an  cbeonical  callus. 

0.5-0.8     mm.    long,    outer    glume    11-  F'"-  10.— ILn-Mochloa   (jrann- 

lariK.      A,    spiko ;    a,  b,     $ 
nerved,   second  oval.  1-nerved;  pcdicvl-     spikflit.  x  4 ;  c,  dr  spikelet, 

hdr  spikelets  2  mm.  or  more  long,   first      ^  '•    («"'''»'^'- ) 

glume    flat-oval,   6-7-n-nerved,  with    a    keel    near  each   nuirgin, 

second  concave.  7-nerved.  the  keel  winged. 

(!a..  ('Nr/iss  3025;  Arizona.  I'ri)i(/li;  Lrmmon  315;  Mexico, 
Ptthiivr.  /'n'ti(/tc '.Wr,x  both  for  U.  S.  iK-pt.  Agric. 

In  Palmer's  specimen  there  is  a  thin  glume,  lu'arly  as  long  as 
the  outer  glume;  it  is  hyaline,  broad  uval.  2-nerved.  A  fourth 
one  is  a  little  shorter,  ii\ aline,  nervi'lt-ss.     Stamens  3.     Fn  ['ringlc's 


34  PANICACE^. 

specimens  from  Arizona,  there  are  three  or  four  empty  glumes  and 
no  stamens. 

Introduced.     North  Carolina,  Florida,  'I'exas,  Mexico. 

11.  (91).  Eeemochloa  Buese,  Miq.  PI.  Jungh,  1  :  357 
(1854).  Ischwmum  in  part.  Pectinaria  Hack.  Engl,  and  Prantl. 
Nat.  PI.  2,  2  :  20  (1887).      Vossia  Wall. 

Spikelets  in  pairs  in  the  alternate  notches  of  the  articulate  flexu- 
ose  rachis  of  simple  spikes,  1  sessile  with  1  pei'fect  terminal  flower 
and  a  staminate  1  below  it,  the  outer  pedicellate  and  either  similar 
or  with  oidy  1  perfect  or  1  or  2  staminate  flowers  or  reduced  to  2 
empty  glumes,  the  spikes  either  solitary  or  2  or  more,  sessile  or 
nearly  so  on  the  end  of  the  common  peduncle.  The  outer  glume 
of  the  sessile  spikelet  the  largest,  awnless,  truncate  or  2-toothed 
at  the  top.  second  glume  keeled  and  sometimes  produced  into  a 
straight  awn,  third  glume  rather  smaller,  thin,  enclosing  a  palea 
and  3  stamens,  terminal  glume  a  twisted  and  bent  awn,  attenuate 
or  hyaline  and  bifid  at  the  base  as  in  Andrnpnr/on;  palea  small  and 
thin  or  0.  Styles  distinct.  Grain  enclosed  in  the  glumes,  but  not 
adherent. 

About  30  species,  mostly  Asiatic. 

The  above  in  reference  to  Ercmnchloa  is  mostly  taken  from  Ben- 
tham's  Flora  Australiemis.  It  will  scarcely  lead  one  to  recognize 
our  siugle  introduced  species, 

1.  E.  LEKRSioiDES  (Muuro)  ILick.,  D.  C.  Monog.  Phan.  0  :  2G-4 
(1880).  Isi'lKcinuin  lee rsiai ties,  Munro,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  4  :  303 
1804-05).     This  is  not  Eremnrhloe  S.  Wats. 

Culms  slender,  spariugly  branched,  20-40  cm.  high,  nodes 
ptiberuleiit.  Leaf-blades  flat  or  involute,  hirsute,  setaceous,  0-12 
cm.  long.  2-3  mm.  wide.  Spikes  curved  (looking  much  like  liou- 
felona  leiiiftsov  />.j)uli/iil(trh9/{n).  terminal  or  lateral,  2-5  cm.  long. 
I'edicellate  spikelets  reduced  to  a  stipe  less  than  3  mm.  long. 
S'.'ssde  spikelets  3.5  mm.  long,  first  glume  flattened,  ovate,  about 
4  nun.  long,  0-nerved.  subiioute  with  two  close  teetli.  margins  sup- 
l)lii'd  with  short  spiny  hairs  2-3  mm.  long,  second  glume  elliptical, 
acute.  4  mm.  long.  3-nerved.  third  glume  and  palea  3  mm.  long, 
hyaline,  terminal  glume  awnless. 


ANDROPOUONE.E. 
Introduced  into  California  from  eastern  Asia. 


36 


Fig.  11. — Ercmochloa  leeraioides.    A,  spikelet,  X  10;  6,  c,  florets.     (Scribner.) 

13.  (92).  Teachypogon  Nees,  Agrost.  Bras.  341  (1829),  in 
part. 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  in  pairs  at  tlie  nodes  of  the  rachis  of  a 
simple  1-sided  spike,  a  subscssile  staminate  awnless  s])ikelet  and  an 
awned  pedicelled,  pistillate  or  perfect  spikelet.  Empty  glumes 
3-4,  the  outer.  1  firm,  awnless,  enclosing  the  others,  second  nar- 
rower but  similar,  third  empty,  very  delicately  hyaline,  narrow, 
very  small  ;  terminal  glume  in  the  sessile  spikelet  delicately  hya- 
line, awnless,  in  the  pedicelled  spikelet  hyaline  below,  above  bearing 
a  long  twisted  awn;  palca  very  small  or  0.  Stamens  3.  Styles 
distinct.     CJniin  oblong,  included,  not  adlicrent. 

Tall  tufted  perennial  grasses,  with  long  narrow,  flat  or  involute 
leaf-blades.  Spikes  solitary  or  2  or  3  and  sessile  at  the  apex  of 
the  peduncles.  Spikelets  slightly  imbricated  and  appressed  to 
the  rachis.     Nearly  related  to  Jlcfcro/tni/d)/. 

Found  in  troj^ical  America  and  in  Africa  and  Australia. 

Anderss.  in  (Efvcrs.  Vet.  Akad.  Stocikh.  1857,  enumerates 
11  species,  I  of  which  is  African  and  the  rest  peculiar  to  tropical 
and  subtropical  Amenca.  including  Brazil  and  Mexico.  Ilackel 
places  them  all  in  one  species  with  many  subspecies  and  varieties. 

1.  T.  polymorphus  Hack.,  Mart,  et  Eicld.  Fl.  Bras.,  2,  pars. 
3  :  2(13  (1,SS3). 

A  sleuder  erect  perennial  grass,  OO-IH)  cm.  high,  hairy 
at  the  nodes.  Sheaths  terete,  longer  than  the  inter  nodes,  more 
or  less  pubescH'iit;  ligule  firm;  blades  narrow,  ilat  or  convolute, 
glaucous,   rigid,   tlio    lower   20   cm.    long,     the    upper    6-8    (;m. 


36 


PANICACE.E, 


long.     Spikes  1-6,  terminal,  protnuling  above  the  leaves,  8-17 

cm.  long.  Sessile  stamiuato  spikelet 
5-8  mm.  long,  without  a  callus,  ob- 
long obtuse,  flat  concave,  ^-keeled.  !i- 
ll-nerved,  7  mm.  long,  second  glume 
linear,  3-nervecl,  as  long  as  the  first, 
third  oblong,  2-nerved,  5  mm.  long. 
fourth  narrower  and  shorter,  :}-nerved. 
Pedicellate  spikelets  2-'.]  mm.  long 
with  a  hard  oblique  point,  al)ovo 
which  are  appressed  hairs.  Flower 
perfect,  first  glume  sparsely  hairy, 
flat-concave,  obtuse,  7-!)-nerve(l,  8 
mm.  long,  second  round  on  the  back, 
oblong,  3-nerved,  bifid,  as  long  as  the 
first,  third  3-nerved,  the  lower  portion 
hyaline,  2  mm.  long  bearing  a  twisted 
bent  awn  2.5-13  cm.  long. 
Mexico,  Palmer  303. 
The  species  is  found  in  west  Texas, 
Arizona  and  Mexico. 

Var.  Montufari  (II.B.K.)  Hack. 
1.  c.  Andrcqioyan  Monfiifari  II.B.K. 
Nov.  Gen.  et  Sp.  1  :  184  (1815).  T. 
Monhifari^coi^,  ^Uirt.  Fl.  Bras.  2  :  342 
(1820).  lilades  all  flat  or  the  radical 
ones  convolute.  2-5  mm.  wide;  ligulo 
2-13  mm.  long.  Spikes  10-17  cui. 
long;  staminate  spikelets  ovate-oblong, 
G-7  mm.  long,  first  glume  more  or 
less  pilose  on  the  back.  Arizona, 
Priiif/h'\75:  Mexico,  Palmer  MM. 
13.  (83).  ElionURUS  II.  &  li.  Willd.    Sp.    PI.   4  :  941   (1805) 

(Elyonurus).     CalUcliloea   Sprong.    Steud.    Norn.    F]d.    2,   1  :  257 

(1840). 

Spikelets  in  pairs   in   the  alternate  notches  of  the  articulate 


Fig.  13. — Trnchypogon  poly 
morphiiK.  Spikelets,  X  4 
(Hicliardson.) 


ANDIiOl'OUONK.E.  37 

r;i('l>i.s  of  a  simple  spike,  1  sessile  with  1  perfect  flower,  the  other 
pedicellate  and  barren,  the  spike  solitary  and  the  rachis  densely 
silky-hairy.  Onter  glume  of  the  barren  spikelet  usually  spread- 
iiii;-.  Fertile  spikelet  appressed;  glumes  4,  the  outer  one  firm, 
largest,  erect  and  often  2-lobed,  with  a  imlsam-bearing  line  along 
the  nerves,  second  shorter,  thin  but  rigid  and  pointed,  third  and 
fourth  shorter,  hyaline,  ail  without  awns;  palea  none  or  very 
minute.  Styles  distinct.  Stamens  3.  CJrain  enclosed  in  the 
outer  glumes,  but  not  adherent.  Culms  tufted,  usually  erect. 
Sheaths  subtumid;  ligule  very  short,  truncate;  blades  flat  or  more 
or  less  folded.     Tkacemes  erect. 

They  all  differ  a  little  from  Manisurh  {EotfhcelUa).  connecting 
this  with  AtKh'opofjonece.  Boissier  has  proposed  Lasiurus  as  a 
genus  to  include  the  species,  having  3  spikelets  instead  of  3  at  each 
node  of  the  rachis:  but  this  character  is  by  no  means  constant. 

Species  a])out  12,  mostly  perennials  spread  over  tropical  and 
subtropical  America  and  Africa,  sparingly  in  western  Asia,  and 
one  in  tropical  Australia. 

Pedicellate  spikelet  neuter 1 

"  "       staminato 3 

1.  E.  barbiculmis  Hack.,  D.  C.  Monog.  Phan.  G  :  330  (1889). 
Aiuh'ojHKjon  r(t)i(li(lns  Trin.  in  part. 

Culms  tufted,  slender.  50-70  cm.  high,  containing  3-4  nodes,  one 
f»r  two  of  the  upper  ones  bearing  solitary  branches.  Sheaths  terete, 
loose;  blades  of  the  lower  leaves  verv  narrow,  often  30  cm.  long, 
the  upper  1-4  cm.  long,  0.7-1  mm.  wide.  Spike  0-8  cm.  long,  5 
mm.  wide,  white  with  dense  silky  hairs.  Sessile  spikelet  lanceo- 
late, much  flattened,  7-1)  mm.  long;  first  glume  lance-eliiptical, 
densely  hairy,  obscurely  7-uerved,  the  lateral  nerves  heavy,  second 
glume  h-{\  mm.  long,  obscurely  nerveil.  third  and  fourth  about 
('(|ual.  4  mm.  long,  one  3-nerved,  the  other  3-nerved.  Styles  plu- 
mose, red.  Pedicellate  spikelets  5  mm.  long,  borne  on  pedicels 
rather  shorter,  the  outer  glume  lanceolate,  flattened  on  the  back, 
hairy,  the  second  acute.  4  mm.  long,  the  third  and  fourth  3  mm. 
long;  no  flower.  E.  Ilackel  considers  the  Hrazilian  grass,  Elionv- 
rv.v  raiididits  (Trin.)  Hack.,  to  which  our  form  has  been  referred. 


88 


PANIC  AC  E^. 


as    a    distinct    species,    and    proposes  the  above    name   for  our 
species. 

West  Texas,  U>/^/// S04;  New  Mexico,  Wr if/ht  210Q:  Arizona, 
Leinmou  lim'y,  Mexico.  Pr ingle  423;  Texas,  Nealley,  Havard; 
Arizona,  Lane,  liolhrock  038. 

Texas,  Arizona,  and  northern  Mexico. 

2.  E.  tripsacoides  II.li.K.  Nov.  Gen.  et  Spec.  1  :  192  (1815). 
Anilropofjon  XuttaUii  Chapm.  FI.  S.  States,  580  (1860).  Elionurfis 
NuttaUii  Vasey,  Descr.  Cat.  Gr.  U.  S.  25  (1885). 

Cuhns  erect,  tufted,  slender,  compressed,  sparingly  branched  from 
the  upper  1-3  nodes,  interuodes  but  little  longer  than  the  sheaths 

70-120  cm.    high.     Ligule  ciliate 
with   long   hairs;    blades   filiform- 
involute,    glabrous    or   pilose,    the 
lower   15-50   cm.    long,  2-4   mm. 
wide,  those   of  the  middle  of  the 
culm   30-50   cm.  long,  the   upper 
3-5  cm.  long.     Spikes  axillary  and 
terminal,  5-14  cm.   long.     Sterile 
sjiikelets  4-7  mm.   long  borne   on 
a  hairy  pedicel  3  mm.  long,    first 
glume  flattened,  smooth,  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, obtuse,  5-nerved  besides  the  keel  at  each  margin,  second 
glume  as  long  as  the  first,  elliptical-lanceolate,  keeled  near  the  apex, 
3-nervcd,  third  glume  a  little  shorter,  2-uerved,  fourth  still  shorter. 
Stamens  3.     Sessile  spikelets  on  an  obovate  callus,  1-1.5  mm.  long, 
densely  barbate,  llattened,  5-0  mm.  long,  smooth  or  scabrid,  the  2 
keels  clothed  with  short  hairs,  first  glume  fiat,   narrowly  ovate, 
bifid,  1  l-nerved,  second  concave,  elliptical-lanceolate,  nearly  as  long 
as  the  first,  keeled  above,  third  and  fourth  shorter;  flower  perfect. 
Florida,  Cxrfiss  3030,  Drummond  344. 
Florida  to  Texas. 

Var.    Ciliaris   (Trin.)   E.   ciliaris  II.B.K.  Nov.   Gen.  et  Sp. 
1  :  1J)3  /.  03  (1815). 

The  first  glume  copiously  clothed  on  the  back  with  short  hairs. 


Pig.     13. — EHomirus    tripsacoides 
Spikelets.     (Hichardson.) 


ANniK)P(K{ONE.E.  89 

Kunth  describes  this  jirass  in  his  supplomont.  iiml  at  the  close 
remarks  that  it  is  liardly  distinct  from  //.  tnpmcoides  II. B. 

It  is  also  so  considered  by  Ilackel. 

Texas  and  Arizona,  RnthrocTc  038. 

14.  (94).  Andeopogon  L.  8p.  PI.  1045  (175.3).  DirlianfJiinm 
Willoni.  Ust.   Ann.   IJot.   18   :  11    (1700).     Snnjlutm    Pers.    Syn. 

1  :  101  (1805).  Heterojmion.  Pers.  Syn.  5i  :  533  (1807).  Dicdomis 
IJoanv.  Aj^rost.  t.  23.  /'.  5  (1812).      ('//m/jopof/on  Sprens^.   Pn.<j:ill. 

2  :  14  (1815).  f7irj/sopofj(»i  Trin.  Fnnd.  Agrost.  187  (1820). 
Lopcoccirix  Ti-in.  Fund.  Agrost.  203  (1820).  SrJ/t'zarht/n'nm 
Xees,  Agrost.  Bras.  331  (182!)).  Ifi/pof/i/i/ixm  Xeos.  Agrost.  Hra-^. 
304(1829).  ItJiik/ashuoii  Stem].  V\oni.:y.i:  1.229(1850).  ayoi- 
iKniflielia  and  llyparrhcma  Anderss.  Nov.  Act.  Upsal.  2  :  231 
(185(5). 

At  least  twenty  other  synonyms  have  been  discovered. 

Spikelets  l-tiowered  or  empty,  in  pairs,  or  by  the  suppression  of 
1.  single,  tlie  axis  often  terminated  by  2  pedicellate  spikelets  by  the 
side  ot:  1  sessile,  either  in  the  alternate  notches  of  the  articulate 
rachis  of  sim})Ie  spikes,  or  else  paniculate,  1  sessile,  perfect  (or 
rarely  staminatc)  and  fertile,  the  otlier  pedicellate  and  barren, 
either  staminate  or  empty.  Glumes  in  the  fertile  spikelets  4,  the 
outer  1  the  largest,  awnless,  or  with  a  straight  awn,  several-nerved, 
but  often  almost  2-keeled,  with  2  nerves  near  the  margin  mucli 
more  prominent  than  the  others;  second  glume  keeled,  rarely  pro- 
duced into  a  short  straight  awn,  third  glume  much  smaller,  hyaline 
and  emi)ty.  fourth  or  terminal  glume  very  slender,  flexuose  and 
stipe-like  at  the  base,  or  if  dilated  hyaline,  entire  or  bifid  at  the 
apex,  usually  witli  an  awn,  either  terminal  or  from  the  notch,  rigid 
and  twisted  in  the  lower  part,  bent  back  and  very  fine  abovt'  the 
miildle;  palea  small,  hyaline,  or  0.  Lodicules  euneate.  (Jlumes 
of  the  barren  spikelet  4  or  fewer,  tlie  outer  one  tlie  largest  and 
muny-ncrved,  second  keeled,  third  and  fourth,  wlien  ])resent.  small, 
thin  and  hyaline,  all  awidess.  Stamens  .3.  Stylos  distinct,  (irain 
enclosed,  but  not  adiierent.  Culms  usually  destitute  of  a  hollow 
inside,  hard,  often  fiattencd.  dark  red  or  brown  near  the  nodes. 
Leaf-blades  usually  very  narrow,  ni'ver  cordate,  pedicels  and  joints, 
of  the  rachis  usually  ciliate  or  villous. 


40  PANICA^E.^. 

The  grasses  of  this  polymorphous  genus  numher  about  130 
species,  are  generally  branching,  often  found  in  poor  land,  and 
vary  much  in  habit.  They  are  widely  dispersed  in  the  warmer 
portions  of  Europe,  Asia,  Australia  and  America. 

Bentham  reduces  the  species  of  Androjwgon  proper  to  5  sec- 
tions. 

I  have  followed  E.  Hackel,  who  places  our  species  of  the  genus 
under  subgenera  as  follows : 

Subgenus  1.  Schizactiyrium  (I^ees  as  a  genus).  Spikes  slen- 
der, single,  terminal  or  axillary,  the  thickened  joints  of  the  rachis 
with  a  cup  or  toothlike  appendage  at  the  apex,  pedicellate  spike- 
lets  usually  neuter,  about  as  long  as  the  sessile  oiies,  second  glume 
of  the  sessile  spikelets  awnless  or  with  a  very  short  awn,  floral 
glume  often  cleft  nearly  to  the  base,  bearing  an  awn  between  the 
lobes;  culms  usually  low  and  slender. 

a.  Spikelets  and  pedicels  clothed  with  soft  hairs   .     .     .     .(b) 

b.  Hairs  reaching  beyond  the  spikelets 1 

b.  Hairs  not  reaching  beyond  the  spikelets 2 

a.  Spikelets  and  pedicels  containing  a  few  short  hairs  in  rows 

or  lines (c) 

0.  Annual,  culms  filiform,  bearing  spikes  at  all  the  nodes, 

blades  2-G  cm.  long 3 

c.  Perennial,  culms  stouter,  leaves  longer     .     .     .     .(d) 

d.  Lateral  spikes  all  exserted (c) 

e.  Lateral  spikes  very  few (f) 

f.  Spikelets  5-6  mm.  long 4 

f.  Spikelets  7  mm.  long 5 

e.  Lateral  spikes  numerous G 

d.  Lateral  spikes  partly  embedded (g) 

g.  Sessile  spikelets  about  4  mm.  long  .     .      7 
g.  Sessile  spikelets  about  6  mm.  long  .     .      8 
g.  Sessile  spikelets  about  7  mm.  long  .     .      0 
Subgenus  2.  Diectomis  (Reauv.  as  a  genus).     Pedicellate  spike- 
lets laterally  compressed,  neuter,  broad,  twice  as  long  as  the  sessile 

ones,  second  glume  of  sessile  spikelets  awned 10 

Subgenus  3.    Artiiuolophis.    Spikes  mostly   in   pairs,   rarely 
digitate  or  panicled,  terminal  or  axillary,  one  pedicellate,  the  other 


ANDUOPOGONE.E.  41 

sessile,  the  brandies  and  branchlets  more  or  less   included  by  a 
broad  spatlie  or  slioath  bavin*,'  little  or  no  blade. 

A.  Pedicellate  spikelets  with  1-2  flumes  half  as  long  as  the 
sessile  ones,  culms  simple  below,  much  branched  above. 

a.  Si)ikes  4-()-jointe(l (b) 

b.  Spikes  1-2  cm.  long,  sessile  si)ikelots  4  mm.  long    11 
b.  Spikes  2-7  cm.  long,  sessile  spikelets  5  mm.  long    13 

Spikelets  0  mm.  long (c) 

c.   Spikes  ;}-4  cm.  long 13 

c.   Spikes  5-7  cm.  long 14 

a.  Spikes  10-20-jointed (d) 

d.  Spikes  2  cm.  long,  mostly  raised  above  the  tips 

of  the  long  bracts 1,5 

d.  Spikes   mostly  wich   bracts  as  long  as  them- 
selves  ((.') 

e.  Spikes  about   2  cm.   long,   sessile  spikelets 

3-5  mm.  long (f) 

f.   Plant  slender,  spikes  in  remote  clusters  1(5 
f.   TMant  stout,  spikes  mostly  clustered  near 

the  top 17 

e.  Spikes  2-3  cm.  long,  sessile  spikelets  3  nun. 

long.     Some  plants  of 1!> 

e.  Spikes  2-3  cm.  long,  sessile  spikelets  4  mm. 

long 18-20 

B.  Pedicellate  spikelets  staminate,  with  4-5  glumes,  as  long  as 
the  sessile  ones,  which  are  7-11  mm.  long,  branching  little 
above, 
a.  Spikes   2,    near   or    at   the  apex    of    the    culm   or  its 

branches 21,  22 

a.  Spikes  3-8,  digitate  near  th.o  apex  of  the  culm.     .     .    23 

Subgenus  4.  Ampiiilopiiis.     Spikes  digitate  or  panicled  at  the 

apex  of  the  culm  or  branches,  all  pedicellate.     Joints  of  the  rachis 

and   the   pedicels  with  a   median,  longitudinal,  translucent  line. 

Floral  glume  tapering  into  an  awn. 

a.  Pedicellate  and  sessile  spikelets  equal 24 

a.  Pedicellate  sjiikeU'ts  shorter  than  the  sessile,  sjiikes  in  a  ter- 
minal panicle  often  branched 25 


42 


PANICACE.E. 


Subfrenus  5.   Sorgtium  (I'ers.  as  a  p:omis).     Spikelcts  truly  and 


conspioiioiisly  paniculate,  rays 
consisting  of  a  sessile  fertile 
one  on  a  pedicel,  the  branches 
pedicellate  si)ikelets.  First  and 
spikelcts  coriaceous. 


slender,  the  lateral  in  })airs. 
one  and  a  staminate  or  abortive 
terminating  in  1  sessile  and  2 
second   glumes   of   the  fertile 


Fig.  14.— Spikelets  of  A.  Hallii. 

a.  Rays  of  the  i)anicle  verticellate ;    the  pedicellate  spikelets 

staminate  witii  -t  glumes,  rarely  1-2  and  neuter.    ...    26 

a.  Rays  of  the  panicle  mostly  solitary,  but  branching  near  the 

base (b) 

b.  Pedicellate    spikelets    none    or    sometimes    reduced    to 

pedicels  merely (c) 

c.  Panicle  oblong,  erect  or  nodding 27 

c.  Panicle  secund,  rays  variously  llexuose 28 

Subgenus  G.  Chkysopogon  (Trin.  as  a  genus).  Racemes 
whorled,  pedicellate,  spikelets  obviously  paniculate  and  laterally 
compressed.     Our  single  species  is  a  tall  annual;  the  aAvns  12-15 

cm.  long 29 

Subgenus   7.    Diciiaxtiium  (Willemet  as  a  genus).     Spikes 


ANDROPOGONE.E.  43 

tisiially  3  to  niuny.  di^ntutc,  all  lu'dicelhite  or  all  sessile,  not  sub- 
teink'ti  by  a  leaf-slieath.     Floral  j^lunie  usually  .stalklike      .     .     liO 
Our  single  species  annual;    racemes  nodtling   on  very   sleiider 
jieduncles.  ■ 

Subgenus  S.  Hi:tki{oi'()(K)X  (Persoon  as  u  genus),  lisicemes  or 
spikes  solitary  and  terminal  or  lateral.  Spikelets  imbricated.  1-15 
ol'  the  lowest  pairs  liomogamous;  awns  large  with  sharp  barbed 
points. 

a.  Annual 31 

a.   Perennial 32 

Subgenus  !».  C'YMi!Oi'0(iOX  (S[)reng.  as  a  genus).  Pacemes  in 
})airs,  terminal  or  lateral.  1  sessile,  always  with  1-'^  basal  liomog- 
amous pairs  (of  2  staminate  spikelets).  the  other  short-pedicelled, 
with  or  without  liomogamous  pairs,  both  together  subtended  by  a 
sheathing  leaf,  frequently  arranged  in  a  false  panicle,  interrupted 
by  leaves.      Floral  glume  strongly  awned 33 

1.  A.  gracilis  Spreng.  Syst.  1 : -^84  (lS-^4).  A  very  slender, 
erect,  tufted,  glabrous  perennial.  3()-()()  cm.  high.  Sheaths  terete; 
ligule  very  short;  blade  convolute-setaceous.  l()-'^()  cm.  long. 
Spikes  solitary,  3-4  cm.  long,  the  terminal  one  exserted.  the  lateral 
ones  distant,  sheathed  by  narrow  bracts  2-4  cm.  long,  the  zigzag 
rachis  and  i)edicels  clothed  with  soft  spreading  hairs  reaching  be- 
yond the  spikelets.  Pedicel  4  mm.  long  bearing  an  awned  sjiikclet 
'Z  mm.  long,  consisting  of  a  single  glume.  Sessile  spikelets  lanceo- 
late, about  5  mm.  long,  first  and  second  glumes  equal,  the  former 
•■i-toothed  with  2  nerves  toward  each  margin,  the  latter  acute,  1- 
nerved,  the  bent  aAvn  nearly  2  cm.  long. 

Fla.,  Garhcr.     Found  in  Florida  and  the  West  Indies. 

2.  A.  hirtiflorus  Kunth.  Kev.  (iram.  2  :  oOO,  1.  108  (1820). 
Culms  slender,  50-120  cm.  high  mostly  with  2  branches  above, 

each  as  well  as  the  main  stem  bearing  a  single  erect  spike.  Lower 
sheaths  often  hirsute  or  barbed  at  the  throat;  blades  sparingly 
hairy,  10-20  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  wide,  the  upper  ones  slender,  0-4 
mm.  long.  Spike  single,  narrow,  zigzag,  4-G  cm.  long  bearing  5-8 
pairs  of  spikelets,  rachis  and  pedicels  hairy  throughout.  First  glume 
of  sessile  sj)ikelet  7-0  mm.  long,  laueeolate,  2-toothed  margins  invo- 


44  PANICACK.K. 

lute,  7-8-nerve(l,  second  mombraiious,  ciliate-koeled,  4-5-nerved, 
8  mm.  long,  third  hytilino  shorter,  fourth  G  mm.  long"  hititl  over 
hair  its  length  bearing  a  bent  awn  1"^-17  mm.  long.  I'edicellato 
spikelets  j)rotruding  above  tlie  hairs.  Pedicels  tj  mm.  long  bear-ng 
a  lanceolate  spikelet  a  little  shorter  than  itsell*  consisting  of  'Z  empty 
glumes. 

Texas,  Xeallei/j  Arizona,  Pn'tif/Ic,  Leninuhi  0"^5.  Tlie  latter  is 
owned  by  F.  L.  Scribner  and  mark  'd  "  teste  E.  Ilackel." 

\'ar.  brevipedicellatus.  L  blades  less  than  2  mm.  wide. 
Pedicels  4  mm.  long,  first  glume  of  the  sessile  spikelet  G-7  mm. 
long. 

Mexico,  J\-i//(/I('  ;5S:5.     Distributed  as  A.  hiflijlin'us  Kunth. 

Subvar.  oligostachyus  (C'hapm.)  Hack.  D.  C.  Monog.  Phan.  6  : 
372  (1889).     A.  uliyustachjius  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  States,  581  (1800). 

Kachis  slender,  5-()  cm.  long  with  10-15  joints. 

Arizona,  Priiiule. 

Var.  feensis  (Fourn.)  Hack.  D.  C.  ^lonog.  I'lian.  0  :  372 
(188!)).  .1.  frrii.sis  Fourn.  Mex.  PI.  Enum.  (Jram.  «",2  (188»;). 
Sheaths  pilose,  "iliate;  blades  scabrid;  racemes  5-7  cm.  long, 
slender.  10-12-jointed,  apex  of  the  joint  1  mm.  broad,  loosely  i)ilose. 

Arizona.  l.i'iiiDuni  21(25.     Mexico,  Parri/,  Pnhticv  !Mi(i. 

3.  A.  brevifolius  Sw.  Prodr.  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  2(i  (17!i7).  Annual: 
culms  10-100  cui.  loug.  very  slender  with  filiform  llowi'ring 
branches  in  twos  and  threes  from  nearly  all  the  nodes.  Lignle 
very  short:  blade  contracted  at  the  insertion,  green,  glabrous,  with 
margins  scabrous,  spathcs  reddish  green,  glabrous,  clavatc.  IJacemcs 
5-10-join;e(K  the  joints  clavatc,  2-toothe(l.  about  the  U'ngth  of  the 
sessile  spikeU'ts.  Sessile  spikelet  linear-oblong,  pah*  green:  first 
glume  lirni.  involute,  2-to<(ilu'd.  subconvex  on  the  back,  obscurely 
2-;»-nerv,  >I :  si-cond  glunu'  awnless,  very  acute,  1-nerved:  fourth 
glume  divided  almost  to  the  base.  Anthers  1-1.5  mm.  loug.  (Jrain 
liiu^ar.  Pedicellate  spikelets  1-1.5  mm.  long,  on  |)edici'ls  which  are 
us  long  as  the  joints  of  the  racemes,  first  ghnne  bearing  a  slender 
awn. 

Var.  genuinus  Hack.  1).  V.  Monog.  IMian.  C  :  303  (ISS'I). 
.1.  hrcvifdliiiK  var.  piilla  Franch.  et  Savat.  Enum.  IM.  .lap.  2,  (110 


x^N  1)H01»0U(  )N  ILE.  45 

(1875-70).  J.  tvncUus  Pmsl.  Rclici.  Ilivnk.  1:  :}35  (1830).  Blados 
obtuse.  ~-o  cm.  long,  1.5-5  inin.  wide.  Hueciuos  very  sloiulor.  \-l 
cm.  long  ;  sjKitlic  1.5-'^  cm.  long.  Sessile  spikclcts  ;]-• 1  mm.  long, 
the  iiwn  8-12  mm.  long. 

Mexico,  PniKjb  1771. 

^lexico  to  Brazil,  Madugiiscar,  India.  China,  and  other  coun- 
t  ries. 

•1.  A.  tener  Knuth.  Rev.  Gram.  %  5(15  /.  1!)7  (18-^9). 

Culms  very  slender,  20-70  cm.  high,  branching  s})aringly,  the 
exserted  threadlike  tips  2-10  em.  long,  each  carrying  a  single 
narrow  spike  l-O  em.  long.  Sheaths  of  culm  almost  carinate; 
lignle  truncate,  glabrous,  very  short;  blades  destitute  of  hairs,  the 
lower  ones  2-5  cm.  long,  0.!(-2  mm.  wide,  the  upper  bristlelike, 
1-2  cm.  long.  Short  hairs  on  the  rachis  below  the  sessile  spike- 
lets.  Stipe  3-(l  cm.  long,  sj)ariugly  clothed  on  one  edge  with  short 
hairs,  each  spikelet  subtended  by  a  short  2-i)ointed  bra(!t.  The 
first  glnme  of  the  sessile  spikelet  ovate-lanceolate,  4-5  cm.  long, 
llattened.  2-keeled,  obscurely  7-nerved;  se(M)nd  glnme  as  long  iis  the 
first,  compressed-keeled,  )5-nervod,  fourth  bearing  a  twisted  awn  8-14 
mm.  long.  Anthers  2  mm.  long.  Pedicellate  spikclets  flattened, 
;j-5  mm.  long,  of  2-3  glumes  only.  It  resembles  considerably  A. 
eirni/ns  J  Tack. 

Mexico,  Pahiier  504. 

Florida  to  Texas  a,iid  ^rexlco. 

Var.  flliformis  (Nces)  Hack.  T).  C.  Monog.  Phan.  fi  :  379 
(188'.t).  Schizid'lijiriiiDi  Jilifoi'me  Nees,  Agrost.  Mras.  338 
(I82'.t).  Culms tiliforui.  40-(!0  cm.  high,  branching  from  the  base; 
Iciif-bladcs  convolute,  filiform.  0.4-0.5  mm.  diam. ;  spikes.  3-4  cm. 
long. 

Florida,  (fiir/iss  ;  Miss.,   7'niri/. 

A.  cirratus  Hack,  in  Flora  (IS  :  11!)  (1885). 

IMant  glaucous.  Culms  sparingly  branched,  thread-like,  t'x- 
serted,  3-5  cm.  long,  each  bearing  a  single  spike  4-(i  cm.  long. 
Slieaths  terete:  lignle  2  mm.  huig:  blade  very  sjtaringly  hairy,  the 
"idwcr  iind  middle  oiu's  Id  15  cm.  lung,  3  mm.  wide,  the  upper 
rarely   2   cm.    bing.      Spiki'S  single,    tlie   rachis  at   each    node  and 


46  PANICACE.E. 

on  one  edge  of  the  stipe  bearing  luiirs  2  mm.  long.  Sessile  spike- 
let  7  mm.  long;  first  glume  flattened,  O-nevved,  ovate-ljineeohite 
witli  2  ciliate  keels;  second  glume  shorter,  thinner,  keeled,  3-nerved; 
third  still  shorter,  hyaline;  fourth  bifid,  bearing  a  twisted  awn  1  em. 
oi-  more  in  length.  Pedicellate  spikelets  2—4  mm.  long,  consisting 
of  l-o  empty  glumes. 

Mexico,  Wriyhf  2105,  Primjic  382,  Greene  400;  Texas,  Xe((l- 
ley  SnS. 

A  neat  slender  grass  found  in  Y. . ::  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  north- 
ern Mexico. 

0.  A.  scoparius  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1  :  57  (1803).  A.  pirr- 
jjnr(m-e)is  Muhl. ;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4  :  913  (180(i). 

Culms  slender,  (iO-OOcin.  high,  with  numerous  branches.  Sheatlis 
sparingly  hairy;  l)lades  2-3  mm.  wide.  Spikes  slender,  scattered, 
usually  2-3  from  a  single  sheath,  exserted  on  slender  i)edicels,  the 
joints  of  the  rachis  clothed  on  the  two  edges  with  lax  dull-white 
hairs.  The  sterile  spikelet  consists  of  a  single  glume  al)out  3  mm. 
long,  or  staminate  aiul  longer.  First  and  second  glumes  of  tlio 
pistillate  spikelet  lanceolate,  0  mm.  long,  and  awn-pointed:  first 
glume  fiattened  on  the  back,  scabrid,  obscurely  nerved;  second 
glume  tliinner,  keeled,  3-nerved  ;  fourth  bifid  for  one  third  its 
lengtli,  bearing  in  the  notch  an  awn  10-15  mm.  long. 

From  the  Atlantic  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  \'ery  common  on 
the  prairies,  aflFordiug  considerable  pasture;  sometimes  cut  for  hay. 
It  starts  very  late  in  tlie  spring  and  is  dunuiged  1)y  frost. 

Subs[)ecies  euscoparius  Hack.  D.  C.  Monog.  I'han..  1.  c.  Low 
tufted;  sheaths  smooth;  blades  glaucous.  scal)rous.  5-7  mm.  wide; 
first  and  secoiul  glumes  of  sessile  spikelet  8  mm.  hiug,  with  points 
2  mm.  long.  Specimens  marked  "  teste  E.  Tlackel  *'  owned  by  F. 
L.  Scribner.    Sandsof  Cape  May,  N.  J.    Coll.  J.  Hurk,  Oct.  2,  1888. 

Subspecies  genuinus  lla(  k.,  1.  c. 

Pedicellate  spikelets  2-3  mm.  long,  subulate;  first  glume  3- 
nerved,  terminating  in  a  ])ristle;  branches  filiform,  glabrous  below 
the  nodes;  racenu'S slender;  very  variable.  ^lichigan  (M.  A.  C.  3), 
Coo/ei/,  />m/o:  Illinois,  /inil  4;  Penu..  .sVv//»av/' 3(135;  Vt..  Priti' 
ffh>;  N.  J.,  U.  S.  Ihpl.  .i(/r}r.  from  Scriljuer  20(»;  Texas,  Xealleij. 


ANDHOIHXiONK.E.  47 

Subspecies  maritimus  Haek.,  1.  e.  Var.  (jciininus  Hack.  J. 
iiKtnlmniH  Cluipni.  Fl.  8.  States.  Suppl.  Cn-S  (KSSi>). 

Leaves  and  si>athes  glabrous:  blades  10  em.  long.  Spikelets 
s.'ssile.  10  mm.  long.  Panicles  or  racemes  2-branclied.  Si)atlies 
acuminate.  I'acenu'S  4-5  cm.  long,  stout,  G-8-jointed;  raeliis 
subuiululate;  pedicels  densely  clotbed  on  tlie  margins  with  long 
hairs;  first  glume  of  sessile  spikelet  ;i-5-nerved,  long,  jwiuted;  third 
light  violet,  awns  13  mm.  long.  Pedicellate  spikelets  7-10  mm. 
long;  first  glume  7-nerved,  very  short-awued;  fourth  also  short- 
awned. 

Florida,  (Chapman. 

7.  A.  condensatus  (Xees)  II.  I^.  K.  Xov.  Gen.  et  Sp.  1  :  188 
(1815).  Schizavhyt'ium  condenmiux  Nees.  Agrost.  Bras.  333 
(18-.>!)). 

(Uilms  stout,  30-150  cm.  high,  paniculately  branching.  Sheaths 
compressed,  mostly  shorter  than  the  inti'rnodes;  blades  flat  or  con- 
(lui)licatc,  those  of  tlie  sterile  shoots  30-40  cm.  long,  those  of  the 
culm  shorter.  "2-7  mm.  wide,  smooth  or  scabrous.  Spathes  \-'l  cm. 
loug,  lanceolate,  acute.  Kacemcs  short,  loose,  2-8-jointed.  more  or 
less  wavy  or  zigzag;  }(edicels  of  the  sterile  si)ikelets  as  long  as  the 
fertile  spikelet.  Spikelets  usually  4  mm.  long,  linear;  first  glume 
chartaceo-mcml)ranous,  linear-subulate,  2-toothcd.  or  acute;  third 
aliout  the  length  of  the  first,  lanceolate,  nerveless,  ciliolute:  fourth 
about  the  length  of  the  secoiul,  linear.  1 -nerved,  glabrous,  awn 
12-15  mm.  long.     Palea  0.     Stamens  3. 

Var.  paniculatus  (Kunth)  Hack.  Monog.,  1.  c.  A.  pnninila' 
tuH  Kunth,  Knum.  PI.  1  :  4!t4  (1S33).  Pacemes  exserted  above 
tlie  spathes,  or  the  base  included. 

Mexico,  State  of  San  Luis  Potosi.  Prinf/lc  3134. 

8.  A.  semiberbis  (Nees)  Kunth.  Knum.  1  :  48!)  (1833).  Srhizn- 
chyrium  srmihcrfip  'Scvs.  Agrost.  Bras.  330  (1820).  A.  oliijostach- 
yvsV\\ii\nw.  Fl.  S.  States.  581  (18()!»). 

Culms  erect,  leafy  below,  branching  above.  flO-150  cm.  high. 
Sheaths  often  barbate  at  the  throat;  blades  smooth,  glaucous, 
keeled,  the  lower  30-40  cm.  long,  4-5  mm.  wide  ;  s])ikes  solitary, 
the  terminal  one  barelv  exserted.  the  lateral  oiu's  often  half  oi'  more 


48  PANICACE.E. 

covered  by  the  sheath-like  bracts,  the  pedicels  and  rachis  bearing 
a  few  short  spreading  liairs.  Sessile  spikelet  linear-lanceolate,  about 
6  mm.  long;  first  glume  firm,  scabrous,  flattened,  obscurely  nerved; 
second  a  little  sliorter,  incurved,  compressed-keeled,  ;3-nerved ;  the 
fourth  with  a  thin  pointed  projection  2  mm.  long  each  side  of  the 
twisted  awn,  which  is  about  1.5  cm.  long.  Pedicels  3.5  mm.  long 
bearing  a  rudimentary  spikelet  with  an  awn  nearly  twice  its  lengtli. 

Florida,  Chapman,  for  F.  L.  Scribner,  teste  E.  Hackel;  also 
A.  P.  Garber  in  1887,  Gariliev  in  1892. 

Var.  pruinatus  Hack.  D.  C.  Monog.  Phan.  370  (1880).  Kodes 
and  blades  pruinose.     Florida,  Simpson. 

9.  A.  Schottii  Kupr.  Hack,  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  2;  Pars.  3  :  299 
(1871). 

Culms  slender,  40-80  cm.  high,  compressed;  branches  single 
from  the  remote  nodes.  Sheatlis  very  smooth;  blades  rigid,  acute, 
10-20  cm.  long,  2— i  mm.  wide,  ghibrous.  sometimes  thinly  hairy  to- 
Avard  the  base.  Sjjathes  4-G  cm,  long,  narrow,  obtuse  or  acute,  as 
long  as  the  exserted  i)art  of  the  peduncle  or  longer.  Racemes  4-7 
cm.  long,  slender,  pilose;  joints  as  long  as  the  sessile  spikelets;  the 
apex  1  mm.  wide,  unequally  2-toothed,  glabrous  on  the  back,  ciliate 
on  the  margii  s.  Sessile  spikelets  7  mm.  long;  first  glume  firm, 
linear,  acuminate,  subbimucioiuite,  glabrous,  pale  red,  obscurely 
3-nerveil.  the  callus  with  a  stout  tuft  of  hairs;  second  glume  acute, 
1-nervcd,  the  keel  scabrous;  third  glume  ciliate,  the  fourth  divided 
nearly  to  the  base,  the  awn  15  mm.  long.  Pedicellate  s})ikelets  on 
slender  pedun(!les  as  long  as  the  joints,  ciliate  on  the  edges;  spike- 
lets suludate,  3  mm.  long. 

Mexi(!o,  Pahncr  7. 

10.  A.  fastigiatus  Sw.  Fl.  Iiul.  Occ.  20  :  207  (1788). 

Perennial;  culms  (10-90  cm.  high,  terete,  branching,  flower- 
bearing  brandies  in  threes,  fastigiate,  smooth.  Sheaths  loose, 
keeled,  scabrous  or  smooth;  ligule  acnte,  many-nerved,  glabrous, 
wider  than  tlie  blade,  fl-10  mm.  long;  lower  blades  sometimes  30 
cm.  long,  1-4  mm.  wide,  all  narrow  at  the  base,  setaceously  acu- 
mimite,  flat  or  loosely  folded,  glabrons  (ir  s])aringly  ciliate  at  the 
base.     Spathes  linear-lanceolate,  5-7  cm.  long.     Kacemes  4-7  cm. 


AXI)KOl'U(JONE.E.  49 

long,  dense,  reddish  green;  joint  cuneate,  a  tliird  shorter  than  the 
spikelets,  with  wliite  spreading  hairs  on  tlie  edges,  the  iqicx  1  mm. 
wide.  Sessile  spikelets  whitish,  4-5  mm.  long:  first  glume  linear- 
oblong,  obtuse,  '^-tootlied ;  margins  firm,  involute,  hairy;  second 
glume  as  long  as  the  first!  obovate-truneate.  compressed,  ciliate, 
bearing  an  awn  3-4  times  its  length  between  the  two  very  sliort 
teeth;  third  linear,  the  oblong  margins  involute,  ciliate;  fourth 
elliptical,  half  as  long  as  tlie  second,  ciliate,  the  awn  3. 5-4. 5  cm. 
long;  palea  one  third  shorter  than  its  glume.  Anthers  1.  Smm. 
long.  Pedicellate  spikelets  twice  as  long  sis  the  fertile  ones,  tinged 
with  red;  first  glume  herbaceous,  obovate-falcate.  flattish.  abruptly 
acute,  with  15  or  more  nerves,  ciliate,  bearing  a  slender  awn  its  own 
length ;  second  glume  half  as  long  as  the  first,  ovate-lanceolate,  with 
a  slender  awn  half  its  length  or  longer.     Stamens  0. 

Mexico.  Pahner  r.iW,  Prinfjlc;  Cuba,  Wrinhl  :U83. 

Found  in  Mexico,  Cuba,  (Jentral  xiUierica  lo  Brazil,  tropical 
Africa,  India. 

11.  A.  brachystachyus  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  States,  Suppl.  (iCS  (1880). 

C'uhrs  100-150  cm.  high,  with  numerous  very  slendei-  branches, 
each  bearing  two  short  spikes.  Leaf-blades  snuwtli.  the  lower  30 
cm.  long,  3  mm.  wide,  the  upper  reduced  to  nicre  short  tlireads. 
Spikes  mostly  in})airs.  siender,  zigzag,  1-2  cm.  long,  the  hairs  of  the 
rachis  and  pedicels  extending  beyond  the  spikelets.  First  glume  of 
the  sessile  si)ikelet  lanceolate,  2-keelod,  "^-nerved,  4  mm.  long; 
second  rarely  as  long,  compressed,  1-nerved;  third  shorter,  hyidine; 
fourth  very  luirrow.  bearing  a  twisted  awn  1  cm.  long.  Pedicels 
bearing  no  spikelet. 

Floridii.  rV/7/,s>' 3(532. 

VI.  A.  arctatus  ('hai)m.  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  3  :  20  (1878). 

An  erect,  smooth  perennial,  branching  above  the  middle. 
Culms  hard,  cylindrical.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  inteniodcs; 
l)lades  10-15  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide,  often  involute.  Spikes  in 
pairs,  2-4  cm.  long,  the  terniimd  pair  barely  exserted,  the  lateral 
with  its  V)ase  enclosed  by  a  sheath,  ihe  tip  of  which  seldom  reaches  the 
apex  of  the  si)ikes;  rachis  and  ]H'dicels  clothed  with  soft  white  hairs 
extending  beyond  the  spikelets.     Sessile  spikelet  lanceolate,  5  mm. 


50  PAXK'AC'E.E. 

long;  first  and  second  glumes  equal,  the  former  with  two  nerves 
near  each  nuirgiu,  the  latter  1-uerved.  the  bent  awn  i)rotruding  one 
or  more  times  the  length  of  the  spikelet.     Pedicel  about   ;}   mm. 
long,  bearing  a  minute  rudiment  consisting  of  a  suigle  glume. 
Florida,  Garber  in  1877,  Chapman. 

13.  A.  argyreus  Schult.  Mant.  2  :  450  (1824).  A.  arr/en- 
teus  Ell.  Hot.  S.C.  and  (Ja.  1  :  148  (1817). 

Plant  smooth,  rather  slender,  branching  above,  GO-lOO  cm.  high. 
Most  leaf-blades  30-50  c!m.  long,  3-5  cm.  wide,  the  upj)er  one  a 
mere  bristle.  Spikes  usually  in  pairs,  mostly  exserted,  without 
bracts.  3-4  cm.  long,  on  slender  pedicels:  white  hairs  on  rachis  and 
pedicel  longer  than  the  spikelets.  Sessile  spikelet  about  0  mm. 
long,  2  outer  glumes  membranous,  hmceolate;  first  glume  2-keeled, 
2-nerved,  2-toothed;  second  compressed-keeled,  3-nerved;  third  and 
fourth  hyaline  and  shorter,  the  twisted  aw))  on  the  latter  10-15 
mm.  long.  Stamens  3.  -Sterile  spikelet  composed  of  1-2  small 
glunu's  or  wanting. 

The  ])lant  has  much  the  appearance  of  A.  Cahanisii. 

Florida,  aShhjisoii,  Curths  3037;  Maryland,  Scribner  3G37  from 
Brinton. 

Delaware  to  Florida  and  Texas. 

14.  A.  Cabanisii  Hack.  Flora  08  :  133  (1885). 

Culms  erect,  compressed,  sparingly  branching  toward  the  top, 
often  120  cm.  high.  The  middle  sheaths  half  as  long  as  the  in- 
ternodes,  which  are  often  20  cm.  long;  blades  firm,  smooth,  often 
involute,  15-25  cm.  lorg.  4  mm.  wide.  Spikes  in  pairs,  5-7  era. 
long,  the  terminal  i)air  barely  exserted,  the  lateral  ones  more  or 
less  enclosed  by  the  sheathing  bracts,  the  rachis  and  pedicels  thinly 
clothed  by  fine  soft  white  hairs  reaching  beyond  the  spikelet.  Fer- 
tile spikelets  linear,  acute,  0  mm.  long;  first  glume  flat,  scabrid, 
2-toothed,  8-nerved;  secoiul  incurved,  acute,  keeled,  3-nerved; 
third  elliptical  when  spread.  2-nerved;  fourth  bearing  a  bent  awn 
about  10  mm.  long.  Pedicels  4-5  mm.  long,  bearing  a  single 
awnless  glume  3  mm.  long.  The  plant  has  much  the  look  of 
A.  avf^./rcKs. 

Florida,,  (iarbei\  now  in  Herb.  Scribner,  named  by  Ilackel. 


ANDHOPOIJONE.E.  61 

15.  A.  EUiottii  Cluipm.  Fl.  S.  States,  5S1  (18(30). 

Culms  sU'iitlcr.  «3()-S()  cm.  high,  bnmehing,  intcniodes  long, 
bearck'd  at  the  upi)er  joints.  Sheaths  often  hairy  above,  inflated  by 
several  young  or  rudimentary  sheaths  and  spikes  :  lower  blades  30 
cm.  long,  tliose  farther  up  'i  cm.  long,  i  mm.  wide,  the  ui)per  re- 
duced and  threadlike.  Spikes  3  or  moi-e,  about  2  cm.  long  or 
tlireadlike,  exserted  or  enclosed,  stems  zigzag,  hairs  on  racliis  and 
pedicels  exceeding  the  spikelets.  First  glume  of  the  sessile  s})ike- 
It't  hinceolate,  membranous,  4  or  more  mm.  long.  2-nerved,  margins 
involute :  second  glume  membranous,  compressed-keeled,  1-nerved, 
third  hyaline.  3-4  nmi.  long,  fourth  bifid,  with  a  hout  awn  about  15 
mm.  long.  Sterile  floret  represented  by  a  threadlike  pedicel  4-G 
mm.  long.     Stamen  1. 

Florida,  Chapman,  Curtiss  3G3Ga ;  Texas,  ycallcy  ;  District 
of  C  oluiubia,   Ward. 

Mrginia  to  Florida  and  Texas,  on  wet  or  dry  pine  barrens. 

Vai".  laxifiorus  Scrib.  ined. 

Sheaths  of  spikes  shorter  and  narrower.  Spikes  4-6  cm.  long, 
their  ijiternodes  twice  as  long  as  those  of  the  sj^ecies. 

Florida.  G.   V.  Xash  1597  in  1854. 

10.  A.  Virginicus  L.  Sp.  PI.  104G  (1753).  A.  dissitiflnrnm 
Michx.  Fl.  lior.  Am.  1  :  57  (1803).  A.  vayinatuH  Ell.  Hot.  S. 
C.  and  Ga.  1  :  148  (1817). 

Plant  smooth,  or  sometimes  soft  hairy,  GO-lOO  cm.  hijrh. 
Culms  flattened  below,  })anicle  branching  much  or  little.  Sheaths 
inflated,  including  spikes  and  slieatlis  with  spikes  inside  ;  most 
blades  15-40  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide,  the  upper  short.  Spikes  nearly 
sessile,  slender,  zigzag,  2  sometimes  3  together,  nearly  sessile.  2  cm. 
long,  shorter  than  the  sheaths  the  upper  of  which  are  3-5  cm. 
long,  the  soft  dull  white  hairs  on  the  rachis  and  peduncles  much 
longer  than  the  spikelets.  Sessile  spikelet  3-5  mm.  long:  first 
glume  ovate-lanceol.ite,  2-keeled,  2-nerv(Hl;  second  glume  com- 
pressed-keeled, 1-nerved,  3  mm.  long;  third  and  fourth  ghunes 
shorter  and  hyaline,  the  awn  straight  or  slightly  twisted  and  bi-Jit, 
1.3-2  cm.  long.  Pedicel  slender,  4  mm.  long,  bearing  a  rudimen- 
tary spikelet  or  not.     Stamen  1. 


52  PANICACE.B. 

A  very  variable  species,  with  many  varieties  and  forms,  appar- 
ently runninj;  into  J.  macron nt.s  Michx.  with  all  its  forms.  Flor- 
ida, Cliapmati ;  Louisiana,  Lanyhis  j  Pennsylvania,  Garber 
319. 

Sandy  land,  Massachusetts  to  Florida  and  Texas. 

Var.  glaucus  Hack.  I),  C.  Mono<r.  Phan.  0:  411  (1889).  Florida, 
Cnrtiss  3038b.     A  slender,  glaucous  plant. 

Var.  tetrastachyus  (Kll.)  Hack.  Monog.  Phan.  0:-lll.  A. 
k'fnisfar//i/i(s  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C;.  and  (Ja.  150  (1817).  Slender,  spikes 
usually  in  clusters  of  4. 

Florida,  J.  //.  Ciirfiss  '^Ct'Mi;  Alabama,  Moltr. 

17.  A.  macrourus  Michx.  Fl.  lior.  Am.  1 :  5(5  (1803). 

Culms  usually  erect,  stout.  Branches  numerous,  in  typical 
plants,  mostly  near  the  top  of  tlio  culm.  Pedicels  often  5  mm. 
long.  After  studying  many  ])lants.  tlie  above  are  all  the  essen- 
tial differences  that  I  can  discover  which  hold  good  between  this 
plant  and  J.  I'l'iyi/iici/s  L.  V.  S.  Dcpt.  Agric.  101  ;  Florida, 
CV^r/Zw  for  Scribncr  oC):}'.):    'i'exas,  ^Vw//^// for  Nat.  Mus. 

Xcw  York  to  Florida  and  west  to  Southern  California. 

\'ar.  abbreviatus  Hack.  I).  C.  Monog.  Phan.  (>  :  408  (1880). 
Uatlier  low.  culms  narrow  ;  ]ianicle  dense,  obovate-oblong.  10-15 
cm.  long;  rays  short,  springing  from  3-4  nodes  ;  secondaries 
solitary.     Spathes  about  eqiudling  the  racemes. 

New  Jersey  (A.  (Jniy).     Plant  seen  by  me  now  in  Herb.  Gray. 

Var.  corymbosus  Chapm.  The  branches  borne  in  one  or  more 
spreading  corymbose  panicles.     Florida,  CiirftM  3(')30c. 

Var.  glaucopsis  Ell.  Hot.  S.  C.  and  (Ja.  1  :  150  (181G). 
Plant  rather  sleiuler,  glaucous,  the  numerous  branches  ])aniculate 
for  30-40  cm.  or  more  at  the  top.  This  includes  var.  riridis 
Chapm. 

Florida,  Ciiiiiss  3<)30b.  d. 

Var.  hirsutior  Hack.  I).  C.  Monog.  Phan.  0  :  400  (1880). 
Sheaths  green,  villous  with  tuberculate  hairs;  l)lades  smooth,  very 
scabrous.  Panicles  ample,  with  many  branches  20-50  cm.  long. 
Spathes  scabrid. 

Florida.  Cnrtiss  3030,  now  in  Herb.  Grav. 


18.  A.  Floridanus  Scribii.  incd. 

Culms  sul)teret(>,  braucliiiig  inuoh  near  the  top,  90-120  cm. 
liigli.  Upper  sheaths  slightly  inflated,  those  of  the  extreme  apex 
narrow  and  extending  to  the  base  of  the  spikes.  Spikes  in  pairs, 
sessile,  zigzag,  3-4  cm.  long;  lateral  pedicels  a  little  shorter  and 
stouter  than  those  of  A.  Vinjinirus.  The  whole  plant  is  sonie- 
vvliat  intermediate  between  A.  Virr/iiiicus  and  A.  macrouriis,  with 
which  this  has  been  somewhat  hastily  compared.      Low  pine  land. 

Florida,  G.   T.  X(us/i,  1572,  lOSl,  in  18!t4. 

10.  A.  Leibmanni  Hack.  Flora  132  (1885).  A.  macrothrix, 
Fourn.  Mex.  PI.  Fnuui.  dram.  00  (188G). 

Culms  branching  sjiariiigly  above,  15-20  cm.  high.  Leaf- 
blades  smooth,  with  a  few  soft  hairs,  2-5  cm.  long.  2-3  mm.  wide. 
Spikes  exserted  or  enclosed,  3-4  together,  simple  or  branching,  2-3 
cm.  long,  hairs  of  the  rachis  and  pedicels  exceeding  tlie  spikelets. 
The  2  outer  glumes  of  the  sessile  s^nkelet  nKMubrajious,  ovate-acute, 
3  mm.  long,  first  2-keeled,  2-ncrved,  second  1-keeled.  third  and 
fourth  hyaline  and  shorter,  the  awn  of  the  latter  15  cm.  long. 
Stamen  1.  Sterile  spikelets  2  mm.  long  on  pedicels  3  mm,  long  of 
one  to  two  glumes. 

Mexico,  Bo/irr/cfiK  2370,  Palmer  227  ;  Texas,  XcdUcij,  sent  out 
by  him  as  A.  niarronnis  Miclix.  var.  pionilus  Vasey. 

Var.  Mohrii  Hack.  D.  C.  Monog.  Phan.  G  :  413  (188D). 

Plant  (es])ecially  the  sheaths)  elotlied  with  numerous  soft  hairs. 
Culm  90-120  cm.  high,  with  many  branches  above.  The  lower 
blades  GO  cm.  long,  5  mm.  wide,  the  upper  becoming  mere 
sheaths  partially  enclosing  3  or  more  slender  spikes.  Pedicels  4 
mm.  long.     Sessile  sjiikelets  4  mm.  long,  awn  2  cm.  long. 

Alabama,  Mohr. 

20.  A.  longiberbis  ITacK.  i^lora  08  :  131  (1885).  //.  fpfra- 
sfar/ti/us,  var.  disfacJn/ns  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  States,  581  (1800). 
A  tufted  perennial,  sparingly  branched  above,  GO-80  em.  high. 
Sheaths  silky  hairy,  those  on  the  middle  of  the  culm  half  as  long 
as  the  internodes;  blades  flat,  smooth,  or  with  a  few  silky  hairs 
below,  2-4  mm.  wide.  Spikes  mostly  in  pairs,  about  3  cm.  long,  at 
length  protruding  from  the  sheath,  which  is  3.5-5  cm.  long;  apex 


64  PANKACE.E. 

of  peduncle,  racliis,  and  iK'dici'ls  clotlit'd  witli  soft  luiirs  lU'iirly  1 
cm.  long.  Sessile  spikelet  lineiir-liuiceolate.  4  mm.  long.  Spikclet 
like  that  of  J.  Virgittivux  L.  Pedicel  4  mm.  long,  bearing  a  very 
short  rudimentary  spikelet.  It  has  the  general  appearance  of 
A.  {arfjeuteuH  Ell.)  (irgi/rcii.s  Schultz,  Curtiss  IMioT. 

The  plant  seen  is  owned  by  F.  L.  Hcribner,  Coll.  by  A.  1*. 
Garber  in  1877  in  Miami,  Fla.,  distributed  as  A.  aryoifeus  Ell. 
Marked  ••  teste  E.  Hackel.'' 

Florida,  (Jiii'tiss  30.'39,  distributed  as  A.  macronruH  !Michx. 
var.  viridis  Chapm.  ined. 

It  is  well  branched,  and  too  near  A.  ViryininiH  L.  Perhaps 
my  s[)ecimens  are  not  genuine. 

21.  A.  Hallii  Hack.  8itzb.  Akad.  Wien.  89  :  127  (1884). 

Plant  glaucous,  smooth,  exce])ting  the  margins  of  the  blades. 
Culms  rather  stout.  80-120  cm.  high,  usually  branching  once  or 
more  near  the  top.  Tjigule  2-.'5  mm.  long;  blades  of  the  culm  15 
cm.  long,  4  mm.  wide,  the  upper  reduced  to  mere  ]ioints.  Spikes 
2,  at  the  apex  of  the  cidm  and  branches.  o-O  em.  long,  protruding  a 
little  aI)ove  the  leaves;  rachis  and  pedicels  pubescent  on  the  edges, 
the  hairs  shorter  than  the  s})ikelets.  First  glume  of  sessile  spikelet 
firm,  lanceolate,  11  mm.  long,  a  vertical  groove  on  the  back,  mar- 
gins involute,  (!-nervcd;  second  curved  towards  the  flower,  ovate- 
lanceolate  when  spread,  10  mm.  long,  compressed-keeled,  a  faint 
nerve  on  each  margin;  third  shorter,  hyaline,  fourth  hyaline,  bifid, 
bearing  a  twisted  awn  over  1  cm.  long;  palea  hyaline,  6  mm.  long, 
1.5  mm.  wide.  Lodicules  truncate,  1  mm.  long.  The  first  glume 
of  the  pedicellate  spikelets  lanceolate,  scabrous,  margins  involute,  10 
mm.  long,  0-nerved;  second  a  little  shorter,  3-nerved;  third  and 
fourth  hyaline,  containing  rudiments  of  stamens  and  pistils. 

Colorado,   Vaspi/ ;  Texas,  XeriJIej/. 

Growing  from  Kansas  to  Arizona. 

Var.  flaveolus  Hack.  Joints  of  the  spikes  with  yellow  hairs; 
spikelets  8  mm.  long,  first  and  second  glumes  pilose  on  the  back 
or  outside;  the  awn  of  the  fourth  2-5  nmi.  long,  scarcely  extend- 
ing above  the  hairs  of  the  other  glumes.  B.  Hall  651;  Barbottr  in 
1803;  Texas,  Nealleij. 


AND1U)I'0(U)XE.E.  65 

Vur.  incanescens  Hack.  1.  c.  Joints  of  tlie  spikes  clotted  with 
white  hairs  ;  sessile  spikelets  11  mm.  long;  first  glume  longer  than 
the  second,  ooth  sparingly  pilose  on  the  keels. 

Colorado,   Vascy. 

Var.  muticus  Hack.  D.  C.  Monog.  Phan.  444  (1S80).  Like 
incnnesrens,  excepting  that  the  fourth  glume  is  awnless.  Leaves 
and  spikelets  sparingly  pruinose. 

Moiitana.   Ward;  Colorado,   Vuxey. 

'■l-l.  A.  geminata  Hack.  ined.  A.  IlaUu  Hack.  var.  hiqykata 
Vasey. 

Plant  gluiicons,  smooth,  excepting  the  margins  of  the  leaf-hlades. 
Culms  simple,  rather  stout,  GO-lOO  cm.  high,  from  hard  creeping 
rootstocks.  Sheaths  terete,  the  lower  as  long  as  the  internodes, 
the  upper  shorter;  ligule  ciliate,  L5  mm.  long;  blades  setaceo- 
acuminate,  the  lower  30  cm.  long.  4-0  mm.  wide.  S})athes  10-12 
cm.  long.  Spikes  2,  at  the  apex  of  the  culm  and  one  of  the  two 
branches,  3-4  cm.  long;  i)artially  included,  racliis  and  pedicels 
pubescent  on  the  edges  with  white  or  yellowish  hairs.  Sessile 
spikelets  8  mm.  long,  linear-lanceolate,  green  or  tinged  with  red; 
first  glume  firm,  minutely  2-toothed,  G-nerved,  the  back  with  a  ver- 
tical groove;  second  as  lonf;  as  the  first,  lanceolate,  compressed, 
1-uerved,  the  margins  hyaline:  third  G  mm.  long,  linear-lanceolate, 
3-nerved,  the  upper  third  of  the  margins  ciliate;  fourth  5  mm. 
long,  3-toothed.  Pedicellate  spikelet  as  long  as  the  sessile,  nar- 
rowly lanceolate;  first  glume  flat  below,  keeled  toward  the  apex, 
9-nerved;  second  0  mm.  long,  o-nerved,  the  margins  ciliate  along 
the  upper  third.     Xmlley,  for  Xat.  Mus. 

23.  A.  provincialis  Lam.  Encycl.  1:370(1783).  A./in-m/i/s 
Muhl.;  Willd.  Sp.  4:nin  (1800).  Blue  Stem.  BlueJoikt. 
Tlukky  Foot.     FiNfJEu  Grass. 

Culms  100-150  cm.  high,  rigid,  branching  above.  Sheaths  terete, 
glabrous,  rarely  villous:  ligule  1-1.5  mm.  long;  blades  of  thrifty 
})lants  00  cm.  long,  7  mm.  wide,  u])per  narrow,  1-4  mm.  long. 
Spikes  3-8,  digitate,  3-10  em.  long.  On  the  sessile  spikelet  first 
glume  O-nerved,  otherwise  like  the  first  one  on  the  sterile  spikelet; 
second  compressed-keeled,  3-nerved,  5  mm.  long;  fourth  bifid  with  a 


66  PAMCACK.l':. 

bent  uwn  7-15  mm.  long.  Pedicels  shorter  tlnm  tlie  sterile  spike- 
lets,  which  they  betir;  iirst  irltime  lliittened.  ovjite-laiu'eolate.  (!-S 
.11111.  long.  7-ncrve(l,  margins  involute:  second  ;5-nerved.  5  mm.  long; 
third  and  fourth  as  long  as  the  second,  and  hyaline.      Stamens  3. 

From  liocky  ^Mountains  and  east  to  the  Atlantic;  found  in  good 
soil  or  in  poor  and  dry  soils;  also  abundant  on  the  prairies,  where  ifc 
is  the  leading  grass  for  hay  and  very  prominent  for  grazing. 

In  Coult.  Hot.  (iaz.  'M)-l  (ISSS)  A.  A.  C'rozier  states  that  in 
Iowa  the  plants  are  largely  di(eoious.  The  fertile  plants  are  smaller 
and  darker  in  color  than  the  others. 

^[exico,  rriiif/le  4294;  D.  C,  McCarthy;  Mich.,  Ural  G. 
Kansas  7. 

Var.  pycnanthus  Hack.  D.  C.  Monog.  Phan.  0  :  44.3  (ISS!)). 
Silky  hairs  larger  and  tawny;  first  glume  of  pedicellate  spikelet  .5 
mm.  long,  .')-nerved.  Mex.,  Urandv(jee  47,  teste  E.  Ilackel  iu 
herb.  iScrihner. 

24.  A.  Wrightii  Hack.  Flora.  (58  :  TOO  (188,5). 

Plant  smooth,  glaucous,  100-120  cm.  high,  culms  usually  sim- 
ple above.  Leaf-blades  20-30  cm.  long,  5  mm.  wide,  the  upjier 
ones  about  10  cm.  long,  short  hairs  at  the  nodes  and  ligule;  the 
latter  1  mm.  long.  Si)ikes  4-0,  digitate.  4-(!  cm.  long;  rachis  and 
pedicels  well  clothed  with  hairs  which  are  shorter  than  the  spike- 
lets.  On  sessile  spikelots  first  glume  elliptical-lanceolate,  0-7  mm. 
long,  tlattened  on  the  back,  which  contains  a  round  pit  one-third 
the  way  from  the  tip,  11-nerved,  margins  involute;  second  ovate- 
acute,  membranous,  keeled,  3-.'erved;  third  and  fourth  hyaline, 
the  latter  bearing  a  twisted  awn  2-3  mm.  long.  On  the  pedicellate 
spikelet  first  glume  7  mm.  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  rounded  on  the 
back.  13-nerved,  margins  involute;  second  same  shape  aud  nearly  as 
large,  4-5-nerved;  third  hyaline. 

N.  Mex..   1IW//7// 2104;  Mex.,  Priin/Ie  liOO. 

New  Mexico  to  Arizona  and  Mexico. 

25.  A.  saccharoides  Sw.,  Fl.  Tnd.  Occ.  1:20  (1707). 

Culms  stout  or  slender,  80-120  cm.  high,  hairy  at  the  nodes, 
branching  below.  Sheaths  terete,  ribbed,  glaucous,  glabrous; 
ligule  short,  hairy;  blades  8-25  cm.  long.  4-7  mm.  wide.     Spike- 


A\PI{()P()(i()NK.K.  57 

lets  mostly  torminiil  in  ))iiirs  or  fours.  itanicU'tl,  with  few  or  niuiiy 
brauelic'S,  ()-13  cm.  loii<r.  the  white  liuirs  lon^'er  than  the  si)ikelets 
and  |>artially  concealing  them.  On  the  ses.sile  s[)ikelets  first  glume 
ovate-lanceolate,  witli  a  vertical  iifroove  on  the  hack.  8-ncrve(l, 
inarj(ins  involute,  keeled.  4  mm.  ionir;  second  ovate,  acute,  mem- 
branous, keeled.  ;5-iierved:  tlie  hent  awn  of  the  fourth  15--i5  mm. 
lon^'.  Stamen  1 .  Pedicels  us  lon<r  as  the  si)ikelets ;  tii-st  glume  lance- 
elliptical.  11-nerved,  margins  involute,  keeled;  second  smaller. 

Texas,  IJ.  S.  Dr/if.  Jijn'ful.  199  from  Keverchou  and  Neallcy; 
Arizona,  PviiKjIe. 

'I'exas  to  Arizona. 

Var.  barbinodis  (Lag.)  TIack.  D.  C.  Monog.  Phaii.  G  :  (1889). 
A.  barbinodis  Lag.  (len.  et  S[>.  1:^}  (181(5).  A.  ttrf/otifeiis  D.  ('. 
Cat.  llort.  Monsp.  77  (ISl.'J).  SdrrJidnnii  (/ri/r/i/niiH  Hrous.  El.  50. 
Erianthua  xaceharoides  Willd.  Enum.  40  (ISO'.t). 

Sheaths  densely  bearded  at  the  nodes;  ligule  .'J-4  mm.  long; 
blade  greeu  or  subglaucous,  smooth  or  sparingly  pilose  below,  20-40 
cm.  long.  4-7  mm.  wide;  panicle  10-15  em.  long,  sliowy. 

Mexico.  Pahnrr  1:547. 

Var.  genuinus  Hack.  D.  ('.  Monog.  I'han.  (;:(ISS9). 

Glaucous,  slender,  hairs  on  the  nodes  few  and  short.  Pedicel- 
late spikelcts  "l.b  mm.  long,  of  'I  glumes.  Sessile  spikolets  3-5  mm. 
long;  first  glume  flattened,  3  mm.  long,  9-uerved;  secoml  3  mm. 
long,  awn  slender,  9-18  mm.  long. 

Mexico,  PrincjJe  31(5. 

Vur.  submuticus  Hack.  1.  e.,  var.  />/m/?Av  Vasey  ined.  Xodes 
smooth,  spikes  1.5-3  cm.  long,  in  about  10  flusters  of  4-10  each, 
all  racemose  on  a  rachis about  10  cm.  long;  first  glume  of  pedicellate 
spikelet  5-nerved,  fertile  floret  3  mm.  long. 

Texas,  Nenllcf/  in  herb.  Scribner. 

Var.  glaucus  (Torr.)  Scribn.  .1.  glaurus  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y. 
1:157  (18->4).  A.  mrrharmdes.  var.  Torreanvs  Hack.  D.  C. 
Monog.  Phan.  0  :  495  (1889).  A.  Torreanus  Steud.  Nomencl. 
Ed.  2.  93  (1841). 

East  'J^exas,  IlaU  845,  Cnrtiss  3633,  Wright  2102  Drummond 
313. 


58  PANICACE.E. 

26.  A.  iiALEPEXsis  (L.)  Brot.  Fl.  lusit.  1:  89  ;  1804).  TIoUus 
Jtalepen.<iis  L.  S}).  PI.  1047  (1753).  Sorg/ttan  halepeitse  Pers.  Syn. 
1 :  101  (1805).     JoiiNSOX  G  uass. 

Culms  robust,  0.6-1.5  m.  liigli,  erect.  Sheaths  terete,  usually 
shorter  than  tlie  iuternodes;  li<fule  round,  finn,  1-3  nun.  lonjr; 
blade  narrowed  more  or  less  at  the  l)ase,  the  longest  20-60  cm. 
long,  1-7  cm.  wide,  flat,  Avith  undulate  margins,  the  apex  droo])- 
iug.  Panicle  variable,  more  or  less  drooping,  exserted,  rays  mostly 
in  verticels  of  4,  rarely  2-6.  Sessile  spikelets  variable;  first  glume 
firm,  more  or  less  shining,  margins  involute,  5-0-11 -nerved; 
second  as  long  as  the  first,  3-7-nerved,  keeled;  third.  Ojie-tourth 
shorter,  elliptical,  oblong  or  oval,  delicately  2-nerved;  fourth  half 
as  long  as  the  second,  broadly  oval,  obtuse,  2-lobed,  bearing  a  short 
awn.  Anthers  2.5-3  mm.  long.  Pedicellate  s})ikelets  staminate 
or  neuter,  much  narrower  than  the  sessile  ones.  Sessile  si)ikelet8 
hmceolate  to  elliptical,  4-5.5  mm.  long,  first  glume  obs(!urely 
5-7-nervcd.  Perennial  with  stout  creeping  root-stocks.  IMades 
1-2  cm.  wide.  Panicle  15-30  cm.  long,  oblong-elliptical,  dense  or 
rather  loose,  lower  rays  1-6  cm.  long,  the  awns  10-15  mm.  long 
(see  vol.  i.  Fig.  78.  ]>.  171). 

Suhsi)ecies  sativus  Packel,  D.  C.  Monog.  Phan.  6:505  (18S!i). 

Out  of  this  subgenus  Ilackel,  in  his  recent  elal)orate  moiu)grai)h 
has  made  nine  series,  containing  thirtv-six  varieties  and  twelve 
subvaiieties.     Many  of  them  are  in  cultivation  in  tropical  regions. 

Some  of  the  common   names  as  we  know  them  are:  (Ji'IXKA 

('OUNT.  (lUKAT    ^FlLLKT,    InDIAV    MiI.LKT,    DlRUA    OR   DoUUA,   Im- 
I'llKK.  ClUM'.SK  SroAK-CANi;.  EiiVI'TlAN    lkI('P:-CORN. 

Tile  following  is  a  descri})tion  of  the  race  known  as  "Amber 
('ane."'  Culms  1-2  m.  high,  leai'-blades  broad.  I'anicle  ere(!t 
or  included,  rather  compact,  20-30  cm.  long.  6-10  cm.  wide. 
Spikeicits  wlu'ii  nuiture  round-obovoid,  5  aim.  long,  the  branches 
and  juMlicels  and  base  of  spikelets  short-hairy,  awn  abortive.  'J'he 
2  outer  glumes  smooth,  almost  black,  iiulistinctly  many-nerved, 
the  first  ll-13-nerve(l,  the  second  ll-iuM'ved,  reddish,  with  hairy 
margins,  very  variable  in  size.  Lodicules  red,  hairy  at  the  apex, 
truncate,  very  broail  above,  0.7  mm.  long.     Pedicellate  spikelets  5 


ANDHOPOOOXE.E.  59 

nm.  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse.  Often  cultivated  in  the  North- 
ern States  for  syrup  and  sugar. 

"Egyptian  Rice-corn:"  Panicle  dense,  ovoid,  15  cm.  long, 
suspended  from  tlie  "crook-necked  *' culm.  Spikelets  light-colored, 
awn  I  cm.  or  less  in  length,  the  white  grain  protruding;  branclies. 
pedicels  and  outer  glumes  well  clothed  with  soft  hairs,  nerves  tinged 
with  red.  First  glume  (in  one  case)  2o-nerve(l,  second  15-nerved. 
Otherwise  much  like  "Amber  Cane."  Cultivated  in  Kansas,  Cali- 
fornia and  India.  The  following  notes  are  made  concerning  a  race 
sent  out  by  the  U.  S.  Dcpt.  Agricul.  as  "IIt)nduras." 

Tall,  panicle  erect,  30-40  cm.  long,  about  10  cm.  wide,  more  or 
loss  s})()tted  and  tinged  with  red.  Sessile  s})ikelets  G  mm.  long, 
tliiidy  covered  with  short  hairs  the  awn  usually  less  than  1  cm. 
long.  Tliere  are  many  races  in  cultivation  in  tropical  countries 
for  grain,  sugar,  and  fodder. 

27.  A.  nutans  avenaceus  (.Michx.)  Hack.  D.  C.  ^lonog.  Plian. 
(!:  0:50  (1S8!I).  Amiroiuxjon  uvenan'iis  Michx.  Fl.  Hor.  Am.  1  :  aS 
(1S():5).  Sor(//iN)ii  iiiitaiix  A.  Gray,  :\ran.  Kd.  1.  fJi;  (hs+s).  S.  arc- 
iKircinii  Cliapm.  Fl.  S.  Spates.  b^'.\  (IS(IO).  (1injsiip(i<iiin  arciHirr/is 
Henth.  .lourn.  Linn.  Soc.  19:73  (1881).  Lvdiax  Grass. 
Wood  (Iuass. 

A  graceful  perennial  50-150  cm.  high,  with  very  hard  matted 
root-stocks.  licaf-blades  linear-hmceolate,  glaucous,  tl.it.  30-00  cm. 
long,  1-1.5  cm.  wide.  Panicle  narrowly  oblong,  nodding,  15-:}0 
cm.  lojig,  pedicels  hairy,  a  little  shorter  than  the  s})ikelets.  Fer- 
tile spikelets  shining,  yellowish  brown,  lanceolate,  hairy,  about  (J 
mm.  long.  Kmpty  glumes  e(|ual,  obtuse  with  involute  margins, 
first  nearly  Hat  on  the  back.  5-!>-nerved,  second  5-nerved,  third 
oval,  haiiT  on  the  margins,  "i-nerved,  fourth  still  shorter,  3-nervcd. 
•2-lobed,  bearing  an  awn  0.5-3  cm.  long:  palea  about  1  nini.  long. 
Lodicules  flesliy.  smooth,  truncate,  ovi-r  0.5  mm.  long.  Tlie  ster- 
ile spikelets  suudl,  neuter,  deciduous  or  reduced  to  a  pedicel. 

Very  variable.  Tt  is  ilitVicult  to  decide  whether  the  two  follow- 
ing varieties  shoidd  not  be  included  as  a  part  of  the  species. 

Vt..  rrinf/Ir;  N.  J,,  Srrifnn'r  for  V.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  20:  ; 
Ala.,  Mo/ir\'ov  Dr.  Clark  -^^oi  ;  Texas.  A'm/  fori'.  S.  r)ept.  Agrictil. 


60  PANICACE.K. 

Dry  soil,  Xew  Euglaud  to  the  IJocky  Mouutaius,  south  to  the 
Argentine  Republic. 

This  grass  starts  late  in  spring  and  is  late  in  flowering.  In 
some  of  the  prairie  regions  it  i'ornis  an  important  element  in  the 
grazing.  "With  other  wild  grasses  it  is  often  cut  for  hay,  though  at 
the  east  it  is  considered  of  poor  (piality. 

Var.  stipoides  (Kunth)  Hack.  Moiiog.  Phan.  0  :  530  (I8S!t). 
J.  s/i/,(>i(f,'s  11.  15.  K.  Nov.  rien.  et  sp.  1  :  IS!)  (1815). 

S})ikelets  4-<'i  nun.  long,  awn  10-1  o  mm.  long;  ligule  2-3  mm. 
long;  blades  flat  or  suhconvolute  above,  scabrous  or  j)ubescent. 
Kodes  of  the  peduncle  with  short,  silvery,  silky  hairs.  Spikelets 
chestnut-colored,  first  glume  pilose  for  two-thirds  its  length,  si.'cond 
glabrous. 

\'ar.  Linnaeanus  JIaek.  D.  ('.  Monog.  Than,  (i:  .■);)!  (ISS!)),  A. 
in(/(i/is  L.  in  part.  Savglndu  tiiilaiti^  Chajjui.  V\.  S.  States  583 
(18(jO).  Spikelets  linear,  oblong.  0-7  mm.  long,  awn  20-30  mm. 
long;  ligule  'I  mm.  long;  blades  very  scabrous.  Panicle  25-30  cm. 
long.     Tenn.,  Scribncr. 

Florida,  Texas,  Maine. 

Var.  incompletus  (Presl.)  Hack.  1.  c.  A.  incomjyletus  Prcsl. 
Eeliq.  Ilivnk.  1  :  342  (1830). 

Sj)ikelets  liiu-ar,  oblong.  4  mm.  long,  brownish,  the  awn  20-22 
mm.  long.  Sheaths  glabrous;  ligule  1-2  mm.  long;  blade  4-5 
mm.  wide,  flat,  glabrous  or  scabrous.  Panicle  10-15  cm.  long, 
rather  dense,  rachis  smooth.  First  glume  truncate,  p''ose  for  two- 
thirds  of  its  length,  second  glabrous. 

.Mexico,  I'riiujh'  24(;(;,  Puhin'V  500. 

28  A.  unilateralis  Hack.  I).  ('.  Monog.  IMian.  0  :  533  (1880). 
A.  Kt'niin/N.s  Mil.  ]{ot.  S.  (\  and  (Ja.  1  :  38  (LSIO).  Sun/funu 
xmaiihini.      l'hap)n.  Fl.  S.  States.  583  (18(50). 

Peri'uniiil;  cnbus  (lO-lOO  cm.  oi'  more  high.  Sheaths  ghibrons. 
nodi'S  ])uberulent  or  smooth;  ligule  4-5  mm.  long;  blades  narrowed 
at  the  base,  Ihit  or  subconvolule,  2-5  mm.  wide.  Panicle  18-25 
cm.  long,  linear,  sccund,  dense  or  open,  rays  capillary,  often  cnrved. 
Sjtikelets  linear-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  7  mm.  long,  lirown.  first 
glume    Arm,    truncate,    0-nerved,    callus    densely    barbed;    second 


ANDHOIHXiONE.E.  61 

loiifj^er  than  the  first,  liuour-ohloTig.  keeled  above,  5-norvefl ;  third 
shorter  tlian  the  first,  broadly  oblong,  obtuse,  2-nerved;  fourth  and 
third  equal,  lanee-oblong,  eiliate,  ;3-nerved, 

Florida,  Chapman,  Garber,  Curtiss  3044. 

Subgenus  G.  Chrysopo(jox  Hack.  D.  C.  Monog.  Phan.  G  :  547 
(188!)).     Chr}jsopo(jon  Trin.  Fund.  Agrost.  187  (1820). 

Fertile  spikelets  l-flo\vered,  sessile  between  two  pedicellate, 
staniinate  or  barren  spikelets  at  the  end  of  the  filiform,  unequal, 
simple  or  divided  branches  of  a  true  terminal  panicle,  with  some- 
times 1-3  pairs  of  si)ikelets  on  the  branch  behnv  tlu^  terminal  :}. 
Sessile  spikelets  compressed,  first  glume  largest,  awidess,  nu>m- 
1)ranous  and  numy-nerved,  or  more  rigid  witli  the  lateral  nerves 
})romiiient  and  often  muricate:  second  luuTowei'.  obscurely  keeled, 
pointed  or  obtuse  or  produced  into  a  fine  straight  awn:  third  mucli 
sundler.  hyaliiu't  fourth  linear,  entire  or  t>-t()othed.  with  a  sliort 
or  long  awn.  (irain  com])ressed.  Pedicellate  spikelets  obcom- 
pressed.  awnless  or  awned.  with  reduced  glumes  and  usually  one 
staminate  flower,  sometimes  reduced  to  a  small  rudiment  or  want- 
ing. 

Perennials,  excepting  A.  panrif(tnis,\\\i\\  narrow  leaf-blades; 
mostly  limited  to  tropical  regions. 

29.  A.  pauciflorus  (Chapm.)  Tlack.  1.  c.  Sorghum  paucijlorum 
Chapm.  Coult.  Hot.  C.az.  3  :  "10  (1878). 

Aumud;  culms  80-110  cm.  high,  compressed,  smooth,  usually 
branchiug  near  the  base.  Sheaths  compressed-keeled,  smooth, 
shorter  than  the  internodes,  ]nlose  along  the  margins  above,  often 
tiuged  with  violet;  ligule  siu)rt.  eiliate;  blade  fiat  or  becoming  con- 
duplicate,  with  a  broad.  siiI)C(»rdate  base,  attenuate-iiointed,  1'2-18 
cm.  (the  up]ier  ones  2-3  cm.)  long,  5-8  mm.  wide,  smooth,  or  the 
mid-iu'rves  setaceous,  margins  eiliate  with  hairs  from  tubercled 
bases.  l*anicle  exserted,  14-"*(i  cm.  long,  hi'oadly  ovale,  very  loose, 
lover  rays  in  twos  to  ftmrs.  very  slender,  the  longest  about  7  cm. 
long.  S(>ssil('  spikelets  15-17  nun.  long,  with  a  callus  G  mni.  long, 
densely  barbulate  with  rufons  liairs.  linear,  oblong,  obtuse,  first 
glume  linn,  truncate,  margins  involute,  shining  or  punctidatc  on 
the  back.  ()liscnri'lv  5-nei'ved ;   second  as  long   as   tiK)  first,  firm. 


62  PAXicACE.ii;. 

linear,  truncate,  mucronate,  3-keele(i,  convex  on  tlie  back,  3-nerved; 
third  shorter,  nerveless,  fourth  a  little  sliortcr,  linear,  entire  or 
with  two  short  lobes,  1-nerved,  the  awn  12-15  cm.  long,  flexuose, 
scabrid,  stout,  10-15  cm.  long;  palea  0.  Anthers  1.5  mm.  long. 
Pedicellate  sj^ikelets  on  scabrid  pedicels  as  long  as  the  sessile 
spikelet,  first  glume  subulate,  3-nerved. 

Florida,  Chapman,  Garher,  Curtiss  30-44*. 

Subgenus  7.  Dichaxthium  Hack.  D.  C.  Monog.  Phan.  0  :  oGO 
(18S0).     Dirlianthium  Willem,  in  Usteri  Ann.  liot.  IS  :  11  (1?!)(;). 

Racemes  digitate  or  rarely  solitary,  terminal  or  lateral,  forming 
a  true  ))anicle.  the  lower  fourtli  of  the  racemes  homagamous.  The 
perfect  spikolets  obcom[)ressed,  awued;  first  glume  keeled  above, 
second  keeled,  awnless,  third  hyaline,  fourth  very  narrow,  bearing 
a  short  awn  at  the  tip  or  between  the  teeth.  Grain  eompi'essed, 
flat  in  front,  convex  on  the  back;  embryo  a  half  to  two-thirds  the 
length  of  the  grain;  pedicellate  spikelets  staminateor  rarely  neuter. 

Perennials,  excepting  A.  pipfafhenis,  with  fiat  leaf-blades. 
Culms  rarely  branching;  panicle  more  or  less  exserted,  the  ho- 
mogamous  part  persistent,  the  rest  deciduous.  Found  in  tropical 
regions. 

,30.  A.  piptatherus  Hack.  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  3  ;  part  3,203  (1883). 

Var.  Palmeri  Hack.  D.  C.  Monog.  Phan.  C  :  580  (1880). 

Annual;  culms  erect,  slender,  terete,  .30-40  cm.  high,  most  of 
the  bearded  nodes  bearing  1  or  2  c<mii)ound  branches.  Sheaths 
loose,  compressed,  thinly  pilose;  ligule  short,  obtuse:  blades  thin, 
narrow  at  the  base,  8-25  cm.  long,  3-10  mm.  wide,  nu)re  or  less 
pubescent  with  tubercled  hairs.  Kacemes  usually  corymbose,  pedi- 
cels very  smooth,  barbellate  in  the  axils,  2.5-5  cm.  long.  Fertile 
spikelets  4  mm.  long,  linear-oblong,  first  glume  firm,  obtuse  mar- 
gins involute.  5-7-uerved,  pilose  on  the  lower  third  or  half;  second 
as  long  as  the  first,  keeled,  3-nerved,  irlabrous;  fourth  bearing  an 
awn  2.5-3.5  cm.  long.  Anthers  0.5-1  mm.  long.  Pedicellate 
spikelets  weut( .,  consisting  of  two  glumes. 

Mexico,  Pahncr  '>'M,  Prinijh'  MWl. 

Subgenus  8.  Hktkhoi'Ooon  Hack.  D.  C.  Monog.  Phan.  (5  : 
683  (1880).     ITetoropoijim  (genus)  Pers.  Syu.  2  :  533  (1807). 


AM)HOl'0(iUNE.E.  03 

Racemes  solitiiry,  1-sidecl  at  the  apex  of  the  culm  or  its  branelies. 
One  to  tifteen  of  the  lower  pairs  of  spikelets  homoganioiis,  the 
stamiuate  or  ueuter  awnless.  The  perfect  pistillate  spikelets  sub- 
cyliudrical,  awnetl,  iirst  glume  hard,  involute,  second  awnless, 
obscurely  keeled,  third  hyaline,  fourth  narrow  at  the  base,  bearing 
u  protruding  awn,  the  twisted  [)ortiou  of  which  is  clothed  with  short 
rufous  or  white  hairs;  palea  0  or  minute.  Grain  linear-oblong  or 
oblong,  obcompi'essed;  embryo  e.\.  iidiug  beyond  the  middle. 
Petlieellate  spikelets  awnless,  staniinite  or  neuter,  culms  com- 
pressed.    Leaf-blades  usually  narrow. 

These  grasses  are  wiilely  distiubuted  over  warm  regions  of  Eu- 
rope, Asia,  Africa,  Australia,  and  North  America. 

;31.  A.  melanocarpus  Ell.  Uot.  S.  C.  and  CJa.  1  :  14G  (181 0). 
t^fijxi  mehmocavpa  Muhl.  Gram.  ISo  (LSI?).  ViimbuptHjon  inelano- 
cai'iuis  Spreng.  Syst.  1  :  '2S!i  (IS"^4).  Tvarhijpmpa  si-nihiciihtlus 
Nees,  Agrost.  Uraz.  ;347  (lS"i!)).  Uvtvvojuujon  aniiiiiiiatns  Trin. 
Mem.  Acad.  St.  I'etei'sl).  (VI.)  'l  :  "^54  (is;}:j).  Andropo(/ou  .■<n'o- 
Mcithifiis  Kunth,  Eiium.  1  :  507  {18:V.)). 

Annual;  culms  0.,5-'2  m.  high,  very  smooth,  much  branched 
above,  the  spikes  nearly  covered  by  the  sheaths.  Slu-aths  subcom- 
pressed,  very  smooth,  loose,  the  highest  with  no  bhub'  or  a  very 
short  one  :  ligule  1-4  mm.  long,  smooth  at  the  apex,  round  ;  the 
lower  blades  ilat,  lo-40cm.  lo)ig,  0.5-1  cm.  wide,  the  base  rather  nar- 
rower, the  apex  long-pointed,  margins  scabrous.  Racemes  within 
the  spathes  borne  on  short  pi'dicels,  erect,  slightly  compressed, 
4-()  cm.  long,  besides  the  awns.  Pistillate  or  perfect  spikelets  7-9 
mm.  long,  on  a  callus  3  mm.  long,  clothed  with  appressed,  rusty, 
brown  hairs,  first  glume  obscurely  0-nerved,  0  nmi.  long,  fourth 
glume  bearing  a  bent  awn.  S-l"2  cm.  long,  sliortly  and  sol'tly  ))nbcs- 
cent  with  brown  hairs  ;  palea  0.  Ovary  o])long,  with  two  points, 
the  staminate  or  neuter  spikelets  pedicellate,  slightly  sigmoid,  lan- 
ceolate-acuminate. l<i-'20  mm.  long;  first  glunu>  herl)aceous.  smooth 
except  the  infolded  nuirgins,  17-'21 -nerved,  second  a  third  or  fourth 
shorter,  lanceolate,  )5-nerved.  very  acute,  tliird  1-nerved,  8  mm. 
long,  fourth  very  short,  hynliiu'  :  palea  0.  Anthers  4  mm.  long, 
sometimes  0.     Widely   dis[)ersed.     Florida,    C/ir/if<s  IJ041,  A.   P. 


64  PANICAt'E.E. 

Gnrher  300;  Aliibimm,  McUdr/hij ;  Mexico  (Ivio  Bhiuco),  Palmer 
679,  580,  rr(ii(/k'  820. 

South  Ciiroliua  to  Floriclfi,  Mexico,  and  South  America. 

32.  A.  contortus  L.  Sp.  PL  1045  ^1753). 

Perennial  ;  culiuri  ascending  or  erect,  40-100  cm.  liigh. 
Sheatlis  compressed,  very  smooth  ;  ligule  short,  truncate,  ciliate  ; 
blades  soon  condiiplicate,  narrow,  ciliate  with  a  few  hairs,  the  lower 
acute,  8-20  cm.  long,  3-8  mm.  wide,  the  upper  very  short,  erect. 
Kacemes  (besides  the  awns)  4-7  cm.  long,  erect  or  curved.  Pistil- 
late spilvelets  sliglitly  curved,  on  a  callus  3  mm.  long,  first  glume 
hard,  brown,  liaiiy,  nerves  obsolete,  fourth  awned,  0.5-12  cm. 
long;  palea  0.  Grain  linear,  white.  The  staminate  s})ikelets  lan- 
ceolate, pedicellate,  8-10  mm.  long,  tii'st  glume  herbaceous,  rather 
obtuse,  keeled,  second  inequilateral,  obscurely  13-nerved,  eciualling 
or  exceeding  the  lirst,  membranous,  acute,  3-G-nerved;  palea  very 
short,  ciliate. 

Very  variable  and  widely  distributed  over  tropical  Asia,  Africa, 
Australia,  Texas  and  ^rexico  of  Korth  America;  also  South  America. 
Ko  attempt  has  been  nnule  to  place  these  in  subvarieties  after  Hackel. 

Mexico,  Palmn-  207,  707,  707a.  1150  ;  S.  Calif.,  PaJNicr  122; 
Nrizona.  Pri/if/Ic;  Cent.  Mex.,  Pdrri/  and  Fitlmer  !)55;  Cuba, 
iVn';/Itf  15!)5. 

Sul)gonus  8.  Cymhopogon".  Hack.  D.  C.  Monog.  Phau.  0  :  592 
(188!»).  ('//nil/opoyon  Spreng.  as  a  genus.  PI.  Min.  Cogn.  Pug. 
2  :  14  (1815). 

IJacH'mes  simple,  in  pairs,  at  the  apex  of  the  branches,  usually 
included  by  the  sheath,  one  subsessile,  the  other  pedicellate.  Two, 
rarely  7-9  of  the  lowest  spikelets  of  the  subsessile  racemes  stami- 
niitc  or  neuter,  awnless.  The  flowers  of  the  upper  sessile  S2)ikelets 
perfect,  flattened  on  the  back  or  subcyliridrical,  usually  awned. 

Tall  trojiical  or  subtropical  grasses  ;  rare  in  America. 

33.  A.  Ruprechti  Hack.  Flora  OS  :  120  (1885).  I/i/jKirrlteiita 
Jhiprpihti  Fourn.  Afex.  PI.  Euum,  (Jram.  07  (1880).  A.  Kit- 
fJiisfiroidrs  Kupr.  Hull.  Acad.  Hrux.  \)  :  21:)  (1842),  '")t  Tlochst. 

I'ereiinial  ;  culms  solid,  simple  below,  much  branched  aliove, 
l..')-2.5  m.  high.     Sheaths  slightly  compressed,  more  or  loss  hii'sute  ; 


ZOYSIE.E.  65 

ligule  3-G  mm.  long,  decurrent  ;  blades  rigid,  rougli.  "^0-40  cm. 
long,  4-6  mm.  wide.  Panicle  t^imple,  erect,  narrow,  '^O-iO  cm. 
long,  rays  in  jiairs  ;  spatlies  yellowish  green.  4-5  cm.  long,  setu- 
ceonsly  acuminate,  usually  longer  than  the  I'acemes.  IJaeemes  'Z.ii 
cm.  long,  erect,  bearing  1,  rarely  2  fertile  sj)ikelets,  two  staminate 
spike  .'tsand  other  neuter  spikelcts.  Fertile  s])ikelets  11  mm.  long, 
liueiir-obloiig  on  a  callus  4  mm.  long,  first  glume  firm,  '^-[Jointed. 
grooved  on  the  1)ack.  (1  mm.  long,  besides  the  short  awn  which  is 
2-0  mm.  long;  second  as  long  as  the  first,  (U'ltoid.  obtuse.  ;j- 
iierved ;  third  shorter,  fourth  4  mm.  long,  bearing  an  awn  .")-(■). 5 
mm.  long.  Pedicellate  or  staminate  s])ikelets  Il-IT)  mm.  long,  on 
filiform  [)eilicels,  first  glume  about  i;}-iu'rved,  second  o-uerved, 
third  and  fourth  1  mm.  long,  narrow  and  ciliate  on  the  margins. 
Anthers  ;}..')  mm.  long. 

.Mt'xico  (Kio  Blanco),  Pidincv'tMo,  in  188(j  ;  also  I'ouud  in  tropi- 
cal Africa. 

Tribe  III.— ZOYSIE^. 

Spikelets  solitary,  or  often  in  grou})s  of  2-(>  at  each  joint  of  the 
main  axis,  eacOi  grouj)  falling  off  entire  from  the  continuous  rachis. 
Spikelets  usually  1 -flowered,  th(i  floral  glume  awidess  (awned  in 
Sfhiilfiivrd),  mend)ranous  ;  emj)ty  glumes  firmer  and  often  awned, 
the  first  usually  the  largest.  Palea  usually  shorter  than  its  glume, 
sometimes  0.  Stamens  ;J  or  fewer.  Style  free,  stigmas  plumose. 
Endn'yo  nearly  half  us  large  as  the  unfurrowed  obcomjjressed 
grain. 

A.  rirou]is  of  spikelets  usually  numerous,  in  solitary,  terminal 

spikes  or  racemes. 

a.  Spikelets  8-4  together,  each  group  surrounded  by  an  in- 
durated false  invohnn'o  consisting  of  the  first  glume  of  each 
spikelet (l.')) 

a.  Spikelets  ternate,  strictly  sessile,  the  outer  ones  2-flowei'ctl. 
staminate,  the  inner  1-llowered,  pistillate  or  perfect.     (Id) 

a.  Spikelcts  3  to  0  together,  the  groups  distinctly  pt'di- 
cellate (b^ 


66 


PANIC  ACE.E. 


b.  Clusters  of  spikelets  socund  along  the  main  axis,  the 
terminal  one  in  each  group  fertile,  with  delicate  empty 

glumes (17) 

b.   Clusters  of  spikeh^ts  not  secund,  the  terminal  one  in  each 

group  sterile ;  first  empty  glume  minute,  the  second  large 

and  coriaceous  with  hooklike  spines  on  the  back.     (18) 

B.  Spikelets  few,  clustered  in  the  axils  of  tlie  upper  leaf-sheaths, 

1-flowered:  t-mpty  glume  1,  Uoral  glume  awned.     .      .     (19) 

15.  ((Jo).  AnthephORA  Schreb.  Beschr.  Griis.  2  :  105,  t.  44 
(1772-7!)).  JInpiKlit'iinus  Keichb.  Norn.  37  (1841).  Antcphora 
Steud.  Syn.  PL  Gram.  Ill  (1855). 


Fig.  15. — Anthplioni  tUganx.     A,  siiikclins;  a,  Horet.     (Scribner.) 


Spikelets  l-flowered,  :}-4  together,  of  whieli  1-2  are  perfect, 
2-3  sterile  ;  eacli  group  surrounded  by  a  hard  involucre  consisting 
of  the  first  empty  glumes  of  each  spikelet,  the  groups  falling  olf 
entire  from  the  fiexuose  rachis  of  the  single  terminal  spike. 

First  glume  minute,  second  largest,  third  small,  floral  glume 
and  palea  smooth,  firmer,  and  olu'om pressed.  Stamens  3.  Styles 
slightly  united  at  the  base.  Grain  obcom))ressed,  ovate  to  oblong, 
enclosed  by  the  glume  and  ])alea.  but  not  adherent. 

Tufted,  brandling  grasses,  with  Hat  leaf-blades. 


ZOYSIE.E.  67 

There  are  five  species  known,  one  ol"  wliich  belongs  to  tropical 
America,  the  others  to  Africa. 

1.  A.  elegans  Schreb.  I.e. 

Plant  diffuse,  15-45  cm.  high.  Leaves  pubescent,  the  slieaths 
longer  than  the  intcriioiles  ;  ligule  1  mm.  long  ;  blades  lanceolate, 
the  longest  5-8  cm.  long.  Spike  3-f;  cm.  long,  about  4  mm. 
broad.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  erect,  obtuse  to  acuminate,  3-5  mm. 
long.  First  glume  1 -nerved,  second  5-nerved,  3  mm.  long,  floret 
hard  and  shining,  obcompressed,  3-5  mm.  long.  Grain  obcom- 
pressed,  oval,  1.5  mm.  long. 

Mexico,  Pahncr  1255,  Prinfjlc  (5030;  Lower  Calif,,  XantJnis 
114  ;  Cuba,  Wright  30!)0.  Lower  California,  Mexico,  West  Indies 
to  Brazil. 

16.  (GO).  HiLARIA  H.  B.  K.  Nov.  Gen.  et  Sp.  1  :  IIG.  t.  37 
(1815).  Pleumphis  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  1  :  148,  /.  10(1824). 
llexarrhena  Presl.  Keliq.  IIa}nk.  1  :  326  (1830).  Si/iiifmsiandra 
Willd.  Steud.  Norn.  ed.  (3)  1  :  767  (1840).  Spikelcts  in  threes, 
collected  in  a  bractless,  deciduous  fascicle,  the  central  with  1  pistil- 
late or  perfect  flower,  the  lateral  with  2  staminate  flowers,  the 
fascicles  simple,  almost  sessile  on  the  rachis  of  the  spike.  Glumes 
4,  3  outer  em])ty,  firm,  delicate,  or  hardened,  forming  an  involucre, 
the  first  larger  and  variable,  usually  many-nerved,  entire  or  bifid, 
toothed  or  torn  .it  the  apex,  with  an  awn  on  the  back  between  the 
lobes,  or  awnless  ;  second  narrower,  ofteii  keeled,  entire  or  3- 
toothed,  mucronate,  short-awned,  or  awnless  ;  third  and  fourth 
mend)ranous,  hyaline,  entire  or  toothed  at  the  apex,  the  outer  in  the 
staminate  spikelcts  enclosing  the  floret  and  narrow  palea;  third  in 
the  fertile  spikclct  empty  (or  sometimes  wanting?);  the  termi- 
nal flower  of  tlu^  fertile  spikelet  sometimes  linear-acuminate, 
from  abroad  base,  sometimes  gradually  narrowing  or  inequilateral, 
including  the  perfect  or  pistillate  flower  and  the  narrow  palea. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  briefly  joined  at  the  base  (or  disthict  ?),  with 
stigmas  fcithery.  Grain  ovate  or  broadly  oblong,  included  by  the 
involucral  glumes,  but  not  adherent. 

Grasses  with  solid  culms,  decumbent  at  the  base,  branching  or 
in  tufts,  creeping,  often  sending  out  stolons  :  leaf-blades  narrow. 


68  PANICACE.E. 

fiat,  or  convolute-terete.  Sjjikes  solitary,  on  a  terminal  pedunele, 
short  or  long,  the  clusters  of  spikelets  on  the  jointed  raciiis  often 
surrounded  by  a  ring  of  hairs.     Spikelets  of  tlie  panicle  sessile. 

There  are  5  or  0  species  dispersed  over  western  and  south- 
western North  America. 

The  genus  is  readily  recognized  by  each  cluster  consisting  of 
three  spikelets.  the  central  one  containing  a  single  fertile  flower, 
either  pistillate  or  perfect,  the  two  lateral  ones  staminate. 

A.  Covered  with  short  dense  wool 1 

B.  Not  woolly (b) 

b.   Stoioniferous 2 

b.   Xot  stoioniferous o,  4 

1.  H.  rigida  (Thurb.)  Scribner,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  0  :  33  (1884). 
Pkaraphis  rigida  Thurb.  S.  Wats.  liot.  Calif.  'I  :  '2\n]  (1880). 

Branching.,  40-00  cm.  high,  covered  with  short,  dense,  white 
wool.  Lisi'ule  very  short  ;  lower  blades  10  cm.  lout',  u!)i)er  3-3 
cm.  long,  stiir,  involute,  bristly-pointed.  Spike  7. cm.  long,  7- 
10  mm.  wide,  glumes  and  palea  of  the  lateral  spikes  nearly  equal  ; 
glumes  of  the  terminal  spikelets  bifid.  3-nerved.  5-(]  mm.  long, 
central  nerve  excurrent  below  the  middle,  the  lateral  nerves  pro- 
duced as  setie  ;  floral  glume  3-nerved;  palea  aljout  ecpud  to  tlie 
glume. 

California,  Jones;  Arizona,  Lemnion  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul. 
412. 

3.  H.  cenchroides  II.  B.  K.  Nov.  Gen.  et  Sp.  1117  (1815). 

Culms  10-30  cm.  high,  stoioniferous,  frequently  rooting  at  the 
])ubescent  nodes.  Ligule  short,  laciniate  ;  blades  flat  or  invohite, 
narrow.  1-0  cm.  long.  Spikes  3-4  cm,  long.  Spikelets  with  dark 
glands  on  the  lower  half.  Outer  empty  glumes  of  the  empty 
si)ikelets  about  5  cm.  long,  elliptical,  4-Jierved,  one  vein  becoming 
a  short  awn,  one-fourth  of  the  distance  from  the  apex;  inner 
empty  glume  shorter,  with  a  longer  awn  ;  floral  glume  and  palea 
nearly  equal,  hyaline,  the  former  eniarginate,  1 -nerved.  Empty 
glumes  of  the  terminal,  florets  5-6-nerved,  an  awn  extending  half 
its  length  above,   near  the  base  of  which  is  a  ligulate  scale  ;  the 


zovsiEj-:. 


69 


apex  of  anotluT  vein  becomes  a  imicronate  awn  ;  floral  glume 
a-iu'i-ved  for  ouo-tliircl  its  length,  broadly  oval,  tlieii  abruptly  eoii- 
traeted,  emarginate  ;  paloa  narrow. 

Arizona,  Lemmon  for  Nat.  Mils.  415  ;  Mexico  (Jalisco), 
raliiin-  2!)(). 

\'ar.  longifolia  Vasey.  Leaves  thin,  numerous,  erect,  8-ia 
cm.  long. 

Arizona,   Wliccler's  Survey  595;  Lower  California,  P(th)ierU7. 

Var.  ciliatus  Scribu.  iued.     Spikes  about  3  cm.  long  ;  empty 


Fig.  \Q.—IIilana  cenehroides.    A,  B,  C,  spikelets.     (Scribner.) 


glumes  above  strongly  ciliatc,  awns  not  extending  beyond  the  lobes 
of  the  glumes. 

Mexico,  Pvingh  3128. 

Var.  Texana  A^-isey.  Leaf-blades  mostly  1-3  cm.  long  ;  spikes 
narrower. 

Texas.  Rererclion  1173.  Jen»i/  and  XeaJJei/  for  Nat.  Mus. 
3.  H.  mutica  (Buck.)  Benth.  Jour.  Linn.    Soc.   10  :  63  (1881). 
Plenrnphis  mutica  Buckl.  Broc.  Acad.  Phila.  05  (1802). 

Plant  smooth,  light  colored.     Culm   40-60  cm.  high.     Ligule 


70  PAXICACE.E. 

Bliort  ;  bliuU's  1-5  cm.  long,  involute,  bristling  at  the  throat. 
Spikes  dense,  5  cm.  long,  5-12  mm.  wide.  Empty  glumes  of  tlie 
lateral  spikelets  1-5  mm.  long,  cuneate,  obovate;  tlio  outer  slightly 
longer,  with  a  short  hairy  awn  on  one  edge  below  the  middle  ;  0-!) 
diverging  nerves  disai)i)earing  below  the  rounded,  searious  apex  ; 
the  inner  with  4  diverging  nerves,  one  excurrent.  as  a  short  awn  ; 
floral  glume  and  palea  a  little  shorter,  the  outer  3-uerved,  with 
the  ai)ex  obcordate  ;  palea  emarginate.  Empty  glumes  of  the  ter- 
minal spikelet  narrow,  keeled,  equal,  bearing  5-G  bristles  ;  floral 
glume  and  palea  of  equal  length,  the  former  3-nerved,  bifid, 
mucronate. 

Texas,  Uecerchon  1367  ;  Arizona,  J'ringle  in  188-4. 

4.  H.  Jamesii  (Torr.)  Heuth.  1.  c,  Plcuraphis  Jamesii  Torr. 
Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  1  :  U8,  i.  10  (1824). 

Culms  25-40  cm.  high,  slender,  branching  at  base,  the  nodes 
pubescent.  Ligule  oval,  laciniate  ;  blades  1-15  cm.  long,  appear- 
ing glaucous,  owing  to  the  numerous  very  small,  stitT  prickles,  con- 
volute, scabrous,  luiiry  at  the  throat.  Spikes  5-8  cm.  long,  often 
tinged  with  purple.  Lower  empty  glume  of  the  lateral  spikelets 
6-7  mm.  long,  awned  above  the  middle,  outer  side  2-nerved  ;  ui)per 
empty  glume  emarginate.  cuspidate,  3-nerved  on  the  outer  side, 
two-nerved  on  the  inner  side;  floral  glume  and  palea  about  equal 
to  the  empty  glumes.  Empty  glumes  of  the  perfect  spikelet 
keeled,  ciliate,  cleft  nearly  to  the  middle,  lateral  nerves  obscure, 
3-7  bristles  on  the  back  ;  floral  glume  and  palea  exceeding  the 
empty  glumes,  the  former  3-nerved,  unequally  bilid,  cuspidate,  the 
palea  a  little  shorter,  bifid. 

Colorado,  Jones  702  ;  Xew  Mexico,  Vascy  for  U.  S.  Dept. 
Agricul. 

Indian  Territory,  Arizona  and  southward. 

17.   (01).  .SooFOOON  Heauv.  Agrost.  122  (1812)  in  part. 

.Ff/opof/mi  H.  &  li.,  Willd.  Spec.  PI.  4  :  809  (1815).  Hi/- 
monothecinm  Lag.  Gen.  et  Sp.  Nov.  4  (1810).  Schellingia  Steud. 
Flora  33  :  231  (1850).     Goat's-ueard  Grass. 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  in  clusters  of  2-0,  the  clusters  almost 
sessile  on  the  peduncle  or  continuous  rachis  of  the  simple  secondary 


ZOYSIE.E.  71 

spike,  rachilla  not  continued  above  tlie  jjcrfect  flower.  rTlumos  3 
each,  more  or  less  3-tootlied  at  the  apex,  the  latei-al  teeth  short,  the 
middle  one  extended  into  a  bristle  or  awn;  the  3  outer  frlumes 
empty,  a  little  shorter,  or  the  empty  ones  vary,  either  1  only,  entire. 


Fig.  n.—Mgopogon  cenchrmles.    A,  spike;  a,  b,  spikelets.    (After  Doell.) 

acute,  or  all  broadly  emarginate  and  awnless  at  the  apex;  lloral 
glume  often  larger  than  the  empty  glumes  an<l  prominently  ;^ 
tooth<?d;  palea  a  little  shorter  than  the  glume,  narrower,  '^nerved.. 


72  PANICAC'E.K 

2-toothod,  Staiiieiis  3.  Stylos  disiiiict,  stisrniiissplimioso.  Grain 
obloii<r,  enclosed  by  tlio  gliinu's,  the  (.'liistiTs  of  spikolets  iit  leugth 
dociduous  by  ji  joint. 

Ditruse  or  tufted,  slondor  fjfnissos  witb  flat,  narrow  blades.  Tlio 
clusters  of  s])ikelets  finally  droopinji:,  not  unfrequently  containing 
spikelets,  1-3  of  which  arc  slender,  sterile  or  neuter  mixed  with 
tlic  fertile. 

The  genus  has  at  first  sight  much  the  aspect  of  tlie  Asiatic 
M<'l(fNiifr)icIiris,  or  of  some  of  the  veiy  sh<)rt-s|tik('d  species  of 
JJoNfi'/diia,  but  the  real  atlinity  a])])ears  lo  be  with  llihiriii. 

Siiecies  ;>.  found  in  Arizona,  'i'exas.  ^lexico.  and  Soiilli  America. 

1.  M.  cenchroides  II.  .S:  U.  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4  :  Si»i»  (isoc). 

Culms  :2()-10  cm.  high,  more  or  less  reddish  throughout. 
Shoatlis  slightly  rough,  not  keeled  ;  liguie  :>  mm.  long,  bilid  ; 
blades  1-8  em.  lojig.  Spikes  5-8  em.  long,  sj)ikelets  in  threes, 
terminal.  ])erl\''t,  the  2  latenil  neuter,  llmpty  glumes  ('([ual, 
y-2.r)  mm.  lonii'.  l-newod,  each  with  an  awn  its  own  len'''th  be- 
tween  the  shorter  teeth  ;  floi'al  glunm  one-tliird  loini-ei-.  .'{-awned  ; 
the  lateral  awns  eijualling  those  of  the  outer  glumes  :  the  terminal 
awn  twice  as  long  ;  palca  with  2  sliort  awns  between  the  lobes. 
(ihunes  aiul  ])alea  of  the  neuter  flowers  smaller,  otherwise  much 
like  the  fertih'. 

Mexico,  Parri/  and  Palnwr  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul. 

I'cxas  and  ^IcnIco. 

y.  m.  geminiflorus  11.  &  li.  Nov.  Gen.  ct  Sp  l:i;53,  t.  43 
(18ir,). 

A  slender  grass.  10  'JO  cm.  high,  moi'c  or  less  tinged  with  red. 
Cuhns  geniculate.  Spikes  seeund.  ;)--(>  cm.  long.  Spikelets  In 
threes,  tlu;  'I  lateral  neutei';  empty  glumes  of  the  perfei  t  llower  1.7 
em.  long.  1 -nerved,  cuiu'iform.  cuspidati^  belweeii  the  broad, 
roundeil  lobes  of  the  margiual(>  apex:  floral  glume  nearly  twice  as 
long,  3-nerved,  laleral  awns  short,  central  awn  about  twice  as  long 
as  ilu' glume;  palea  ('(pialling  tlie  lloral  glume,  with  '2  very  short 
.•;cla',  empty  glumes  of  the  neuter  spikelets  '  alf  as  I  ,ng  as  the  fer- 
tile; lloi'al  cbunes  oval.  ;t-nerved.  miicronate,  or  with  a  very  short 
awn;  palea  obovate,  bicuspidate.     Antlu'rs  l.^mm.  long. 


ZOVSIK.R  Ti 

Arizona,   Loiidioii  ;  ^Fcxico  (State  of  Jalisco).  /^(iJini'r  \70. 

\'ar.  abortivus  Kouni.  Mcx.  IM.  Knum.  (iruni.  71  (ISSO).  Awn 
of  lloral  ii'liiine  very  siiort,  scarcely  above  the  obtuse  lobes.  Mexico, 
rri)i!/lr  1-1  OS. 

N'iir.  unisetus  (IJ.  iS:  S.)  Fourn.  I.e.  yh\  ii/h'si'/hs  \{.  &  S.  Syst. 
'.':,S(),')(1S17).  Tlie  central  awn  of  lloral  iflnnie  of  tlie  fertile  spikeK't 
projectiiifi'  <•  iniii.,  tlie  lateral  awns  less  than  1  nun.  Ioml::. 

.Mexico,   I'l-iiiijir  ll(»7. 

;5.  JE,  gracilis  \ascy,  Hull.  Torr.  Club.  i;5:  330  (ISS(l).  lN>r- 
eunial;  often  tiiii^iMJ  with  red.  ('ulius  tufted,  erect,  slender,  suutoth, 
spariuiily  branched.  .'{O  -10  cm.  hi^'h.  Sheaths  two-thirds  ns  loii^-  as 
the  interuodes;  liy-ule  I  -*>  nini.  lone;:  blades  lint,  linn.  I-IJ-/)  cm. 
Iciio-.  1  mm.  wi(l(>.  I'auicK'  racenutsc.  IJ-d  cm.  Ioiil!;,  the  axis  beai'- 
iiii;'  lO-l'i  secuud  clusters  of  spiUclets.  the  clusters  consist ini;' of  1 
scssih'  and  '2  shoi'l.  pcdicclhile  spikclcts.  Spikclet.s  3-15-1  mm. 
luui.':,  lirst  ami  second  flumes  linear,  acutely  li-lobed,  1  mm.  lon<>', 
llic  u'iilille  Idlie  (>\t(>iulini;'  into  an  awn.  1  mm.  loni;';  tlor.al  uliiuu' 
dhloiiL!,'.  .■)-ncrved.  3  mm.  lonu'.  li-awned.  lateral  awns  3  mm.  Ioul;', 
llic  central  twice  as  lon^;  j)alea  ol»lon_ii:,  shortly  3-lootlu'(l.  .\nthcrs 
O.S  mm.  lonjjf. 

Mc\ico.   /'fi/>iirr'l^.  317.  aO".  and   /'/•///-/A' S3:!. 

IS.  (t;:,).  NaziA  Adans.  Fam.  I'l.  3 : :!  I  (lUV.)).  Tnnjits  Hall. 
Ili>t.  Stirp.  Ilclv.  3:30:!  (KCS).  l,ipi>,nji'  Schrcl:.  (len.  :».*)  ( I  iSil). 
Spikclcts  l-lldwered.  mostly  in  clusters  <if  3  ").  at  Iciii^th  deciduous 
hv  a  joint,  the  terminal  one  often  sessile,  (he  others  itu'ludiuL;'  a 
pcrh ct  llowcr.  the  clusters  haviuL;'  \ery  short  pedicels  on  Iheracliis 
nf  the  spike.  (l:unu'S  3  :!.  the  lower  minute,  often  absent,  the 
si'coiid  empty.  stilT.  its  lu'rves  covered  with  stronij'.  hooked  prickle-;; 
till'  terminal  lloral  I  shorter,  slcndci-;  this  and  die  paica  hvalinc. 
Sianieiis  :!.  Styles  slioi't  dislincl.  sliiiinas  |)inmose  with  lonu  hairs. 
<lrain  oblon;^-.  enclosed  by  the  Li'liimes.  Internoiles  id'leii  calcliin^- 
sand  ami  small  insects  by  means  of  a  sti(d\y  substance. 

Two  species  are  very  widely  distributed  in  the  tropics  and 
uiirmer  tenipcfitc  eoir    i'i(>s. 

I.  N.  raceniosa  (L.)  Kunl/r.  IJev.  Ceii.  I'l.  :so  (ISHiV  rv,/- 
■  ■hrns  nirciinisiis  L.  Sp.   I'l.   lOlU  (IT.MJ).    I,(tp/)(ti/ii  rocniKisn  W  iljd. 


74 


PAXK'ACK.E. 


Sp.  PI.  1:484  (1T9S).  Trwias  nicmosm  Hall.  Hist.  Stirp.  Hclv. 
2:1413  (17G8).  A  Ioav,  hniiiching  uiimiiil,  10-30  cm.  high,  culms 
smooth,  2-(5  cm.  long.  Lcaf-bhulcs  ^-4  cm.  long,  flat,  thin,  the 
margins  clothed  with  prickles.  Spikes  3-8  cm.  long,  7-8  mm. 
broad,  with  the  base  included  in  the  swollen  sheaths.  Spikclots  in 
clusters  of  three,  3  mm.  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  easil}'  detached  and 
carried  away  by  animals. 

Pa.  (Phila.).  >>•/•//!';/«•  3620a  from  Dr.  Brinton;  Texas,  Jones; 
Mississippi,  Tntrii  cult.  A  rare  weed  introiluced  from  Europe. 
2.  N.  occidentalis  (Nees).  2\  occUlcntalis  Nees,  Agrost.  Bras. 
28G  (1829).  Plant  erect,  20-30  cm.  high. 
Spikes  dense,  5-8  mm  long,  .5-0  nun.  broad, 
the  base  often  included.  S|)ikelets  in  clusters 
of  two.  ovoid.  2-2.5  mm.  long.  The  [)edicels 
with  a  broad  calloused  base. 

Arizona,  Priin/Ic  in  18S4;  Mexico, Pn"«^?e 

Fio.     18.  -  X<m.,    ««-*^l;  Colorado,  Jones. 

Spikelet.        ]'.).    (72).    ScHAFFNERA   Benth.,  Journ. 
Linn.  8oc.  19:  03  (1881) 

Spikelets  1-4,  1-flowered,  jointed  on  very  short  axillary  pe- 
duncles, flowers  perfect  or  sterile,  fllumes  2-;5;  if  3,  then  the  first 
is  ciliate-f ringed,  3-ner;ed,  and  about  1  mm.  long,  second  almost 
hyaline,  2-3  mm.  long,  3-5  awned,  third  as  long  as  the  spikelet, 
several-nerved,  with  an  awn  back  of  the  apex;  palea  hyaline.  2- 
nerved,  2-tootlied  or  obtuse.  Stamens  3.  Anthers  long  and  narrow. 
Styles  2,  distinct,  long  and  slender. 

The  above  differs  in  some  respects  from  the  description  in  Oex- 
ERA  Plantaui'M,  but  corresponds  to  the  specimen  as  T  observed 
it.  IJelitham  at  one  time  united  this  with  tlie  genus  Zoi/siu 
"Willd.  At  first  sight  it  seems  to  resemble  Cafhesterlium.  It  a[)- 
proaches  sonu^  species  of  Aiu/ro/m/on  {f'i/tiif)o/)o(/on)  and  of  Aphidit. 

One  species  is  known,  and  that  is  found  in  Mexico. 

1.  S.  gracilis  Benth.  hook.  Ic.  PI.  (XIV.)  5!».  /.  1378  (1882). 
A  low,  diffuse,  branching  annual.  15cm.  high.  Sheaths  1  cm.  or 
less  in  length;  blades  rough,  narrow,  2-;j  cm.  long.  Pecluncjts 
unequal,  partially  included  in  the  sheaths.     Part  of  the  spikelets  of 


ciili'ntiilix. 
(Kicliarilson.) 


TRISTECJINE.E. 


75 


any  cluster  fertile,  others  sterile,  spikelets  finely  pubescent,  with  a 
sheath  of  very  short  hairs  at  the  base,  linear-lanceolate,  5  mm,  lon<^ 
third  glume  elliptical-lanceolate,  5-nerved,  as  long  as  the  spikelet, 
witli  a  straight  awn  about  half  its  own  length :  jialea  ellii)tical  when 
spread,  5  mm.  long,  with  %  nerves  near  the  middle.  Grain  linear, 
compressed,  1  mm.  long. 
Mexico,  Schaffner  1070. 


Fio.  Wi.—Scluiffiura  oriteiUa.     A  spikcl.'t  dissoctod.     (Scribnor.) 

'riuiii;   IV.— TRISTEGINE^. 

Spikek'ts  all  simihir.  1   "i-llowered,  in  paniclfd  racemes.  fallin<T 

olT  singly  from  the  nltitiiiite  l)ran('hes  of  the  continuous  axis  of  (ho 

panicle.      iMiipt.y  glumes  three,  herbaceous  or  chartaceou.^,  the  first 


76  PANIC  Al'E.E. 

narrowest,  tlic  tliircl  sometimes  standing  as  the  floral  glume  of  a 
terminal  staminato  Hower;  lloral  glume  and  palea  membranous,  the 
former  of  the  perfect  ilower  terminating  in  a  twisted  awii. 

Tropieal  grasses,  somewhat  nearly  related  to  Aitdrtipdijoiteit'  and 
Pan  ice m. 

This  tribe  was  first  proposed  l)y  Xees,  and  partly  adoi)ted  and 
extended  l)y  Muuro  and  Bentham. 

They  dilt'er  from  Panicea?  and  approach  Andropogoneae  in  the 
thin  textui'e  of  the  fioral  glume  and  palea,  and  by  the  frequent 
presence  of  a  slender,  often  bent  awn  on  the  floral  glume.  They 
differ  from  Aiulropogonea3  in  their  inflorescence;  the  spikelets 
singly  scattered,  or  clustered  along  the  inarticulate  branches  of  the 
panicle.  The  tribal  nanu>  comes  from  TrLsfe(/ii<  Nees,  a  name  given 
to  the  genus  JleUiiis  sui)posing  the  forms  to  be  new. 

20.  (51).  Arundinella  Waddi.  Agrost.  liras.  37,  1. 1.  f.  3  (1823). 

Gohlbttrhia'Vvxw.  Spreng.  N.  Entd.  2:81  (1821). 

CdlaniurJiIoe  Keichb.  C'ons]).  52  (182S). 

Thymmwhne  Presl,  Thysan.  Nov.  PI.  Gen.  (1829). 

Brandtia  Kunth,  Kev.  Gram.  2:511,  t.  170  (1830). 

Riedelia  Trin.  Kunth,  Enum.  PI.  1:515  (1833). 

Acmtheniiu  Link,  Ilort.  Berol.  1:230  (183-1). 

Sjnkelots  acute  or  acuminate,  with  1  tei'iniual,  ])erfcct  flower 
and  often  a  second  staminate  (»ue  below  it,  in  a  loose  termimd  i)an- 
iclc.  Glumes  4.  the  three  outer  ones  ofteu  pointed,  but  not  awned, 
the  second  longer  than  the  others,  the  third  with  a  i)alea  or  male 
flower  in  its  axil;  terminal  lloral  glume  smaller,  thinner,  livaline, 
with  a  tine  awn  twisted  in  the  lower  part  iind  l>eut  back  at  or  below 
the  middle;  palea  smaller.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Grain 
oblong,  included,  but  not  adherent. 

Low  or  tall  grasses  with  a  termimd  ])anicle.  A  trojtical  or  snb- 
trojjical  genus,  containing  25  species,  chielly  Asiatic,  witii  a  few 
African  ami  American  s})ecies. 

1.  A.  Palmeri  Vasey  iiied. 

Culms  smooth,  sparingly  branching,  al)out  00  cm.  liigh.  Ligule 
ciliate.  about  1  mm.  long;  blades  of  the  culm  rigid,  erect,  involute, 
scabrous.  15-20  cm.  long.  ;}-5  mm.  wide.     Panicles  rather  densely 


TUISTECilNPLE. 


77 


many-tlowered,  yellowish,  15-o0  cm.  long,  3-5  cm.  broad,  rays 
bearing  spikek'ts  along  the  upper  half.  S])ik('lets  on  })edicols  1-2 
or  more  mm.  long.  First  glume  ovate-lanceolate,  extending  to  the 
top  of  the  florets,  3-nerved,  3-3.5  mm.  long  including  the  stout 
point,  raehilla  broad  and  carrying  the  second  glume  0.3  mm.  above 
tlie  first  glume,  second  glnme  linear-lanceolate,  5-nerved,  4-5  mm. 
long,  including  the  stout  point,  third  glume  (floral  glume  of  tlie 
staniiiiato  floret)  ovate-lanceolate,  2.5  mm.  long,  delicately  5-nerved, 
lateral  nerves  near  each  other,  its  palea  2  mm.  long,  fourth  glume 
(floral  glume  of  the  upper  floret)  meml)ranous,  delicately  3-uerved, 
1.7  mm.  long,  bearing  a  tuft  of  very  short  hairs  at  its  base,  and  a 
terminal  awn  6-10  mm.  long,  the  lower  third  of  which  is  brown 
and  twisted. 


Fig.  20, — Arundinella  Palmeri.     A,  a,  Deppraiia;  Ji,  l<,  spikdets  and  Horets 

respectively.   (Scrilmer.) 


Nearly  allieil  to  .1.  pallida  Xeos,  of  wliich  it  is  pof^sibly  only  a 
variety.     Mexico,  /'aimer  12. 

2.    A.  pallida  Xees.  Agrost.  liras.  ir.5  (IS29). 

A  rather  smooth,  stout,  erect  pen-nnial.  Culms  hard.  18(1-200 
cm.  Iiigh.  Ligule  very  short ;  blades  smooth  below,  scabrcd  or 
|iubescent  above.  25-40  cm.  long.  •'»  10  mm.  wide.  Panicle  ovoid 
or  narrowo.,  30-4(»  cm.  long,  rays  smooth  in  thi-ccs  to  lives,  spar- 
ingly branched.     Spjkelets  on  pi'dicels  1-2  mm.  long,  scattered  the 


78  PANICAtE.E. 

Avhole  length  of  tlie  bmuclies.  First  glume  ovute-liinceoliite,  3- 
nerved,  about  3  mm.  long,  second  5-nervcd,  4  mm.  long,  third 
glume  (tloiiil  glume  of  the  staminute  floret)  7-nerved,  3  mm.  long; 
[>ak'a  nearly  as  long  as  its  glume ;  floral  glume  of  the  np[)er  floret 
round  on  the  back,  3  mm.  long,  scabrid,  very  obscurely  5-nerved, 
bearing  a  tuft  of  short  hairs  at  its  base  and  a  terminal  awn  about 
C  mm.  long;  palea  shoi'ter,  2-nerved. 

.Mexico,  Prinyle  1746,  Pahner  520. 

.1.  Cuhi')isiHCiv\sch.  in  Planta?  Wrightiana?  Cubensis,  No.  1552, 
is  identical  with  the  above  1T4G  of  Pringle,  520  of  I'alnier. 

Found  in  Mexico  and  several  countries  of  Soutb  America. 

3.     A.  Deppeana  Nees,  lionplandia  3:84  (1855). 

A  rather  slender,  smooth  perennial;  culms  bard,  90-150  cm. 
high.  Ligule  very  short  and  fringed  with  hairs;  blades  smooth  or 
slightly  scabrid  or  pubescent,  involute,  20-30  cm.  long.  Panicle 
elliptical.  20-40  or  more  cm.  long,  rays  mostly  in  threes  to  fives, 
sparingly  branched.  Spikelets  on  pedicels  1-2  mm.  long,  scattered 
the  whole  lengtli  of  the  branches.  First  glume  less  than  2  nun. 
long,  besides  the  very  short  and  narrow  apex,  3-ncrved,  second 
lanceolate,  5-nervcd,  3.5  mm.  or  less  long,  third  (floral  glume  of 
the  stuiuiiiiite  floret)  2.3  mm.  long,  floral  glunio  of  the  upper  floret 
2  mm.  long,  with  an  awn  having  one  bend  above  the  spikelet. 

Mexico,  Priiir/Jo  'M'.i'.). 

It  differs  chiefly  from  A.  pallldd  in  its  shorter  glumes  and 
longer  awn.  with  oidy  one  bend;  aiul  it  is  not  improbable  that  a 
study  of  more  plants  may  show  that  one  is  only  a  variety  of  the 
other. 

Tribe  V.— PANICE-ffi. 

Fertile  spikelet  with  one  terminal  perfect  or  pistillate  flower, 
with  or  without  a  staminate  one  below  it;  arranged  in  spikes, 
racemes  or  panicles,  falling  off  singly  fnnn  the  ultimate  branches; 
the  axis  usually  continuous.  I'Moral  glume  and  palea  of  the  perfect 
flower  always  firmer  than  the  empty  glumes,  unawned  (or  in 
BriorJiJoa  whh  a  short  straight  iiwn);  empty  ginnu's  rarely  with 
straight  awns.     Stamens  three,   rarely   fewer,     (irain  enclosed  in 


PANK'E.E.  79 

the    upper   gliiiue   tiiul   ptilea,  not  adliereut,   obconi pressed ;    un- 
t'lUTowed;  embryo  large. 

A.  Spikelets  not  sunken  in  excavations  of  tlie  racliis.     Some 

or  all  of  the  flowers  })erfect (a) 

a.  Spikelets  not  subtended  by  1  to  many  bristles  or  spines,     (b) 
b.  Empty  glume  1 ;   spikelets  acuminate,  3-ranked.     .      21 

b.  Empty  glumes '^;  i)erfect  flower  1 (c) 

c.   First  empty  glume  with  a  swollen  ring  at  the 

base,  floral  glume  mucromito  or  short-awned.       .       25 
C.  First  empty  glume  without  a  swollen  ring   at 

the  base (d) 

d.  Spikelets    usually   plano-convex  and   obtuse, 
sessile    or   nearly  so,  in  1  to   several  1 -sided 

racemes  or  spikes 23 

d.  Spikelets  in  panicles (c) 

e.   All  spikelets  fertile 2:5 

e.   Spikelets    on    the  termimd   panicle  sterile, 

the  I'cn'tile  ones  sul)terranean 24 

C.  Empty  glumes  2.  with  1  staminate  and  1  perfect 

flower,  or  3  with  1  perfect  flower (m) 

m.    First  and  second  glumes  without  a  callus  and 

aunless 20 

m.    KiK'hilla    with     membranous   ajipendages   or 

pits 2: 

m.   Spikelets    without    callus,    lirst   and   second 

glunu's  awned 28 

m.   Si)ikelets  with  a  callus,  the  3  empty  glumes 

awned 29 

a.  Spikelets   single  or    in   twos  or  threes,   subtended  by 

1  to  many  bristles  oi-  spines (u) 

n.   Spike'ets  articulating  above  \\\v  persistent  bristles.   .       30 
n.   S})ikelets  articulating  l)eIo\v  the  bristles  or  admite 

spines (o) 

o.   'i'he  involucre  of  spines  more  or  less  consolidated.       31 
o.  The  iuvohu'iv  of  few  to  many  bristles 32 


80 


PANICACE.E. 


B.  Spikelets  1-4.  on  very  short  bmnchos  that  are  sunken  in 
the  cavities  of  tlie  tliickcned  nichis.  Some  or  all  of  the 
flowers  perfect 33 

C.  Plants  niona'cious;  spikelets  in  panicles 34 

21.  (1).  Reimaria  Fliigge,  Gram.  Monogr.  213  (1810),  in  part. 
S))ikelets  acuminate,  subsessilc,  api)resse(l,  alternately  on  two 
sides  of  a  triangular  rachis,  with  one  perfect  terminal  flower. 
Empty  gUunes  usually  one,  sometimes  another  small  one,  acute, 
membranous,  o-0-nerved;  floral  ghnue  lirm.  a  little  shorter;  palea 
still  shorter.  Stamens  2.  Styles  distinct.  Grain  oblong,  obcom- 
pressed,  enclosed  by  glume  and  palea,  but  not  adherent,  t'ulms 
ascending,  diffusely  branching  at  the  base.  S])ikes  few,  simple, 
finally  reflexed. 

There  are  four  species,  all  belonging  to  tropical  America.  Our 
species  much  reseml)les  /^(tspaJ/nn  lUstirJiin  L.  var.  raffinahnn. 

There  are  several  species  of  Paspalxin  which  have  oidy  a  single 
lower  empty  glume,  but  Reimaria  has  the  spikelets  more  acumiiuite 
and  nu)re  closely  ap})ressed  to  the  rachis  than  in  any  PasjHtlnm  ; 
and  the  stamens  are  only  two. 

1.  R.  oligostachya  Muuro.  Bentli.  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  19:34 
(1881). 

Smooth  throughout,  20-40  cm.  high.  Sheaths  slightly  in- 
flated :  blade  narrow,  acuminate, 
(5-10  cm.  long,  often  involute. 
S})ikes  2-4.  on  short  peduncles, 
exserted  or  more  or  less  in- 
cluded. 4-T  CM),  loi'.g.  Cou- 
tigu.ous  spikelets  of  the  same 
row  with  a  little  space  between 
therd.  elliptical-lance(»late.  4-5 
mm.  loug;  tii'si  glume  minute 
or  slender  and  half  as  long  as 
the  s[)ikelet,  often  absent, 
second  elliptical,  ovate,  acute, 
9-nerved,  floral  glume  lirmer  and  palea  firmer  and  Jihorter,  much 


Fio.  21. — Riinutrid  vU'(ji>^t(U'h}/ii.    A, 
spikt'It't  ;  <i,  I).  Hon'ts.     (Scrihiicr.) 


PANICE.E.  81 

alike,  the  former  T-O-nerved,  the  latter  with  3  obscure  nerves  near 
each  margin. 

Florida,  A.  If.  ('inii\s  d5C,2.* 

22.   (2)  Paspalum  L.  Syst.  Ed.  10.  j>:85o  (1759). 

S'(i0.s(i/j  Aihms.  Fam.  2:31  (irUo). 

Ckaclnic  IJoIaud.  IJottb.  Act.  Lit.  Univ.  Ilafu.  1:285  (1778). 

Cercsia  Pers.  8yii.  1:  8o  (1805). 

J.rnjinpiis  Hcauv.  Agrost.  12  (1812). 

Cabrvra  Lag.  Gt'U.  ot  Sp.  Nov.  5  (181G). 

raspdhoitltinm  Desv.  Opusc.  59  (18;51). 

Ma'ur/iid  Weiidor.  Steud.  Norn.  ed.  (2).     2: 153  (1841). 

A)i((c/ii/ris  Noes.  Ilook.  Kew  Jouni.  2:  103  (1850). 

MaiziUa  Seldecht.  Bot.  Zeit.  8:001  (1850). 

An(tsh-(>pliuH^i!\\\w\\i.  Hot.  Zeit.  8:(J8l  (1850). 

Cyinatovhloa  Sdilecht.  Bot.  Zeit.  12:821  (185-1). 

L((pp(if/()pKis  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gram.  112  (1855). 

Wirtip'iiia  Xees.  Doell.  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  (2)  2:40  (1877). 

Spikelets  I  llowereil,  not  awned,  usually  [)laiio-eonvex  in  1  or  2 
single  or  double  rows,  on  sliort  pedicels.  fJluines  3.  the  two  outer 
ones  eni]>ty.  usually  membranous  and  equal  or  nearly  so,  the  third 
or  tloral  of  a  tluniu'r  texture;  palea  witliin  tlie  floral  glume,  firm, 
snudler.  nearly  Hat.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  ratlu'r  long. 
Grain  eiu'losed.  but  not  adlierent.  Some  spikelets  of  some  species, 
us  P.  distich  HI)},  have  an  additional  small  glume  on  the  Hat  side, 
thus  serving  to  unite  this  gjuus  witli  Patucio)). 

A  large  tropical  and  subtropical  genus  of  about  IHO  species, 
especially  abundant  in  America;  also  found  in  Africa,  Asia,  a  few 
in  Australia,  and  two  in  Fiirope.  The  species  vary  much  in  habit, 
though  in  North  America  many  of  tliem  grow  on  smuly  land. 
Most  of  them  are  not  hardy  in  the  Nortliern  Slates. 

CoMsidei'ing  its  great  size,  the  genus  is  very  well  defined,  and 
readily  distinguisjicd  from  Pdin'cuni  \)y  the  inflorescence,  and  by  the 
technical  character  of  tlie  absence  of  the  fb'st  emi)ty  ylumc. 
Neitlier  of  these  characters  is  absohitely  constant.  A  few  Pinii<it 
of  the  section  linirliiiwia  liave  the  infioresccnce  i>f  Pt/s/xiJini)  ,-  niid 
tlie  lowest  ghime  is   fre(iuently  reduced  to  a  oiuall  callus,  or  is 


82  PANIC'ACI'LE. 

eiitiroly  deficient  iu  tlie  section  Diyitaria ;  consequently  several 
species  have  been  referred  bv  some  botanists  to  one  genns  and  by 
otliers  to  tlie  other.  Tliese  ambiguous  species  aj^pear  to  be  best 
jilaced  in  Poniofm. 

All  the  true  Paspnhi  have  the  spikelets  sessile  or  nearly  so.  in 
two  to  four  rows  along  tlie  lower  or  outer  side  of  the  rachis  or 
simple  branches  of  the  panicle.  Scairely  five  species  can  be  regarded 
as  belonging  exclusively  to  tlie  Old  World.  General  ^Funro  luid 
nearly  completed  a  moiiogra])h  of  the  genus,  leaving  des('rii)tions  of 
138  species.  lie  and  Dr.  Ik'ntham  agreed  ])erf('ct]y  in  not  making 
species  to  show  all  slight  variations,  corresponding  to  what  many 
local  European  b(ttanists  describe  as  critical  species. 

Trillins  subdivided  the  genns,  chiefly  according  to  the  size  of 
the  s[)ikelets. 

Hentham  and  Hooker  adojited  three  siictions,  founded  on  Xces's 
— Kiipaxpalum.  Cahrcnt.  and  JnafttrojiJnift,  subdividing  the  tirst  and 
mucli  tlie  largest  into  four  groups — Anaclnjris,  Opistliion,  Psendo- 
ceri\si((.  and  Ccn'sia. 

J>/(ic/ii/n's\nn  purely  artificial  one,  characterized  solely  b^  having 
only  a  single  empty  glume  below  the  ilowering  one.  It  was  first 
]iro])osed  as  a  genus  l)y  Nees  for  Pd.ynilinn  vuilacophyUum  Trin. 
Opixlliio))  was  j)ropos(.Hl  by  Doell  as  a  section  of  PaKjudum, 
but  Hentham  and  Hooker  use  it  as  a  name  for  a  group.  It  in- 
cludes all  the  tyjiical  PaspaJu  with  two  lower  emiity  glumes,  and 
tile  rachis  of  the  spikes  not  dilated.  The  species  are  numerous  and 
varied.  Pytexdorcresin  is  the  name  of  the  grouj)  of  species  in  Mhich 
th(>  rachis  of  the  spikes  is  more  or  less  dilated  and  concave,  but 
green  and  herbaceous  throughout,  and  the  spikelets  are  small  and 
glabrous  or  nearly  so.  The  species  are  few.  incluuing  P.  rcpens 
IJerg.  and  its  allies.  Ccrcsin  is  the  name  proposed  for  a  genus  by 
Persoon.  Here  the  dilated  rachis  of  the  spike  is  bordered  by  a 
colored  or  smooth  membranous  margin  and  the  half-enclosed 
si)ikelets  arc  larger  than  in  Psi'in/orcrcsid  and  densily  ciliate. 
Cahrera.  the  second  section  of  f^fsalion,  contains  a  single  species, 
P.  anretdii  II.B.K.,  forming  Fiagasca's  genus  Cahvcra.  In  thi.^ 
the  direction  of  the  spikelets  is  nearly  that  of  .l>/rt.s//'6»/^////.s';  but 


PAN1('E.E.  S:^ 

instead  of  being  marginal  on  one  side  of  tlie  racliis,  tliey  are  deeply 
embedded  in  alternate  cavities  on  the  outer  and  lower  side  of  that 
raehis. 

Aii<i.'<froj>Jiu.<i,  tlie  third  section,  was  pro])osed  as  a  genus  by 
Sell  lech  tendahl.  In  this  the  s})ikelets  are  on  alternate  margins  ot* 
the  narrow,  somewhat  tlexuose  raehis  of  tlie  spike  and  the  back  of 
tlic  floral  glume  being  turned  outwards  from  the  raehis.  The 
spikes  are  generally  several,  close  together  at  the  end  of  the 
l)ed  uncle. 

Besides  the  above  valuable  notes  taken  from  Bentham,  cou- 
sideral)le  aid  has  been  received  from  a  valuable  synopsis  of  the 
genus  by  Vasey,  in  ]?ull,  'i'orr.  Club,  i;}:  l(;-2  (1S8(1). 

A.  Anastuoimus  Schlecht.  S2)ih;h>t)<  almost  distichous  with 
{back  of  tliv  JloraJ  (jlut)U')  first  glume  turned  outward  away 
from  flic  racliis.      fA'aces  obtuse. 

a.   Leaves  4  mm.  rtide  or  narrower 1 

a.   Leaves  5  mm.  wide  or  wider 2 

B.  Eui'ASPALUM  Benth.  Spihelcts  strictlij  sccund  iinth{bacJc 
of  the  Jloral  (jlumes)  first  (jlume  turned  inward  toward  the 
raehis.     Leaves  sJiarji-jwinted. 

a.   Kaehis    thin,    folding    towards    the    small    spikelets  and 

partially  enclosing  them (o) 

o.   Spikes  3-G 3 

0.   Spikes  3-8 4 

0.   Si)ikes  40-00 5 

0.   Spikes  75-100 6 

a.  Kachis  not  enclosing  the  spikelets,  usually  less  than  1 

mm.  wide (b) 

b.  Kachis  not  winged 7 

b.  Raehis  more  or  less  winged (c) 

e.  Spikelets  more  or  less  hairy  or  puberulent.      .     .(d) 

d.   Spikelets  2-2.5  mm.  long S 

d.   Spikelets  1.5  mm.  long !) 

c.  Spikelets  glabrous (c) 

e.   Spike   single  at  the  apex  of  the  culm  or  each 

branch  ;  spikelets  1  mm.  long 10 


84  PANIC'ACE.E. 

e.  Spikes  more  than  one  to  the  culm (f) 

f.  Spikes  1-2  cm.  long 11 

f.  Spikes  ;»-4  cm.  long,  var.  oi  J*,  inops.     .     .  11 

f.  Spikes  longer (g) 

g.  Spikelets  1.7  mm.  long,  spikes  4-15  cm. 

long 12 

g.  Spikelets  longer (li) 

h.  Kacliis  more  or  less  pubescent.  ...  13 

h.  Perhaps  some  plants  ot  number.   .     .  17 

h.  Kachis  glabrous (i) 

i.  Spikes  3-5,  s])ikelet8  about  2  mm. 

long 14 

i.  Si)ikes    5-8,    spikelets   2-2.3   mm. 

long 15 

1.  Spikes  3-7,  spikelets  3  mm.  long.   .  10 
i.  Spikes  mostly  single,  sjiikelets  2.2 

mm.  long 17 

a.  Rachis  not   enclosing   the   spikelets.  usually  1  mm.  or 

more  wide (j) 

j.  Si)ikelets  more  or  less  hairy  or  puberulent (k) 

k.   Spikelets  narrowly  elli|)tical.  acute,  ciliate  on  the 

margins,  3.3  mm.  long 18 

k.   Spikelets  oval,  acute,  3-4  mm.  long IJ) 

k.  Spikelets  oval,  obtuse;  spikes  3-G 20 

j.  Spikelets  glabrous (m) 

m.  Spikes  2  (sometimes  1),S-10  cm.  long  ;  spikelets 

oval,  2.5-3  mm.  long 21 

m.  Spikes  more  than  2  to  the  culm (n) 

n.  Rachis   2   or   nearly   2   mm.    wide  ;  sj)ikelets 

2-2.3  mm.  long 22 

n.  Rachis  rarely  2  mm.  wide  in  some  plant.s  of 

number 23 

n.   Ihichis  2  mm.  wide;  si)ikelets  2.5  mm.  long.  .  24 

n.   Kachis  2  mm.  wide;  spikelets  3  mm.  long.     .  25 

n.   Rachis  narrower (p) 

p.   Spikelets  subacute,  'i.5-3  mm.  long:  rachis 


PAXICK.E.  80 

1  mm.   wide  ;  spikes  usually  3  in  number, 
2-3.5  cm.  long 26 

p.  Spikelets  acute,  3.5-4  mm.  long:  raehis 
about  1.5  mm.  wide;  spikes  2-4  in  num- 
ber, 2-5  cm.  long 27 

p.  Spikelets  obtuse,  3.5  mm.  long  ;  raehis  1 
mm.  wide;  spikes  2,  7-10  cm.  long.      .     .     28 

p.  Spikelets  subacute,  3  mm.  long;  raehis  1-2 
mm.  wide;  sjjikes  2,  rarely  3.  3-0  cm.  lojig.     23 

p.  Spikelets  obtuse,  2.2-3  mm.  long;  raehis  1 
mm.  wide:  si)ikes  3-G,  4-()  cm.  long.    .     .     29 

p.  Spikelets  broad,  subacute,  3  mm.  long; 
raehis  1.3  nun.  wide;  s})ikes  3-4,  0-il  cm. 
long 30 

p.  Spikelets  subacute,  3.5  mm.  long;  racliis  1.7 
mm.  wide:  sjjikes  3-4.  10-17  (fin.  long.     .     31 

p.  S|)ikelets  obtuse,  3.5-4  mm.  long:  raehis 
1-1.7 mm.  wide;  spikes  3-.^).  10-14  cm.  long      33 

1.  P.  compresBum  (Swartz)  Nees.  Mart.  Bras.  2:23  (1829). 
Milium  romjircssion  Sw.  I*rod.  24  (1788). 

J'.phtfi/raiiloii  Poir.  Lam.  Encycl.  5:34  (1804). 

Culms  fdiform.  branching,  12-24  cm.  high,  usually  consisting  of 
two  internodes  from  a  creeping  root-stock.  Sheaths  narrow,  com- 
pressed, with  a  few  soft  hairs;  blade  narrowly  linear,  obtuse,  smooth, 
2-6  cm.  long,  2-3  mni.  wide.  Spikes  2-3,  approximate,  slender, 
2-4  cm.  long.  Spikelets  in  two  rows,  overlapping  little  or  none, 
narrowly  oblong,  2  mm.  long;  first  and  second  glumes  2-nerved, 
with  short  hairs  above. 

Florida,  A.  II.  Cioiiss  3505,  J.  Tf.  Simpson  for  Nat  Mus. 

South  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Texas. 

2.  P.  paspalodes  (Michx.)  Scribn.  Mem.  Tor.  IJot.  Club,  5:25 
(1894). 

Difjitaria  paapahiJei^  Michx.  Fl.  lior.  Am.  1 :4fl  (1803). 
P.  Mii'hauxiatiuin  Kunth,  Hev.  Gram.  1:25  (1S35). 
P.  Ellioftii  S.  Wats.,  A.  Cray.  Man.  Ed.  0.629  (1890).    P. 
Digitaria  Poir.  Lam.  Encycl.  Suppl.  4:316  (1816). 


86  PANICACE.E. 

P.  fur  cat  um  viUosnni  Vascy. 

Culms  containin<(  3-linteniocles  above  the  root-stock,  50-80  cm. 
high.  Sheaths  compressed ;  blades  tliinly  clothed  with  soft  hairs, 
flat,  rough  above,  obtuse,  10-15  cm.  long,  1  cm.  wide.  Si)ikes 
2-3,  narrow,  5-8  cm.  long.  Hpikelets  about  one  third  longer  tlian 
the  internock'S  of  the  rachis,  ovate-lanceolate,  less  thtai  5  mm.  long; 
first  glume  7-nerved,  second  5-nerved,  third  2.7  mm.  long. 

Florida.  A.  II.  Curtiss  35G5,  ticketed  P.  Diyitaria  Poir.,  6'.  I'. 
Nash  50!). 

Swamps,  North  Carolina  to  Florida  and  other  Southern  States. 

;3.  P.  membranaceum  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  75  (1788),  not  Lam. 
(1701).     l\   WaUen'anum  Schultes,  Mant.  2:1GG  (1824). 

Culms  decumljent,  from  creei)ing  rhizomes,  much  branched, 
20-GO  cm.  long.  Sheaths  rather  loose;  blades  smooth,  acute,  -l-G 
cm.  long,  4:  mm.  wide.  Si)ike.s  3-G,  approxinuite,  the  lowest  ones 
included  by  the  sheath,  about  2  cm.  long,  rachis  thin,  2.5  mm. 
wide,  clasping  the  spi  Relets.  Spikclets  in  two  rows,  in  each  row 
overlapping  for  one  half  their  length,  oval,  llattoned,  nearly  2  mm. 
long,  first  and  second  glumes  thin,  3-uerved  or  with  two  outer  ob- 
scure nerves. 

Marylaiul.  Srribner  35G4  from  Canby;  Tennessee,  U.  S.  Dept. 
Agricid.  28  from  (Jattinger. 

New  .lersey,  Delaware,  and  Southern  States. 

4.  P.  gracile  Schlecht.  Linnra,  2G:  134  (1853-55). 

Culms  diffuse  or  decumbenr,  much  branched,  15-30  cm.  high. 
Sheaths  rather  loose,  thickly  pubescent;  blade  ovate-lanceolate  or 
linear-lanceolate,  flat,  thin,  sparingly  pubescent,  2-5  cm.  long. 
Spikes  3-S,  scattered,  1-2  cm,  long,  the  lowest  ones  included  by  the 
sheath,  rachis  thin,  about  2  mm.  wide,  flat  or  clasping  the  spikclets. 
Spikelets  in  two  rows,  one  each  side  the  mid-nerve,  those  of  each  row 
about  2  mm.  apart,  elliptical,  2.2-2.4  mm.  long,  first  and  second 
glumes  very  thin,  3-nerved. 

Mexico,  Pri)i()le  3343. 

In  appearaiu^e  considerably  like  /*.  memhmuarcinn  Walt. 

5.  P.  mucronatum  Muhl.  Cat.  8  (1813).     Ccresia  Jluitans  Ell. 


I»ANI(K.K.  87 

Bot.  S.  C.  and  fiti.  1: 109  (ISK).  I'aspfduitifuitaus  Kunth..  Rev. 
Griim.  1:24  (18-^!»). 

Culms  bninching,  ascending;,  creeping  or  flouting  from  iirliizomc, 
30-90  em.  long,  nodes  soft  liairy.  Upper  sheutli  extendiug  iioiirly 
to  the  spikes;  blades  flat,  thin,  acuminate,  5-15  cm.  long,  about  I 
cm.  wide.  S^jikes  racemose,  40-GO,  alternate  and  verticilhitc. 
spreading,  3-7  cm.  long,  the  thin  rachis  1.5  mm.  wide,  extending 
3  mm.  beyond  tlio  spikelets.  Spikelets  in  two  vertical  rows,  pu- 
bescent, oblong,  acute,  1.5  mm.  long,  tirst  and  second  glumes  very 
thin,  "^-nerved. 

Louisiana,  .1.  />'.  Lnuylois,  collected  in  18S5. 

Virginia  to  .southern  Illinois  and  southward. 

6.  P.  repens  Berg.  Act.  Ildvet.  T,  /.  T:129  (1772). 

P.  pyramiiUde  Nees,  Mart.  Bras.  2 :  77  (1829).  P.  gracilc  Steud. 
in  part. 

Culms  creeping  or  floating  in  water,  the  ascending  portion  20- 
30  cm.  high.  Sheaths  longer  than  the  iuternodes,  inflated,  scabrid, 
spotted,  the  throat  bearing  two  peculiar  stipular  appendages.  .5-7 
mm.  long;  ligule  lacerate,  truncate,  brown,  2-3  mm.  long;  bhides 
flat,  scabrous,  acute.  10-18  cm.  long,  7-15  mm.  wide.  S|)ike3 
75-100  or  more,  ascrending,  crowded  into  an  erect,  ovoid,  spikeliko 
raceme,  about  9  cm.  long;  the  spike  2-3  cm.  long,  the  thiu  invo- 
lute rachis  3  mm.  wide,  the  acuminate  tip  ))r<)jecting  8-10  nini. 
above  the  spikelets.  Spikelets  in  a  single  vertical  row  of  5-S  in 
number,  oblong,  subacute,  2-2.2  mm.  long,  first  and  second  glumes 
efjual,  very  thin,  2-nerved,  a  little  longer  than  the  floret. 

Mexico  (Jalisco).  PritKjh'  385-1;  also  found  in  South  America; 
growing  in  water. 

7.  P.  racemosum  Lam.  Illnstr.  1:  ITii  (ITiH). 

Culms  erect,  simple.  00-120  cm.  high  fi'oni  a  scaly  root-stock. 
Lower  sheaths  thinly  clothed  with  long  hairs;  blades  linear- 
lanceolate,  glaucous,  keeled,  30-40  cm.  long,  5-10  mm.  wide. 
Panicle  erect,  exsertetl,  15-20  cm.  long.  Spikes  3-4,  lax,  slender, 
4-lG  cm.  long,  rachis  tri(|uetrous-terete,  flexuose.  Spikelets 
smooth,  in  alternate  ])air8,  distant,  pedicels  2-5  mm.  long,  oval, 
obtuse,  about  4  mm  long,  first  glume  ."i-T-nerved,  second  3-5-nerved. 


88  PAMCACK.E. 

iJeor^ia,  CooJey  colhrfion  Mich.  Agr.  College  in  1863  ;  Alu., 
Mohr  in  1S88. 

North  Caroliiiii  to  Floridii  and  TiOuisiana. 

s,  P.  virgatum  L.  Sp.  Pi.  81  (1753).  Var.  pubiflorum  Yasey, 
Bull.  Torr.  Club.  13:  1(17  (188<>). 

Culms  stout,  00-120  cm.  high,  dark  at  tlie  nodes.  Leaf-blades 
suiooth,  hairy  at  the  throat,  30  cm.  long,  7-10  mm.  wide.  Panicle 
15-20  cm.  long.  Spikes  12-15,  tlexuose,  the  lower  0-8  cm.  long, 
those  above  gradually  growing  shorter,  rachis  straight  or  (lexuose, 
less  than  1  mm.  wide.  S})ikelets  flattened,  soft-hairy,  ovate, 
acute,  crowded  in  four  or  more  rows.  2-2.5  mm.  long,  some  of 
them  on  pedicels  of  their  own  length;  first  and  second  glumes 
3-nerved,  third  shorter,  obtuse. 

Louisiana,  A.  B.  Lauyloi-s.  "Cuba,  Mexico  to  Uruguay," 
Grisvbach. 

\\XY.  platyoxon  Doell.  Ticaf-blades  1.5-3  cm.  wide;  si)ikes 
about  5,  the  lower  15  cm.  long,  rachis  3  mm.  wide;  spikelets  oval 
or  subovate,  smooth,  3  mm.  long. 

Texas,  .Rei'erchon  703.  in  18T4,  identified  by  Munro.  now  in 
herbarium  of  Harvard  I'ni versify. 

!t.  P.  caespitosum  Fliigge,  Monog.  IGl  (1810).  P.  Bhthjettii 
Chapm.  Kl.  S.  States,  571  (18G0). 

Culms  slender,  of  few  internodes,  20-40  cm.  high.  Leaf-blades 
flat,  acute  or  a(Uiminate,  glabrous  except  at  the  base,  3-15  cm. 
long,  7-10  mm.  wide.  Spikes  2-4,  4-G  mm.  long,  one  terminal, 
the  others  distant  5-7  cm.  from  each  other,  ratrhis  less  than  1  mm. 
■wide.  Spikelets  minutely  pul)escent,  obovoid  or  oval,  usually  in 
pairs  in  each  row,  pedicels  as  long  as  the  spikelets,  which  are  1.5 
mm.  long,  first  and  second  glumes  thin,  3-iu'rved. 

Florida,  V.  S.  Dept.  Aijt'icnl.  from  A.  11.  Curtiss. 

Florida.  Cuba,  (luiana. 
10  P.  Pittieri  IIacl<.  MS. 

A  slender  tufted  diffuse  grass,  branching  near  tlie  base,  15-20 
cm.  high.  Leaf-blades  hispid,  acuminate,  2-0  cm.  long,  about  2.5 
mm.  wide.     Spikes  single,  rarely  in  pairs,  slender,  2-3  cm,  long, 


PANKE.E.  89 

axis  thin,  wavy  involute,  0.5-0.7  mm.  Avide.     Spikelets  1.4  mm. 
long  on  pedicels  1  mm.  long,  in  two  rows  (one  of  each  pair  abor- 
tive), obovate,  subacute,  puberulous  on  tlie  margins  of  the  couvo 
side,  first  and  second  glumes  thin,  3-nurved. 
Mexico,  I'rinijle  'IVi'd. 

11.  P.  inops  N'asey.  ined. 

Culms  low,  spreading,  10-20  cm.  high.  Slioatlis  hairy,  the 
upper  one  reaching  nearly  to  the  lowest  spike,  blades  Hat,  pubescent 
on  both  sides,  acute,  1-4  cm.  long,  4-0  mm.  wide.  Sjjikes  2-3, 
1-2  cm.  long.  Spikelets  mostly  in  pairs,  smooth,  lu-arly  heiui- 
spbeiical,  2.5  mm.  long,  iirst  and  second  glumes  5-nervcd,  third 
and  the  palea  brown. 

Mexico  (Jalisco),  /'afiiirr  G17. 

\'ar.  major  Vasey,  ined.  Leaf-blades  sparingly  pubescent, 
often  15  cm.  long,  1  cm.  wide;  spikes  3-4  cm.  long. 

Mexico,  /'riiii/h-  1875. 

12.  P.  conjugatum  Herg.  Act.  llelv.  7.  /.  8:  12!»  (1772). 
Chdms  brandling,   4-7  cu).    high   from    a    cree])ing    rhizome. 

Leaf-bhides  Hat,  acuminate,  nearly  smooth,  4-10  cm.  long,  5-8  mm. 
wide.  Si)ikes  2,  sleniUir,  exserted,  cuhns  digitate,  sometimes  with 
1-2  lateral  ones,  4-15  cm.  long,  1.7  mm.  wide.  Spikelets  secund, 
in  two  rows,  slightly  imbricated,  ovate,  broadly  acute.  1.7  mm. 
long,  first  and  second  glunu\s  thin,  2-nerved,  the  first  ciliatc  on  the 
margins. 

Mexico,  J\ihuer  3(i7.  PriiKjlo  3129;  Alabama,  Mohr. 

Florida  to  Texas  and  Mexico. 

13.  P.  tenellum  Willd.  Enum.  llort.  Berol.  1:81)  (1800). 
/'.  eh'iians  Fliigge.  Monog.  183  (1810). 

Culms  rather  slender.  GO-!H)  cm.  high.  Sheaths  compressed, 
tlie  lower  ciliate  at  the  throat;  ligule  1-2  mm.  long,  blades  of 
sterile  shoots  condu|)licate.  4-10  cm.  long.  .5-8  mm.  wide,  acute, 
imborulent  above,  those  of  the  culm  1-2  cm.  long.  Panicle  15-30 
"Ml.  long.  Spikes  0-13,  the  lower  5-15  cm.  long,  those  above 
gradually  growing  shorter,  rachis  slightly  flexuose,  0.7  mm.  wide, 
pMbescent  at  the  base  and  very  sparingly  along  the  sides.  Spikelets 
loosely  arrangetl   in  about  four  rows,  some   of  them  on  pedicels 


90  PAMCAl'K/E. 

exeet'diiig  thuir  own  length,  oval,  obtuse  or  subsicute,  2.5-2.7  mm. 
long;  first  and  second  glumes  equal,  3-norved,  but  little  longer 
than  the  lloret. 

Mexico  (San  Luis  Potosi),  Prinffle  3755,  and  farther  south. 
Alkaline  meadows. 

J  4.  P.  Drummondii  C.  Muell.  Jiot.  Zeit.  19:332  (18G1).  /'. 
IvutiyiHosKin  of  Vasey's  Catalogue,  not  Preal. 

Culms  erect,  slender,  smooth,  often  branching  below,  60-90  cm. 
higli.  Siieaths  loose;  blades  1-3  cm.  long,  10-13  mm.  wide,  one 
margin  undulate.  Spikes  3-5,  2-4  cm.  apart,  the  lowest  ones  7-10 
cm.  long,  the  upper  a  little  shorter,  rachis  subflexuose,  less  than  1 
mm.  wide.  Spikelets  in  pairs,  oboi^ate-oval,  minutely  jjubescent  and 
brown-spotted,  a  little  over  2  mm.  long.  Usually  with  a  minute 
sterile  glume  on  the  flat  side  as  in  Panicum. 

Texais,  Kealley  in  18S8. 

15,  P.  macrophyllum  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  et  Sp.  1:92  (1815). 
P.  phi  It  i folium  Fourn.?  Hemsl.  Biol.  Centr.  Am.  Bot.  3:48  (1880). 

Culms  90-1-^0  cm.  high,  smooth.  Sheaths  hispid,  ciliate  at 
the  throiit;  ligule  very  short;  blades  flat,  scabrid  or  smooth, 
18-25  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide,  acuminate,  pungent-pointed. 
Spikes  5-8,  sessile,  scattered,  somewhat  distant,  the  lower  6-12  cm. 
long,  the  others  gradually  shorter,  rachis  flat,  1  mm.  wide.  Spike- 
lets  ])ur])le.  more  or  less  in  four  irregular  rows,  crowded,  ellijitical, 
obtuse.  2-2.:'.  nun.  long,  first  and  second  glumes  equal,  3-nerved. 

Mexi^'o  (Siin  Luis  Potosi),  Priixjle  3779. 

Low  fields. 

Tlie  ])lants  were  identified  by  Professor  Scribner;  who,  on 
account  of  meagre  deseriittions,  is  uncertain  as  to  the  correct 
name.     The  type  specimens  were  not  at  liand  for  comparison. 

16.  P.  plicatulum  Mielix.  Fl.  Bo:.  Am.  1:43  (1803).  P.  uu- 
dttlafiim  Poir.  Lam.  Pmcycl.  5:29  (1804). 

(hdms  30-()0  cm.  high,  simple,  smooth.  Leaf-blades  smooth, 
15-20  cm.  \m\^,  5-8  mm.  wide.  I'anicle  10-13  cm.  long.  Spikes 
5-7,  recurved,  2-6  cm.  long,  the  upi)er  much  the  shorter,  rachis 
less  than  1  mm.  wide,  flexuose.  Spikelets  in  pairs,  one  pair  about 
3  mm.  above  or  below  another  f)air,  oval,  obtuse,  convex  on  the 


back.  3  mm.  loii^,  first  and  second  glumes  r)-nerved,  the  latter 
wlicu  mature  with  '^-'-i  transverse  [»lications  on  each  side,  third 
fjlume  and  palea  brown. 

Mexico  (Hio  Blanco),  PaJiiur  408. 

Texas  to  Florida  and  Mexico. 

17.  P.  setaceum  Michx.  Fl.  Hor.  Am.  1:43  (180.1).  P.  eiliati- 
foJium  Michx.  Fl.  Hor.  1:44  (1S03).  /*.  debite  Michx.  Fl.  IJor. 
Am.  1:44  (1803). 

Culms  ascending,  branching,  very  slender,  50-70  cm.  high, 
Tjcaves  throughout,  or  the  sheaths  only,  smooth,  5-15  cm.  long, 
;)-5  mm.  wide.  Spikes  mostly  single,  terminal,  and  one  or  more 
cxserted  or  included  in  the  sheaths  of  the  upper  leaves,  5-10  cm. 
long;  rachis  tlexuose,  1  mm.  wide.  Spikelets  in  two  or  more  irreg- 
ular rows,  broud-oval,  2.2  mm.  long,  first  glume  3-uerved,  second 
2-nerved. 

Delaware.  Cmifttf  3.5Tfi. 

East  Miussachu setts  to  Illinois  and  southward. 

Var.  ciliatifolium  (Michx.)  Vasey,  Contrib.  V.  S.  Nat.  Herb. 
3:17  (1S!I2).  /'.  ri/iftfifoliinn  Michx.  Fl.  lior.  Am.  1:44  (1S()3). 
P.  dasiiplniUinn  VAX.  IJot.  S.  C.  and  Ga.  1:105  (KSl(i).  Cuhns 
stouter;  leaf-blades  nmstly  longer,  1  cm.  wide:  spikelets  crowded, 
often  appearing  in  more  than  two  rows,  owing  to  the  branching  of 
tlie  pedicels  of  the  spikelets. 

Florida.  V.  S.  [hpt.  Agricul.  3,  from  .1.  //.  Cartiss. 

Southern  States. 

IS.  P.  Humboldtianum  Fliigge,  :Monog.  07  (1810). 

Culms  hard,  not  fiatteued  in  drying,  exserted,  branching  below, 
00-80  cm.  long.  Leaf-blades  numerous,  smooth  or  rough,  Hat, 
Mcuuiinate.  5-1**  cm.  long,  1-1.5  cm.  wide.  Spikes  3-4,  ajjprox- 
imate.  8-10  cm.  long,  rachis  1.5  nnn.  wide.  S|)ikelets  in  i)airs, 
4-rowed,  not  crowded,  pubescent,  oval -lanceolate,  3.3  mm.  long, 
first  glume  with  '^  nerves  on  the  margins  very  close  to  each  other, 
o\t  r  1  mm.  long,  second  glume  smooth,  3-nerved,  third  shorter, 
oval,  obtuse. 

Mexico  (Rio  Blanco),  P(dine)'  i»86. 

Mexico  to  Quito. 


92  PAXICACK.K. 

It.  P.  dilatatum  I'oir.  Liini.  Enoyd.  5::}')  (1S()4).  P.nrnfiim 
Nees,  A^M'ost.  Hnis.  4:5  (IS-JU). 

Culms  'J0-i:5()  cm.  lii^^li,  yimpk".  smooth.  Loul'-bliulos  smooth, 
"0—40  em.  loii^,  7~[)  mm.  \vi(k'.  .S])iki's  Il-T,  rutlicr  irmott',  (J-IO 
em.  long,  nieliis  over  I  mm.  wide.  Spikelets  in  4  rows,  eom- 
prcssetl,  oviite,  ueiite,  pubeseent,  ;).5  mm.  long,  lirst  glume 
5-nerved,  second  3-5-nerved,  third  orbieuliir,  ;.*.5  mm.  long. 

Louisiiinu,  ,1.  A*.  Lmujlois. 

\ar.  decumbens  N'tisoy,  liull.  Terr.  Club.  13:  IGO  (188G). 

Culms  shorter  and  decumbent.     Spikes  usually  3-4. 

•.'0.  P.  pubiflorum  Hui»r.  Hull.  Hrux.  1).  inirt  2.',>;}r  (184;2). 
P.  Iiiillii  \'asey  and  8eribn.,  \'asey  in  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  13:05 
(I88(i). 

Culms  geniculate  and  rooting,  branching  below,  nodes  pubescent, 
G0-90cm.  high.  Ligule  firm,:.'  mm.  long;  blades  smooth,  flat,  lO-;.'0 
cm.  long,  G-8  mm.  wide.  Spikes  3-G,  approximate,  *2-G  em.  long, 
nichis  l.T  mm.  wide.  Spikelets  mostly  in  couples,  those  in  direct 
lineal  line  distant  about  'Z  mm.,  obtuse,  finely  pubescent,  ovate, 
oval  or  obovate,  obtuse,  2.7  mm.  long,  first  and  second  glumes 
3-nerved. 

Mexico  (Chihuahua),  Pringle  374;  Texas,  Nealley ;  Lower 
California,  Palnwr  45. 

Alabama  to  Texas. 

Var.  glaucum  Scribn.,  ined. 

Glaucous;  culms  erect,  rigid;  sheaths  hairy;  spikelets  more 
hairy. 

Mexico  (Coahuila),  Pritujle  437. 

31.  P.  rectum  Xees,  Hook.  Kew  Journ.  3  :  104  (1850).  P. 
monostac/n/ittn  Vasey,  ('hapm.  Fl.  S.  States,  Suppl.,  6G5  (1889). 

A  smooth  erect  perennial,  GO-00  cm.  high,  from  creeping  root- 
stocks.  Leaf- blades  firm,  conduplicate,  30-GO  cm.  long.  3-3  mm. 
wide.  Spikes  erect,  much  exserted,  mostly  single,  sometimes  two, 
approximate.  13-30  cm.  long,  raehis  round  on  the  back,  slightly 
fiexuose,  about  1  mm.  wide.  Spikelets  in  pairs,  those  in  lineal 
rank  nearly  touching  each  other,  smooth,  oblong,  3.5-3  mm.  long; 


I'ANUEE.  93 

first  glume  sliortiT  tlum  the  llorct,  thin,  3-norvetl,  second  equalling 
the  lloret,  5-nerv<'d. 

The  above  nanie  is  given  on  the  authority  of  tjeneral  Munro, 
who  liad  seen  tlie  phints  of  I).  (Jarber. 

Florida,  (iarbcr  'Z'ii,  in  the  year  1877,  now  in  the  herbarium 
of  Harvard  University. 

2)i.  P.  Boscianum  Fliigge,  Monog.  170  (ISIO),  P.  purpiintx- 
cens  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  and  (ia.  1:  108  (18iG). 

Culms  decumbent  or  erect,  (iO-DO  em.  high.  Leaf-blades  (hit, 
smooth  or  hairy  at  the  base,  often  purple,  ;>(>  cm.  long,  G-S  min. 
wide.  Spikes  5-7,  stmietimes  lO-'^O,  not  crowded,  5-8  cm.  long, 
rachis  Hat,  2  mm.  wide.  Spikelets  smooth,  obtuse,  crowded  in 
2-4  rows,  oval  or  obovate,  2.3  mm.  long,  first  and  second  glumea 
5-nerved,  third  and  })alea  dark  brown  or  black  when  mature. 

Korth  Carolina,   IJ.  S.  Dvpt.  Agn'riil.  from  McCarthy. 

North  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Texiis.  TiuTe  is  considerable 
doubt  as  to  the  correct  name  of  the  grass  here  described. 

23.  P.  distichium  L.  AmaMi.  Acad.  5:301  (1759). 

Culms  ascending,  20-(I0  cm.  high,  from  a  long  creeping  base, 
extending  beyond  the  upper  sheath.  Sheaths  smooth;  blades 
linear-lanceolate,  crowded  below,  flat,  glaucous,  glabrous  or  rough 
above,  4-12  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide.  Spikes  2,  rarely  3,  3-0 
cm.  long,  1  sessile,  the  other  on  a  short  peduncle,  rachis  flat  on 
the  back,  1-2  mm.  wide.  Spikelets  smgle  in  two  rows  (some- 
times crowded  in  more  than  two  rows),  those  in  the  middle  of  a 
lineal  line  overlapping  one  fourth  their  length,  oval,  ovate.  3  mm. 
long;  on  the  flat  side  sometimes  a  slender,  1-nerved  glume,  first 
ordinary  glume  5-nerved,  second  3-nerved. 

Delaware.  Cnnby ;  Florida,  Curtis^  3567  ;  Texas,  Kpnnoijy 
Scribner  3567  from  Tweedy;  Xew  Mexico.  Vasey ;  Arizona,, 
PriiKjli' ;  Oregon,  Howell;  Mexico.  Palmer  2'i'i.  603. 

Virginia,  south  and  west;  also  East  India  and  Australia. 

24.  P.  lividum  Trin.  MS.  Schlecht.  in  Linn.  26:383  (1853-5). 
Culms  branching  below.  60-80  cm.  high.     Leaf-blades  12-20 

cm.  long,  4  mm.  wide.  Spikes  4-10,  2-4  cm.  long,  approximate 
or  crowded,   the  whole  8-10  cm.    long,   rachis  flat,  2  mm.  wide. 


94  PANIC  AlE.E. 

Si)ikelet8  rutlier  iiat,  oviil,  ubrui)tly  jjoiiited,  smooth,  piilf  ^'reeii,  in 
4  rows  or  irregularly  arranged,  'Z.5  iiiiii.  loug,  tirst  ami  st'cond. 
glumes  3-uerved,  third  a  little  shorter,  obtuse. 

Mexieo,  Pidnur  20C. 

Texas  to  Mexico. 

25.  P.  elatum  Uieh.  Doell,  Mart.  Fl.  liras.  2,  part  2,  78  (IHT:). 

Culms  erect,  glabrous,  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes,  50-00  em. 
high.  Leaf-blades  20-1)0  em.  long,  1.5-2.5  wide,  tlat,  smooth 
excepting  the  margins,  which  are  rough,  apex  narrowly  acuminate. 
Spikes  5-T,  l-:J  em.  I  'om  each  other,  4-S  cm.  long,  s])reading, 
rachis  Hat  on  the  back,  2  mm.  wide.  Spikclets  in  pairs,  in  four 
crowded  rows,  obovate,  subacute,  li  mm.  long,  first  and  second 
glumes  with  1  nerve  in  the  middle  and  2  near  each  nuirgin. 

J^ouisiuna,  J.  />*.  Lanylais  in  lb80. 

Found  from  Florida  to  Texas. 

20.  P.  Buckleyanum  Vasey,  Bull.  Terr.  Club,  13: 107  (1880). 

Culms  simple,  smooth,  decumbent  ut  the  base,  OO-DO  cm.  high. 
Leaf-blades  scabrous,  conduplicatc,  20-40  cm.  long,  3-4  mm. 
wide.  Panicle  erect.  12-18  cm.  long;  si)ikes  3-0,  altenuite,  2-3.5 
cm.  distant,  tlie  lower  G-T  cm.  long,  the  upper  3-4  cm.  long, 
rachis  straight.  S[tikclets  light-colored,  in  four  rows,  the  middle 
ones  overlapjiing  for  half  their  length,  elliptical,  oblong,  acute, 
2.5-2.T  mm.  long,  first  and  secontl  glumes  sparingly  pubescent, 
3-5-nerved. 

Nearly  related  to  P.  liciditiH,  from  which  it  ilillers  in  its  longt-r 
l)aniclc.  more  numerous,  longer  and  more  distant  spikes,  and  liie 
spikclets  pubescent. 

'I'exas.  Jii(ckh>)/  and  XcdJ/ci/. 

27.  P.  vaginatum  S\v.  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  1:135  (1797). 

Culms  from  a  creej)ing  base,  intei'nodes  short,  10-40  cm.  high. 
Leaf-blades  smooth,  distichous,  involute,  pointed,  3-9  cm.  long. 
Spikes  2,  rarely  3  or  4,  2-5  vm.  long,  on  exserted  pedicels.  Spike- 
lets  in  two  rows,  overlapping  about  one  fourth  of  their  length, 
oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  4  mm.  long,  first  glume  5-uerved,  second 
2-nervcd. 

Florida,  J.  //.  Cnrfitift. 


PANICK.E.  95 

Florida  to  'I'exas  in  saliiu'  swamps. 

2S.  P.  notatum  KIiiji:,iri',  (irain.  N[oiio^'.  106  (1810). 

Culnia  50-TO  cm.  Iiigli,  ascc'iidinjf  from  a  stout  root-stock. 
Leat'-bhules  narrow,  smooth.  Spikes  "i.  oxsorted,  diverjfinj;.  7-1 0 
cm.  long,  approximate,  l)oth  sossili',  rachis  Hat  on  tlu*  back,  1  mm. 
wide.  Spikelets  smootli,  sin^de.  in  two  rows,  those  in  tlie  same 
row  in  tlie  ini(hUe  of  the  spike  overhippinj,'  one  fourtli  of  their 
h'Mi^'th,  ovate  or  oval,  ohtust',  ',].5  mm.  long:  tirst  ghime  tlr'n,  with 
two  prominent  nerves  toward  each  margin,  second  firmer,  5-nerved. 

From  l)allast  f(»und  at  Camden,  N.  .1.,  eoll.  l)v  Scribner. 

Near  the  (in! f  coast,  West  Indies,  Mexi<'o,  Brazil. 

'.>i).  P.  praecox  >\'alt.  Kl.  Car.  75  (ITSS).  /'.  Imtifrrutti  Lam. 
Illustr.  1:  i:,-)  (in*!). 

Culms  simple,  smooth.  (lO-l'-iO  cm.  high,  much  exserted.  Leaf- 
l)lades  smooth  or  hairy  below,  lo-.'JO  c!n.  long.  15  mm.  wide. 
Spikes  3-(),  4-0  cm.  long,  separated  about  their  own  length  from 
each  other,  rachis  1  mm.  wide.  S})ikelets  single,  in  two  rows, 
those  in  a  row  ovei-hipiiing  for  about  half  their  length,  or  some  of 
the  pedicels  branching,  then  3-4  rows,  compressed.  lU'arly  orbicular, 
or  broad  oval,  '^.'^-.'5  mm.  long,  first  and  second  glumes  :}-nerved, 
or  two  outer  obscure  nerves,  making  5  in  each. 

Florida,  J.  If.  Ciir/iss  li'MK     Southern  States. 

30.  P.  IsBve  Michx.  Fl.  Uor.  Am.  1:44  (180:}). 

Cidms  upright  or  decumbent,  simple,  60-1 '.'O  em.  high. 
Sheaths  compressed  ;  bhides  Hat.  smootli,  30  cm.  long.  7  mm.  wi<le. 
Spikes  3-5,  5-10  cm.  long,  approximate,  usually  widely  diverging, 
rachis  about  1  mm.  wide,  flcxuose  or  stiaight.  S[)ikelets  single,  in 
two  rows,  little  if  at  all  overhniping.  broad-oval.  3  mm.  long,  first 
and  second  glumes  smooth,  5-nerved.  Nearly  allied  to  P.  Flori- 
'hi II II in  ^lichx.     Pa.  (Phila.),  Srribncr  3570. 

Moist  soil  ;  South  New  p]ngland  to  Florida  and  Texas. 

31.  P.  giganteum  lialdwin,  ined. ;  see  Hull.  Torr.  Club,  13:166 
(1886). 

Culms  simple,  90-150  cm.  high,  exserted.  Leaf-blades  flat, 
smooth,  oreet,  35-50  cm.  long,  2  em.  wide.  Spikes  3-4,  4-5-10 
cm.  apart,  spreading,  15-:iO  cm.  long,  rachis  stout,  round  on  the 


96 


PAXICACE.E. 


biick,  somewhat  floxno^c,  l.T  mm.  wide.  Spikelets  in  pairs,  those  in 
lineal  rank  with  pedicels  5-0  mm.  ajjart.  smooth,  hroad-ovfil, 
almost  acnte,  :>.."»— t  mm.  long,  first  and  second  glumes  5-nerved. 

Florida,  ('i/rfiss  in  l'^'^'). 

Not  yet  heard  from  in  any  other  state. 

•.VI.  P.  Floridanum  Miehx.  Fl.  Hor.  Am.  1:44  (ISO!}). 
P.  ninrrosjH'niiKs  Fliigge,  Monog.  17'2  (ISIO). 

Cidms  erect,  simjde.  fiO-150  em.  high.  Sheaths  hairy;  blades 
30-40  em.  long.  5-T  mm.  wiile,  hairy  or  smooth,  the  upi)er  very 
short.     Spi]<es  3-5,  erect,  rachis  1-1.7  mm.  wide,  llexuose,  8-12 


Fig.  23. — Paspalum  Floridanum.    A,  spike;  a,  spikelets;  b,  c,  florets; 
d,  tlower;  e,  racbis.     (Scribner.) 

cm.  long.  Spikelets  in  3  rows,  those  in  a  direct  line  overlapping 
for  abont  one  third  of  their  length,  smooth,  oval,  obtuse,  3.5-4.5 
mm.  long,  first  and  second  glumes  5-nerved.  Nearly  allied  to 
y.  heve  Miclix. 


PANICIvE.  97 

Virgiiiiii  to  Florida,  Arkansas  to  Texas. 

Var.  glabratum  Eu<rt'lm. 

Leaves  smooth;  spikes  5-T>  rachis  1-1.5  mm.  wide;  spikelets 
4  mm.  loiiir. 

Louisiana. 

23.  (;5).  Anthjenantia  Beauv.  Agrost.  48,  t.  10,  f.  7  (IS  1-2). 
Anthnmiilia  W.  Br.  Fliiul.  Voy.  -^ :  App.  (III.)  582  (ISU). 
Aiihuauthus  Ell.  Hot.  S.  C.  and  (ia.  1  :  102  (1810).  Auhtxia 
Nutt.  CJen.  1  :  47  (1818).  Leptocornphiuni  Noes,  Agrost.  liras. 
83  (1824). 

Spikelets  jointed  with  the  apex  of  the  pedicels,  oval,  sometimes 
acute,  racemose  or  slender,  ereet,  ])ranches  of  a  loose  contracted 
panicle  containing  1  perfect  terminal  llower  and  1  staminate  or 
neuter.  Em{)ty  glumes  nearly  equal,  membranous,  hairy,  as  long 
as  the  llorets  or  longer  ;  fertile  floret  membranous  when  young, 
becoming  iirmer  with  age,  the  apex  soft.  Stamens  3.  Styles 
distinct.     Grain  enclosed,  but  not  adherent. 

The  genus  is  closely  related  to  Panicntn,  but  lacks  the  small 
lowest  glume  of  that  genus. 

There  are  3  species,  2  of  which  are  f  und  in  North  Amei-ica, 
the  other  in  South  America. 

1.  A.  rufa  (Ell.)  Schult.  Mant.  2  :  258  (1824).  Avla.rmitlms 
rufuA  Ell.  1.  c.  Panicum  rvftim  Kiinth,  Rev.  Gram.  1  :  35 
(1829). 

A  slender  tufted  perennial,  50-150  cm.  high,  from  creeping 
rootstocks,  smooth  throughout  save  the  spikelets.  Leaf-blades 
erect,  flat  or  conduplicate.  almost  obtuse,  the  lower  often  40-00 
cm.  long,  3-4-6  mm.  wide.  Panicle  exserted,  slender,  interrupted, 
5-12  cm.  long.  Spikelets  3  mm.  long,  hairs  spreading,  outer 
empty  glumes  oval,  5-nerved,  red  near  the  apex,  with  4  vertical 
rows  of  hairs,  third  glume  (floral  glume  of  the  lower  floret)  thin, 
oval,  3  mm.  long,  with  no  flower,  floral  glume  of  fertile  floret 
delicately  5-nerved,  its  palea  delicately  4-nerved. 

Florida,  A.  H,  Cnrtiss  3003;  Mississippi,  J.  Donnell  Smith  in 
1885. 

Pine-barren  swamps.     Southern  States. 


98 


PAXRACE.K. 


2.  A.  villosa  Beauv.  Agrost.  48.  /.  10,/.  7:  748  (1S12).  Aulaxan- 
thus  ciUattis  Ell.  1.  c.  Pnnicnm  if/Honthati  Kimtli,  1.  c.  A  slender 
tufted  perennial  with  creeping  rootstocks,  smooth  throughout,  save 
the  margins  of  the  leaves  and  the  spikelets,  30-120  em.  high. 
Leaf-blades    Hat,    acuminate,    the   lower   spreading,    those  ou  the 

middle  of  the  culm  5-H   cm.    long,   4-0   mm. 

wide.     Panicle    exserted.    slender,    10-18    cm. 

long.     Spikelets    elliptical   or   oval,    3-4   mm. 

long,  pale  green,  hairs  fewer  than  on  the  former 

species,    usually   appressed ;   outer  glume  3-5- 

nerved.    with    4   vertical    rows   of  hairs;   third 

Fk;.  2i>.  —  Aiitft(rnan-  glume  (floral  glume  of  the  lower  floret)  thin,  en- 
tia  villosa.     Spike-      ,     .  .  .       -i       i 

let.    (Scribiier.)       closing  a  stammate  liower;  fertile  floret  much 

like  that  of  the  former  species. 

Florida,  A.  If.  ( 'tniiss  Dn'M.  (iarbcr  198,  2i7;  North  Carolina, 
(r.  McCarfJii/;  Louisiana.  ^1.  />'.   Ldiiijlois. 

Dry  gravelly  soil.  Southern  States. 

3.  A.  lanata  (H.  H.  K.)  Henth.  Journ.  Linn.  Soe.  19: 30  (1882). 
Pasjuihini  htiuitini}  II.  H.  K.,  Nov.  Gen.  et  Sp.  1:  !»4.  /.  2!»  (1815). 
Lppfororif/i/iium  lanafiim  Xees,  Agrost.  Bras.  2  :  84  (1 82ft). 

A  slender  tufted  ]M'ivunial,  smooth  throiigliout,  excepting  the 
margins  and  the  throat  of  the  sheaths  and  the  spikelets.  30- 
50  cm.  high.  Leaf-blades  Hat  or  involute,  acuminate.  3-4  mm. 
wide.  Panicle  exserted,  erect,  rather  densely  many-flowered.  10-18 
cm.  Ion?.  S]ukelets  pale  green  or  straw-colored,  linear-lanceolate, 
3.5-4.5  mm.  long,  outer  om])ty  glumes  ovate-lanceolate.  7-nerved. 
with  4  vertical  rows  of  hairs,  third  glume  ovate-lanceolate,  thin  aiul 
slightly  hairy  at  the  apex,  delicately  5-7-nerved.  4  mm.  long  : 
palea  much  like  the  third  glum?,  delicately  4-nerved.  Apparently 
a  s])ikelet  with  2  emjity  glumes.  1  floral  glume,  and  1  palea. 

South  Mexico.  Cuba,  also  in  several  )>arrs  of  South  .America. 

24.  (4).  AmphiCARPON  IJaf.  Am.  ^lonth.  Mag.  2  :  175  (1818). 
Amphirnrpnu)  Kunth.  Gram.  1  :  28  (1820). 

Spikelets  1-flowered.  oblong  or  ovoid,  articulate  with  the  pedi- 
cels, of  two  kinds,  in  narrow,  erect,  exserted  interrupted  panicles, 
containing  perfect  flowers  which  seldom  bear  fruit ;  the  other  kind 


FANK'E.E. 


99 


larger,  bearing  pistillate  or  ])orfect  flowers  at  the  apex  of  slender 
peduueles,  wliieh  bear  sheathing  braets  near  the  base.  Glumes  3, 
the  outer  eni})ty,  nearly  ecpial  (sometimes  with  another  very  small 
one  outside),  the  floral  glume  shorter,  delieately  membranous,  or  in 
the  fertile  flowers  soon  becoming  hard.  Stamens  or  staminodea  ,'3, 
Styles  distinct.     (J rain  oblong,  enclosed,  but  not  adherent. 

(Ji'asses  with  flat  or  involute  blades.     ISomewhat  nearly  related 
to  Miliut/iiiud  /'(uiicKin.     There 
are  2  species,  both  found  in  the 
southeastern      portion     of      the 
United  States. 

1.  A.  amphicarpon  (Pursh) 
Nash.  Mem.  Torr.  Hot.  Club,  5: 
352  (1804).  Miliian  amphicar- 
2)011  Pursh,  FI.  Am.  S-pt.  1  :G'2,  t. 
2  (ISU).  Milium  v  Hi  at  urn 
Muhl.  Gram.  77  (18ir).  A. 
Piirsliii  Kunth.  Hev.  Gram.  28 
(l82!)-3r)). 

An  erect  tufted  annual  or  bi- 
ennial. 30-120  cm.  high.  Culms 
slender,  smooth.  JJlade  and 
sheath  hispid  with  rigid  hairs  ; 
the  former  5-10  cm.  long,  3-10 
mm.  wide,  the  upper  blade  rudi- 
mentary, the  next  below  very 
short  and  narrow.  Spikelets  on 
tlie  strict  panicle,  elliptical,  acute, 
4  mm.  long,  first  and  second 
glumes  5-nerved  ;  floral  glume 
delicately    5-nerved  ;    palea     3- 

nerved  ;    subterranean    spikelets  fig.  2i.- Amphicarpon  amphimrpon. 
oval,  acute,  about  8  mm.  long,      J,  si)ik("l.'t  on  the  lop  of  plimt;  <«,  6, 

dori'ts;    B,     subtemncan     spikclet. 
first  and  second  glumes  15-1 1>-      (Sciibner.) 

nerved.     Grain  ovoid,  terete,  obtuse,  4  mm.  long. 


100  PANICACE.E. 

Some  of  the  plants,  wlieii  only  15   cir     high,  with  no  panicle 
above,  produce  subterranean  fertile  spikelets. 

Specimens  collected  on  the  i)inc-barrens,  New  Jersey,  in  I8S4. 

New  .Jersey  to  Florida. 

"•i.  A.  Floridanum  (Chapm.)  Anij)Jiirarj)i<ni  Horidauum  Chap- 
man. Fl.   S.  States  573  (18G0). 

An  erect  pale  green  perennial,  30-00  cm.  high,  branching  below 
from  creeping  rootstocks.  Sheaths  fringed  on  the  margins  ;  blades 
linear-lanceolate,  rigid,  nearly  smooth.  l*aiucle  thin  and  narrow, 
10-20  cm.  long,  containing  spikelets  which  are  lance-ellipticul,  <i-7 
mm.  long.  Emi)ty  glumes  3,  first  1-'^  mm.  long,  second  and  third 
nearly  cciual,  7-8-nerved;  iloral  glume  membranous,  5-7-nerve(l, 
its  palea  with  1-2  nerves  toward  each  margin.  Subterranean  spike- 
lets  not  seen.  Anthers  of  the  radical  llowers  im})erfect  :  grain 
conipressed,  globose,  jiointed.  '*  I'alea>  of  the  radical  llowers  crus- 
taceous  at  maturity."  Ciiapman's  Flora.  Banks  of  the  Apala- 
chicola  IJiver.  Florida.     Sept.  and  Oct. 

35.  (5).  EriochloaII.  W.  K.  Nov.  (ion.  et  Sp.  1  :  94  (1815). 

Momu'lnie  Beauv.  Agrost,  49.  /.  10  (1812). 

Hchpux  Trin.  Fund.  Agrost.  lO:}  (1820). 

Guli/m-Jnic  Link,  Ilort.  Herol.  1:  51  nS27). 

AgJi/ria  Willd.  ex  Steud.  Nom.  Fd.  2.  1  :  37  (1840). 

A/i/rui  Willd.  ex  Steud.  1.  c.  (W)  (1840). 

Spikelets  with  1  perfect  llower.  and  in  some  cases  with  a  second 
staminate  or  neuter  one.  without  protruding  awns,  with  a  callus, 
annular  or  almost  cupliko  base,  articulate  on  a  short  pedicel,  in  1-2 
rows,  along  one  side  of  the  simple  branches  of  a  simple  panicle. 
Empty  glumes  usually  membranous,  equal  or  suborpud;  floral  glume 
of  the  terminal  floret  shorter,  of  a  firm  corioaceous  texture,  obtuse, 
but  tipped  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  or  a  point  or  short  awn,  not  exceed- 
ing the  outer  glumes:  its  palea  of  much  the  sanu'  texture.  Stamens 
3.     Styles  distinct,  rather  long.     (J rain  enclosed,  but  not  adherent. 

Bentham,  in  Floha  Aisthaijkxsis  and  in  (iKXKitA  Planta- 
RUM,  defines  this  genus  as  1 -flowered.  In  accordaiuic  with  a  sugges- 
tion by  Vasey.  in  Botanical  (iAZirrn;.  p.  90,  1884,  I  have  changed 
the   generic  character  to  include   Panicum   inoUe   ^lichx.,   which 


PAXICE.E.  101 

has  ii  second  staniiiKito  flower  below  tlie  perfect  one.  Tlic  genns 
has  the  hubit  rather  of  the  section  Urachidvia  of  Pdiiiriiiii  than 
of  PitsjHdiiin.  but  wants  the  sinull  lower  glume  of  the  former  genus, 
and  differs  ;om  both  in  tlie  peculiar  callus.  A  few  species  of  I'aiii- 
cuiii  have  more  or  less  of  a  callus. 

There  are  about  T  species,  5  found  in  North  America.  1  in  Asia, 
1  in  Africa.     Some  extend  to  Australia. 

The  most  luitural  key  for  aiding  to  lind  the  name  of  a  species 
Avoidd  start  out  with  a,  those  in  which  the  fertile  florets  are  mu- 
cronate  ;  b,  those  in  which  the  fertile  parts  are  awnless.  but  have  a 
tuft  of  liairs  at  the  apex.  The  following  more  artificial  key  may 
be  found  easier  and  e(pially  useful  : 

A.  Spikes  f>-7.  simple,   erect (a) 

a.   IMades  short  and  l-l.T)  cm.  wide 1 

a.   Blades  long  aiul  narrow (b) 

b.  Lower  spikes  'Z  cm.  or  less  long 2 

b.   Lower  spikes  4-5  cm.  long 3 

B.  Spikes  more  than  7 (c) 

c.  Spikelets  abruptly  pointc'l,  4  mi;  .  long 4 

c.  Spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  3.5-4  mm.  long 5 

c.  Spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  5  or  more  mm.  long.  ...  G 

1.  E.  Lemmoni  Vas.  &  Scrib.  Coult.  Hot.  Gaz.  9  :  185  (1884). 


Fio.  25. — EHochloa  Lemtnoni.    A,  spikes;  n,  b,  spikelets;  c,  floret.     (Scribner.) 

Culms  ascciuling.  branching  below,  50-00  cm.  high,  and  with 
the  sheaths  and  blades  clothed  with  fine,  soft  pubescence.     Sheaths 


102  PANICACE^. 

nitlior  loose,  mostly  shorter  than  the  inteniodes  ;  ligule  a  ciliate 
ring;  blades  flat,  ueumiuate,  8-15  em.  long,  1-1.5  cm.  wide. 
Panicle  simple,  0-10  em.  long,  rays  4-8,  s])ikelike,  secund,  sjiread- 
ing  in  ilower,  erect  iu  fruit,  2-3  cm.  long,  clothed  with  short  hairs. 
S])ikelets  in  pairs,  1  a:ubsessile,  })ubescent,  lauce-elliptieal,  acute, 
")-()  mm.  long.  Outer  glumes  soft-hairy  excepting  the  obtuse 
tij),  ecpuil,  narrowly  ovate,  first  5-uerved,  second  8-nerved  :  floral 
glume  2.5-3.5  mm.  long,  finely  wrinkled,  oblong  or  obovute-oblong, 
apex  subacute,  with  a  tuft  of  short  hairs. 

Mexico,  Palmer  110%  Pringle  2317. 

2.  E.  sericea  Munro,  Vasey's  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3  :  31 


A  slender  tufted  perennial,  about  50  cm.  iiigh,  clothed  from 
culm  to  spikelet  with  very  short  pubescence.  Sheaths  reaching 
above  the  nodes  ;  blades  flat  or  involute,  12-20  cm.  long,  3-5  mm. 
wide.  Panicle  exserted  or  j)artially  enclosed,  simple,  7-13  cm. 
long,  bearing  4-G  simple,  secund  spikes  about  2  cm.  long  and  dis- 
tant their  own  length  fi-om  each  other.  Spikelets  narrowly  oval, 
acute,  4-4.5  mm.  long,  borne  on  short  pedicels,  on  whicli  some  of 
the  hairs  often  extend  to  the  apex  of  the  spikelet,  first  and  second 
glumes  ecpial,  5-nLrvcd;  fertile  floret  oval,  very  briefly  mucrouate. 

Texas.  L'ererrJion  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  37. 

Texas  and  New  Mexico. 

3.  E.  longifolia  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Xat.  Herb.  3:21  (1802). 
E.  moUh  h»i(jif:>lin  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club.  13:25  (1880). 

CuIjus  smooth,  .dender,  braiu'hing,  (!0-120  cm.  high.  Lower 
sheatlis  nearly  as  long  as  the  internodes  ;  blades  smooth,  e:.cept  the 
soft  hairs  at  the  nodes,  30-00  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide.  Panicle 
exserted,  slender,  12-20  cm.  long,  of  5-8  pedicellate  alternate 
spikes,  the  lower  one  5  cm.  long,  the  others  gradually  shorter; 
general  rachis  and  rays  finely  pubescent.  Spikelets  10-12  to  the 
sjjike.  third  glume  destitute  of  a  flower,  fertile  floret  short-awned. 

Florida,  Ciniiss. 

4.  E.  mollis  Kunth,  Kev.  Gram.  1:  30  (1830). 

Perennial :  culms  smooth  below,  1-2  m.  high.  Leaf-blades  flat, 
30-50   cm.    long,    1-1.5   cm.    wide,   throat  fringed.     The  nodes. 


PANICE.E.  lOJi 

»<) 

hranclu's  of  the  paniclo  and  spikclots,  villous.  Panicle  open.  '^O-JJO 
(in.  long.  ])ranclies  mostly  sinii»le,  those  helov  1-0  em,  long,  those 
ahove  2  em.  long.  Spikelets  "^-Howered.  mostly  single,  some  in 
pail's  or  in  threes,  oval,  abrnptly  pointed,  4  mm,  long  ;  first  and 
second  glumes  membranous,  obtuse  when  spread.  5-nerved  :  lower 
palea  as  long  as  the  second  glume,  hyaline,  "i-nerved,  enclosing  a 
stamiuate  tlower  ;  fertile  floret  oval,  obtuse  or  mucronate.  .'J  n.m. 
long. 

Much  like  E.  punctata,  and  in  Index  Kewkxsis  placed  with 
that  species. 

"Sea  islands  of  S(mth  Carolina.''  Elliott,  Florida,  CurtisK 
;}('.( M». 

5.  E,  punctata  (L.)  W.  TTamilt.  Prod.  PI.  Tnd.  Occ  o  (ISrjr)). 
M  Hi  a  in  panctatam  L.  Amo-n.  Acad.  5  :  :50'-J  (1750).  I/i'Io/ms 
pi'losas  'Vv'u\.  Fund.  Agrost.  104  (lS"^(t).  Outiparlinr  jtinir/ata 
Link,  Ilort.  IVrol.  1:  51  (lS-^7).  llvlDjms  paiidatax  Nees.  Agrost. 
Bras.  10  (18-^!>). 

Perennial  :  culms  branching  below,  smooth  or  silky  hairy,  es- 
pecially at  the  nodes  and  near  the  panicle.  40-70  cm.  high. 
Sheaths  smooth  or  soft  hairy,  reaching  nearly  to  the  nodes  :  blades 
Hat,  hirsute  above,  5-15  cm.  long.  :{-10  mm.  wide.  Panicle 
simple,  narrow,  exsertcd  or  partially  included,  7-10  <-m.  long, 
rachis  and  branches  short-hairy,  branches  5-S,  secund.  subsimple, 
2-;{  or  even  5  cm.  long.  Spikelets  mostly  single,  some  in  pairs,  on 
])edicels  2-4  mm.  long,  clothed  with  short  hairs,  ovate-lanceolate, 
Ji.5-4  mm.  long,  with  an  awn  0.5-2  mm.  long  :  the  2  empty 
glumes  5-nerved,  first  the  larger  :  fertile  Horet  rough,  narrowly 
oval,  2.5-3  mm.  long,  very  briefly  mucronate.  or  with  the  awn 
longer. 

New  Mexico.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricnl.  17  :  Texas  (Fll  Paso).  Jotien 
4177  ;  Mexico,  Primjle  812  ;  Arizona,  Printjk  ;  Lower  California, 
Patmcr  44. 

Texas,  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  ^fexico,  West  Indies,  Huenos 
Ay  res, 

0.    E.  aristata  Vasey.  Pnll.  Torr.  Club,  13:  220  (1S8C). 

Culms    rather   stout,  decumbent  and  branchin<r  below,  nodes 


104  I'AMCACK.E. 

irlabrnus  or  finely  pnlK'sceiit.  !i()-l-20  cm.  Iiiirli.  Loaf-bliKk's  flat, 
iiciimiiiiitc,  sciihrous  iil>()ve,  l!^-35  I'lii.  loiiii',  1-1. "»  inni.  wido. 
I'iiiiicU'  simple,  tlio  lower  branehcs  8-10  em.  lon<r.  tlio.se  above 
shorter,  raeliis  and  branelies  finely  )inl»esei>nt.  15-'.'5  em.  lonnf. 
S|)il\elets  1 -flowered,  pulu'sei'iit.  ovato-lanceoiate,  S-10  mm.  lonir, 
iiielndinfr  the  frnidually  ta))eriii_ir  awns,  first  lu'lume  wider  and  lonpcr 
than  the  second,  botli  o-nerved  ;  fertile  floret  roiigli,  elliptical, 
shortly  mueronafe.  li.f)  mm.  lony. 
Fonnd  in  Mexico. 

•-m;.  (s).  panicum  l.  Sp.  ri.  55  (ir5:{). 

/>i;/{f(tn'(t  Heist,  ex  .\dans.  Kiini.  2  :  oS.  ood  (1T('>3). 

Er/iiiiui'/il(n(  Mi'anv.  Ai^fost.  i^'.l  t.  11  (isi*,*). 

Ililinvnurlnic  Heanv.  A<rrost.  4S.  /.  Id.  f.  S  (181*2). 

rrorhlaa  Heanv.  Aj^rost.  h'i.  /.  11.  f.  1  (181-.>). 

7'rir/tiir/iiH'  Xees,  Atjrost.  Hras.  85  (182!)). 

linichidria  (iriseb.   I.edeb.  V\.  IJoss.  4  :  4(10  (1853). 

In'DKX  Kkwkxsis  contains  the  names  of  'ib  other  synonym.s. 

Spikelots  with  1  terminal  perfect  flc.werand  often  a  staminate  or 
neuter  flower  below  it,  rarely  awned,  variously  arranjred  alonjj:  the. 
branches  of  a  jianiele.  (ilumes  usually  4.  the  outer  one  smalleiit. 
.sometimes  minute  or  rarely  obsolete,  the  second  and  third  very 
variable  in  relative  jtroportions,  tlie  third  often  with  a  palea  with 
or  without  :>  stamens  in  its  axil,  fourth  or  floral  ulume  smaller,  or 
as  loiiij  as  the  third,  of  a  firmer  texture,  enclosinii'  a  palea  and  per- 
fect flower.  Styles  distinct  or  very  shortly  united  at  the  base, 
(irain  enclosed,  but  not  adherent. 

The  jrenus  is  a  very  lar<je  one.  in  many  resjiects  polymorphous. 
('ontainin<r  250-'280  sjiecies,  thou^irli  nearly  800  supposed  species 
have  been  published.  It  is  not  separated  by  any  universal  charac- 
fere  from  l^aspahim.  Ko  less  th m  ei<rhteen  ijenera  have  at  differ- 
ent times  been  separated  from  't,  but  are  now  reunited,  some  of 
them  as  sections. 

Their  limits  are  far  from  being  absolutely  definite.  Plants  of 
this  genus  are  well  represented  in  the  warmer  regions  of  the  earth. 
Some  of  our  worst  weeds  belong  here,  wliile  P.  miliaceum  {Indian 
Millet),  P.    miliare   (Lilfle    Millet),    P.  fmmentaeeum    {Somoa 


PAXICK.K.  105 

Mllh'f),    P.    rnhnium    {Shama  MiUet),   form  important  articles  of 
food  f<tr  man  and  domestic  animals. 

A.  Dkutvuia  (Heist.  i\<  a  <fcnus).  Spi'irle/s  rroin/nf  .?—i  fn- 
(ji'ther.  nnisthj  in  /xn'rs.  aJoiKj  llie  outer  or  /oiirr  i<i(/f  of  simple 
clustered  l-sidvtl  spik'es  on  s/iort  jiedirels  of  inieiiiial  lemjlh  ; 
outer  glume  rery  snuill  or  obsolete  :  root  most  hi  aittiual.  Some 
s|iecics  arc  very  closely  allied  to  I'aspahnii. 

a.  Spikes  erect,  racliis  less  tlian  O.o  mm.  wide 1 

a.   Spikes  spreading,',  rachis  le.s.s  than  O.o  mm.  witle.   .     .      '2,  '.i 

a.  Spikes  spreading,  racliis  abont  I  mm.  wide (!>) 

1).   Spikelets  ol»lon<r.  acute,  about  :>  mm.  long.       ...     4 

b.   Si)ikelets  elliptical  or  ovoid.      .      .  * (c) 

c.   Leaves  smooth,  o-4  mm.  wide 5 

c.    Leaves  hairy,  't-7  mm.  wide <"> 

B.  TRirn.vt'HN'R  (Xees  as  a  genus).  Spik-ehis  jxniieled.  ,silk\>f- 
lidini.  narrow,  slmder.  chistrred  or  nirel/f  in  pairs  alonrf  tlie 
rarfn's  of  t/te  J-fetr  lonff  ereet  brauehes  :  fruit imj  ijhinie  not 
aiueh  hardened.      Species  f 4- le 7.8,1) 

C.  Hu.vcillARiA  ((fri.seb.  as  a  irenus).  Spik'elets  a/rnless,  sinr/te  or 
in  twos  and  t/treea,  J-^-seriate  along  simple  spik'es  Ixirne  on  tlie 
axis.  Xearlg  idlied  to  Paspaluni.  differing  f  root  tliat  f/enus  in 
/taring  a  small  first  or  lower  gin/ne.  Shading  otf  with  .some  of 
the  sparingly-flowered  species  into  Eupanieum,  comprising 
many  spe(  ies. 

a.   Spikelets  single  and  in  two  rows (b) 

b.   Spikes  4-<>  cm.  long 10.  11 

b.  Spikes  \-'.\  cm.  long (c) 

c.  Spil:es  4-S  approximate \l 

c.   Spikes  S-l'.*  on  about  10  cm.  of  the  axis.    .     .     .  \'.\ 

c.   Spikes  lO-lo  on  20-30  cm.  of  the  axis  ....  14 

a.   Si)ikelets  in  twos  or  threes (b) 

b.  Spikes  appressed.  the  lowest  often  not  overlapping    .  (c) 

c.   Plant  tall,  erect 1,5 

c.    Plant  creei)ing 1(5 

b.  Spikes  spreading,  imbricate (c) 

c.   Peduncles  about  0,5  mm.  diam 17 


106  PAXUACK.E. 

c.  Podnnclos  1  nun.  or  nion^  diiim (d) 

a.    Hliuk'S  lant'o-ovuto,  3  nun.  long IK 

(1.   Hliulos  muc-li  lon«j:cM' Il>.  :i() 

D.  EciiiXociiLOA  (Ueiinv.  us  a  gonns).  Spik'vh'ls  imhriratc,  sjn'ket/, 
si'ssilc  or  OH  short  pediceh  on  two  siites  of  a  triaiiijutar  nieliis, 
u,snnU{i  rough  with  stiff  haim^  the  third  (/I inne  often  awl-pointed 
or  awned.  Usually  coarse  plants;  only  a  slightly  distinct  sec- 
tion of  Panicnm. 

Spikelets  5  mm.  or  more  long 20 

Spikelets  less  than  5  mm.  long (a) 

a.   Spikes  sinij)!!',  about  2  cm.  long 21,22 

a.   Spikes  more  or  less  comimuiul 22.  2:J 

E.  I'TYCiioi'iiYLLiM  (Hraun  as  a  genus).  Tall  with  ample  leaves. 
Panicle  siinjde  or  roitipoand,  man //-flowered.  Spikelets  subses- 
sile,  subtended  b//  a  solilar//  bristle,  Avhich  seems  to  connect  these 
species  with  Chamwraphis  {Setaria).  The  setfe  of  this  section, 
however,  are  merely  the  tips  of  the  ultimate  spikelet-bearing 
branches  of  the  panicle,  whereas  the  sette  of  Channpraphis  are 
abortive  branchlets,  forming  a  kind  of  involucre  below  the  spike- 
let.     A  small  and  distinct  section 2-i,  25 

F.  IIymexachxk  (lieauv.  as  a  genus).  Spikelets  small  or  minute 
in  a  spikelike  panicle.     Species  5  or  (> 20 

G.  Eri'AxrcrM.  Spikelets  iu  /mnicles,  awnless,  mostl//  pedicellate. 
Containing  about  2(»0  species,  strictly  normal  in  structure. 
Several  of  the  cultivated  Millets  belong  in  this  section.  (K.  M.) 
K.  Virgaria 'Vrm.    Spikelets  pointed,  often  in  pairs.    Branches 

of  the  panicle  mostl//  angular. 

Stiff  hairs  on  the  pedicels 27 

No  bristles  nor  stiff  hairs  on  the  pedicels (a) 

a.  Spikelets  conspicuously  white,  pubescent 28 

a.  Spikelets  with  appressed.  silky  hairs  as  seen  by  a 

lens 2!> 

a.  Spikelets  not  white,  pubescent  nor  hairy (b) 

b.  Spikelets  clothed  with  short  hairs  from  callus- 
bases ;}() 

b.  Spikelets  smooth  or  slightly  rough (c) 


PAMCE.K.  107 

c.  Spiki'lets  '.]  in   number.  5-0  mm.   lonjr.    very 

narrow  (some  plants  of  30) 31,  32 

c.  Spikclets  about   5  mm.   long,  ovoid  or  ovul, 

acute 33 

c.  Spikelets  3  in  number,  5-6  mm.  long,  wider  .  (d) 

d.   Panicle  narrow,  simple,  bludes  smooth.  .     .  34 

d.   Panicle  diffuse,  large (e) 

e.   Slieatlis  pubescent 35 

e.   Sheaths  smooth 36 

c.  Spikelets  about  8  nun.  long,  ovate-lanceolate.  .  37 

c.   Spikelets  usually  4  mm.  long  or  less,     .     .     .  (f) 
f.  Panicle  very  narrow,  simple,  culm  and  leaves 

slender 38 

f.  Panicle  spikelike,  many-flowered.      ...  39 

f.  Panicle  diffuse (g) 

g.   Si)ikelets   less  than  2  mm.   long,   plant 

slender 40 

g.  Si)ikelets  about  •i.5  mm.  long.     .     .     .  (h) 

h.   IJootstocks  creeping 41 

h.    Ikootstocks  not  creoping.     .     .  4'^.  43,  44 
g.  Spikelets  acute  on  very  slender  pedicels  of 

a  large  diffuse  panicle (i) 

i.   Annual :  sheatlis  usually  hirsute,  sjjikc- 

lets  *^-2.T  mm.  long 45 

i.  Annual;  slu'aths  usually  hirsute,  spike- 
lets 3.'-i-3.5  mm.  long 46 

i.  Sheaths  usually  smooth,  spikilets  3.5- 

6  mm.  long 34 

i.  Sheaths    usually    smooth,  spikelets  4 

mm.  long 36 

g.  Perennial  :    smooth,    bulbous.     s))ikelets 

terete,  3-4  mm.  long 47 

g.   Perennial  ;    scaly    rhizomes,    spikelets   4 

mm.  long 48 

g.   Perennial  ;  tufted,  spikelets  3.5-4   mm. 

long,  blades  3-4  mm.  wide 49 


108  PAMCACKvE. 

<f.    I'tTcmiial ;  liiivii.c.  s|iikcl('ts  4  niiii.  long, 

IiIikIcs  )i-l(i  111  III.  \\i<U' r)(i 

M.  Miliitriii  Trill.     Spihhis   ahovati'  or   vUijisoidal,  ublase  or 
hni'i'hi  /loin ltd. 

Spiki'k'ts  with  'i  proiiiiiiciit  rows  of  Imirs 51 

S|)ik('l('ts  warty,  roii<flu'iu'(| C)'i 

Spikclcts  tiiiclv  <rlainliiliii'  on  the  siirracc.    .      .  ^u\,  54,  5o,  ')(> 

Spikt'lots  inon'  or  less  piilK'scciit 57 

Spikclcts  unlike  citlicr  of  the  4  previous  scctioii.s.     .     .  (a) 

a.   Spikclets  ahout   1  inin.  lontT *>(S 

a.    Spikt'lcts   i.4  nun.   lon<r.  hlades  -id-;}!!  nun.  widi'.      .  r)!! 
a.   Spikclcts  'i  mm.  lonuf.  hladcs  'i-\  nun.  widi'.    .     .    (lu,  (»| 

a.    S[»ikolcts   1.5-'^  nun.  lon<:,  blades  A-T  nun.  wide.      .  (>•> 

u.   Spikclcts  l.('»-l.{»  nun.  Ion;;,  lilades  1.5  nun.  wide.     .  <!;{ 

a.   Spikclcts  usually  more  tiian  2  nun.  lon<jf (1») 

I).   IMades  2.5  nun.   wide,  strict,  iianiele  small,  vi-ry 

narrow 04 

1).    Mlades  4,<i  nun.  wide,  includinj;  the  bases  of  the 

narrow  {tanii'les.  spikclcts  '^.5  nun.  lon<i:.     .     .     .  (55 
1).   lilades   I-'^  cm.   wide,  spikelets  t>.5-;j  nun.  loni;'; 

jtart  ol" fi(» 

1).   Blades  usually  7  nun.  or  more  wide (e) 

e.    I'aniele   very   siini»le   and   narrow,  sjiikelets  ;} 

mm.  lon^,  blades  10-15  mm.  wide i)H 

c.    Panicle  eomiiound.  spreadin.<r (d) 

d.   Spikelets  2.2-'.>.3  mm.  lonjr,  i)lants  l>0-l-.>0 

cm.  hijrh,  often  hairy (!!> 

d.  Spikelets   i>.:3-;3    nun.    lonir,    blades    1(1-20 

mm.  wide,  jdant  smooth 07 

d.   Spikelets   ']    mm.   lon,ir.    blades  7-13  mm. 

wide 70 

d.   Spikclcts  3-4  mm.  lon<>-.  blades  15-30  mm. 

wide (e) 

e.  Sheaths  often  liairy 71,  72 

e.   Sheaths  smooth 73 

H.  Lasiaces.     Spikelets  ohovate,  hearitiy  a  tuft  of  cilloiis  ilotrn  at 


PANKK.K.  I  (10 

lliv  siiiiiiiiil ;  1*1' Ivd  tij'fi'rlihjJiirt'lijihlioHs  tthuiw.    Sii'iii  slirubby, 
\:ii'ial)U'. 

(hif  spi'cics 74. 

1.  P.  filiforme  L.  S|».  Tl.  :.:  (It"):;),  /'(tsjia/fim  fi/i/onnc 
Fliic^'ii'i'.  (Inim.  Mdiid::'.  l.')'.i  (ISIO).  Dit/iftin'ti  fi/i/oniiis  Mulil. 
(Iriiiii.  i:il  (ISIT).  Sipithn-isiiKf  rillusa  W;ilt.  V\.  Car.  TT  (ITSS). 
tf>l('  Kuiitli. 

Ctilnis  very  sleiitU'r.  tipriirlit.  niiu'li  hraiicluMl  liolow.  30-70  em. 
lii;,'Ii.  Lower  sheaths  liairv  :  hhuU's  siiiootli,  \-'l'i  em.  lonj;,  '.\  mm. 
wi(U'.  Spikes  •.'-s.  erect,  apprnxiiiiate.  4-14  tin.  hjiijjr,  the  raeliis 
liUrorm.  triaiiiruhir,  tlexuese.  Spikelets  in  pairs  or  threes;  in  tlie 
former  ease  tlie  pedieel  of  one  :■;  al)out  its  own  U'njifth.  of  the  other 
more  than  twice  as  loiijr:  tirst  <:lnme  minnte  or  ohsoh-te.  second  and 
third  thin,  clothed  with  minnte  hairs  with  enlarired  tips,  the  former 
half  or  two-thirds  as  loni:  as  the  spikelet.  ;}-nerved,  tlie  longer  7- 
nerved,  fonrth  and  palea  siiorter.  dark  brown. 

New  Jersey,  Svribtivr  W'^W,  lival  fur  M.  A.  C.  ;  CJeorgia, 
('(Hih'i/  :   Mexico,  Pahiier  454,  ")(i'-2. 

Florida.  'I'exas,  and  Mexico. 

2.  P.  Simpsoni  (Vasey).  /'.  stuKjuiuale  L.  var.  Simpsoni 
Vasey,  Contrib.  V.  S.  Nat.  Herb,  ^riry  (1S!C.>). 

Tulms  branching  and  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes,  more  or  less 
compressed,  (»0-l".'0  eni.  iiigh.  Sheaths  about  tlie  length  of  the 
internodes,  softly  imliescent  with  hairs  from  glandular  bases;  ligule 
ciliate.  about  1  mm.  long  ;  blades  flat,  slightly  pubescent.  10-15 
cm.  long.  4 -('>  mm.  wide.  Spikes  S-IO.  digitate  or  approximate, 
spreading.  T^-lo  cm.  long,  the  raehis  slightly  flexuosc.  Hattened, 
0.:?-0.4  mm.  wide.  Spikelets  in  pairs,  one  subsessile,  the  other 
raised  on  a  pedicel  half  or  two-thirds  its  length  :  empty  glumes  '2, 
suberpial.  a  little  longer  than  the  floret,  smooth,  linear,  -t.'i  mm. 
long,  almost  obtuse,  when  spread.  T-nerved ;  floral  glume  obscurely 
3-nerved.     Anthers  linear.  H  mm.  long. 

Florida  (Manatee).  J.  If.  Sintjison  in  1800  for  U.  S.  Dept. 
Agricul. 

n.  P.  setigerum  Beauv.  Fl.  Owar.  I,  /.  40  (1804).  Echhwchloa 
jetigcni  lieauv.  Agrost.  n'.)  (181"2). 


110  PANI('ACE.E. 

Tiilnis  sleuder,  ^eiiiculato.  briuicliiiis:  bi'low.  ^'''-f.O  cm.  hi^h. 
Loaves  more  or  less  pubescent  tlirougliout :  blades  flat.  3-0  cm. 
long,  4-7  mm.  wide.  Si)ikes  3-8,  ap])r()ximate,  spreading'',  4-8 
cm.  long,  rachis  triangular,  flexuoso.  Si)ikelets  in  pairs  or  threes, 
ovate-lanceolate,  2.2  mm.  long,  pedicels  0.5-1. .5  mm.  long,  first 
glume  obsolete,  second  half  as  long  as  the  floret,  tliird  smooth, 
5-nerved. 

Florida,  G.   V.  Nash  906,  in  1894. 

High  pine  land  along  roadsides. 

4.  P.  SANGiiXALi:  L.  Sp.  PI.  57(1753).  Orab-orass.  Fix- 
GER-(}RASS.  Difiitiu-ia  sanguiualis  Scop.  Fl.  Carn.  Ed.  2,  1 :  52 
(1772).  Sipit/icrisma  prwcox  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  76  (1788).  Paspalum 
m)i(iui)w.Je  Lam.  Tabl.  Encvcl.  1: 176  (1791). 

Culms  erect  or  decumbent,  branching  below,  rooting  at  the 
lower  nodes,  30-90  cm.  high.  Leaves  often  pubescent,  blades  flat, 
very  variable  in  length  and  width.  Spikes  4-15,  rarely  2-3.  erect 
or  spreading,  crowded  within  2-3  cm.  at  the  end  of  a  long  peduncle. 
3-15  cm.  long,  the  rachis  usually  flattened  on  the  back,  flexuose, 
1  mm.  or  less  wide.  Spikelets  in  pairs,  1  snbsessile,  the  other 
reaching  half  its  length  above  the  lower,  the  pedicellate  spikelet 
containing  more  pubescence  than  the  other,  oblong,  acute,  2.5-3.5 
mm.  long,  flrst  glume  minute,  second  lanceolate,  about  half  as  long 
as  the  spikelet,  pubescent  or  nearly  smooth,  3-5-nerved,  third 
glume  pubescent  or  nearly  sn'0.,th,  5-7-nerved.  fourth  glume  and 
palea  shorter,  smooth.  Grain  flattened,  oblong.  2  mm.  long,  the 
embryo  less  than  half  its  length. 

New  Jersey,  Srn'hurr  95  ;  ^lassachusetts.  licnl  for  M.  A.  CO: 
Texas,  Jciuipi/  for  Nnt.  Mus.  10.  dcorf/rsoii  22  ;  Xew  York.  Jieitl 
for  M.  A.  C.  11:  Oregon.  Ho  well :  Mexico.  /V////^r  48,  269. 

Introduced  from  Europe  into  gardens,  fields,  and  Avaste  places. 
A  very  common  annual  weed,  thriving  in  warm  weather.  The 
roots  are  very  strong,  making  it  ditticult  to  remove  the  plants. 

5.  P.  LI  \KA UK  Krock.  V\.  Sil.  1  :95  ( 1 7S7).  Dif/ifaritf  liumifHsa 
Pers.  Syn.  1:85  (1805).  Si/iif/icn'sitifi  f/hthni  Srhviu\.  Fl.  (Jerm. 
1:163  (1806).  I'aspaliini  nmbir/KHm  T).  C.  Fl.  Gall.  123  (1806). 
ranicum  gJabrum  (iand.  Agrost.  1:22  (ISll). 


PANICE.E.  Ill 

Culms  spreading,  j)i'ostrate.  or  erect  wliere  crowded  or  sliaded. 
braucliiii<(  freely  below,  15-30  cm.  high.  Leaf-blades  flat,  thin, 
smooth,  3-G  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  wide.  Spikes  2-0,  diverging, 
nearly  digitate,  4-6  cm.  long,  rachis*  flat,  thin,  1  mm.  wide. 
Spikelets  3  together,  successively  overlapping  for  half  their  length, 
ovoid  or  oblong,  2  mm.  long,  first  glume  minute  and  likely  to  be 
overlooked,  second  and  third  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  soft  with  very 
short  hairs,  some  having  enlarged  ti])s,  5-nerved. 

Iowa,  Hitchcock;  Ontario,  Fowler. 

Introduced  from  Europe.  An  annual  grass,  common  especially 
southward. 

Var.  Mississippiense  Oattinger. 

Plant  30-50  cm.  high ;  spikes  7-10  cm.  long,  ra'-hia  nearly 
straight;  spikelets  mostly  in  pairs  or  single.  Tennessee,  Gattinger, 
also  Minneapolis*,  Minn. 

0.  P.  serotinum  (Walt.)  Trin.  (Jram.  Panic.  lOG  (1833). 
Sj/iiflierisma  serofiiia  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  TO  (1T88).  Jhyitaria  serotina 
Michx.  Fl.  lior.  Am.  1 :  40  (1803).  />.  rilhsa  Ell.  Hot.  S.  C.  and 
(la.  1:132  (1800).  PaspaJum  serotiiiuni  Fluegge,  Monog.  140 
(ISlOj. 

Perennial  ;  culms  branching  below,  ascending  from  a  creeping 
base,  10-30  cm.  higli.  Blades  and  sheaths  rough,  hairy,  the  blades 
thin,  flat,  3-7  cm.  long,  5-7  mm.  wiile.  Spikes  3-5,  cxserted  or 
included,  spreading,  not  over  1.5  mm.  apart  at  base,  4-7  cm.  long, 
rachis  thin,  flat,  1  mm.  wide.  Sjjikelets  mostly  in  threes  on  pedi- 
cels of  unequal  lengths,  oblong,  acute,  1.5  mm.  long,  first  glume 
obsolete,  second  one-third  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  3-nerved,  clothed 
with  (irooked  and  knotted  hairs,  third  hairy,  about  as  long  as  tlio 
spikelet,  7-ne''ved. 

Florida,  Cnrfif^s  3000. 

North  Carolina  to  Florida  and  westward. 

7.  P.  lanatum  h'ottb.  Act.  Lit.  Univ.  Tlafn.  1:269  (1778).  P. 
Uncophmun  II.  li.  K.  Nov.  Cen.  et  Sp.  1 :  !t7  (1815). 

Culms  stout,  erect,  00-120  cm.  high.  Leaf-blades  flat,  broadly 
linear,  scabrous,  often  30  cm.  long;  ligule  ciliate.  Panicle  erect, 
contracted,   15-30  cm.    long,  branches  numerous,  5-10  cm.  long. 


112  PANUAl'E/E. 

Spikelets  in  pairs  on  uiiet|Uiil  iJi'diccls.  linear-lanceolate,  4  mm. 
long,  clothed  with  numerous  soft  white  or  brewn  hairs,  as  long  as 
the  spikclet,  first  glume  minute,  second  lanoeolate.  3-nerved.  nearly 
as  long  as  tlie  spikelct.  third  glume  ovate-lanceolate.  5-nerved  ;  no 
j)alea  :  fertile  floret  smooth,  brown,  ovate-lanceolate,  niucronato, 
3.0  mm.  long. 

Florida,    U.    S.    Dcpt.  AgricnJ.  Xo.   80  from   Curtiss;  Texas, 
XeaUcy. 

8.  P.  lachnanthum  A.  firay,  Pacif.  Kail.  IJep.  7:21  (185:). 
Culms  rather  slender,  (JO-90  cm.  high.  Leaf-blades  numerous 
below,  scabrid.  7-15  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide.  I'anicle  slender, 
contracted,  15-20  cm.  long,  the  branches  fewer  and  shorter  than 
in  the  i)receding.  Spikelets  in  pairs,  oval-lanceolate.  3  mm.  long. 
In  other  respects  much  like  P.  hui<rfiaii  II.  »lt  K. 

Mexico,  PrinyJe  378  ;  Arizona,  l^rinyh ;  California,  Palmer 
348. 

n.  P.  tenerrimum  Kunth.  Kev.  (J ram.  1 :3n  (182!t).  Tn'cJiar/ine 
tenuis  Nees,  Agrost.  Bras.  80  (1829). 

A  very  slender  erect  perennial,  30-(;0  cm.  high,  sparingly 
branched  at  the  base.  Leaves  of  the  culm  8-12,  spai'ingly  hairy, 
on  sterile  shoots  and  the  culms  alike.  Sheaths  longer  tlian  the 
internodes  ;  lignle  a  mere  ring  ;  blades  flat,  erect,  rather  abruptly 
pointed,  3-4  cm.  long,  l.r)-2.5  mm.  wide,  the  npper  5-10  <mii. 
long.  Spikes  1-3  cm.  long,  rays  ;i-(),  single,  slender,  flower- 
bearing  for  the  whole  length.  Spikelets  narrowly  elliptical.  2.3-2.6 
mm.  long,  clothed  with  ajijiressed  hairs,  first  glunu-  minute,  secoml 
and  third  equal,  the  former  3-nerved,  the  latter  5-nerved,  floret 
brown,  nearly  as  long  as  the  longest  glumes. 

Texas  (IVcor  County  and  Del  IJio).  XcnJIe i/ iorV.  S.  Nat.  JFus. 
in  1892.  the  oidy  localities  known  in  North  America.  ALso  fuuud 
in  Brazil. 

10.  P.  platyphyllum  Munro.  Wright,  in  Sauv.  V\.  Cub.  107 
(1873). 

Culms  decumbent,  branching,  30-00  cm.  high.  Leaf-blades 
and  sheaths  pale  green,  firm,  smooth  or  nearly  so.  blades  flat^ 
broad  at   the  base,   G-10   cm.  long,  5-8.  cm.  wide.     Spikes  3-7, 


PANICE.E.  113 

sjircadingf,  2-0  om.  from  ciicli  otlicr,  some  of  tlio  lowest  euclosed. 
H-O  cm.  long,  riieliis  flat  or  involute,  about  2  mm.  wide.  Spike- 
lets  single,  imbricated  little  or  none,  sessile  on  alternate  sides  of  a 
ridge  of  the  rachis,  smooth,  elliptical-ovate,  ahnost  acute,  about  -i 
mm.  long,  first  glume  broad,  thin,  obscurely  nerved.  al)out  1 
mm.  long,  second  7-nerved,  floral  glume  of  the  neuter  floret  much 
like  the  latter.  5-nerved,  its  palea  a  little  shorter,  upper  floret 
rugose,  oval,  3  mm.  long.     This  much  resembles  Paspnlnm. 

Texas,   r.    S.    Ihpf    AyricuL   No.    88,  eolhcted  by  ,/.   Rever- 
rJion.  /;.  Ho II.  (I.  ('.  Xonllni. 

11.  P.  I'LANTACJINEIM  Link,  Ilort.  Berol.  1:200  (1S27). 
Annual;  culms  branching  below.  30-00  cm.  high,  from  a  creoji- 

ing  or  geniculate  base  Margins  of  the  sheaths  and  the  ligule 
ciliate-fringed.  sheaths  mostly  longer  than  the  internodes;  blades 
flat,  smooth,  7-15  cm.  long.  1-1.5  cm  wide.  Spikes  about  four, 
3-5  cm.  long,  secund.  the  lowest  ])artly  included,  the  terminal  one 
on  a  pedicel  nearly  its  own  length,  the  others  single,  sessile,  2— i 
cm,  from  each  other.  S})ikelets  single,  alternating  in  two  rows 
along  one  side  of  a  narrow  rachis.  those  of  the  same  row  imbricate 
or  not,  smooth,  compressed,  obovate-elliptical.  about  4  mm.  long, 
first  glume  very  broad,  clasping  the  spikclet,  2  mm.  long,  7-uerved. 
second  glume  and  floral  glunu;  of  the  neuter  floret  e(|ual,  broadly 
oval  when  spread,  the  fornu'r  J»-nerved,  the  latter  7-uerve(l,  the 
palea  of  the  latter  but  little  shorter,  fertile  floret  oval,  transversely 
wrinkled,  3.5  mm.  long. 

Sparingly  introduced  and  foiiiul  on  ballast-ground  at  Philadel- 
phia. Penn. 

12.  P.  prostratum  Lam.  111.  1:  171  (1701).  P.  ripspitosnm  Sw. 
Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  1:140  (17!>7). 

Tufted  or  creej)ing,  much  branched  below,  30-50  cm.  high. 
Sheaths  inflated;  blades  thin,  flat.  ])road  at  the  base,  hairy  as  well 
as  the  sheaths,  7-15  cm.  long,  O-IO  mm.  wide.  Si)ikes  5-!»,  alter- 
nate, ascending  on  2-3  centimeters  of  the  top  of  the  exserted  culm. 
1-2  cm.  long.  Spikelets  alternate  in  2  rows  on  one  side  of  the 
hairy  rachis.  overlapping  for  about  one-third  of  their  length,  sub- 
sessile,  smooth,  oval,  awidess.  about  3  mm.  long,  first  glunu>  thin. 


114  PANK'ACI-LE. 

acuto,  1-2  mm.  loii<j;.  ."{-norvod,  second  o-nervod,  tliird  or  llonil 
glume  to  the  neuter  lloret  like  the  second  empty  glume ;  pulea  iis  long 
as  its  glume,  oval,  hyaline;  fertile  floret  rugose,  oval,  mueronate. 

Mexico,  PritKjle  ;3T5.  Palmer  254. 

Found  in  Mexico,  West  Indies,  Egypt,  and  India,  and  very  like- 
ly in  Texas  and  New  Mexico. 

13.  P.  Isachne  Hoth,  Nov.  PI.  Sp.  54  (1821).  Var.  Mexicana 
(Vasey).  P.  crucifurmc  Sibth.  Fl.  Gra^c.  1:44,  /.  59  (1806). 
Var.  Mexicana  Vasey,  iued. 

Culms  branching,  creeping  below,  nodes  hairy,  20-40  cm.  high. 
Leaf -blades  flat,  rough,  broad  at  the  base,  sometimes  hairy,  r)-10 
cm.  long,  3-7  mm.  wide.  Panicle  secund,  luivrow,  0-12  cm.  long, 
sometimes  partially  included.  Spikes  8-12,  alternate.  1-2  cm. 
long,  rachis  filiform.  Spikelets  single,  alternate,  imbricate  for 
half  their  length  on  pedicels  less  than  1  mm.  long,  attached  to  one 
side  of  the  rachis,  pubescent,  elliptical,  almost  acute,  1.7  mm.  long, 
first  glume  broad,  minute,  sec  -iid  ovate,  obtuse,  5-nerved,  as  also 
is  the  fioral  glume  of  the  neuter  floret,  its  palea  obtuse,  shorter; 
fertile  floret  smooth,  al)out  1.5  mm.  long. 

Specimen  seen  was  cultivated  from  seed  obtained  in  Mexico,  by 
r.  S.  Dept.  Agricul..  1887. 

14.  P.  paspaloides  Pers.  Syn.  1:81  (1805). 

An  erect  stout  glabrous  perennial.  s[)aringly  branched,  00-!)0 
cm.  high.  Leaf-blades  20-30  cm.  long,  0  mm.  wide.  S[)ikes 
10-20,  erect.  simi)le.  alternate  along  2-3  centimeters  of  the  axis. 
2-3  cm.  long.  Sj)ikelets  single,  subsessile  on  two  sides  of  a 
flexuous.  triangular  rachis,  those  in  one  row  overlapping  for  one- 
fourth  their  length,  glabrous,  doubly  convex,  oval,  acute,  awnless. 
2.5  mm.  long,  containing  a  staminate  and  a  perfect  flower:  first 
and  secoiul  emjjty  glumes  membranous,  broad,  obtuse,  the  former 
lu'rveless,  0.5  mm.  long,  the  latter  twice  as  long.  4-iu'rved ;  floral 
glinne  of  the  lower  floret  5-nerve(l :  palea  as  long,  hyaline,  obtuse, 
second  floret  oval. 

Mexico.  Pdhiirr -^V.).  tiilO,  Prinnh' XV.\(\\  Texas.   Xrallr/f. 

In  water,  Florida  to  Texas  and  Mexico;  also  fouiul  in  Central 
America,  Mauritius,  Hrazil,  Egypt,  tropical  Africa,  and  East  Indies. 


PANKE.E.  115 

15.  P.  Curtisii  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  (Jriun.  (50  (1855),  not  Chapni. 
(1800). 

P.   Waltvri  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  and  Oa.  1: 115  (1810). 

P.  laviniitum  Torr.  Bost.  Joiiru.  Nat.  llist.  1:  137  (1835),  not 
Presl  (1830). 

P.  diyUarUndex  Carpenter,  ex  M.  A.  Curt,  in  Am.  Jonru.  Sc. 
(II.)  7:410  (1849),  not  Rasp,  ex  Steud.  Noni. 

Culms  slender,  rigid,  often  rooting  at  the  lower  node.s.  100-130 
cm.  high.  Sheaths  sometimes  hairy  ;  blades  smooth,  rigid,  15-20 
cm.  long,  10-15  mm.  wide.  Panicle  slender,  simple.  15-18  cm. 
long.  Spikes  appressed,  the  lower  2-4  cm.  long.  5-8  cm.  distant, 
the  upper  crowded  and  very  short,  rachis  slender,  flexuous,  trian- 
gular. Spikelets  mostly  in  pairs  on  pedicels  shorter  than  them- 
selves, each  containing  a  staminate  and  a  ]ierfect  flower,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  2-2.5  mm.  long;  first  glume  half  as  long  as  the  spikelet, 
acute,  3-nerved,  second  ovate.  5-nerved:  floral  glume  of  the  sterile 
floret  like  the  second  empty  glume  ;  palea  oval,  as  long  as  its 
glume  2-nerved;  fertile  floret  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  much  like 
the  preceding. 

Florida,  Curtim  3585. 

Ponds  and  swamps.  North  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Texas. 

10.  P.  obtusum  II.  B.  K.  Xov.  Gen.  1:  98  (1815). 

A  glabrous  tut'tod  grass,  decumbent  or  creeping,  hairy  at  the 
nodes  and  near  the  ligule,  15-40  cm.  high.  Loaf-blades  firm, 
slender,  5-12  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide.  Spikes  3-5.  mostly  simple, 
erect,  usually  longer  than  the  internodes,  1-4  cm.  long,  rachis  fili- 
form, triangular,  flexuose.  Spikelets  mostly  in  pairs,  smooth, 
oval,  obtuse,  3  mm.  long,  first  glume  ono-tiiird  sjiortcr  than  the 
spikelet,  ovate  with  5  green  nerves,  second  longer,  7-9-nerved ; 
floral  glume  of  the  staminate  fioret  like  the  first  em])ty  glume,  first 
palea  ovate,  2-nerved.     Stamens  3.      Fertile  fioret  clli])tical. 

Texas,  Jones  3103  :  Arizona,  T.  S.  Uvpt.  At/riciil.  85  from 
Lemmon. 

Texas,  Arizona,  aiul  Mexico. 

17.  P.  prostratum  Lam.  111.  1:171  (1783).  P.  apspifosmn  Sw. 
PI.  Ind.  Occ.  1:  140  (1797),  not  Spreng. 


11(3  PAXK'ACFLE. 

Culms  slender,  usually  creeping  iit  tlu>  base,  30-00  cm.  high. 
Siicaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  blades  "^-.S  cm.  h)ng,  5-15 
mm.  wide,  lanceolate,  Hat,  glaI)rous,  except  cilia  on  the  margins 
near  tiie  broad  l)ase,  at  the  throat  and  sometimes  on  the  sheath. 
Panicle  exserted,  of  3-10  simple,  crowded,  si)ikes,  1-4  cm.  long, 
lS})ike]cts  single  or  'i-']  together  in  alternate  rows  on  two  sides  of  a 
tlexuosc.  rough,  triangular  rachis,  ))ediccls  unequal,  very  short, 
often  bearing  bristles,  smooth,  llattened,  oval,  almost  acute,  con- 
taining a  staminate  and  a  perfect  tlowcr,  tirst  ejni>ty  glume  inem- 
brajious.  very  short,  broad,  second  broad-oval,  5-T-nerved;  floral 
glume  of  the  hnvcr  tloret  ovate,  5-nerved  ;  i)alea  as  long.  Stamens 
3.  I'pper  tloret  oval,  finely  rugose,  mucrouate  or  obtuse,  1.5  mm. 
long, 

Jjouisiana,  J.  />.   fji)i///(iis. 

Found  in  the  southern  l'.  S. ,  West  Indies,  Brazil,  Egypt, 
Arabia,  Kast  Indies,  Australia. 

IS.  1*.  (iKossAUHM  L.  Am(cn,  Acad.  5:  39-?  (1750).  /'.  rv/'.v- 
pifosiiui  Sprcng.  ex  Steud.  Nom.   Kd.   2,    'i :  "353  (1841). 

Culms  smooth,  rather  slender.  10-30  cm.  high,  branching  from 
a  decumbent  or  cree]>ing  base,  the  lower  internodes  about  3  mm. 
long.  Margins  of  the  sheaths  and  ligulc  hairy ;  blades  Hat,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  2-5  cm.  long,  5-10  mm.  wide,  the  margins  near 
the  base  pubescent.  I'anicle  much  or  little  exserted  above  l;he  short 
sheath  or  the  lower  partially  included,  consisting  of  about  (5  ap- 
proxinuite  spikes,  each  2-!}  cm.  long.  Spikelets  mostly  in  j)airs  on 
two  sides  of  a  slender,  tlexuose,  triangular  rachis,  1  subsessile,  1 
borne  on  a  pedicel  1-2  cm.  long,  elliptieal-obovate,  mucronate,  3 
mm.  long,  first  glume  broad,  about  one-third,  of  the  lengtli  of  the 
sj)ikelet,  5-7-ni!rved,  secoiul  glume  ovate,  acute,  S-!l-nerved:  lloral 
glume  of  the  neuter  spikelet  a  little  shorter,  5-iierved,  its  ])alea 
shorter  and  much  narrower;  fertile  floret  firm,  elliptical,  trans- 
versely wrinkled,  2.5  mm.  long. 

/'.  (uhpersiim  Trin.  (Jram.  l*ani(!..  as  figured,  appears  to  bo  tlie 
same  as  *^he  above,  only  the  leaves  are  longer  and  wider,  the  spikelets 
2-3  in  mimber  and  longer. 

Introduced  into  Philadelphia,  Penn.,  on  ballast-ground. 


I'AMl'K.K  117 

Found  also  In  tlic  \\\'st  Indii'S. 

1!>.  P.  fasciculatum  Sw.  Fl.  Iiid.  Occ  1  :  \4:>  (ITttT).  P. 
fitriatuin  Clmpin.  FI.  S.  Stativs,  Sinn)!.  (KiO  (1S80).  not  Liuii,,  not 
K.  Hr. 

Annuiil;  culms  branching,  erect,  or  the  base  dcciunhent,  ;}0-!>0 
cm.  high.  Tjeat'-blades  thin.  Ilat,  cordate,  rough  or  smooth.  (I-'iO 
cm.  long,  ^y-'^  mm.  wide.  l*aniclo  contracted,  exserted  or  ])artially 
included,  branches  mostly  .simple,  erect.  S-1.')  cm.  long.  Spikelets 
smooth,  nerves  of  the  glumes  reticulate.  ])edicellate.  mostly  in  pairs 
on  one  side  of  a  slender.  Hexuose.  hairy  branch,  obovate,  almost 
acute,  3-3.5  mm.  long,  first  glume  broad,  irregularly  nerved,  altout 
1  mm.  long,  second  l)road-obovate  7-!>-nerved;  floral  glume  of  the 
sterile  floret  broad-oval,  7-nerved,  its  palea  of  equal  length,  oval; 
fertile  floret  witli  the  sides  unequally  convex,  rugose  with  trans- 
verse liiu's.  broad-oval.  "^.."j-'^.S  mm.  long. 

Mexico.  Pfi/iiicr  15!>.  ;!0S  ;  Lower  California,  Palmer  '^07; 
Texas,   [\  S.  Dcpt.  Ai/rinil.  from  Keverehou. 

South  Carolina  to  Florida  ami  4'exas. 

Also  found  in  the  West  Indies  and  in  South  Anu^rica. 

Var.  fuscum  (Sw.)  P.  ftisrion  Sw.  Prod.  '^3  (17SS).  Plant 
smaller;  leaves  4-G  cm.  long:  spikes  1-3  cm.  long;  secoiul  glume 
and  lower  floral  glume  5-nerved. 

Arizona.  Priiu/Jr  in  1SS4.  distributed  as  P.  /(tfirmii  Sw. 

Var.  major  (Vasey).  P.  fuscinn  major  \'asey.  Contrib.  V.  S. 
Nat.  Herb.  3:  -^7  (I.SIC,').  The  whole  plant  stouter;  blades  1.5  cm. 
wide;  i)anicle  VI  cm.  long. 

Lower  California.  Palmer  158. 

Var.  reticulatum  (Torr.)  P.  reficiilafttm  Torr.  Marcy.  Hot. 
Exp.  l{ed  l\iv.  f.ouis.  '299  (KSo'^).  Plant  strict,  blades  narrow,  4-0 
cm.  long,  blades  and  sheaths  hairy;  panicle  contracted.  4-7  cm. 
long;  second  and  third  glumes  5-nerveil. 

Mexico,  Prinf/h  37!»,  380. 

'20.  P.  Texanum  liuckl.  Orel.  Kep.  Cicol.  &  Agric.  Surv.  Tex. 
(180(;).  teste.  Vasey  Agricul.  Orasses  U.  S.  (1S8<)).  Tkxas  Mil- 
let.    Coxr.no  Ckass. 

A  stout  decumbent  and  spreading  anniuil,  smooth  or  clothed 


118  PANU'AC'E.E. 

tliroii<i;liout  from  rulm  to  spikclet  witli  sliort  soft  huirs,  sparingly 
hrandu'd.  l)0-l",'0  cm.  liiirh.  Lciif-blados  numerous,  inargitis 
rou<rl».  15-'i()  cm.  long,  2  cm.  witlo.  Panicle  erect,  often  encloseil 
at  the  base,  IS-"*')  cm  long,  the  rays  mostly  alternate,  simple, 
ro\igh,  the  lowest  8  cm.  long,  the  ui)per  shorter.  Spikelets  mostly 
in  pairs  on  one  side  of  the  rather  stout  rays  (u  few  on  the  main 
axis),  the  hairy  pedicel  of  one  about  '2  mm.  long,  the  pedicel  of  the 
other  shorter,  nerves  prominent,  reticulate  toward  the  a})e.\  of  the 
glumes,  obovate-obloug,  acute,  5-G  mm.  long;  first  glume  acute,  a 
little  over  half  the  length  of  the  spikelet.  r)-7-nerved,  second  glume 
and  lloral  glume  of  the  sterile  floret  equal,  the  former  7-nerved.  the 
latter  r)-nerved,  its  ])alea  but  little  shorter  ;  fertile  floret  oblong, 
acute,  rugose  with  transverse  lines. 

Texas,  lieirrrhon  1*22G,  yeaUvy. 

Texas  in  dry  lands. 

It  has  been  cultivated  in  the  Southern  States  for  fodder,  and  has 
received  many  favorable  notices.  See  \'ol.  1.  p.  189,  Fig.  84,  for  a 
more  extended  notice. 

•^1.  P.  colonum  L.  Sp.  PI.  84  (1753).  Oplixinenus  coJohh.s 
II.  H.  K.  Nov.  (Jen.  et  Sp.  1:  108  (1815). 

Annual;  erect  or  geniculate  and  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes, 
;^0-»iO  cm.  high.  Leaf-blades  linear,  acuminate,  glabrous  or  rough, 
8-l'.i  cm.  long.  4-0  mm.  wide.  Spikes  7-10,  1-'^  cm.  distant, 
borne  on  the  main  axis,  simple,  1 -sided.  1.5-^.5  mm.  long.  Spike- 
lets  crowde<l  on  the  rachis  'i-'.i  together,  subsessile  in  alternate  rows 
along  two  sides  of  a  rough,  triquetrous  rachis,  flat  on  one  side, 
scabrous-pubescent,  oblong,  acute.  ;}  mm.  long,  first  glume  broad- 
triangular,  half  as  long  as  the  si)ikelet,  mucronate,  3-nerved,  second 
concave,  broad-oval,  acute,  5-7-nerved,  third  shorter,  hyaline, 
fourth  7-nerved;  floral  glume  and  palea  shorter,  smooth,  ob- 
tuse. 

Texas,  T.  S.  Ihpf.  Af/rirul.  55  from  Huckley;  Mexico.  Palmer 
ltt;j;  (Julf  of  California.  Pahncr  51. 

Alabama  to  Florida,  Texas,  Arizona,  Mexico.  Also  found  in 
the  West  Indies.  S))ain,  Italy,  Egypt,  Arabia,  Australia. 

Var.  zosALE  (Giiss.)  L.  11.  Dewey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb. 


PAXICK.E.  119 

:}:  50^  (1S!»4).  1\  timalc  (iuss.  FI.  Sic.  IVod.  I  :  S->  (IS-Ja).  "A 
form  witli  luirpli"  zoiiato  lenvi's."  (irisb.     Cullivatcd. 

'li.  P.  Schiedeanum  Tiiii.  ex  Stoud.  ^■olu.  Ed.  ,.',  "Z-.'liV:*  (1S41). 
1\  /'rijiif/ci  Vasey.  iiu'd. 

Auparontly  |K'reiiniaI ;  dilTusely  braiichiiiif  near  llic  ba.sc,  alioiit 
20  (Mil.  liijrli.  Slicatlis  smooth :  lijrulc  a  ciliato  ring;  blades  flat, 
seabroiis  above,  lanceolate.  'I-'.]  cm.  loiifj;.  raiiicle  about  4  cm. 
long,  eoiisistiiig  of  :>-.")  secund  spikes  1-x*  cm.  long,  with  a  scabrous. 
tri(|uctr<)us  or  llatteiied  wavy  axis.  Spikeli'ts  crowded,  single.  4.5 
mm.  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  eacli  very  short  |)e(licel  bearing  a  bristle 
4-G  cm.  long:  tirst  glume  broad-oval,  thin.  ;)-nerved.  l..')mm.  long, 
second  ovate,  siiltaciite.  11-iierved.  4  mm.  long;  iloral  glume  of  the 
lower  staminate  lloret  Itiit  very  little  longer.  r)-nerved,  upper  lloret 
pistillate,  narrowly  ovate,  scaltrid,  mueronate.  '2.7  mm.  long. 

^lexico  (.lalisco).  /*iiiti//r  ■^4'.*:5. 

23.  P.  Crus-galli  L.  Sp.  I'l.  SC  (Ko:}).  1?.\I!NVai!I»-(;h.\ss. 
Opii  swell  IIS  Cnis-iiiilli  Dum.  Obs.  (irani.  lielg.  liJS  (iJS'^o), 
EehiiKicldiiii  ('nis-t/ii//i  Ueauv.  Agrost.  5)5  (1S12). 

A  coarse  erect  or  decumbent  aniiual,  branching  l)elo\v,  oO-l'.'O 
cm.  high,  i.eaf-blades  lanceolate.  lO-'-iO  or  niori'  cm.  long.  .'>-!."» 
mm.  wide,  margins  rough,  otherwise  usually  smooth  ;  ligule  ol)so- 
li'te.  Spikes  (h'lise,  alternate,  simple  <>r  compound.  "^-S  cm.  long, 
forming  dense,  secund  panicles  l(>-"^Ocni.  long.  Spikelets  crowiled, 
'i-',i  together,  subsessile  in  alternate  rows  along  two  sides  of  a  rough, 
tri(iuetrous  rachis.  Mat  on  oiu-  side,  ovoid,  acute,  stout,  luiiry.  :)-4 
mm.  long;  first  glume  broad,  triangular,  half  as  long  as  the  spike- 
let,  mueronate,  ;J-nerved.  second  con<'ave.  bi-oad-oval.  acute.  7- 
nerved,  third  shorter,  o-iierved,  fourth  hyaline.  "^*-iu'rved;  floral 
glume  and  palea  smooth,  acute  or  obtuse. 

\'ery  variable  in  size;  color  green  or  ])uri)le.  Widely  distributed 
in  warm  and  tropical  countries,  it  makes  a  very  good  forage-plant 
when  grown  on  rich,  moist  soil. 

Michigan.  Farirel/  fov  M.  A.  C. ;  Montana.  Amlvrson:  Mexico, 
/'(iliiicr  430,  4:U)a;  New  .Jersey,  Iln'iifoii  for  V .  S.  Dept.  Agricul. 
58;  New  ^lexieo.  ./o//r.s  4ri."'»:  I(»wa.  Ililchroi-k;  Washington,  Lakw. 

Var.  hispidum  (Muhl.)  Torr.   Fl.    N.  Y.   2  :  4:.'4  (1843).     /*. 


120  I'AN1CA(K.E. 

/iisj)i'ili(ni  Mulil.  (Iniiii.  l(»l  (isiT).  /'.  iinn'irdfinii  Miolix.  Fl. 
Hor.  Am.  1 :  47  (iSo:}).  'I'iill  mul  coaivst',  witli  uwns  sonu'tiincs  1-2 
cm.  Ion;;.      Kouml  with  the  .species. 

Miciii.iriiu,  IViil  f(.r  M.  A.  ('.  i:5. 

Var.  sabulicolum  (Nws)  Triii.  in  llorl).  Pdiiinini  sd/n/licuJiDii 
'Seoti,  A<r\'()s{.  Hras.  2:  •.'.'iS  (lS'*!t).  O/i/isuwiifis  sidndiraliis  Kuntli, 
Eiuim.  IM.  1  :  14.")  (is;5:5).  Stout.  Cd-lto  cm.  liigli.  Spikdcts 
laiico-olli[)tical.  .")-(>  mm.  loniif. 

Mexico,  /'ri/ii/lr  1404. 

Wet  places.  Mc\ic(t  to  South  America. 

r>4.  P.  Palmeri  Vasey.  Contrib.  V .  S.  Nat.  Ilcrh.  1  : -^Sl 
(ISIKJ). 

Aiimial  ;  culms  r.'O-KSd  cm.  Jii,t>-li.  erect,  slciulcr.  Liijulc 
.short  ;  l)la(les  smooth,  ;5(i-4()  cm.  loiiii'.  2-4  cm.  wide.  Panicle 
pyramidal,  lo-'.H)  cm.  loiiir,  rays  siii;ude.  the  lon<;est  5-10  cm.  long, 
ilower-bearing  to  the  base,  rachis  rough,  ti(pietrous,  less  than  1  mm. 
wide,  straight  or  ilexuose.  SpiUelets  single.  iml)ricate,  alternate 
on  two  sides  of  the  rachis.  snbsessile,  t'ach  s{)ikelet  subtended  ]>y  a 
bristle  exceeding  its  own  length,  ovate-laneeohite,  about  4  mm. 
long:  lirst  glume  about  1  mm.  long,  l-:5-nerved.  second  ll-i;{- 
nervctl;  iloral  glunu'  of  the  sterile  tloret  mu(di  like  the  latter.  T)- 
nerved  ;  palea  broad-oval,  fertile  lk)ret  nearly  smooth,  ovate-ellipti- 
cal, mucronate,  2..")  mm.  long. 

Mi'xico,  PaJiinr  IJT-.*;  /'.  S.  Ih'pl.  A;/riciiL,  a  specimen  culti- 
vated IVom  seed  sent  from  Mexico. 

'io.  P.  Reverchoni  N'asey,  Hull.  l)ot.  Divis.  1'.  S.  Dept. 
Agricul.  S:  -'a  (ISS'.l). 

A  rather  slender,  sparingly  branching  perennial,  '25-()(>  cm.  high, 
Avith  short,  stout  rootstocks.  LiguK'  a  ciliatc  I'ing  ;  l)lades  firm, 
llat,  or  involute,  mostly  scalirons,  1(1-15  cm.  long,  1-2..')  mm.  wide, 
points  slender.  I'aiucle  very  sim]>le,  spikelike,  much  interrupted, 
r)-!5cm.  long,  the  longest  ray  2-15  cm.  long,  the  short  pedicels 
ea(!h  bearing  a  short  bristle  below  the  apex.  Spikeliki',  oval,  obtuse, 
2-3.0  mm.  long,  tirst  glume  deltoid,  o-o-nerved,  less  than  half  as 
long  as  the  sj)ikelet,  second  and  third  e(|ual,  .">-"-nerved.  fertile 
lloret  oval,   i>lano-couvex,   subacute,    rugosi'   with    line    transverse 


1>AM('K.K.  121 

linos.     Kovorc'liou    distributed    this   us    Srfnrid    inn'i^i'ta.     Nearly 
allied  to  P.  fascicuUttuin  and  joininj,'  I'dnicKin  and  ('hanurr  iphis. 

Mexico,  PriiKjle  381.  2:)r7  ;  Texas,  IIV/V////  1S4!I.  Hecerc/wn 
:\r>,  lO'.MJ. 

'Zi\.  p.  Myosurus  Hich.  Act.  Soc.  Hist.  Nat.  I'ar.  1:10(1  (i:!)'^). 
y.  Mininis  Lam.  111.  I:  17'^  (KKl).  J/i/nHiitic/iiifMi/iirn.s  Meaiiv. 
A.-rrost.  4!»,  /.  10:    I".  S  (1812). 

('idms  erect,  robust,  without  cavity.  Sheaths  smooth,  but  little 
shorter  than  the  internodes  (at  least  al)ovi');  li<,'ul('  broad,  entire, 
1.5  mm.  long:  blades  cordate,  with  elaspiui^  base,  laneeolate-linear, 
some  near  the  top.  ;)0-4()  em.  lonj,'.  -)-')  cm.  wide.  Panicle 
cylindrical,  dense,  sliiiiitly  branching  near  tiie  base.  ']0-:5()  cm. 
long.  S-1'^  nun.  broad.  Spikelets  linear,  acuminate,  I-. 5  mm.  long, 
tirst  glume  broadly  ovate.  3-nerved.  about  l.o  mm.  long,  set'ond 
and  third.  S-iu'rved :  floret  acute  at  both  ends,  I)  mm.  long,  lloral 
glume  and  palea  thin,  the  former  delicately  o-nervi'd. 

Martiiu(|ue,  I/u/nt  l'^.')!);  Mexico.  Pdhin'r  \:2i)U. 

Mexico.  West  Indies  to  Urazil,  East  Indies. 

•i:.  r.  MOUA-:  Sw.  Prod.  2-1  (KSS).  pAUA-fiUASs.  /'.  /jur- 
hlHot/i'Tvin.  Mem.  .Vcad.  St.  Petersb.  (VI.)  :]:2.  2')(;  (18:55). 

A  stout  asceiuling  or  erect  iierenuial.  sparingly  branched. 
•  in -ISO  cm.  high,  nodes  villous.  Leai'-bhuh's  'iO-oO  cm.  long. 
1-1.5  cm.  wide.  Hat.  glabrous,  or  with  a  few  soft,  short  hairs. 
Paiucle  loose.  1-sidcd,  "^0  vu\.  long,  i)urplish,  lead-colored,  the 
lower  branches  8-10  v\u,  long,  simple  or  branched,  the  upper  '2 
em.  long.  Spikelets  glalu'ous.  subsessile  in  clusters  of  •-i-4  or  single 
<m  'I  sides  of  a  rough,  llexuous.  ti'iqueti'ous  rachis.  oval  or  elliptical, 
aeute.  3  mm.  or  more  long,  containing  a  staminate  and  a  })erfect 
llower:  tirst  glume  deltoid,  membranous,  1 -nerved,  1  mm.  long; 
second  membranous,  obtuse  when  spread,  5-uerved:  lloral  glume  of 
the  lower  floret  like  the  second  empty  glume  ;  palea  elliptical, 
hyaline,  2-nerved;  floral  glume  ana  )alea  of  the  perfect  flower  firm, 
obtuse. 

Alabama,  Afohr  in  1883. 

Introduced  into  Alabama  from  South  America  and  succeeds 
well  on  low  lands. 


122  PAXU'ACK.E. 

'•Also  found  in  Jiimiiica,  Tririidiid.  ('iil»ii,  Hnizil.  Africa.  East 
Inilii's."     (irit'sl). 

UK  P.  Urvilleanum  Kuntli.  Uv\.  (iniin.  1::;')  (l8-.»!>). 

A  stout  briiucliiii^'  perennial,  4(>-T()  cm.  liixli.  fi'oni  a  rootstock: 
ewlins  and  slieatlis  clothed  with  soft,  whitish,  ret rorse  hairs.  Jjcat- 
blades  30-50  cm.  lon<r.  1  cm.  wide,  ri.yid,  often  convolute  with 
setaceous  [loints.  I'anicle  dilVuse,  l5-o<>  cm.  lon<;,  rays  often 
naked  for  the  lower  tiiird.  Spikclcts  hairy,  ovate,  acute,  T-S  mm. 
lon<;;  first  and  second  <rlumes  nearly  e(iual,  ovate,  acute,  the  former 
7-'.i-iierved,  the  latter  ir)-lT-nervetl ;  lloral  jrlunu'  of  tlu' stamiiiute 
floret  ovate,  about  (5  mm.  Iniijf,  1  l-lo-nerved.  its  palea  nearly  as 
lon<r.  ovate,  jmbescent;  fertile  tloret  ovjil,  4..')  mm.  loii'i,  rmooth 
outside,  but  lloral  glume  and  palea  pubescent  on  the  inner  or  ujiper 
side. 

California,  PrimiU'  SST.  S.  M.   '/'ntci/,   l.enniiini,  Parisli, 

Southern  California  to  Ciiili. 

2l>.  P.  autumnale  M(»sc.  Spreiii:.  Syst.  1:  \Vl^)  {\>>-lh).  I\  t'ni- 
giloKwnXh.  Hnum.  IM.  1  :  ;3(J  (I8'2!i).  I\  ilit'i'njnis  Muhl.  (iram. 
120  (1S17). 

Perennial:  culms  erect,  ascendiiiif.  branching  at  the  base.  2-4 
cm.  high.  Ligule  obtuse,  blades  numerous,  flat,  smooth  or 
s])aringly  hairy,  •2-.")  cm.  long.  ',\-'^  mm.  wide.  I'anicle  ))artially 
included  by  the  upper  sheath,  elTuse.  rays  capillary,  few  flowered, 
bearded  in  the  axils.  Spikelets  1-0  cm.  long,  single  at  tiu'  end  of 
rough,  unbranched  pedicels,  lanceolate-oblong,  about  ;i  mm.  long, 
first  glume  minute,  secoiul  glume  lance-ol)l()ng,  miuuti'ly  hairy 
along  the  margins  and  between  the  nerves,  ."J-.o-iu'rved,  third  glume 
little  longer,  5-nerved,  otherwise  like  the  former  glume;  fertile 
floret  lanceolat(>-oblong,  brown.  2.0  nnu.  long. 

Illinois,  r.  S.  Ih'pl.  At/ricffL  44  from  Patterson;  J'afierso)! 
;Jo81. 

Sand  hills.  Illinois  and  southward. 

;50.  P.  brachyanthum  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gram.  GT  (1S55).  /*. 
^parsijhrum  Yasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3:34  (18!»2).  /'. 
(iHHustifoUum  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  States.  574  (18G0)  uot  Ell. 

Culms   w-eak,    slender,    ditTuse,    branching,    50-80   cm.    high. 


PAMCK.K.  123 

Lt'iiM»Ia(lt'.s  sinootli,  7-12  cm.  Ioiilt.  'i'-^  mm.  wide.  I'aiiicU's  miii-h 
fxst'rtctl.  simple.  S-i;»  cm.  loiijr,  nns  few,  donpitcd.  lu'ariiij; 
2-4  rtpikclcts  near  llic  tips.  Spikclots  elliptical,  acute,  papilloso- 
hispid,  over  ;5  mm.  l()ll^^  lii-st  .<>liime  minute,  second  and  third 
broud,  oval,  obscmvly  o-T-nerved,  palea  to  the  lower  lloret  (>:  fer- 
tile spikelet  smooth,  elliptical,  nearly  .'{  mm.  lon^'. 

Te.xas.  Svrihiirr. 

South  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Te.xas. 

31.  P.  gymnocarpon  Kll.  iJot.  S.  (".  and  (ia.  1  :  lir  (ISIO). 

Perennial;  culms  i'ii,nd.  erect.  (i(i-I(i(»  cm.  liiiih.  nodes  brown. 
Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodcs;  blades  v»()-:)(l  cm.  lon^.  2-3 
cm.  wide,  lanci-olate.  ilat,  broad  at  the  base,  smooth  excej)t  the 
xo\\)l\\  inaririns.  Panicle  pyramidal,  risjid.  the  fi'W  spi-cadin<:f  ni)'S, 
mostly  two  oi  more,  from  nodes  'I-')  cm.  distant,  ."JO  cm.  loni;,  18 
cm.  diam.  Spikelets  on  short  pedicels,  usually  in  scattered  clusters 
of  :>-('».  lanceolate,  about  •!  mm.  loiii:',  l.rst  <i:lume  narrow,  awu- 
pointed,  ;i-nerved,  4-."t  mm.  hmi;.  .seccmd  and  third  loiiiror, 
')-nerved.  ])alea  for  the  third  (tloral)  ^lume  about  half  as  .lonif  as 
the  lloict:  fertile  ilorct  very  smooth,  obovoid,  obtuse.  2  mm.  Ion*,'; 
rachilla  about  1  mm.  loii<;.  .separatin<,'  perceptibly  the  ylumes  and 
florets. 

Louisiana,   V.  S.  Dr/)/.  Af/riciil.  T")  from  Tianiilois. 

l^anks  of  rivers.  South  Carolina  to  l-'lorida  and  Texas. 

'Vi.  P.  virgatum  L.  Sp.  I'l.  ')U  {\:y.]). 

Culms  _s:lal)rous.  firm,  lOd-ltio  cm.  hi^ii.  from  tufteil,  jieren- 
nial  rootstocks.  Liirule  often  silky-bearded;  blades  of  culm  .'Ki-oO 
cm.  lon^,  flat.  firm,  with  a  wide  white  midrilt.  the  lower  oiu's  I  m. 
lon<>-.  5-10  mm.  wide.  Panicle  I'xserted,  compound,  loo.se  and 
.spreadino:,  droopinir  or  erect,  2l)-")(>cm.  long.  Spikelets  scattered, 
often  ]Mir])lish.  mostly  in  pjiirs  on  pedicels  2-.")  mm.  long,  very 
variable,  ovate-acute  to  ovate-lancjolate,  iJ.o-fJ  mm.  long,  first 
glume  deltoid  to  ovate-acute,  2—1.5  mm.  long,  o-O-T-nerved, 
second  glume  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  3.5-5.5  mm.  long,  o-T- 
nerved;  floral  glume  of  the  staminate  floret  shorter.  5-7-8-nerved, 
fertile  floret  ovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  2.3-2.7  nnn.  long. 

The  above  measurements  were  (-arefuUy  nnide  after  examining 


124  l'.\NICA("K.K. 

several  spiki'lots  from  livi' dilVi'iciil  plants  taken  from  dilVoront  lo(!ali- 
ties.  A  lar^t'  iiiimlu'r  of  forms  could  Ite  sclectcil.  I'laiits  from 
Colorado  have  heeii  st'eii  in  wliiiih  there  were  "^  r  (lowers  and  some 
empty  <;lumes  to  the  spikelel,  all  staminate. 

A  tall  jijniss,  (iulms  and  leaves  too  toiiyh  t(»  make  tlii' hest  of  I'et'd. 

l-'lorida.  Ciir/iKs  :!(i()li;  New  Jersey,  Srrilnicr  for  l".  S.  I)(>pi. 
Ai^rieid.  idl ;  Colorado,  ('(tssiiit/;  Mexico,  Pidmrr  olO;  Florida, 
Siiiipsuii  for  Nat.  Mns.  Ui^^);  Arizona.  Tokiiicii  \i^\  \  Illinois,  Unil 
for  M.  A.  ('.  11:   Michi.iian,  IlirLs  for  M.  A.  V.  lA. 

("oiineeticnt.  Northern  Indiana.  Kansas.  Missouri. 

Mexico  to  l"'lorida.  and  west  to  the  Ifocky  Mountains. 

\V.\.  P.  capillarioides  \'asey.  Contrih.  V.  S.  Merit.  l:,".l  (ISKO). 

A  rather  slender  perennial.  ."JO  ('»()  cm.  hiyh.  with  much  the 
uspoct  of  /'.  capillitrc.  Shi'aths  pid»escent.  aliout  the  length  of  tli(«' 
internodes;  li,i>ule  a  ciliate  rim; ;  Itlades  Hat.  nearly  smooth,  10  ".',"> 
em.  lonji',  S-iii  mm.  wide.  I'anicles  at  length  harely  exserli'd, 
mostly  terminal,  pyi'amidal.  S -1;")  IJO  cm.  lonif.  r.'-".M)  10  cm. 
broad,  rays  often  in  |)airs,  nn»stly  sinj,de.  rather  stilT  with  pnhesccnt 
^danils  in  the  axils,  hranehes  diverifiiii;-.  sti'aijiht  or  slightly  llexnose. 
ilower- hearing  mainly  above  the  nu(ldk^  Spikelets  siuiile,  or  :» 
near  the  ends  of  the  branches,  ifreon  or  purple,  linear-lanceolate, 
5-»»  mm.  lo"i;,  first  jflnme  ovate,  'Lit  mm.  lony,  5-nerved,  second 
and  third  iintrr.  scarcely  atMite.  i  l-l.'J-iu'rved.  fourth  or  palea  of 
the  sterile  s,  Kielet  ovate,  "^  mm.  lony-;  lloret  mottled  with  brown, 
oval.  1.8  mm.  lonjr. 

Texas,  /iiir/>/n/,  Nctdlji 'M),  Miss  Cro/f. 

.14.  P.  amarum  Kll.  Hot.  S.  ('.  and  (ia.  1  :  I'.M  (ISK). 

A  robust  glabrous  creeping,'  perennial,  ;{0-!)()  cm.  liiyh.  Leaf- 
blades  '-itMO  (iin.  lon<;\  7  -I'i  mm.  wide,  glaucous,  lirm.  often  invo- 
lute, with  lon<j:.  slentler  points,  some  of  them  rea<'hin,if  above  the 
panicle.  I*anic,le  lO-IJO  cm.  long,  racemose,  sim|)le,  smooth  with 
the  appressiul  rays  soniet'imes  included.  Spikelets  ovate-lanceolate, 
about  ■>  mm.  lonj;^,  lirst  j^lume  (.vatc,  acute.  I  mm.  loiii,'.  li-m-rvcil. 
second  lon<;er,  7-nerved :  lloral  {^lume  of  the  sterile  lloret  like  the 
latter,  oidy  r)-nervoil,  its  palea  as  lonjjf;  fertile  lloret  oval,  ;{.5  mm. 
lonL"". 


PANUK.K.  125 

South  Caroliiiii  to  |''loi'iil;i  in  tlio  saiuls  of  the  cojust.  Ia'hvi's 
bitliT. 

\';ir.  minor  \'.  ^  S.  Coiitril).  l'.  S.  Nut,  IIitI..  ;5  :  ;><;  (lS!i-v>). 

A  sinallor  I'onii  witli  liirm'r  spiki-lcts,  jj^rowiii^'  Iroiii  Coniu'cticut. 
to  Mortli  (!aroliiiii. 

New  Jt'fsi'N ,   /.  S.  /h/i/.  .\(/ririi/.   11  iVoin  Isaac  Murk. 

;!").  v.  Mii.iA.KiM  L.  Si».  IM.  :.s(i;r»;{).  iMii.lkt. 

Aniuuil  ;  culius  stout.  citi'I.  Itraucliiiiy,  ol'tcu  I'ou^li.  (Id-TiO 
ctii.  liiiifli.  Slicaths  often  'trsct  with  lairs  from  warty  hascs; 
Itladcs  minuM'ous.  Mat,  hairy  or  sukxmIi.  ;{(>- ")(I  cru.  lonu;,  ■•.*  'A  cm. 
wide.  Panicle  usually  exsei'leil.  couipouiid.  pyraniidal  or  ovoid. 
s|>rt'adiiiif  and  in  most  races  noddiui:;  in  fruit.  I")  ;!()  cm.  lony-. 
SpikeU'ts  all  |)(>dicelled.  mainly  home  towards  the  ends  of  the 
branches,  nu)stly  ol)l(Ull,^  elliptical,  acute,  I  mm.  lon^.  lirst  i-iuine 
ItroatI,  acute,  "j-ncrvcil.  aliout  '.)  mm.  lonij'.  second  ulunu'  aiul  the 
lloral  ,<.'lume  of  the  neuler  tloret  much  alike,  the  former  7  l»-iu'rved, 
the  latter  KJ-iicrved,  its  |)alea  ahout  •.*  mm.  lonix;  Icrlile  lloret, 
smooth,  shiniuu;,  oval,  almost  acute.  ')  mm.  lonir. 

Said  to  1k^  a  native  of  India.  Kxtcnsivcly  cultivated  in  tropical 
and  temperate  rei:;ions. 

Turkey  for  1'oulrii  \\\  Sitrl/rr// :    I^ouisiana.    l.dintlitis. 

;>»■>.  p.  arenarium  Chain.  ^  Schleclit.  Liiiii.  (>::)*)  (is:!!), 
/'.   Kitiilhii  l-'ourn.  Mex.   IM.   I'aium.  (iram.  ••'••(iSSC). 

Culms  stout,  tall  (?),  hiwer  sheaths  loose,  smooth,  about  as  lontf 
us  tho  intei'nodes;  li^ide  a  ciliate  rim;';  blades  Hat.  smoolli  or  pilose 
at  the  base.  ".Ml  lit)  cm.  loiiLr.  .'•  I(>  mm.  broad.  Panicles  terminal, 
spreading',  •*(•  .'ir>  cm.  loiiij:,  rays  erect.  sini,dc  or  in  p:iirs.  Iho  Ionis- 
es! (wo-thirtis  as  loni;'  as  the  pani(^lc.  bcariii"^  ;>-S  spikelets  above 
tlio  midille  on  its  rather  stilT  but  slender  branchos.  Spikelets  in 
pairs,  linear-lanceolate  I  mm.  lonij,  pedicel  of  one  of  them  1  mm. 
lon<j^.  the  other  4  5  mm.  loiii^;  first  jj^lunu'  deltoid,  IJ-nerved,  about 
l.T)  mm.  lonir.  second  ami  third  suhiMjual.  the  foi'iner  7'-niM'ved,  the 
latter  !>-uerv(Ml ;  lloret  liiu'ar,  acute,  the  lloral  i-ltimc  .'5  mm.  lonjf. 
7-!>-nerved.     (Jrain  elliptical.  l.T  '.'  mm.  lon;,^ 

Mexico,  /lotin/nn/  "•'Jl>. 

;{:.  p.  Havardii  Vasey,  Unll.  Torr.  Club.   14:0.5  (IHS7).      /'. 


126  I'ANRACE.E. 

virf/tt/mti.     \'iir.  oKirrnsprniiioii  \'iisoy,  t'oiitrib.  I'.  S.  Nat.  Herb. 
3:;3G  (18it2). 

I'ereuiiiiil:  culms  stout,  100-180  cm.  liigli.  FJgulc  a  tliick 
ring  of  short  hairs;  blades  thick,  rigid,  often  involute,  smootli  or 
liairy  near  the  ligule,  iJO-GO  em.  long,  o-lO  nun.  wide.  Panicle 
exserted,  smooth,  dilt'use,  })yramidal,  oO-SO  em.  long,  rays  single 
or  in  twos  or  threes,  often  naked  for  the  lower  third.  Spikelets 
smooth,  ovate,  acute,  S-9  mm.  long,  fi'""t  glume  over  lialf  as  long 
as  the  spikelet.  ovate,  acute,  5-T-nerved,  second  ovate-acute, 
8-0-nerved;  tloral  glume  of  the  staminate  spikelets  nearly  as  long  as 
the  second  glume,  5-T-nerved;  i)alea  nearly  as  long  as  its  glume, 
membranous,  ovate  when  spread,  fertile  lloret  smooth,  5  mm. 
long. 

31exico.  Pn'/ifjlc  1 1 24. 

It  was  lirst  cultivated  in  S.  W.  Texas  in  18S1   l)y  Dr.   Ilavard. 

Texas  and  ^lexico. 

US.  P.  stenodes  (Jriseb.  Fl.  W.  Ind.  54:  (18G4).  /'.  nm-eps 
sfrir/Kin  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  States.  073  (1800). 

A  tufted  slender  glabrous  erect  annual,  sparingly  branched 
above.  50-80  cm.  bigii.  JMadcs  erect,  involute,  setaceous,  12-20 
cm.  long.  I'aiiicli'  c\sertc(l  oi-  tiic  lower  partly  included,  narrow, 
simple.  4-8  cm.  long,  with  5-(')  slender  I'ays.  Spikelets  ova'te- 
lanceolate,  2.5  mm.  long,  first  glume  oiu'-tbird  to  two-thirds  as  long 
as  the  spikelet.  acute.  1 -nerved,  second  glume  and  floral  glume  of 
the  sterile  floret  tliin.  ovate,  acute.  5-iu'rved:  palea  much  shorter 
than  its  glume;  fertile  lloret  firm,  half-terete,  oval,  obtuse,  1.7  mm. 
long. 

Texas.  XeaJh-i/,  V.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  Oil;  Alal)ania.  .Vd/ir. 

Pojids  and  wet  places,  Florida  to  'I'exas. 

3'.).  P.  gibbum  Kll.  Hot.  S.  C.  &  (la.  1 :  11(1  (isiti). 

Culms  slender,  branching  below,  30-50-00  cm.  or  even  2  m. 
high.  IMades  aiul  sheaths  smooth  or  soft  hairy,  blade  flat,  acumi- 
nate, T-12  cm.  long.  4-12  mm.  wide.  Panicle  close,  spikclike 
above,  interrupted  below.  8-10  cm.  long,  13nim.diam.  Spikelets 
caducous,  each  on  a  short,  slender  pedicel,  oblong,  obtuse,  or  some 
of  the  lowest  narrower  and  acute,  3.5  mm.  long;  lirst  glume  about 


PANICE.E.  127 

1  mm.  long,  1-3-iiervecl,  second  oval,  ll-nerved,  tumid  at  the  base; 
floral  glume  of  the  neuter  spikelet  5-nerved;  its  palea  membranous, 
3-nerved;  fertile  lloret  smooth,  ilat  on  one  side,  ovoid,  obtuse,  l.o 
mm.  long. 

Florida,  C/irfiss  3o!)l. 

An  anmuil,  thriving  in  wet  ground. 

South  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Texas. 

40.  P.  melicarium  Miehx.  Fl.  Hor.  Am.  1:50  (1803).  /'. 
dehila  Poir.  Lam.  Enevel.  Su])i)l.  4:  283  (181()).  /'.  /lafoifissimiiin 
R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:448  (1817).  /'.  Iiunis  Ell.  Hot.  S.  C.  and  (ia. 
1:  118  (181(5). 

A  slender  glabrous  rennial.  with  a  creeping  or  decumbeiit 
base.  Culms  slender,  lo-.")!)  cm.  high.  Jilades  8-15  cm.  long,  2-3 
mm.  wide,  the  u))per  reaching  to  the  i)aniele.  Panicle  simple, 
spreading,  rays  few,  cajjillary,  single  or  in  pairs,  naked  below, 
0-15  cm.  long.  Spikelets  inostly  in  distant  clusters,  on  pedicels 
1-2  mm.  long,  ovate,  subacute,  nearly  2  mm.  long,  first  glume 
broad.  1-3-nerved,  1  mm.  long,  second  oval,  5-nerved;  iloral  glume 
of  neuter  floret  3-r)-nerved,  its  palea  firm,  large  aiul  as  long  as 
itself,  broadly  obovate.  gajiiug  at  the  apex,  2-4-nervi'd;  fertile  floret 
smooth,  elliptical,  l-(!  mm.  long  and  usually  causing  the  outer 
glumcis  to  op(!n. 

Low  grounds.  North  Carolina  to  Texas. 

41.  P.  repens  L.  Sp.  Pi.  87.  Kd.  2,  87  (17(;2-03). 

Culms  stiff,  leafy,  ;50-(iO  cm.  high,  asceiuling  fnun  a  creeping 
rhi/ome.  Ligule  ciliate;  blades  glabrous  or  softly  hairy,  involute, 
7-15  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  wide.  Panicle  7-15  cm.  long,  witli  a  W'W 
long,  erect  or  spreading,  flexuous  brunches.  Spikelets  smooth, 
irregularly  crowded,  oii  short,  slender  j)edic(>ls.  oblong  jiointed.  2.5 
mm.  long,  first  ghuue  thin,  broad,  not  half  as  long  as  the  spikelet. 
obtuse  or  acute,  nerved  or  not;  second  and  tliird  floral  glnnu's 
acute,  broad-ovate,  7-'.*-uerved  ('*  ;)-5-iu;rved."'  Henth.).  ])alea  of 
the  staminate  floret  oval,  nearly  2  mm.  long;  fertile  flon^t  oblong, 
obtuse,  1.5  mm.  long,  with  a  thin  Iloral  glume  ami  ])alea. 
Stamens  3. 

Alabama,  Mo/ir;  Louisiami,  Lfnir/Jnis. 


128  PAXICACE.E. 

Introduced  along  tlie  Gulf  coast,  near  salt  water;  also  found  in 
Mexico,  Brazil,  Euroiie,  Asia,  northern  Africa  and  Australia, 

Var.  confertum  A'asey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  ]Ierb.  '3:'2S 
(18!)'i). 

(Julnis  7-;}0  cm.  higli.  blades  spreading,  3-G  cm.  long,  3-5  mm. 
wide;  })anicle  simple,  2-7  cm.  long;  tirst  glume  longer  and  less 
obtuse. 

Louisiana.  LuHijlois. 

Near  sailt  water  on  the  Gulf  coast. 

\-l.  P.  anceps  .Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1  :  48  (1803). 

A  rather  sleniler  erect  i)ereuuial,  GU-'.)0  cm.  high,  culms 
flattened  from  stout,  scaly  rootstocks,  the  internotles  of  whicli  are 
2-3  mm.  long.  Slieatlis  often  hairy  ;  blades  scabrous  or  not, 
slender,  30-1:0  cm.  long.  5  mm.  wide.  Panicles  terminal,  20-40 
cm.  long,  rarely  one  or  more  lateral  ones,  rays  erect  or  spreading. 
S|)ikelets  ovate-oblong,  acute,  often  bending  sidewise  from  the  ap- 
pressed  branches  at  a  wide  angle.  I)ringing  pedicel  and  first  glume 
into  line.  a})ex  often  curved,  2.2-2.5  mm.  long;  first  glume  over  1 
mm.  long,  3-nerved,  secoiul  ovate,  5-T-i\erve(l ;  floral  glume  of 
sterile  spikelet  like  the  latter,  only  a  little  longer,  its  palea  two- 
thirds  as  long;  fertile  floret  smooth,  hard,  elliptical,  1.5  mm.  long. 
Some  forms  are  much  like  /'.  a  (j  fast  aides  Spreng.  District  of 
Columbia.   V.  S.  Dvpt.  Afjrieul.  ^'rom  Gerald  McCarthy. 

Alabama,  Mohr. 

Massachusetts  to  Texas. 

43.  P.  agrostoides  Muhl.  Gram.  119  (1817). 

An  erect  branching  perennial,  with  smooth,  flattened  culms, 
S()-180  cm.  high.  Sheaths  often  compressed,  softly  hairy;  IjJades 
flat,  smooth  or  rough,  40-80  cm.  long,  7-12  mm.  wide.  Panicles 
20-40  cm.  long,  usually  reddish  or  purple,  terminal  and  lateral, 
rays  numerous,  spreading  or  erect.  Si)ikelets  elliptical  or  lanceo- 
late, nsually  in  line  with  the  very  short  ])edicels,  apex  straight, 
2-2.5  mm.  long;  first  glume  acute.  1.5  mm.  long,  3-nerved,  second 
5-nerved;  fioral  glume  of  sterile  floret  like  it,  only  shorter,  its  palea 
two-thirds  as  long;  fertile  floret  smooth,  oval,  1-'1.5  mm.  long. 
Quito  variable. 


PANICE^iS.  129 

New  Jersey,  U.  »V.  Dcpf.  Ayricul.  39  from  Scribuer;  Aliibaina, 
MoJirj  Mic'liigau,  Couley. 

A  tall  leafy  grass,  growing  in  wet  places.  Massachusetts  to 
Texas. 

44.  P.  proliferum  Lam.  Encycl.  4:  V47  (1707).  /'.  ntiUareum 
Walt.  Fl.  Car.  1'Z  (17S8),  not  L. 

Annual;  mostly  smooth  throughout.  Culms  branched,  ascend- 
ing, very  variable  in  size  at  the  nortli,  30-50  or  more  cm.  high. 
Sheaths  flattened;  ligule  ciliate;  blades  flat,  10-20  cm.  long,  5 
mm.  or  more  wide.  Panicles  terminal  and  lateral,  compound, 
pyramidal,  rays  rough,  slender,  spreading,  exsertcd  or  partially 
included,  10-20  cm.  long.  Spikelets  jtale  green  or  ])ur|)le, 
crowded,  appressed  on  short  pedicels,  lance-ovate,  acute,  2.0-3 
mm.  long;  iirst  glume  broad,  reniform.  1  mm.  or  less  long,  .1-;J- 
nerved,  second  glume  as  long  as  the  S[iilvelet,  7-nerved.  tliird 
5-nerved;  fertile  floret  oval,  smooth,  2  mm.  long.  Sometimes  there 
is  a  palea  for  the  neuter  floret. 

Dam})  places,  ]S'('W  England  to  Texas;  also  in  Illiiu)is. 

Var.  geniculatum  (Muhl.)  Vasoy,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3: 
34  (18!)2).     P.  ;/(')! ii'iilaf  1(1)1  Muhl.  (iram.  123  (1S17). 

"  This  is  sometimes  called  's[»r()uting  Crabgrass.'  "J'iie  stems 
are  at  first  erect,  then  become  decumbent  ami  spreading,  fre(|ueutly 
attaining  a  length  of  (i-7  feet,  bent  and  rooting  at  the  lower  joints. 
It  has  much  the  sanu'  habit  as  /'.  Ti'.rainniK  but  the  stems  are 
smooth  and  more  flattened;  the  leaves  also  are  smoother  and 
larger.  'JMie  stems  are  sometimes  nearly  an  inch  thick  at  the  base, 
and  very  succulent.  The  panicles  are  sonu>tiines  2  feet  long." 
N'asey,  Desc.  Cat.  Orassi's  V.  S.     Leaves  rough  nbove. 

District  of  Columbia,   l'.  S.  Dvpt.  At/ricti/.  coll.  \'asey. 

Southern  States;  common. 

45.  P.  capillare  L.  Si).  JM.  5S  (1753).     Olimvitch  ({uass. 

Annual;  culms  erect  or  spreading,  branching  below,  mostly 
30-GO  cm.  liigh.  Sheaths  hirsute  with  hairs  having  tuberculous 
bases;  blades  thin,  flat»  usually  hirsute.  15-30  em.  long,  1-1.5  cm. 
wide.  Panicle  2(l-;}0  cm.  long,  contahiing  many  capillary  rays, 
partially  included  when  young,  sju-eading  when  old  by  the  action 


180  PANK'ACE.E. 

of  the  enlarged  callous  bases,  ovoid  when  mature,  then  easily  broken 
off  and  earried  by  the  wind.  Spikelets  smooth,  ovoid,  acute,  oblonjr- 
lanceolate,  2-3.7  mm.  long:,  iiedicel  1-10  nnn.  lonfj,  lirst  glume 
1-5-nerved,  about  1  mm.  long,  second  glume  5-nerved,  third 
longer,  5-7-nerved;  floral  glume  of  fertile  floret  elliptical,  1.5  mm. 
long. 

\'ery  variable  in  size  and  appearance,  as  are  most  annual  grasses 
which  are  found  in  such  a  wide  range  of  country.     A'ery  common. 

Philadelphia  (Pcnn.),  Swibiier  48;  Michigan,  Clark  744, 
Fanrell  for  M.  A.  C,  Beal  17;  Washington,  Lake ;  ]\Iinnesota, 
lMzi)Hjer  0.  10  ;  Utah,  J<j)ics  1313  ;  Oregon,  Howell ;  Montana, 
Audersnii  73. 

Michigan  Agricul.  College  in  1885. 

^'ar.  vulgare  Scribn.  (Irasses  Tenn.  2:  44  (1894).  Var.  ar/rcsfe 
Oattinger,  Tenn.  Flora,  04  (1887).  Stout  and  very  hairy;  panicK> 
very  large  and  widely  spreading;  forming  no  tufts.  Spikelets  1.7 
mm.  long. 

In  flelds  and  gardens.     Tennessee.  Galliiir/t'r. 

Var.  campestre  Ciattinger,  Tenn.  Flora,  94  (1887).  Var.  (iciii- 
nihf/inn  Scribu. 

Culms  mostly  simple,  slender.  20-30  cm.  high.  Root-leaves 
lorming  flat  tufts  appressed  to  the  soil.     Spikelets  1.7  mm.  long. 

Tennessee.  Gafliiu/rrj  Virginia,  MUlsj)an(jh. 

Var.  flexile  Gatt.  Tenn.  Flora,  49  (1887).  Paninim  Jlcrilr 
Scribn.  Grasses  Tenn.  2:44  (1894). 

A  slender  plant,  thin,  elastic  and  upright,  sparingly  hairy, 
panicle  thin,  smaller,  spikelets  rather  large,  acute,  much  like  /'. 
(Ht/Huniale  l?osc.  Tennessee,  Dr.  d'alfiin/rr.  V.  S.  Dept.  A(jr\cnL 
4!i  from  Gattinger.     Found  in  the  cedar  glades. 

Var.  minimum  Engcl.  (Jatt.  Tenn.  Flora.  94  (1887).  /'. 
niiiiiman}  Scribn.  A  slender  plant,  10-00  cm.  higli  ;  i)anic]e 
simple,  with  G-10  single  rays;  spikelets  usually  less  than  2  mm. 
long. 

Tennessee,  (jafliin/cr  17  \  Xew  Mexico,  Lcmmon  ^Xhl. 

Pcrhai)s  only  a  form  grown  on  poor  soil  or  where  much  crowded. 

4(i.   P.  sonornm.     P.  capillare  miUacvum.     Vasey  ined. 


PANICE.E.  131 

A  stout  annual,  30-100  cm.  liigh.  Culms  sparingly  brancheiU 
and  tliese.  as  well  as  the  sheaths,  clothed  with  stiff  hairs  coming 
each  from  a  prominent  tubercle.  Sheaths  mostly  longer  than  the 
internodes,  rather  loose;  ligule  a  ciliate  ring;  blades  more  or  less 
hirsute,  flat,  cordate,  30-40  cm.  long,  2-3.5  cm.  wide.  I'aniclB 
usually  included  at  the  base,  obovoid,  '20—40  cm.  long,  rays  very 
numerous,  rather  stiff,  mostly  single,  branching  freely  and  bearing 
an  immense  number  of  spikelets.  The  pedicels  of  the  spikelets  1-7 
mm.  long.  Spikelets  linear-oval,  3,2-3.5  mm.  long,  first  glume 
ovate,  2.2  mm.  long,  5-nerved,  second  and  third  equal,  O-ll-nerved. 
fourth  or  palea  of  the  neutral  floret  1  mm.  long;  fertile  floret  oval, 
2.2-2.5  mm.  long,  Horal  glume  T-nerved. 

The  plant  is  more  robust  than  that  of  /*.  capiUare;  the  spike- 
lets are  larger,  first  glume  longer  and  5-nerved,  instead  of  1-nerved, 
second  and  third  glumes  (»-ll -nerved. 

Mexico  (Sonora)  and  Lower  California,  Palmer, 

Seeds  sown  in  wet  places  to  raise  grain,  which  is  used  by  the 
Cocoi)a  Indians. 

47.  P.  bulbosum  \L  li.  K.  Nov.  fien.  et  Sp.  1:  0.0  (1815). 

(!ulms  !»()-120  cm.  high,  glabrous,  erect,  flattened,  from  a 
perennial  bulbous  base.  Hlades  flat,  scabrous  or  pilose,  30-40  cm. 
long,  2-5  mm.  wide.  Panicle  exserted,  com]>ound,  spreading, 
20-40  cm.  long,  tiie  main  rays  single  or  two  or  three  at  a  node, 
scabrous,  the  ultimate  branches  short  and  scattered  all  along  tlie 
main  branches.  Spikelets  usually  gri'cnish.  often  in  \y,\\\r,  one  of 
which  is  borne  by  a  i)edicel  usually  2  mm.  or  longer,  the  other  on 
a  longer  pedicel,  ol)lcng-linear,  terete,  al)out  4  mm.  long:  first 
glume  ovate,  acute,  3-5-nerved,  over  half  as  long  as  the  spikelet, 
secontl  5-7-nerved;  floral  ghune  and  jieuter  spikelet  reaching 
beyond  the  second  glume,  5-nerved.  its  ])alea  shorter,  3-nerved; 
fertile  floret  soft,  ovate-lanceolate,  3.5  mm.  long. 

Mexico,  Pahncr-iO:^:  Texas,  Xealh't/. 

Texas,  New  Mexico,  Arizona  and  Mexico. 

Var.  minor  Vasey  Contrib.  V.  S.  Xat.  Ilerl).  3:35  (1802). 
P.  maximum  var.  bnJbosiim  Munro.  Culms  more  slender,  panicle 
narrow,  15  cm.  long;  spikelets  3.5  mm.  long. 


132  PANICAC'E.E. 

Arizona,  Pritujh'. 

Var.  avenaceum  (II.  U.  K.).  /'.  (wpnareum  II.  H.  K.  Nov. 
Gen.  ot  Sp.  1 :  99  (1815).  Si)ikelut8  siibsessile,  about  .'}  nun.  long, 
ot'ton  purple;  first  gjlume  scarcely  half  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  the 
lower  iloret  often  stain inate,  fertile  tloi'et  3  mm.  long. 

Mexico,  Pri)i(]h>  377. 

Arizona,  ^lexieo,  Quito.  (Juyana. 

48.  P.  MAXiMiM  Jacq.  Ic.  I'l.  Har.  Coll.  1:  /.  13,  7G  (178G). 
(iiiXKA  (Jkass.     J\ Jititipufonnii  IVrs.  Syn.  1:83(180.5). 

A  stout  perennial,  from  scaly,  creci)ing  rootstocks.  C'ulnis 
smooth.  8(1-1 50  cm.  high,  nodes  smooth  or  silky  hairy.  Leal'- 
blailes  smooth,  JJ0-3()  cm.  long,  5-10  mm.  wide;  ciliate  at  the 
liijule  and  on  the  niar<iins  of  the  smooth  sheath.  Panicle  larjre, 
lo-'^O  cm.  or  more  long,  erect,  the  numerous  rays  erect  or  spread- 
ing, bearing  spikelets  above  the  middle  of  the  main  branches. 
8i)ikelets  on  pedicels,  usually  1-5  mm.  long,  smooth.  elli|)tical  or 
oval,  acute,  4  mm.  long;  first  glume  ovate,  rounded,  acuminate. 
7-nerved,  ;)-4  mm.  long;  second  glume  and  lloral  glume  of  the 
staminate  floret  broad-ovate,  3-7-nerved,  the  latter  a  littU^  the 
shorter:  palea  ovate,  as  long  as  its  glume.  Stamens  3.  Fertile 
llortt  smooth,  transversely  wrinkled,  •■i.a-;}  mm.  long. 

Cultivated  in  the  warmer  States;  also  found  in  Mexico.  West 
Indies.  liuenos  Ayres.      Introduced  from  tropical  Afi'ica. 

Tliis  must  not  l)e  confounded  Avith  Sorylmm  haJepenxc,  often 
called  JiiJnisdti  (I'nifo'. 

4lt.  P.  Hallii  Vasey.  Hull.  'Von:  Clul).  11:  CI  (1884). 

Culms  ca^spitose,  slender,  erect,  smooth,  branching  below, 
30-00  cm.  high.  Ligule  a  ciliate  ring;  sheaths  smooth  or 
pubescent;  blades  ilat,  nearly  smooth,  light  green,  about  4  to 
each  culm.  8-15  cm.  long.  3-15  mm.  wide.  Panicle  exserted  or 
the  lower  ))artially  included,  8-15  cm.  long,  simpU>.  spreading; 
rays  mostly  single,  naked  below  and  few-flowered.  Spikclrts  very 
smooth.  ])ale  green  or  pnrjile.  single  or  in  ])airs.  mostly  borne 
above  the  middle  of  the  branches,  lanceolate-ovate,  acute.  .3-4  mm. 
long:  first  glume  acute  or  obtuse,  one-third  to  one-half  as  long  as 
the    sjjikelet.     5-nerved;    second    glume   ovate-lanceolate,    aimte, 


PAXICE.E.  133 

0-nervetl:  floral  glume  of  the  neuter  floret  a  little  siiortt-r, 
7-!»-nerveil,  its  piiiea  inueh  shorter;  fertile  floret  half  terete, 
smooth,  ovul.  'i-'i.o  mm.  long.  This  was  distributed  by  the  U.  8. 
Dept.  Agricul.  at  one  time  as  /*.  f/if/a»feiiiti  Seheele. 

Mexico.  Pn'tif/Ie  :}70.  PaJmcv  108'',  20G;  Arizona.  Priiiifh'. 
distributed  as  /*.  rdpillure  (var.?);  West  Texas,  yeallei/,  llitniril. 

Fouiul  in  many  parts  of  Texas  and  Mexico. 

A  plant  named  as  above  is  in  the  lierbarium  of  the  late 
Dr.  G.  Thurber,  fnmi  Kotschyi,  iter  Nubicuni,  One  very  closely 
resembling  it  is  named  J\  /isilnpodiinii.  Trin.  ^ISS..  idcntitii'd  by 
tJeneral  Munro  and  now  in  Herb.  Gray  of  Harvard  University. 

In  the  description  aliove  considerable  use  was  made  of  Vasey's 
contribution  as  above  referred  to. 

The  specimens  resemble  No.  497  of  Pringle's  Mexican  plants 
named  /*.  <liJ}'i<sNm  Swartz. 

Found  in  nniny  parts  of  Texas  and  in  ^Mexico. 

50.  P.  diffusum  S\v.  Prod.  23  (KSS). 

A  tufted  jierennial,  hirsute  throughout,  except  the  spikelets. 
sparingly  branching  below,  about  60  cm.  high.  Leaf-I)lades  flat, 
erect,  10-20  cui.  long,  H-IO  mm.  wide.  Panicles  ])yramidal.  much 
cxserted  or  the  lowi-st  jiartially  included.  10-15  cm.  long.  sinipU'. 
open:  rays  mostly  single,  stifl",  si)reading.  S])ikelets  pale  green, 
very  smooth,  single  or  in  i)airs.  on  short  pedicels,  lanceolate-ovate, 
about  4  mm.  long:  first  glume  acute,  half  as  long  as  the  si)ikelets. 
5-nerved:  second  ovate,  acute,  13-nerved:  iloral  glume  of  the  lower 
floret  equal  to  the  second  and  11-nerved,  its  palea  half  as  long: 
fertile  floret  oval,  almost  acute,  2.5  cm.  long. 

^lexico,  Priiif/Ir  4'.iT. 

Much  like  /'.  Jlol/ii  Vasey;  but  this  plant  is  liirsute.  blades 
longer  and  wider,  the  spikelets  larger,  second  glume  lo-nerved 
instead  of  9-nerved,  third  glume  11-nerved  in  })lace  of  li-nerved. 

Mexico,  West  Tiulies. 

51.  P.  ciliatissimum  Buck,  fide  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.  3:20  (1802). 

Culms  slender,  procumbent  or  erect.  30-40  cm.  high,  nodes 
pubescent.     Leaf-blades  flat,  pubescent,  rough  with  stout  hairs  on 


the  margins  near  the  base,  4-0  urn.  long,  5  nun.  wide.  Paniule 
simple,  narrow,  i-i)  cm.  long.  S])ikulots  ovato  or  oblong,  piibi's- 
cent  or  smooth,  acute,  -t  mm.  long;  first  glume  ovate-acute, 
3-6-nerved;  second  glume  aiul  tlie  lloral  glume  of  the  staminate 
spilvelet  ovate,  acute,  with  a  crest  of  close  luiirs  a  little  way  from  each 
margin,  U-lIJ-nerved;  jialea  oblong,  acute.  5-nerved,  as  long  as  its 
glume.     Stamens  ){.     Fertile  floret  oval,  almost  acute,  3  mm.  long. 

East  Texas,  Htirklci/,  Hall  &Z\,  Aeallei/. 

5'Z.  P.  velutinosum  Nees,  Agrost.  Bras.  121  (1820). 

A  branebing,  somewhat  diffuse  annual,  30-00  cm.  high. 
Culms  hirsute  more  or  less.  SheatJjS  smooth  or  nearly  so;  ligule  a 
ciliate  ring;  blades  hirsute,  flat,  cordate,  acuminate,  7-13  cm. 
long,  -i-G  mm.  wide.  I'anicles  thin,  10-17  cm.  long,  linear  or 
si)reading;  rays  hirsute,  distant,  slightly  spreading,  the  longest 
3-.")  cm.  long,  bearing  8-14  spikelets.  Spikelets  mostly  subsessile 
(the  pedicel  hairy),  clothed  with  short,  spreading  pubescence,  oval, 
subacute  at  both  ends,  about  3.4  mm.  long;  first  ghune  very  Inird, 
5-nerved,  3  mm.  long,  secon<l  7-nerved;  floral  ghune  of  the  mniter 
floret  oval,  mucroiuite,  2.5  mm.  long,  finely  rugose  with  transverse 
lines. 

Arizona,  Pringle,  Lenimon  3002;  ^Mexico,  Palmer  150,  208. 

53.  P.  microspermum  Fourn.  llemsl.  Biol,  t'ontr.  Am.  Bot. 
3:492  (1880). 

Culms  branching  below  and  decumbent,  30-70  cm.  or  more 
high.  Sheaths  slightly  ciliate  on  the  margins,  about  two-thirds  as 
long  as  the  internodes;  ligule  a  ciliate  ring;  blades  smooth,  flat, 
linear-lanceolate,  contracted,  but  cordate  at  the  base,  0-15  cm. 
long,  12-15  mm.  wide.  Panicle  diffuse,  broadly  ovoid,  10-20  cm. 
long,  the  rays  mostly  single,  but  some  of  them  in  pairs,  very  soon 
branching  near  the  base,  diverging  or  reclined,  the  axils  eidarged 
and  glandular;  rays  stiff,  spreading  at  wide  angles,  hairlike,  straight 
and  flexuose.  Spikelets  all  p^'dicellate,  broadly  oval,  scarcely 
pointed,  1.1-1.2  mm.  long,  yellowish  green  with  a  finely  glandular 
surface;  empty  glumes  brittle,  first  minute,  second  and  third 
equal,  5-nerved ;  floret  persistent,  as  long  as  its  glumes. 

Cuba,  Wright  753;  Mexico,  Pcthncr  1257. 


PANKK.K.  135 

Owing  to  the  meagre  descriptions  anil  the  few  and  incomplete 
epeciniens  seen,  there  is  c'Oiisi(U'ral)le  doubt  as  to  the  correct  iden- 
tilicution  of  this  species.  Possibly  other  ])lants  would  unite  it  to 
P.  brcvifoUuin  L.,  after  tlie  manner  of  numerous  puzzling  forms 
of  P.  ilichotuinum  L. 

54.  P.  neuranthum  Griseb.  Tl.  Cub.  'Z:n  (ISOG). 

A  smooth  slender  erect  or  ascending  grass.  o0-50  cm.  higli, 
considerably  branched  near  tlie  top.  Ligule  a  mere  ring;  blades 
rather  iirm,  ilat  or  subinvolutc,  acuiniuiite.  5-10  cm.  long.  "^-4 
mm.  wide.  Terminal  panicle  much  exserted,  sim[)le,  o-o  cui. 
long;  rays  diverging.  Spilvclets  pedicellate,  softly  pubescent,  oval, 
obtuse,  2.0  mm.  long;  first  glume  very  thin,  delicately  ."J-nerved.  1.3 
mm.  long;  second  and  third  glumes  T-nerved;  fertile  llorct  bioad, 
oval,  suu)oth,  obtuse. 

Var.  ramosum  Oris.  Much  branched,  blades  very  narrow, 
spikelets  'I  mm.  long. 

r.  S.  Dei)t.  Agricul.  84. 

Texas,  Jti(/(js. 

This  seems  much  like  a  form  of  P.  (Jirliotomitm,  so  far  as  T  have 
studied  the  few  specimens  seen. 

55.  P.  pedicellatum  Vasey,  Bull.  8,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  28 
(1880). 

A  slender  erect  light  green  perennial.  .30-00  cm.  high,  branch- 
ing but  little,  lilades  of  the  culm  thin,  nearly  smooth,  erect, 
acuminate.  4-7  cm.  long.  4-0  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  sterile  shoots 
much  shorter,  thicker  and  pubescent.  Panicle  mucOi  exserted, 
simple.  :)-5  cm.  long;  rays  4-5.  spreading,  each  bearing  2-3  s()ike- 
lets.  Spikelets  on  pedicels  4-10  mm.  long,  oblong-obovate,  obtuse, 
sparsely  pubescent,  3  mm.  long;  first  glume  at  souu^  distance  from 
the  others,  ovate,  1-nerved.  l.G  nnn.  long;  second  and  third  glumes 
oblong,  obtuse,  7-nerved. 

Texas.  P.  S.  Depf.  Agricul.  from  Keverchon.  In  herl).  Gray 
is  an  identical  plant  from  the  same  source  ticketed,  by  mistake  most 
likely.  P.  Peverclioni  Vasey. 

50.  P.  verrucosum  Muhl.  Gram.  113  (1817).  P.  ilehile  Ell.  Bot. 
S.  C.  andGa.  1:129  (1817). 


130  PANI('A('K.E. 

A  very  sliMider  smooth  bniiicliiii^  poronnial.  ;{0-8(>-120  cm. 
hi^fli.  Loar-hliulos  smooth,  shinin<f,  flat,  taporinj;  at  tho  base,  0-15 
cm.  loiif,',  5-7  mm.  wulo.  Panicli!  oxserted,  ])yrami(hil,  H-'iO  cm. 
lou<,';  rays  few.  ca|)inary,  mostly  siiiffle,  bearing  few  spikeh'ts. 
Spikek'tsdark  <,M'eeii,  ohovateoroval,  subacute,  warty-rougheiu'd,  l.»! 
mm.  long;  tirst  glume  very  small,  second  and  third  equal,  tho 
uerves  obscure,  long  enougli  to  barely  cover  the  fertik!  floret. 

Delaware,  Canby ;  Florida,  Curtiss  3608;  New  Jersey,  U.  S. 
Dejit.  Agricul.  103  from  Seribner. 

Sandy  low  land  near  the  coast,  from  New  England  to  Florida 
and  Texas. 

57.  P.  brevifolium  L.  Sp.  PI.  87  (1753). 

A  slender  geniculate  branching  anniuil,  rooting  at  the  lower 
nodes,  30-(i0  cm.  high.  Sheaths  pilose;  ligulo  very  short;  blades 
flat,  oblong-lanceohite,  acuminate,  rounded  at  the  base,  ine(|ui- 
lateral,  2-5  cm.  long,  more  or  less  hirsute.  Piuicle  difl'use,  apex 
oval,  8-12  cm.  long;  rays  branching  for  most  of  their  length. 
Si)ikelets  borne  on  stiff,  capillary  pedicels,  obovate.  obtuse,  1-1.3 
mm.  long,  pnborulent;  first  glume  half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the 
si);kelet,  3-nerved;  second  and  third  equal,  3-5-nerved;  floret  ellip- 
soidal, subacute.  1  mm.  long;  palea  slightly  convex. 

^[exico  (Jalisco),  l*rin(jle  3S'>S.  I'olmer  1083;  also  in  tho  AVest 
Indies  and  Brazil.      Shaded  places. 

58.  P.  ramulosum  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:50  (1803). 

A  slender  tui'ted  perennial,  10-30  cm.  high,  culms  erect, 
smooth,  exserted.  Blades  linear-lanceolate.  3-4  to  a  culm,  rather 
firm,  flat  or  becoming  involute,  scabrous  on  the  nuugins,  with  a 
lew  hairs  near  the  base  and  at  the  ligule.  2-3  cm.  long,  about  3 
mm.  wide.  Panicle  diffuse,  oval  or  ])yramiilal,  3-5  cm.  long;  rays 
ca)>illary.  flexuose,  bearing  numerous  spikelets.  Spikelets  oval  or 
obovoid.  about  1  mm.  long;  first  glume  broad,  one-third  as  long  as 
the  spikelet;  second  and  floral  glume  of  the  neuter  floret  similar, 
7-nerved,  or  the  latter  5-nerved;  palea  half  as  long  as  its  ghnne; 
fertile  floret  smooth,  broad,  oval.  By  some  believed  to  be  a  form  of 
P.  (lirliotomum  Ij. 

Florida,  Curiiss,  Chapman,  Canby 


PANIC  K.K.  137 

So  far  us  observed  tliis  seems  to  u  f-ood  si)e(!ies. 

Soiitlieni  'l\'\as. 

5!t.  P.  microcarpon  Mulil.  (irmu.  Ill  (1817). 

All  erect  stout  iiereiiiiial ;  culm  smootii.  sometimes  hairy  at 
the  nodes,  perhii|)s  s|iariii<,dy  hniiiehed.  :5()-'.t()  em.  Iii<,'h.  Sheatlis 
as  loiif^  as  the  internotles;  hlaties  ohlon<f-laiu('olate  from  a  narrowed 
cordate  base,  smootli  exeept  the  rougli  marjjins  and  eiliate  base, 
!)-13-iierve<l,  10-18  em.  lon^,  "Z-'-i  cm.  wide,  usually  a  tuft  of  thiek 
ovate  leaves  near  the  grouml.  the  apex  much  the  sha]te  of  the  leaves 
of  /*.  clandcsfhiiiiH.  I'aniele  mueh  exserted  on  a  slender  |)edunele, 
oblong  or  oval,  8-18  cm.  long.  Si)ikelets  often  |)urple.  smooth  or 
nearly  so,  very  numerous  on  very  slender  pedicels,  obovoid  or  oval. 
1.4  mm.  long:  lirst  glume  less  than  one-third  as  long  as  the  sj)ike- 
let;  second  and  floral  glume  of  the  neuter  floret  similar.  7-nerved. 
the  palea  for  the  latter  very  small,  liyaline.  tlie  fertile  floret  smooth, 
the  sliajie  of  a  hemisj)here  slightly  con, pressed. 

Specimens  from  the  U.  S.  Dept.  Agrimil.,  no  locality;  Dis- 
rri<'t  of  Columbia.  McCnrfJij/. 

Wet  ground.  Massachusetts  to  Michigan  and  Texas. 

Var.  sphserocarpon  (Ell.).  P.  sp/icrrocrn'/mii  Ell.  Hot.  S.  C.  & 
fJa.  1  :  1  ■.*.')  (I81T).  Plant  shorter,  more  slender;  blailes  (5  cm.  long, 
8  mm.  wide;  sheaths  shorter  than  the  iuternodes.  which  are  often 
puliescent;  panicle  5-7  cm.  long;  spikelets  smooth  or  shortly  pubes- 
cent. 

District  ot'  Columbia,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricnl.  from  Dr.  TV/wy/. 

Same  range  as  the  s})ecies. 

60.  P.  Chapmani  Vasey.  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  11:01  (188+).  P. 
tennicnhmm  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  States.  5:2  (I SCO),  not  Meyer. 

Culms  tufted,  erect,  slender,  mostly  simple.  Sheaths  ciliatc  on 
the  margins:  lignle  a  eiliate  ring;  blades  of  sterile  shoots  lirm. 
mostly  involute,  usually  smooth  l)elow.  scabrous  above,  20-30  cm. 
lomr,  2—1  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  culms  shorter  or  about  the  lenjrtli 
of  the  interuodes.  Panicle  slender,  simple,  racemose.  15-30  cm. 
long  composed  of  8-10  appressed.  sessile  spikes,  which  are  distant 
below  and  a])])roximate  above,  1-3  cm.  long;  rachis  triquetrous, 
scabrous,  flexuose,  terminated  by  a  short  bristle.     Spikelets  oval. 


138  I'ANU  ACIvK 

almost  acute,  ii  tniii.  loim;  lirst  •iliiinc  broad,  ohtuso,  li-iuTvcd, 
about  1  mm.  lou^;  si'coud  and  tliinl  t'(|iial,  with  cross  nerves,  7-  and 
5-uerved  respectively:  fertile  llorel  oval  or  ovate,  abruptly  acute, 
linely  striate,  "i  mm.  lou<,'. 

Florida,  Ciir/iss  ;}»)():',  BIihIiiiII.  .1.  /'.  (nir/tfi;  all  in  iicrh. 
CIray. 

C.l.   P.  iNDKUM  li.  Mant.  -.':  lS-1  (im). 

Culms  slender,  l)ran(•llini,^  erect  or  dilTiise.  40  (iO  em.  Iiiuh. 
Sheiillis  smooth;  li.iiule  1  mm.  loiii;';  blades  and  piiiucles  ot'lcn 
])urplisli.  smootli  or  scii.rid,  the  roriner  Hat.  I.")-'-iO  cm.  loni;'.  ".*  I 
mm.  wide.  I'anicle strict,  dense,  s[)ikelike,  o -ir»  cm.  loni:'.  li-'*  mm. 
diani. :  i.„».  1-.")  nuu.  lonu;.  S[)ikclcls  cuneate-ovate,  smiooiIi,  •*  mm. 
lon<;:  lirst,  ulume  iJ-.Viiervcd,  i.))  mm.  loni4';  second  and  Moral 
^dume  of  lower  lloret  e(pial,  7-'.l-nerved  :  fertile  liori't  smooth,  shin- 
iny,  oval,  almost  acute  at  both  ends.   1.  t  mm.  lon;^'. 

Mexico  (Jidisco).   /'ri/ir/lr  'i'MV.i. 

]Sear  shallow  pools,  probably  introduced  from  the  Old  World. 

(\'i.  P.  dichotomum  li.  Sp.  IM.  1 :  .^.S  (i;  ■»:;). 

IVrenniid;  cidms  smooth  or  softly  h:ury.  slciidi'r.  simple  or  later 
in  the  season  briiiicliin<;-  freely  alony-  the  nuddle,  '^O-AO  cm.  \\\<i]i, 
rarely  \-'t  '.'(»  cm.  hi,<ih.  licaf-blades  near  the  base,  tufted,  lirm, 
ovate-lanccohde,  {).i)-'.\  em.  loni;-.  the  (tthers  Hat.  lanceolate,  usually 
5-7  cm.  loiii;',  o-T  mm.  wide,  holdiiijjf  their  width  well  to  the  I>ase, 
some  not  over  ;{  cm.  loni;-,  others  I'i  cm.  lonn-;  blades  and  sheidhs 
usuidly  eontainin,!;  some  soft  hairs,  somi'times  suuioth,  and  on  short, 
])lants  sometimes  roun'h.  'IMu'  terminal  panicle  exserted.  spreadiny', 
compound,  ovoid  or  pyramidal,  :> -!)  cm.  lon,i,s  the  lateral  ones 
smaller,  partially  or  wholly  included.  Spikelets  few  ( 10)  to  many 
(■•i.-)!)).  on  slender  |)e(licels.  oblon.ii-ovate.  obtuse,  downy,  less  often 
smooth,  1.5-'^  mm.  lony;  lii'st  .irlume  broad,  l-nerve<l,  minute  to 
one-third  tiie  lenufth  of  the  spikelet;  second  empty  {jflume  and  lloral 
fiiuim^  of  the  neuter  lloret  e<|ual.  usually  7-nerved,  occasiomilly  with 
one  or  two  or  more  nerves;  palea  small,  hyaline,  the  fertile  lloret 
smooth,  oval  as  \ou<x  as  the  second  and   third  ifbmu's. 

Most  partf  of  iNorth  .\merica. 

I'lants  of  various  forms  ami   perhaps  varieties  or  even  species 


I'AXU'K.K. 


139 


from  wiiloly  sopanitcd  lociilitu's  too  nunu'rous  to  inontion  luivo  ro- 
ocivi'd  protnictod  study,  so  fur  witli  resiilt.s  quito  iiiisiitisfiU'lory. 
It  is  ;i  |»ity  that  soiiio  of  tlu'so  forms  over  rcwivod  distinct  iiiiiiu's. 
For  I'Xiimpli'.  |tlunts  in  \vlii(di  the  nodes  urc  clotlu'd  with  dcnsi', 
straight  iiairs  liavi-  lu'cn  called  /'.  bnvbuhthon  iMx..  often  witiioiit 
nmcii  regard  lor  other  peculiarities.  In  a  similar  manner,  if 
shajijjjy-hairy  or  villuus.  the  plants  have  been  known  as  /'.  iiithrscviix 
Mx.  or  /'.  riHosi'.iH  KlI..  or.  if  the  leaves  were  smooth  except 
straight  hairs  on  the  inaruins,  /'.  cilidhtiii  KlI.,  or,  if  the  culms 
and  sheaths' were  softly  hairy,  /'.  Itivuijiiiostitti  KM.  IMaids  with 
smooth  leaves  varying  considerably  in  other  respects  h;ive  received 
the  name  of  /'.  iiitiihiiit  Lam.  If  the  leaves  be  smooth.  Iliit.  short, 
taperiui"'  much  like  a  we(li;e.  the  plant,  is  /'.  nislfoliiiin  Ualdw.  In 
ii  lar^'c  collection  there  will  be  numy  spi'cimens,  each  answeriii','  to 
one  and  often  two  or  more  of  these  nami's;  and  there  will  be  others 
showinsj  var.ous  c()mi)inations  of  peculiarities  expressed  in  the 
names  aliove  j^iven. 

\'ar.  laxiflorum  (Lam.).  /'.  Itij-ijlunnii  Lam.  Mncycl.  I:7IS 
(IT'.'I).  Leaves  numerous;  blades  thin,  lanceolate.  10  11  cm.  louij;; 
panicle  thin. 

|)r.  Watson,  in  (iray's  Manual.  ImI.  (i.  describes  the  forms  or 
varieties  as:  [a)  conuintiii',  with  simple  culms  erect  or  asccndiiii,', 
and  li'avi's  sid»er"ct,  usually  pale  ^reen,  (A)  /W.vr/Vv/A///////,  with  clus- 
lei'cil  leal'y  branches  and  short  peduncles,  a  common  autumn  slatt*, 
and  {(■)  (/nti'i/f,  the  culms  lax,  very  slender  and  eloufj^ated,  with 
rather  distant  s|>readin,<;  leaves  (usually  brii^ht  iffecn).  and  nmstly 
louii- pedunculate  panicles. 

iCJ.  P.  rhizophorum  I'ourn.  Ih'uisl.  hiol.  Centr.  Am.  Mot., 
:!:l!ir)  (ISSO). 

Culms  rather  slender,  sionieidate,  rootinjjf  at  tlm  lower  nodes, 
oO  (iO  cm.  Iiiirli.  slightly  branchiiii;-.  mcuv  or  le.ss  pubernleut. 
Sheaths  puberulent.  m!iri;ins  pilose;  lijiide  a  mere  riiii?;  blades  Hat, 
<i  10  cm.  loni,',  l.A  mm.  wide,  ovatc-laiuseolato,  acumimite,  iiu>(pii- 
luteral,  subcordale.  I'anicl(>s  mostly  terminal,  simple,  l-T  em. 
Innijf;  rays  pubescent  at  the  axils,  sprcadiiifj,  single,  the  lonjjfest 
^'. .")-;>  cm.  lonif,  the  rays  bearing  clusters  of  s[>ikelets  on  the  ends. 


140  PANICAC'E.B. 

Spikelets  smooth,  oval  or  obovate,  obtuse,  1.0-i.O  mm.  long; 
second  and  third  glumes  equal,  5-nerved;  Horet  Jiispidulous,  oval, 
1.4  mm.  long. 

Mexico  (San  Luis  Potosi),  Prinfile  3S17,  Hourg.  30:55.  liott. 
150,  151,  427.  Bel.  390. 

Shady  rocky  slopes. 

64.  P.  depauperatum  Muhl.  (!ram.  112  (ISIT).  P.  Wikox- 
ianum  Vasey,  Bull.  8,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.  iiot.  Div.  32  (188!»). 

A  tufted  perennial;  culms  slender,  simple,  erect,  branching 
below,  20-40  cm.  high.  Sheaths  mostly  pubescent;  blades  3  to  a 
culm,  narrowly  linear,  erect.  Hat  or  involute,  beset  with  long  soft 
hairs.  Panicle  3-0  cm.  long,  simple,  contracted  on  long  peduncles, 
above  the  leaves  or  some  of  them  mucli  lower.  Spikelets  mostly 
acute  whei!  young,  some  of  them  becoming  obtuse  when  mature, 
oval-ovate  or  oval-obovat'.'.  2-3.5  mm.  long;  tirst  glume  1-2  mm. 
long,  1-5-nerved,  second  7-10-nerved;  iloral  glume  of  tlie  neuter 
spikelet  5-!>-nerved,  its  palea  small;  fertile  floret  oval,  smooth, 
1.7-2.7  mm.  long. 

The  plant  varies  much,  especially  the  spikelets.  In  the  above 
measurement  of  spikelets  the  larger  is  from  a  plant  collected  by 
Dr.  Vasey  in  1).  C,  and  named  by  Vasey  &  Scribner;  the  snudler 
is  one  of  the  Cooly  collection,  from  Deertield,  Mass. 

New  York  to  Texas.  Michigan,  Wheeler  for  :M.  A.  C.  17.  lUal 
18,  !'.»,  Cuoleii  for  M.  .\.  C.  20,21;  Massachusetts,  Shtrtvcant; 
Texas.  Jenneij  for  Nat.  Mus.,  Xetil/ei/. 

\ar.  laxum  Vasey.  Hull,  'i'orr.  Club,  l(i:8  (188!)).  ''Weaker 
stemmed;  i)anicK'  with  longer  and  more  spreading  branches 
(1.5-2  inches),  the  lower  ones  single  or  verticillate;  s})ikelets 
smaller." 

Virginia.  Florida,  Texas.  Arkansas,  Missouri. 

(>5.  P.  Vaseyanum  Scribn.  ined. 

A  geniculate  puri)lish  branching  annual.  50-80  cm.  high, 
smooth  throughout,  except  the  nnirgins  of  the  blades  and  the 
hispid  branches  of  the  panicle;  nodes  light-colored.  Sheaths  loose, 
ciliate;  ligule  very  short;  blades  thin.  Hat,  10-15  cm.  long.  4-ti 
mm.    wide.      Panicles    terminal,    or  wilh    two   or   three   lateral, 


PANK'K.E.  141 

partially  iiichuled  by  tlie  leaves,  narrow,  erect,  compact,  4-7  cm. 
long,  5-7  mm.  wide;  rays  rather  stiff,  appressed,  1-2  cm.  long. 
Spikelets  smooth,  oval  or  ovoid,  2.5  mm.  long;  first  glume  thin, 
deltoid,  1-uerved,  about  1  mm.  long;  second  and  third  glumes 
equal,  delicately  D-l  1-uerved;  fertile  floret  smooth,  subacute, 
2.3  mm.  long. 

Mexico,  Fringle  1415. 

Wet  places,  pine  plains,  base  of  Sierra  Madre.  Sep.  30,  1887. 
The  above  description  was  made  entirely  from  the  single  specimen 
above  noticed. 

()G.  P.  commutatum  Schultes,  Alant.  2:242  (1824).  P.  ncrvo- 
suni  Muhl.  Gram.  IIG  (1817),  not  Lam. 

A  rather  slender,  erect  perennial.  Culms  simple,  smooth, 
40-00  cm.  higli ;  nodes  dark  pur2)le.  Sheaths  smooth  or  softly 
ciliate,  some  of  the  lowest  shorter  and  thicker  and  rough,  covering 
about  half  tlie  internodes;  blades  ovate-lanceolate,  or  lanceolate  with 
the  base  cordate,  smootli,  except  the  ciliate  margins,  11-nerved, 
7-10  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide.  Panicle  exserted,  pyramidal  or  oval, 
spreading;  branches  slender,  flexuous,  smooth,  (j-12  cm.  long. 
Spikelets  numerous;  capillary  pedicels  2-15  mm.  long,  elliptical, 
subacute,  minutely  hairy  under  a  lens,  or  smooth.  2.5-3  mm.  long; 
first  glume  broad,  thin.  1-nerved;  second  ghnne  and  floral  glume  of 
the  neuter  floret  equal,  7-nerved.  the  palea  to  the  latter  half  as  long 
as  the  spikelet;  fertile  floret  smooth,  oval,  obtuse.  2.3  mm.  loug. 

U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  no  locality,  (Jeorgia,  Coohnj;  Kentucky, 
hrrh.  Michigan  Univ.  from  Houghton;  Texas,  Xnd/i'i/. 

By  some  this  is  included  with  /*.  dichotomy di  L. 

Michigan,  Pennsylvania,  to  Louisiana. 

Var.  consanguineum  (Kunth).  /*.  ('onsnnfjui)icum  Kunth,  Rev. 
firam.  1:36  (1829).  P.  viUoxuni  Ell.  Hot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  1:124 
(1810).  r.  aiKjHstifoJium  Ell.  Hot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  1: 121)  (1810). 
('ulms  branching.  Sheatiis  ])ubescent;  blades  villous  on  the 
margins  near  the  base,  5-8  mm.  wide.  Panicle  sometimes  partially 
included. 

Virginia,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  from  Vasei/ ;  Florida,  Ciniiss 
3583. 


142  PANICACE.E 

The  latter  specimens  are  more  slender  in  every  way,  not 
protlucing  panicles,  a  feeble  growth  reminding  one  of  the  sickly 
growth  of  peach-trees  having  the  yellows. 

South  Carolina  to  Florida. 

Ur.  P.  Joorii  Vusey,  Bull.  8,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.  31  (1889). 

Perennial;  culms  branching,  20-40  cm.  high.  Sheaths 
crowded  and  overlapping  toward  the  top  of  the  culm,  ciliate  on  the 
margins;  ligule  a  mere  ring;  blades  Hat,  linear-lanceolate  or  oval- 
lanceolate,  G-10  cm.  long,  1.3-2  mm.  wide,  wavy-margined,  the 
cordate  base  ciliate.  Panicle  often  partly  included,  Avhen  exscrted 
ovoid,  about  5  cm.  long;  rays  bearing  a  few  pedicelled  spikelets 
from  base  to  apex.  Spikelets  linear  to  oval,  acute,  3  mm.  long; 
first  glume  deltoid,  1.3  mm.  long,  obscurely  5-nervcd;  second  and 
third  or  lloral  glume  of  the  lower  floret  oval,  subacute,  0-nerved, 
2.7  mm.  long,  its  palea  narrow  and  more  than  half  as  long;  fertile 
floret  oval,  2  mm.  long;  floral  glume  and  i)aloa  membranous, 
ratlier  soft. 

Mississippi.  *S'.  M.  Tracy  in  1888. 

()8.  P.  xanthophysum  A.  Gray,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:233  (1835). 

An  erect  yellowish -green  perennial,  sometimes  sparingly 
branched  near  the  base,  20-40  cm.  high.  Sheaths  hairy,  usually 
covering  all  the  culm,  except  above  the  u})per  leaf;  blades  4-6, 
smooth  except  the  margins  and  the  ciliate,  boarded,  elasi)ing  base, 
lanceolate-acuminate,  9-11 -nerved.  7-15  cm.  long.  1-1.5  cm.  wide. 
Panicle  erect,  much  exserleil,  very  simple:  branches  appressed, 
5-8  cm.  long.  Spikelets  5-15,  broad-ovate,  minutely  downy,  a 
little  over  3  mm.  long;  first  empty  glume  ovate,  acute,  3-5-nerved, 
reaching  near  to  the  middle  of  the  spikelet;  second  9-13-nervedi 
floral  glume  of  sterile  floret  9-nerved,  its  palea  nerveless,  2.5  mm. 
long  and  when  spread  of  equal  width  below;  fertile  floret  smooth, 
2.5  mm.  long. 

Xew  York,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  lOG  from  Dndki/;  Vermont, 
Pringle;  New  Jersey,  Britten;  New  York,  Clinton  for  Dr.  Clark 
2499;  Michigan,  Whcehr  iov  U.  A.  C.  19. 

Dry  sandy  soil,  Massachusetts,  New  York,  northern  Michigan, 
to  Minnesota  and  northward,  rare. 


PAMCE.E.  143 

69.  p.  viscidum  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  1:123,  /.  7,  /.  3  (1817). 
P.  scoparium  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:49  (1803),  not  Lam. 
(1797). 

A  robust  branching  leafy  perennial.  90-120  cm.  high,  softly 
hairy  throughout,  except  the  nodes,  branches  of  the  panicle  and 
sometimes  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves.  Leaf-blades  flat, 
lanceolate,  narrowed  toward  the  base,  12-24  cm.  long,  1-2  cm. 
wide.  Panicle  comjiound;  branches  glandular,  diffuse,  the  base 
included  by  the  upper  sheath,  12-18  cm.  long.  Spikelets  borne  on 
capiUary  flexuose  pedicels,  elliptical,  subacute,  about  2.5  mm. 
long:  first  glume  thin.  1-nerved,  less  than  1  mm.  long;  second  and 
iloral  glume  of  the  neuter  floret  7-9-nerved:  palea  much  shorter 
and  narrower;  fertile  floret  ovate-oblong,  subacute,  2  mm.  long. 

Alabama,  Mohr;  District  of  Columbia,  McVartlnj.  Wet  places 
near  the  seacoast. 

New  England  to  Florida  and  Texas. 

Var.  scabriusculum.  P.  scahriuftrnlum  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  States 
576  (1860),  no]    KU.     /'.  XeaUt'/fi  Vasey. 

Sheaths  and  lower  side  of  the  blades  smooth,  rough  or  more  or 
less  pubescent.  Spikelets  smooth  or  minutely  i)ubeseent  under  a 
lens. 

Alabama  (]\[obile),  Mohr;  Texas,  Nealley;  Florida,  Chapman 
31. 

Xorth  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Teras. 

70.  P.  scoparium  Lam.  Encycl.  4:744  (1797).  P.  pauciflorum 
Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  iS:  (ia.  1:  120  (1817). 

A  tufted  upright  perennial,  branching  much  or  little,  30-60 
cm.  high.  Culm  rough  or  smooth,  rather  stout,  internodes  longer 
than  the  sheaths.  Sheaths  hairy;  blades  flat,  firm,  lanceolate, 
mostly  hairy  beneath,  faintly  7-11-nerved.  6-14  cm.  long,  7-13 
mm.  wide.  Panicles  exserted,  simple,  ovoid  or  pyramidal,  4-7  I'm. 
long.  Spikelets  all  pedicelled,  obovate-obtuse,  pubescent,  3  mm. 
long,  often  purple  at  the  base;  first  glume  broad,  1-nerved,  over  1 
mm.  long,  second  not  longer  than  the  fertile  floret,  9-n-nerved; 
floral  glume  of  the  neuter  floret  9-nerved,  its  palea  thin  and  much 
shorter;  fertile  floret  firm,  smooth,  broad-oval,  2.5  mm.  long. 


144  PANICACE.E. 

Now  Jersey,  Scribner  3601  from  Parker,  named  by  Vasey 
and  Scribner  ;  Micbigan,  Wheeler j  District  of  Columbia,  Va/^ei/ ; 
Arizona,  Pritiyle. 

In  all  tbe  above  there  is  a  remarkable  uniformity  in  size  of 
S])ikelets. 

Massachusetts  to  Oregon,  (leorgia  and  Arizona. 

71.  P.  clandestinum  L.  Spec.  PI.  5S  (17"):$). 

Perennial,  from  tufted  rootstocks.  Culms  stout,  erect,  very 
leafy.  Sheaths  rough  with  papilltB  bearing  stiff  spreading  hairs; 
bhides  oblong-lanceolate,  12-15  cm.  long,  2-3  cm.  wide,  from  a 
heart-shaped  base;  apex  long,  wedge-shaped,  rough  or  smooth. 
Panicles  terminal  and  usually  cxserted  or  lateral  and  included,  the 
terminal  one  spreading  and  pyramidal,  12  l)y  10  cm.  Spikelets 
oblong,  mostly  smooth,  '.\-',].i\  mm.  long;  iirst  glume  acute, 
1-nerved,  second  !)-ll-nerved;  floral  glume  of  staminate  lloret 
7-11-nerved,  its  palea  present;  fertile  floret  oval,  subacute,  3.5  mm. 
long. 

Much  like  P.  htfifdJium.  Culm  stouter,  branching  more 
freely;  panicle  with  more  branches  and  more  spikelets,  which 
are  oval. 

Distri(>t  of  Columbia,  IT.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  54  from  CJiirlrrhifj; 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Scribner  358;);  ^lassachusetts,  Sturtevauf  for 
M.  A.  V.\  Pennsylvania,  Dr.  Clark  2371;  New  Jersey,  Herb. 
Univ.  of  Mich.  Also  No.  125  presented  by  S.  S.  Garrigues  to 
Univ.  of  Mich.    The  sheaths  of  the  latter  feel  smooth  to  the  touch. 

Low  land,  Massachusetts,  ^lic^higan,  Texas. 

72.  P.  Oaxacense  Steiul.  Syn.  PI.  Gram.  73  (1855). 

Culm  smooth,  erect,  stout,  2-2.5  m.  high.  Sheaths  shorter 
than  the  internoues,  ciliate  on  the  margins  above;  ligule  1-2  mm. 
long;  blades  smooth  or  very  s})aringly  })ubes('ent,  eonlate,  acumi- 
nate, at  least  10-20  cm.  long,  1.5-3  cm.  wide.  Panicle  ojien, 
pyramidal,  ab(nit  30  cm.  long;  rays  smooth,  rigid,  in  twos,  threes 
or  single,  3-5  cm.  distant;  l)ranches  few.  sju'eading,  bearing  2-10 
spikelets.  Spikelets  subsessile  or  on  pedicels  1  mm.  to  4  cm.  long, 
globose,  oval,  4  mm.  long;  first  glume  concave,  ovate-deltoid  when 
spread,  7-nerved,  3  mm.  long;  second  glume  and  floral  glume  of 


PANK'E.K.  145 

the  neuter  floret  equiil,  tlie  foriner  7-nerved,  the  hitter  9-nerved; 
fourth  glume  ([uilea  of  tlie  neuter  iloret)  ohovute,  '.)  mm.  long, 
Avitli  ii  long  ciillous  base ;  ui)per  floret  shining,  smooth,  oval,  sub- 
acute, ^.T)  mm.  long. 

Mexico  (Jalisco),  />rin(/le  i:;}3. 

r;{.  p.  Walter!  I'oir.  Lam.  Envycl.  Suppl.  4:282  (1810). 

J'.  latifoUuiii  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  73  (1788),  not  Jj.,  teste  Swartz. 

I'orennial,  fi'om  tufted  rootstocks.  Culms  sniooth,  erect,  simple 
orsparingly  branching,  30-70  cm.  high.  Leal'-blades  ll-lS-nerved, 
(»-lI  cm.  long.  2-3.5  cm.  wide,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
rather  abru[)tlv'  taper-pointed,  the  base  cordate-clasping,  mostly 
smooth  (.'xcei)t  the  throat,  margins  near  the  base,  and  lower  end 
of  the  sheath  near  the  nodes,  which  are  villous.  Panicle  simple, 
usually  exserted,  often  on  a  long  ])ednncle:  rays  spreading,  7-12 
cm.  long.  S[)ikelets  often  downy,  obovate,  3-4  mm.  long  (mostly 
3.5);  first  glume  1-nerved,  1  mm.  or  moic  long,  second  !)-13- 
nerved ;  lower  floret  staminate,  floral  glume  7-1  ;{-nerved,  its  palea but 
little  shorter:  fertile  floret  elliptical,  subacute.  2.5-3.3  mm.  long. 

Much  like  /'.  claiide.sli/nitii.  but  blades  more  tajjeriiig  below  the 
middle,  tapering  more  abruptly,  with  concave  margins  above, 
mostly  shorter  and  wider. 

A  plant  from  Dr.  Vasey,  collected  at  Washington,  ]).C., 
I8S4,  marked  '*  typical ""  has  hairy  sheaths,  blades  10  cm.  by  2  cm., 
panicles  snudi,  branches  stout.     Spikelets  4  mm.  long. 

Michigan,  /it'dl  2\,  A  ns/i/i ;  Ma>*sachusetts,  Benl  22;  New  York, 
Jical  23  ;   M innesota,  Uolztxticr  ;}2  :  District  of  Columl)ia,  Mr('(ii't/ii/. 

Fouiul  from  New  England  to  'I'cxas. 

Var.  molle  Vasey.  Contrib.  V.  S.  \at.  Tlerl).  3:33  (1802). 
Smaller,  more  slender,  soft  velvety-pubescent  throughout.  District 
of  Columbia,   Vnseif  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul. 

Vinfinia  to  Louisiana. 

27.  (;»)  ICHNANTHUS  Heauv.  Agrost.  50,  f.  12,/.  1  (1812).  Xa- 
viciihirid  Uaddi.  Agrost.  Hras.  38  (1823). 

Spikelets  ovate  or  acuminate,  short-pedicellate  on  the  branches 
of  the  panicle,  with  one  perfect  terminal  flower  and  a  lateral  stami- 
nate flower. 


146 


PANICACE.E. 


The  two  lower  empty  glumes  subequal,  membranous,  the  floral 
glume  of  the  staminate  or  neuter  floret  about  the  length  of  the  two 
lower  glumes;  floral  glume  and  palea  of  the  fertile  floret  usually 
shorter  and  harder,  and  the  racliilla  below  supplied  with  membran- 
ous api)endages  or  pits.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct  at  the  base. 
(J rain  oblong,  enclosed  by  glume  and  palea,  but  not  adherent. 

Grasses  with  much  the  habit  of  Eupaniciim  in  the  genus  Pani- 
ciim;  blade  usually  broad.     Panicle  rather  dense. 

There  are  about  twenty  species  found  in  tropical  America,  and 
one  of  them  is  also  found  in  India. 

1.  I.  pallens  (Sw.)  Munro,  Henth.  Fl.  llongk.  414  (1861). 
Paviciim  pallens  Sw.  Prod.  23  (ITSS). 

A  rather  slender  grass,  the  leafy  branching  culms  30-40  cm. 
high,  from  creeping  bases.  Slieaths  half  as  long  as  the  internodes; 
ligule  very  short;  l>hides  flat,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceohite,  more  or  less 
hirsute,  5-9  cm.  long.  Panicles  terminal  or  lateral,  linear  or 
slightly  spreading,  8-13  em.  long;  rays  single  or  in  twos,  the 
longest  6-8  cm.  long,  bearing  scattering  spikelets  on  the  branches 
for  the  whole  length.  Spikelets  oval,  3-3.5  mm.  long;  iirst  empty 
glume  3-nerved  with  a  slender  beak,  second  and  third  5-nerved; 
fertile  floret  oval,  obtuse.  2  mm.  long. 

Mexico  (San  Luis  Potosi),  Prlngle  3827,  also  found  in  the  West 
Indies  and  in  Brazil. 


A 

Fig.  86 —  lehnauthus  pallens. 


A,  B,  spikelets. 


B 

(Hichardson.) 


28.  (10)  Oplismenus  Heauv.  Fl.  Owar.  2:14,  t.  58  (1807). 
Poniculafnm  Ard.  Animad.  2:14  (1764).  Otihojwgon  R.  Br. 
Prod.  194  (1810).  Ophiwicnus  Poir.  Encycl.  Suppl.  4:271 
(1816).     Hekaterosachne  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gram.  118  (1855). 


PANICE.E. 


147 


Spikelcts  Avitli  1  terminal  perfect  flower  and  a  rudimentiiry  1 
below  it,  awued,  clustered  along  the  secund  distant  rays  of  a  simple 
])aniele,  articulate  with  the  pt'dicels.  (Jlumes  4,  the  3  outer  ones 
membranous,  the  lowest  empty  one  not  much  shorter  than  the 
others  and  with  a  lonjrer  awn,  floral  ji^lume  awuless  and  hardened 
witli  the  palea  as  in  J'aiiinnii.  to  which  it  is  very  nearly  allied,  in 
the  section  Brachiaria.     Stamens  ;5.     Styles  distinct. 

A  small  tropical  and  subtropical  genus  of  10  to  10  s])ecies,  found 
in  both  hemispheres.  By  some  botanists  they  have  been  sc])arated 
as  tliough  there  were  thirty  species.  The  genus  diifers  fnmi  Pani- 
ciDii  in  the  greater  development  of  the  lowest  empty  glume,  which 
is  always  awned. 

1.  0.  undulatifolius  ]?eauv.  Agrost.  54.(181'^).  O.  sctarins  K. 
&  S.  Syst.  'Z-ASY  (181 :).  Panicnm  sefariNui  Lam.  111.  1:170 
(i:i»l). 

Culms  weak,  sparingly  brariched, 
20-50  cm.  high,  ascending  fi'om  a  long 
creei)ing  base.  Sheaths  ciliate,  about  as 
long  as  the  internodes;  blades  reticu- 
late-veined, ovate-lanceolate  or  lanceo- 
late, acute.  2-4  cm.  long,  5-12  mm. 
wide,  sparingly  ciliate.  Spikes  5-8,  on 
3-8  centimeters  of  the  axis,  5-8  mm. 
long.  Spikelcts  ',\-7,  glabrescent,  oval, 
!)  mm.  long,  first  glume  1-nerved.  2 
nun.  long,  with  a  stout,  straight, 
smooth,  blunt  awn,  1  cm.  long,  second 
ii  little  longer,  ovate,  5-nerved,  bearing 
iui  awn  its  own  length,  third  glume 
l)road-oval,    still    longer,    7-0-nerved, 

with  a  short  awn;  fertile  floret  ovate,  Fig.  27.—Opli8memts  undulnti- 

•iboiit  -^  mm    loner  Z"^*'"*-     -b  spike;  a,  spikek-t; 

.loout  ^  mm.  long.  ^^  ^^^^^     (Scribner.) 

Florida,  Curfiss  3595. 

2.  0.  Liebmanni  Fourn.  Hemsl.   Biol.  Centr.  Am.  Bot.  3:502 
(1880). 

Culms  simple  excepting  at  the  base,  40-60  cm.  high.     Sheaths 


148  PANIC"  ACE. 15. 

slightly  (.'iliate,  mostly  shorter  tluiu  the  internodes:  blades  reticu- 
late-veined, elliptieal-laiiceolate,  acuminate,  i-S  cm.  long,  8-14 
mm.  wide,  sparingly  ciliate.  Spikes  5-8,  on  7-10  centimeters  of 
the  axis,  tiio  longest  15-5  cm.  long.  Spikelets  in  clusters  of  2-5 
on  the  primary  branches,  ellii)tical.  15  mm.  long,  first  glume  '.i- 
nerved,  2  mm.  long,  with  an  awn  3-5  mm.  long,  second  a  little 
longer,  5-nerved,  unawned,  third  still  longer,  7-9-uerved,  uuawued; 
fertile  fioret  3.5  mm.  long. 

Mexico  (Oaxaca),  Priiif/Ie  494-i. 

Texas,  Mexico  to  Brazil. 

Anotlier  form  or  variety  is  No.  4G3,  Dr.  E.  Palmer,  Jalisco, 
Mexico,  in  188(i.  In  tlie  latter  the  rachis  is  clothed  with  hairs  ex- 
tending beyond  and  covering  the  spikelets.  Spikelets  13-20  in  an 
oblong  spike  1  cm.  long,  oval  3  mm.  long,  awns  very  slender  and 
rough,  third  glume  awnless. 

21).  (11)  Chjetium  Nees.  Agrost.  liras.  SCO  (1829). 

Herchtohlia  Presl,  l^>li(|.  Ihvnk.  ;J23,  /.  43  (1830). 

Spikelets  narrow  in  a  close  panicle,  the  pedicel  articulate  near 
tlic  middle,  1-tlowered  with  3  empty  glumes  (the  third  standing  for 
a  second  tloret),  first  aiul  second  empty  glumes  termiiuiting  in 
l)ristle-like  awns,  second  usually  larger  witli  a  longer  awn,  third 
sliorter  witli  a  shorter  awn;  fertile  fioret  firm,  shorter,  acuminate. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  disiinct.  (irain  ol)long,  enclosed,  but  not 
adiiereiit. 

Kather  stout  grasses  with  narrow  leaf-blades  Panicle  terminal 
and  ([('ii^i.'  with  slender  rays. 

There  are  two  species  known,  one  belonging  to  Mexico,  the  other 
to  Brazil. 

('lupfium  has  nearly  the  spikelets  of  Oplismonus,  the  outer 
glumes  being  well  developed  aiul  awned;  the  infioresceuce  is 
(|uite  different.  Kunth  places  it  with  OpJistnenua,  Doel  with 
Pdiiirtfiii.  Fournier  retains  Chwtium  for  one  of  two  species  and 
places  the  other  in  the  genus  Berrhtohliit. 

1.  C.  bromoides  (Lam.)  Benth.  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  19:  46  (1881). 
Paniann  hromoiden  Lam.  111.  170  (1791). 

Culms  hard,  smooth,  compressed,  about  GO  cm.  high,  from  pe- 


PANU'EiE. 


149 


rennial  rootstocks.  Sheaths  loii<;er  tluin  tlie  intornodes;  li;nrulo, 
maririns  of  the  sheaths,  and  the  nodes  sliort-liairy;  bhides  nearly 
smooth,  sparingly  soft-pubescent,  fhit  or  condui)lieate,  30  cm.  long, 
6  mm.  wide.       Panicle  partially  included  by  the  upper  sheath. 


Pig.  28.— Ch(Ptium  bromoides.    Spikelet.    (Richardson.) 

15-18  cm.  long,  rachis  and  rays  triangular  and  liispid.  pedicels 
clothed  with  short,  stiflF,  erect  hairs,  and  separating  obliquely  near 
the  base.     Spikelets  rough,  compressed,  narrowly  elliptical,  with  a 


150  I'AMCACK.E. 

furrow  on  each  side.  T  nun.  loii<r.  lu'sides  the  burbcd  points  at  tho 
base  and  the  awns  above ;  awns  lU-'-iO  mm.  loiip:,  ilnst  and  second 
glumes  T-nerved  ()}  nerves  near  the  middle  and  2  toward  each  ed<re) ; 
third  glume  (lloral  glume  of  the  rudimentary  lloret)  delicately  ')- 
nerved;  fertile  lloret  rough,  elliptical,  5-0  mm.  long,  terminatiug 
in  a  sluirt  spine,  the  lloral  glume  5-nerved. 

Mexico,  J'dhnn'  C>\\K  Prinyle  2;{;31. 

:?(».  (r*)  ChamjerAPHIS  K.  Mr.  Trod.  1:193  (1810).  Svtaria 
IVauv.  Agrost.  11:5  (KSl:i),  not  Ach.  (ITDS). 

Spikelets  with  one  terminal  perfect  tlower,  aiul  a  staminatt'  or 
neuter  one  below  it,  crowded  into  a  cylindrical  dense  or  soniotinies 
interrupted  spikelike  panicle,  awnless,  articulate  with  the  pedicel, 
sonu>  or  all  of  which  bear  1  to  several  persistent,  awidike,  iiarren 
branches;  lirstouti'r  glunu'  snudl.  sccoiul  larger,  lloral  glume  of  the 
barren  lloret  equalling  the  second  oi'  longer,  all  three  membranous; 
lloral  glume  of  tlu^  fertile  lloret  llrm,.  StanuMis  ',\.  Styles  distinct, 
(irain  enclosed,  but  not  adherent.  Annual  grasses  with  Hat  leaf- 
blades.     Panicle  terminal. 

Specii's  very  variable,  about  35,  though  lientham  said,  in  fien- 
cra  riantarum,  ''Hardly  more  than  10  that  are  well  dciiiied.'"  Ex- 
tensively distributed  over  tlie  warmer  and  temperate  regions  of  the 
globe.  ^lost  of  them  are  considered  weeds,  thougli  the  young 
j)lant  ami  the  seeds  make  wholesome  food  for  many  domestic  ani- 
.mals. 

The  older  authors  included  Chamivraphis  {Setaria)  in  Pani- 
cum,  aiul  it  has  been  restored  as  a  section  by  8tudel  and  Doel.  It 
is  easily  recognized  by  the  dense  spikelike  panicle,  usually  bristling 
with  numerous  setae  issuing  from  the  pedicels  below  the  spikelets. 
The  setie  are  not  epidermal,  like  the  hairs  of  many  plants,  but  are 
thought  to  represent  abortive  branchlets  inserted  bc/owthc  articida- 
tion  of  the  pedicels.  A  few  species  have  the  lower  llower  perfect  as 
well  as  tho  ui)pcr,  which  is  quite  exceptional  in  Pionrew.  Ptniir/nn 
n>n's(>tu)»  Trill,  has  a  single  awn  on  some  of  the  pedicels,  and  on  this 
account  has  been  by  some  called  Setaria  imiscta,  while  Presl  called 
it  Urochloa  uniseta,  and  Schlecht  founded  a  genus  for  it  called  Ix- 
ophorus. 


PAXICE.E.  151 

A.  Lciif-bliulcs  plioato , 15 

li,  Hristlos  with  fine  teeth  pointinj;  downwards 1 

C.  liristles  witli  lino  ttoth  jtointiiif,'  upwards (a) 

a.  I 'hints  ;]-()  meters  lii«fli )t 

a.  IMants  25-00  eni.  higli.      Slieaths  eoniprossed.       .    3.  4,  5,  <! 

a.  Plants  usually  S-:.M)  cm.  lii^jli  (No.  7  often  taller).     Sheaths 

compressed  little  if  any (}i) 


b.  Exotic,  cultivated,  •^(»-4(>  em.  or  more  hiffh 


e>' 


t 


b.  Native  in  Florida  and  'IVxas 8 

a.  Plants  usually  ;50-G0  em.  hi<,di.     Sheaths  comjjressed  little  if 

any (c) 

c.  Spikes  tawny  yellow  when  mature !) 

c.  Spikes  ffreen  or  reddish  brown  when  mature.     .     .     .    (d) 

d.  Fertile   lloret  stron<;ly  wrinkled  transversely,  as  \n   ('. 

l//ii>trti 10,  11 

d.  Fertile  lloret  not  wrinkled  transversely,  or  only  as  seen 

under  a  lens (e) 

e.  Spikes  dense I'l 

e.  S|)ikes  interrupted (i) 

i.  Sp<ikelets  3  mm.  long 13 

i.  Spikelets  2  mm.  long,  bristles  single.     ...     14 

1.  C.  verticillata  (L.)  Porter,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  20:196  (1893). 

Panicum  vertidUatHm  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  82  (1T62).  Pcnnhe- 
tum  verticiUiitum  R.  Br.  Prod.  1:  195  (1810).  Setaria  verticillata 
Jieauv.  Agrost.  51  (1812). 

Culms  erect  or  ascending,  brauching  and  cylindrical  below, 
30-60  cm.  high.  Sheaths  smooth,  loose;  ligule  ciliate:  blades  flat, 
rough,  twisted  (?),  broad  at  the  base,  of  large  specimens,  15  cm- 
long,  12-15  mm.  wide.  Spikelike  panicle  green,  often  rather 
loose  and  interrupted  at  the  base,  the  s[)ikelets  densely  clustered, 
each  pedicel  bearing  1-2  bristles  twice  as  long  as  themselves 
with  the  asi)erities  directed  downwards.  Spikelets  oval,  aiiout  2 
mm.  long,  first  glume  one-half  the  length  of  the  spikelet,  1-nerveil, 
second  nearly  as  long  as  the  third,  broad.  7-nerved,  the  latter  5-7- 
nerved;  fertile  floret  smooth,  the  minute  transverse  wrinkles 
scarcely  visible,  even  under  a  lens. 


152  PANICACE^- 

New  Jersey  (ballast),  Scribner  3613  +  for  U.  S.  Dept. 
Agricul.  117;  Iowa,  Hitchcock;  Mexico,  Vasey  for  U.  S.  Depto 
Agrieul. 

The  plants  have  much  the  habit  of  C.  viridis.  A  weed  in 
cultivated  grounds  of  warm  countries. 

2.  C.  magna  (Griseb.).  Setaria  magna  Griseb.  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.  554  (1864). 

Culm  compressed,  robust,  3-6  meters  high,  pubescent  below 
the  nodes,  having  much  the  habit  of  6^.  Italica.  liigule  oblicjuo, 
ciliate;  blades  flat,  scabrous.  Spikes  cyliudrical-clavate,  4-5  (an. 
diam.,  rays  crowded  or  the  lowest  somewhat  remote,  bristles  1-3  to 
the  spikelot.  roughened  upwards,  10-15  mm.  long.  Spikelets  ellip- 
tical, about  2  mm.  long,  first  glume  3-uer\ed,  half  the  length  of 
the  floret,  all  others  nearly  equal  in  length,  second  7-nerved.  third 
6-nerved,  with  a  palea;  fertile  floret  smooth. 

Florida,  (/.  F.  Nash  1279  in  1894;  also  found  in  Cuba  and 
Jamaica  swamps. 

3.  C.  latiglumis  (Vasey).  S.  latiglumis  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr. 
Club.  229  (1886). 

Cnlms  erect,  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  slender,  25-45  cm. 
high,  nodes  finely  ])ubescent.  Sheaths  compressed,  narrow, 
sparsely  scabrous-pubescent,  shorter  tliaii  tin;  iiiteniodes;  ligulo  a 
ciliate  ring;  blade  scarcely  smooth,  10-15  cm.  long,  4-6  cm  wide. 
Spike  erect,  loosely  flowered,  5-10  cm.  long.  0-S  mm.  diam..  rays 
short,  1-6-flowered,  usually  with  1  l)ristle  to  each  spikelet,  the 
bristles  15-20  mm.  long.  Spikelets  broadly  ovoid,  obtuse,  4  mm. 
long,  glumes  thin,  first  ginme  sul)reniform,  concave,  7-9-13- 
norved,  3  mm.  long,  second  cordate,  shaped  like  the  first  one, 
15-23-28-nerved,  third  tumid  at  the  base,  truncate.  11-13-nerved, 
witli  a  thin  .ihort  palea;  fertile  floret  ovate,  abruptly  acute  or 
mucronatc,  3  mm.  I'^ng. 

Nearly  allied  to  C.  pauciseta,  and  perhaps  one  is  a  mere  variety 
of  the  other. 

Mexico,  Palmer  in  1885. 

4.  C.  pauciseta  (Vasey)  Kuntze.  T?ev.  Gen.  PI.  769  (1891). 
Schn'a  pt'uciseta  Vasey,  Bull.  Tor.  Club,  13:230  (1886). 


PANICE.E.  153 

A  ratlicr  slender,  erect  grass,  30-40  cm.  high.  Culms  branched 
at  the  base,  compressed.  Sheaths  compressed-keeled  e(|iialling,  or 
the  upper  longer  than  tlie  internodos;  ligule  a  ciliate  ring;  blades 
erect,  acuminate,  10-20  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide.  Panicle  erect, 
loosely  flowered,  6-10  cm.  long,  G-10  mm.  diam.,  rachis  and  rays 
angular,  scabrous,  bristles  about  twice  as  many  as  the  fertile  flowers, 
1-2  cm.  long,  rays  irregular,  6-12  mm.  long,  1-5-10-flowered. 
Spikelets  ovoid,  acute,  about  3  mm.  long,  first  glume  very  broad, 
obtuse,  concave,  thin.  5-11-nerved,  1.3  mm.  long,  second  obtuse, 
thin  (with  cross  nerves),  subreniform,  13-19-nerved,  third  ovate, 
obtuse  when  spread.  7-0-nerved,  with  or  without  a  palea;  floral 
ghinie  ovate,  mucronate.  2  mm.  long.  Spikelets  appear  acute, 
owing  to  the  involution  of  the  apex  of  the  glumes.  In  the  above 
description,  Dr.  Vasey  is  followed  rather  closely,  though  the  ])lant 
was  examined. 

Nearly  allied  to  C.  latiyhimis,  and  perhaps  one  is  a  mere  variety 
of  the  other. 

Mexico,  PdJnwr  78. 

5.  C.  Ventenatii  (Kunth). 

Sctaria  Ventetiatii  Kunth.  "Rev.  Cram.  1 :251.  t.  37  (1829). 

Culms  erect,  glabrous,  slightly  compressed.  pul)escent  at  the 
nodes,  40-00  cm.  high.  Slieatlis  compressed;  ligule  a  fringe  of 
hairs;  blades  scabrous,  flat,  narrow  l)e[ow,  15-30  cm.  long.  5-7  mm. 
wide.  Spikes  much  exserted,  thin,  purplish.  O-Scm.  long.  Spike- 
lets 2-4  in  a  cluster  or  single,  having  2-3  bristles  15  mm.  long,  each 
(including  those  abortive)  with  asjierities  ])ointing  upwards,  oval, 
almost  pointed,  gibbous,  2.5  mm.  long;  lirst  glume  deltoid,  half  as 
long  as  the  spikelet,  3-nerved,  second  longer,  5-7-nerved,  third 
5-nerved:  fertile  floret  slightly  wrinkled  transversely.  Index 
Kowensis  includes  this  under  Si'larid  (/hiKca. 

Florida.  <!.    V.  \asJi  1382  in  18!)4. 

6.  C.  flava  (Kunth)  Kuntze,  l{ev.  Cen.  PI.  770  (1801).  Sefnria 
jiara  Kunth,  Rev.  Cram.  1 :  40  (1820).  Pnnicum  Jlavum,  Nees, 
Trin.  (;ram.  Panic.  1G2  (1833). 

Culms  erect,  comjtressed,  smooth,  branching  below,  30-60  cm. 
high.     Sheaths  com[)ressed;  ligule  a  mere  ring,  thinly  pubescent; 


154  PANICACE^. 

blades  flat,  nearly  smooth,  twisted,  10-17  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  wide, 
the  tips  slender.  Spikes  liglit  green,  rutlier  dense,  5-8  em.  long,  7 
mm.  diam.  Spi^elets  2-4  in  a  cluster,  having  3-3  bristles  (3-10 
mm.  long),  each  with  asperities  pointing  npwards,  oval,  almost 
pointed,  gibbous,  2.5  mm.  long,  tirst  glume  lialf  the  length  of  the 
spikelet,  3-nerved,  second  but  little  longer  than  the  first  and  5- 
nerved,  third  5-nerved,  as  long  as  the  fertile  floret  and  including  a 
palea  of  its  own  length;  fertile  floret  very  slightly  wrinkled  trans- 
versely when  seen  with  a  lens.  Index  Kewensis  includes  this  under 
Setitriti  jJava. 

Florida,  G.  V.  Nash  5GG  in  1804. 

7.  C.  iTALiCA  (L.)Kuntze,  Kev.  Gen.  PI.  7G8(18r»l).  Italian 
MiLLKT.  J'aiiicnw  Jfalicwii  L.  Sp.  PI.  5(3  (1753).  Sctaria  Jlalica 
liciuiv.  Agrost.  51  (1812). 

Culms  smooth,  stout,  branched,  90-240  cm.  high.  Leaf-blades 
flat,  rough,  lanceolate.  20-40  or  more  cm.  long,  15-25  mm.  wide. 
Spikes  compound,  green  or  purplish,  the  rays  well  filled  and  con- 
tiguous, or  the  lower  ones  a  little  distant,  nodding,  20-40  cm.  long, 
15-25  mm.  diam.,  bristles  1-3  for  each  spikelet,  with  asperities 
pointing  upward,  very  variable  in  length.  Spikelets  narrowly  obo- 
void  when  in  flower,  3  mm.  long,  first  glume  one-third  the  length 
of  the  spikelet,  3-nerved.  second  three-fourths  as  long  as  the  spike- 
let, 5-7-nerved ;  floral  glume  of  the  neuter  floret  5-nerved,  its  palea 
small  or  wanting;  fertile  floret  finely  rugose  transversely  under  a 
lens. 

A  very  variable  plant,  as  m.^^H  be  expected  when  we  consider 
the  wide  range  of  soil  and  climate  in  which  it  is  cultivated. 

Introduced  from  the  East  Indies.  For  a  more  extended  account 
consult  Vol.  1,  p.  175. 

8.  C.  compo8ita(H.  B.  K.).  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  709(1801). 
Setaria  composita  II.  H.  K.   Nov.   Gen.  et  Sp.  1:111  (1815). 

PanivuH)  couipnsi'fuDi  Nees.  Agrost.  Bras.  244  (1829). 

Culms  smooth,  CO-130  cm.  high.  Throat  and  margins  of  sheath 
hairy;  l)lades  rough,  linear-lanceolate,  20-30  cm.  long,  15-20  mm. 
wide.  Spikes  loose,  compound,  slightly  nodding.  2(^-30  cm.  long. 
some  of  the  rays  often  15-20  mm.  long;  bristles  single  or  in  pairs. 


PANICE.E.  155 

serrate,  1-2  cm.  long.  Spikelets  elliptical,  acute  or  narrowly  oval, 
3.5  mm.  long,  glumes  reticulate-veined,  first  glume  broad,  1.5  mm. 
long,  ;}-5-nerved,  second  3  mm.  long,  5-nerved ;  floi-al  glume  of  the 
neuter  floret  like  the  second  and  empty  glume,  only  a  little  longer, 
its  palea  slender,  "Z  mm.  long;  fertile  floret  with  faint  transverse 
ridges,  llesembling  Hungarian  grass.  Index  Kewensis  in  one 
place  includes  this  under  Setaria  vmcrostaehya. 

Pennsylvania,  Scn'buer  3018;  North  Carolina,  McCarthy; 
Iowa,  Hitchcock;  Michigan,  M.  A.  C.  23,  23,  24:,  Cooley,  Clark 
753. 

Florida,  Curtif^x  3017. 

Florida  to  Texas. 

9.  C.  GLAUCA  (L.)  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  707  (1891).  Fox- 
tail. Panicum  (/hiiicion  L.  Sj^.  PI.  56  (1753).  Setana  (jlauca 
Bt'uuv.  Agrost.  51  (IS  12). 

Culms  erect,  branching  and  compressed  below,  30-00  cm.  high. 
Slieatl)s  smooth,  loose,  the  lower  ones  compressed  and  more  or  less 
tinged  with  red;  blades  scabrous,  flat,  twisteil  once  or  moi-e  around, 
broad  at  the  b:ise,  scabrous  and,  on  large  plants,  often  sparsely  cili- 
ate.  20-.')0  cm.  long,  7-10  mm.  wide.  Spike  simple,  cylindrical, 
usually  tawny  yellow,  3-10  cm.  long,  awnlike  branches  0-13,  with 
the  asperities  directed  upwards,  2-4  times  as  long  as  the  spikeiet. 
Spikelets  solitary,  flat  on  one  side,  oval,  obtuse  or  almost  acute, 
2.5-3  mm.  long,  lirst  glume  broad,  one-half  to  two-thirds  ;is  long 
as  the  spikeiet,  3-iu'rved.  second  wider  and  a  little  longer,  5-iierved; 
floral  glume  of  neuter  floret  as  long  as  the  spikeiet,  5-nerv('d,  its 
l)alea  nearly  as  long;  fertile  floret  gibbous  on  one  side,  marked  with 
])roininent  transverse  wrinkles. 

A  common  weed  found  in  many  parts  of  the  world  in  which  the 
climate  is  temperate  or  tro[)ical.  Starts  much  later  and  flowers 
much  later  in  the  season  than  (\  riridls. 

District  of  ('olumbia,  Vasri/  for  U.  S.  Dei)t.  Agricul.  Ill; 
Mexico,  Prliif//c  131;  Delaware,  Canhy  for  Dr.  Clark  1930; 
Michigan,  ('/(irk7o\,  /Mr/ 24;  Alabanni,  Mohr. 

Var.  leevigata  (Muhl).  Fanicuni  livr'ujatum  Muhl.  Gram.  100 
(1817). 


156  PANIC  ace.t;. 

"  lias  a  more  flattened  culm,  longer,  narrower,  and  smoother 
leaves,  and  the  i)erfect  flower  obscurely  wrinkled.  In  damp  soil 
along  the  coast,  Florida  to  North  Carolina."     (Cliapman's  Flora.) 

A  plant  from  Dr.  Mohr,  Mobile,  Alabama,  has  the  smooth 
slender  leaf,  but  is  otherwise  like  (\  glanca. 

Two  plants  collected  in  llarrisburg,  Texas,  by  Prof.  Mark  W. 
Harrington,  answer  to  Chapman's  ilescription  of  C.  heviyata,  with 
the  addition  that  the  spikelets  are  considerably  narrower  than  those 
of  C.  glanca. 

Var.  geniculata  (Beauv.).  Sefaria  genicidata  Beauv.  Agrost. 
51  (1812).  Fmiicmm  geiticniatuvi  Lam.  ^ncyc\.  4:-.  727  (17"J1). 
Pennhetiwi  genicitlatum  Jacq.  Eclog.  Gram.  /.  27  (1813). 

Culms  slender,  often  ascending;  sheaths  glabrous ;  blades  slen- 
der, smooth;  spike  yellowish  green,  more  slender,  4-5  mm.  diam., 
bristles  usually  shorter. 

Texas,  Heverchon;  Mexico,  Bonrgeau  231,  2031,  Wright  3'472, 
Palmer  293. 

Texas  to  South  America. 

Var.  perennis  (Curtiss).  A  blender-leaved  perennial  plant, 
coming  from  scaly  rootstocks. 

Florida.  Curtiss  3014*;  Texas,  BeverrJwn;  Cuba,   Wright. 

10.  C.  corrugata  (Schultes).  Kuntze,  Kev.  Gen.  Tl.  770(1891). 
Sctaria  corriignta  Schultes,  Mant.  2:27G  (1824).  Panicum  corru- 
gata  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  1:  123  (1816). 

Culms  slender,  branching  below,  long  exserted,  about  60  cm. 
high.  Leaf-blades  Hat,  twisted  as  in  C.  glanca.  slightly  rough,  nar- 
row, tapering  towards  the  base,  20-30  (;m.  long,  4-7  mm.  wide. 
Spikes  conipouiul.  green,  densely  cylindrical,  2-10  cm.  long,  7  mm. 
diam.,  not  counting  the  bristles,  which  are  often  1  cm.  in  length. 
Spikelet;.  0-10  in  a  cluster  (developed  and  abortive),  having  1-2 
bristles  each,  with  asperities  pointing  upwards,  oval,  almost  pointed, 
gibbous,  2  mm.  long;  first  glume  deltoid,  half  as  long  as  the  spike- 
let,  3-nerved,  second  broad,  longer,  concave,  5-uerved;  floral  glume 
of  the  neuter  floret  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  5-nerved,  its  palea  mi- 
nute; fertile  floret  strongly  wrinkled  transversely. 

Florida,  Curliss  3010. 


PANICE.B.  157 

Georgia  to  Florida. 

11.  C.  imberbis  (Poir)  Kimtze,  IJev.  Gen.  PI.  767  (1891). 
Pat/icion  iniberbe  Poir,  Lam.  Encyl.  Suppl.  4:272  (1810).  Sc- 
taria  imberbis,  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:891  (1817). 

Culms  oroet.  slender,  branching  sparingly,  30-50  cm.  high. 
Sheaths  often  longer  than  the  internodes;  ligule  very  short;  blades 
flat,  smooth  or  scabrid  or  soon  involute,  6-18  cm.  long,  3  mm. 
wide.  Spikr  simple,  cylindrical,  green,  4-5  cm.  long,  4-5  mm. 
diam.,  awnlike  branches  about  5,  with  the  asperities  directed  u])- 
wards,  branches  4-6  mm.  long,  Spikelets  flat  on  one  side,  ovoid, 
pointed,  about  2  mm.  long,  first  glume  broad,  half  as  long  as  the 
spikelet,  5-nerved,  second  longer  and  wider,  5-7-nerved;  fertile 
floret  gibbous  on  one  side,  marked  with  transverse  wrinkles. 

Texas,  Xealley. 

Mississippi  and  Texas. 

12.  C.  viRiuis  (L.)  Porter,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  20:196  (1893). 
Pigeon-(;rass.  Bottle-grass.  Greex  Foxtail.  Panicnm 
viride  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2 :  83  (1762).  Setaria  viridis  Beauv.  Agrost. 
51  (1812). 

Culms  erect,  branching  below,  30-60  cm.  high.  Ligule  and 
margins  of  sheaths  ciliate;  blades  flat,  scabrous,  not  twisted  while 
growing,  acuminate,  tapering  toward  the  base,  on  large  })lants 
15  cm.  long,  10  mm.  wide.  Spikelikc  panicle  erect,  green,  nearly 
cylindrical,  3-8  cm.  long.  The  lower  spikelets  in  small  clusters, 
the  upper  fewer  or  single,  the  bristles,  1-5  for  each  spikelet.  often 
10  mm.  long,  the  asperities  directed  upwards.  Spikelets  oval,  2 
mm.  long,  first  glume  one-half  as  long,  1-nerved,  second  and  third 
glumes  equal,  5-7-nerved;  fertile  floret  oval,  the  surface  containing 
minute  vertical  lines,  seen  only  under  a  lens. 

Very  common  in  fields  which  are  in  cultivation,  resembling  con- 
siderably small  forms  of  C.  Ifalica.  It  starts  earlier  in  the  spring 
and  flowers  much  earlier  than  C.  glauea  in  the  Northern  States. 

Michigan,  M.  A.  C.  Beal  25,  26,  Far  well,  Clark  752;  Montana, 
Anderson  17. 

13.  C.  caudata  (Lam.).  Pamcum  caitdatum  Lam.  Til.  1:171 
(1791).     Setaria  caudata  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  495  (1817). 


158  PANICAOE^:. 

Culms  slender,  erect,  flattened  and  branching  below,  60-90  cm. 
high,  from  creeping  rootstocks;  nodes  glabrous.  Leaf-bludes 
scabrous,  twisted,  flat,  some  of  tlie  largest  20  cm.  long,  4  mm.  wide, 
having  a  very  long  slender  apex.  Panicle  cylindrical,  pale  green, 
interrupted,  15-*20  cm.  long,  7  mm.  diam.,  maii\  axis  pilose,  bris- 
tles 1-3  to  the  spikelet,  the  asperities  pointing  upwards,  some  of 
them  as  long  as  the  spikelets,  otliers  10  mm.  long,  with  all  grades 
between.  Spikelets  oblong,  moderately  acute,  nearly  3  mm.  long, 
first  glume  broad,  nearly  half  the  length  of  the  spikelet,  3-uerved, 
second  glume  and  floral  glume  of  the  neuter  spikelet  ef[ual,  5-7- 
nerved:  }ialea  small;  fertile  floret  acute,  finely  transversely 
wrinkled.     A  good  forage  grass. 

Arizona.  Pritujh',  Lower  California  and  Mexico,  Palmer  340. 

New  Mexico,  Texas,  and  Arizona;  also  West  Indies,  Brazil,  and 
East  Indies. 

Var.  pauciflora  Vasey,  ined. 

Much  moi'o  slender.  30-40  cm.  high,  blades  thinner,  nearly 
smootli.  10  cm.  long,  8-10  nun.  wide;  panicle  more  interru])ted, 
some  of  the  lower  branches  1  cm.  long. 

California.  Palmer  1!>I. 

14.  C.  uniseta  (Presl)  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  770  (1801).  Uro- 
chJoi  uniseta  Presl,  Peliii.  Ihvnk.  1:319  (1830).  Panicum  nnise- 
tum  Trin.  et  Pupr.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  IVtersb.  (VI.)  /.  3:217 
(1835).  Sefariu  iiniseta  Fourn.  Ilemsl.  Biol.  Centr.  Am.  Bot. 
3:50(;  (1880). 

Culms  slender,  smooth  or  rough,  branching  below,  40-70  cm. 
high.  Leaf-blades  flat,  twisted  (?),  scabrous.  10-14  cm.  long,  10-15 
mm.  wide.  Spikes  interrupted,  the  larger  branches  3-5  mm.  long, 
Ijristles  single,  finely  serrulate,  10-15  nun.  long.  Si)ikelets  oval, 
hardly  acute,  2  mm.  long,  first  glume  less  than  half  as  long  as  the 
spikelet,  3-nerved,  second  and  the  floral  glume  of  the  neuter  spike- 
lot  5-nerved,  the  former  a  little  the  shorter;  palea  small;  fertile 
floret  with  very  slight  transverse  ridges  as  seen  with  a  lens. 

Mexico,  Pr ingle  381. 

15.  C.  sulcata  (Raddi).  Setaria  sulcata  Raddi,  Agrost.  Bras. 
50. 


PANIC  E.E.  159 

Culms  stout,  90-120  cm.  liigli.  Sheatlis  hispid;  ligule  a  fringe 
of  hairs;  blades  glal)rouH,  folded,  grooved.  30-120  cm.  long,  3-4 
cm.  wide,  acuminate  at  both  ends.  Panicle  dense,  lanceolate,  the 
apex  nodding,  30-60  cm.  long,  the  longest  rays  2.5-3  cm.  long,  the 
branches  and  pedicels  bearing  scattered  slender  bristles  1-3  cm. 
long.  Spikelets  elliptical,  acute,  3  mm.  long,  first  empty  glume 
ovate,  3-nerved,  1.5  mm.  long,  second  ovate,  obtuse  or  subacute, 
5-nerved,  2  mm.  long,  the  third  ovate-acute,  5-nerved,  a  little  ex- 
ceeding the  acute  lloret.  Floral  glume  and  palea  not  very  firm. 
Near  streams. 

Mexico  (San  Ijuis  Potosi),  Pritigle  3921. 

31.  (13).  Cenchrus  L.  Sp.  PI.  1049  (1753).  Linn.  Coroll. 
Gen.  20(1737).  7i'a;T//*  Adans.  Fam.  2 :  35  (17(33).  Echisacluis 
Neck.  Elem.  3:228  (1790). 

Spikelets  with  one  terminal  perfect  llower  and  sometimes  a 
staminate  one  below  it,  not  awned,  single  or  2-3  together  within 
an  ovoid  or  glol)ular  involucre  of  numerous  bristles,  the  inner  ones 
usiuilly  broad  and  llattened,  connected  at  tlic  base  and  ha.'<k'ned 
around  the  fruit;  the  involucres  sessile  or  pedicellate  in  a  simple 
spike  or  raceme  and  falling  off  with  the  spikelets.  (ilunies  4.  the 
outer  one  much  smaller  or  minute,  the  second  and  third  nearly 
equal  or  the  second  shoi'ter;  a  palea  and  sometimes  3  stanu'ns  in 
the  third  iloral  glume  of  the  perfect  floret  rather  firm,  but  not  so 
hard  as  in  most  species  of  Pdiiicion.  Styles  mostly  shortly  united 
at  the  l)ase.  Grain  enclosed,  but  not  adherent  to  the  glume  and 
palea. 

There  are  about  12  si)ecies  of  annuals  or  perennials,  widely 
scattered  over  the  warmer  regions  of  the  New  and  the  Old  World. 
Most  of  them  are  troublesome  weeds  on  sandy  land. 

Cenchrus  is  perhaps  most  nearly  related  to  Pennisetiim,  also  re- 
lated to  Chamwraj)}) is  xiwiX  Panicion. 

a.  Spike  cylindrical,  burs  containing  1  spikelet  which  is  as 
long  as  the  spines 1 

a.  Spike  cylindrical,  burs  containing  2  spikelets,  blades  con- 
duplicate  3 


160  PANICACE.E. 

a.   Spike  ryliiulricjil.  burs  conttiiuing:  3-5  spikelets,  with  a  row 

of  biiiiiL'd  bristles  below  the  spikes 3 

a.   Burs  (5-20  or  more,  1  em.  loug  including  spines.     ...  4 

a.   Burs  "^-3,  3-3  em.  dium.  including  stout  spines      ...  6 

1.  C.  myosuroides  II.  &  K.  Nov.  Gen.  et  8p.  1:  115,  t.  35 
(1815).     Fennisefum  niyosu7-ohles8\)reug.  Syst.  1:  303  (IS'^-l). 

An  erect,  robust  perennial,  sparingly  branched,  60-180  cm. 
high;  culms  smooth  and  hard.  Sheaths  smooth,  rather  loose, 
about  the  length  of  the  internodes;  ligule  a  fringe  of  hairs;  blades 
30-40  cm.  long,  about  10  mm.  wide,  flat  or  involute,  scabrid  above 
and  below,  the  a])ex  long  drawn  out,  Spike  dense,  usually 
wholly  exserted,  cylindrical.  12-20  cm.  long  Involucre  a  wide 
row  of  erect  spines  and  bristles  placed  around  the  margin  of 
the  broad  apex  of  a  short  pedicel.  Spikelets  single,  as  long  as  the 
spines,  ovate-lanceolate,  5  mm.  long,  first  glume  fl-ncrved,  second 
5-nerved,  third  (palea)  present;  floral  glume  of  the  fertile  floret 
5-nerved,  its  palea  2-3-nerved. 

Mexico,  Fn'iif/Ic  420,  Palmer  765;  Lower  California,  PuJnier 
327. 

Wet  land,  Florida  to  Mexico. 

2.  C.  incertus  M.  A.  Curt.  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  1  :  135 
(1837).     C.  strUiuK  Chapm.  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  3:  20(1878). 

A  smooth,  nearly  simple  erect  grass,  45-!i0  cm.  high.  Lower 
sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes;  ligule  very  short;  blades  con- 
duplicate,  2-3  mm.  wide.  Spikes  cylindrical,  5-8  cm.  long,  invo- 
lucre at  the  base  for  2-3  mm.,  the  large  spines  6-12  in  number, 
4-6  mm.  long,  ciliate.  Spikelets  in  pairs,  sniooth,  the  sterile  one 
bearing  3  stamens.     Sandy  coast. 

Mississippi,  Tracy;  Florida,  G.  V.  JVasJi  288. 

3.  C.  echinatus  L.  Sp.  PI.  1050  (1753). 

An  ascending  annual,  30-60  cm.  high.  Sheaths  loose,  about 
the  length  of  the  internodes;  ligule  ciliate;  blades  flat,  rough  above, 
often  25  cm.  long,  10  mm.  wide.  Spike  cylindrical,  5-12  cm, 
long.  Involucre  about  the  IcJigth  of  the  spikelets,  many-lobed, 
downy,  lobes  lanceolate-acuminate,  spiny  above,  with  a  row  of  rigid 


PANICE/fi. 


161 


barbed  bristles  above  the  base;  lieads  5-6  mfti.  long,  beside  the 
Bi»ines,  containing  3-5  sjiikelets.  Spikelets  ovate-laneeolate.  5  mm. 
long,  llrst  ghime  4:  mm.  long,  5-nerved,  second  like  it  only  a  little 
sliorter;  palea  5  mm.  long,  2-nerved,  containing  3  stamens;  fertile 
floret  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  4  nmi.  long  or  more. 

•'  N'ariable  in  the  length  of  the  spike,  the  size  of  the  spikelets.  the 
length  of  the  lowest  glume,  the  number  of  glume-nerves,  and  in  the 
development  of  the  palea  in  staminate  or 
neutral  flower."  Grisebach's  Flora  of 
the  West  Indies. 

North  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Texas, 
West  Indies,  Mexico  to  Brazil,  tropical 
Africa,  East  Indies. 

4.  C.  tribuloides  L.  Sp.  PI.  1050 
(1753).  Bur-grass.  Sand-kur.  Hedge- 
noG-GRASS.  C.  Caroliniamis  Walt.  Fl. 
Car.  79  (1788). 

A  branched  ascending  annual,  30-00 
cm.  high.  Sheaths  loose,  about  as  long 
as  the  internodes;  ligule  ciliate:  blades 
linear,  flat  or  condiiplicate,  about  10  cm. 
long,  5  mm.  wide.  8i)ike  usually  oblong, 
with  G-'iO  spherical  heads  about  G  mm. 
long,  besides  the  spreading  barbed  spines; 
heads  more  or  less  downy.  Spikelets  '2-3 
in  each  head,  ovate,  5-7  mm.  long,  first 
and  second  glumes  subequal,  5-nerved 
and  3-nerved  respectively,  third  glume 
(palea  of  the  neuter  floret)  hyaline,  2- 
nerved ;  fertile  floret  ovate,  briefly  acu- 
minate, about  5  mm,  long. 

New  Jersey,  V.  S.  Depf.  Agricul.  Fig.  2d.—Cendtorus  tribuloi- 
Vl-l,  identified  by  Vasey  and  Scribner;  b,\ixme  iii^^'it'ctiou-'  \', 
Michigan,  Conhy;  Illinois,  Beal  25.  spikelet.    (Scribner.) 

Number  341*,  of  Dr.  E.  Palmer,  Souora,  Mexico,  is  a  more 
.slender  plant,    the  heads   scarcely   more    than   half    the  size  of 


162  PANIC  ACEiE. 

tlic  preceding,  spikelets  much  snuiller,  fertile  floret  3  mm.  long. 
This  corresponds  witli  the  remark  of  Grisobuch  in  his  Flora  of  the 
West  Indies,  "All  West  Indian  specimens  agree  in  the  small  size 
of  the  spikelet,  while  in  the  northern,  original  form,  the  si)ikelets 
are  usually  twice  as  large;  the  species,  however,  is  as  varial)le  as  the 
preceding  (C  ev/iinatiis  L.)  and  often  ditiicult  to  be  distinguished 
from  it." 

A  plant  from  Mobile,  Ala.,  sent  by  Dr.  C.  Mohr,  is  no  doubt 
C.  incertus  Curtiss.  The  second  glume  is  6-nerved,  third  glume 
or  paleaof  the  lower  floret  contains  astaminate  flower.  Most  likely 
C  inecrtun  Curtiss.  also  C.  paucijlorus  Benth.,  should  be  included 
in  the  al)()ve  variable  s})ecies. 

A  troublesome  weed  on  sandy  lands  found  from  Xew  England 
to  California,  West  Indies,  ]\[exieo.  Brazil,  Africa,  East  Indies. 

5.  C.  Palmeri  Vasey,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  (II.)  '^:  211  (188!»). 

Annual;  culms  rather  slender,  geniculate,  branching,  about  30 
cm.  high.  Sheaths  loose,  about  as  long  as  the  intcrnodes;  ligule 
hairy;  blades  numerous,  rough,  flat,  10.  cm.  long,  5-8  mm.  wide. 
Peduncles  exserted,  bearing  2-3  twinlike  downy  burs  2  cm.  long, 
including  the  stout  spines  before  they  are  bent  and  hardened, 
each  bur  including  5-7  spikelets.  Sj)ikelers  ovoid,  acute.  0 
mm.  or  more  long;  flrst  and  second  glumes  alike,  ovate-cuneate, 
obtuse,  truncate  or  irregularly  divided  with  o  strong  green  nerves; 
palea  of  the  staminate  flower  about  the  length  and  shape  of  the 
empty  glumes.  2-nerved;  floral  glume  of  the  fertile  floret  oval, 
as  long  as  the  empty  glumes,  acuminate  with  7  ])rominent  nerves, 
its  palea  with  2  strong  nerves.  When  mature  the  burs  are  often 
3  cm.  diam.  from  the  tips  of  the  stout  spines.  Spines  yellow  or 
black. 

Lower  California,  Palmer  089:   Mexico,  Pdhner  271. 

Abundant  on  sandy  bottoms,  where  it  must  be  a  formidable 
nuisance  to  man  and  beast. 

32.  (1-4).  Pennisetum  IJich.  Pers.  Syn.  1:  72  (1805).  Peni- 
cillaria  Wild.  Euum.  Ilort.  l^erol.  1036  (1809).  Gi/nniothrix 
Beauv.  Agrost.  59.  /.  13,  f.  C,  (1812).  ('atathcroplun-a  Steud. 
Flora,  12:465  (1829).    PentastacJnja  llochst.  Steud.  Noni.  Ed.  3, 


PAXirE.E.  163 

2:299  (1841).  Serimra  Ilassk.  Flora,  25  (1842).  Bcckeropsis 
and  Ih-ioclncta  Fig.  »&  De  Not.  Mem.  Ace.  Torin.  (II.)  14:30.5, 
374  (1854).  Macrocltada  Steiul.  Zoll.  Syst.  Verz.  lud.  Archip. 
6(»  (1854).  Amphocliaeta  Anderss.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.  Stockh. 
1853,  130  (1855). 

Spikelets  2-ilowered,  the  lower  neuter  or  etaminate,  the  terminal 
one  [lorlect  or  pistillate,  solitary  or  2-3  together,  sessile  or  nearly 
so.  eaeli  one  enclosed  in  an  involucre  of  several  usually  numerons 
simple  or  plumose  bristles  (probably  awnlike  branches  of  the  pani- 
cle), the  involucres  crowded  in  a  spike  or  spikelike  simple  panicle 
falling  off  from  the  main  rachis  with  the  spikelet  and  short  pedun- 
cle, the  outer  glume  shorter  or  minute,  short  or  nearly  e(jual  to  the 
floral  glume,  the  palea  of  the  sterile  floret  smaller,  fertile  floret 
sometimes  more  or  less  hardened.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct  or 
united  near  the  base.     Grain  enclosed,  but  not  adherent. 

Aninuds  or  perennials;  blades  flat. 

There  are  about  40  species,  mostly  found  in  Africa,  a  few  in 
Asia  near  the  Mediterranean,  two  in  Australia,  two  or  throe  in 
troj)ieal  America.     Some  are  cultivated  as  ornamental  grasses. 

It  has  been  at  various  times  proposed  to  separate  several  genera 
from  it.  G'l/mnothrix  was  proposed  as  a  genus  for  those  species  in 
which  the  bristles  are  perfectly  glabrous,  but  this  is  not  a  constant 
character. 

a.  Bristles  not  plumose (b) 

b.   Bristles  mostly  shorter  than  the  spikolets.     .     .     .      1,  2 
b.  Bristles  mostly  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  plant  120-150  cm. 

high 3 

b.  Bristles  mostly  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  spikelets.    .     .     4 

b.  Tiristles  some  shorter  some  longer  than  the  spikelet.      5,  0 
a.  liristles  more  or  less  plumose (c) 

c.  Bristles  as  long  as  the  spikelet 7 

c.   liristles  very  much  longer  than  the  spikelets.     ...     8 

1.  P.  durum.     P.  crimtnm  Scribn.  ined. 

A  tufted  glaucous  perennial,  60-120  cm.  high.  Sheaths  loose; 
blades  smooth,  long-pointed,  30-40   cm.  long,    7-10  mm.   wide. 


164  I'ANlCACEiE. 

Spikes  exserteil,  interrupted  below,  7-15  cm.  long,  8  mm.  diam., 
l)ristles  all  simple  (not  plimiose),  all  sliorter  than  the  single  spike- 
lot  or  one  of  them  longer.  8])ikelet  elliptical,  acute,  about  7  mm. 
long,  first  and  second  glumes  ovate,  1-nerved,  the  former  about  2 
mm.  long,  the  latter  13  mm.  long;  lloral  glume  of  the  neuter  floret 
acute,  -i-Q  mm.  long.  4-r)-nerved,  its  paloa  about  I  mm.  lojig; 
fertile  Horct  acute,  5-0  mm.  long,  the  glume  5-nerved.  drain 
obovute.  2  mm.  long. 

Mexico,  PriiKjU'  480.  817.  'J'he  name  given  by  Scriljuer  had 
been  used  by  Sprcng  and  is  a  synonym  for  Sehtria  pui'2)ut'ca. 

Found  uiuler  clitfs  of  ledges. 

2.  P.  multiflorum  Fouru.  Ilemal.  IJiol.  Coutr.  Am.  Hot.  3 :  508 
(1880). 

("ulms  erect,  solid,  30-40  cm.  high.  Sheaths  smooth  or  sca- 
brous; ligule  a  fringe  of  hairs;  blades  Hat,  scabrous  or  hispid.  30-40 
(Mil.  long,  5-8  mm.  wide.  Spikes  exserted.  !t-15  mm.  long.  10-13 
mm.  diam.  Involucre  consisting  of  about  30  jiectinate  bracts,  all  a 
little  shorter,  or  some  of  them  as  long  or  some  longer  than  the  5 
spikelets,  except  one  that  is  larger;  many  smaller  bristles  below. 
S})ikelets  ovoid-laiiccolate,  about  0  mm.  long,  iirst  glume  ovate,  1- 
nerved,  3  mm.  long,  sei'ond  ovate  acute,  5-nerved,  5-G  mm.  long; 
Horal  glume  of  ni'Uter  floret  5-nerved,  5.5  mm.  long,  that  of  the 
terminal  Horct  a  little  longer, 

.Mexico  (.lalisco),  Priiir/h'  3818. 

Wet  slopes  ot'  Hai'i'anca  near  (Juadalajara. 

:'..  1'.  i.ATiroMiM  Sprcng.  Syst.  1  :  3()->  (1824).  fli/mnolJn'ix 
Z^///o/m  Sciiull.  Munt.  3:(;oi  (18-.'4). 

Culms  stout  and  tali,  branciiing  above,  120-150  cm.  high,  the 
nodes  i;lothed  with  siioi't  hairs.  Leaf-blades  Hat,  IJO-tJO  cm.  long, 
2-;)  cm.  wide,  narrowed  into  a  petiole,  midrib  ])roniinent.  white. 
Spikes  4-()  cm.  long,  protruding  from  the  upjier  sheaths,  invo- 
lucre consisting  of  about  20  simple  bristles  as  long  as  the  spikclets, 
and  one  bristle  much  longer  (15  mm.  long).  Spikelets  linear- 
lanceolate,  not  far  from  (J  mm.  long,  first  glume  1  mm.  long,  second 
ovate-acute,  3-nerved,  2-3  mm.  long;  floral  glume  of  the  neuter 


PANICK.K.  165 

floret  oviito-limceolutc,  /i-nerveil,  7  iiini.  lonp;;   floral  glume  of  the 
teniiiiiul  lloret  S-norved,  5-()  iiiiu.  long. 

Sometiiiu'!^  (uiltiviitud  us  uii  onmniciitiil  i)liint. 

South  Aniorioii. 

4.  P.  cenchroides  IJich.  I'ers.  Syu.  I :  T'^  (1805).  Gymnothrix 
cencliroides  l{.  Ot  S.  Svst.  'i:\W  (ISli). 

('ulnis  sleiuler,  gonicuhito.  brunching  Ir'Iow,  30-()0  cm.  liigh. 
Slieutlis  about  luilf  us  long  us  the  internodes;  lijjfule  eiliute;  bhules 
tlut.  smooth  or  nearly  so,  8-1"^  cm.  loii^j,  ;5-5  mm.  wide.  Spike 
dense,  exserted.  ovate,  !i-4  em.  long,  the  involucre  usually  contain- 
ing 2-;{  spikelets,  consisting  of  simple  spreading  bristles  below, 
and  erect  plumose  bristles  united  mori' or  less  at  the  base,  the  latter 
2-.'5  times  as  long  as  the  spikelets.  S|)ikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  4-5 
mm.  long,  first  glume  thin,  ovale,  1 -nerved,  ahnost  'I  mm.  long,  sec- 
ond a  little  longer,  l-;)-nerved;  floral  glume  of  staminate  spikelet 
broad-ovate,  with  5  |)rominent  nerves,  its  palea  ovate,  nearly  as  long; 
floral  glume  and  palea  of  terminal  floret  much  like  those  of  the 
lower  floret,  oidy  a  little  longer. 

Plant  from  the  l'.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  grown  from  seed  from 
Mexico. 

5.  P.  Mexicamim  llemsl.  l?iol.  (\>ntr.  Am.  Hot.  :5:  508  (ISSO). 
Gymnotliri.i.Mcxifditti  Fourn.  Mex.  IM.  Knuni.  (iram.  48  (ISSO). 

Culms  snu)oth.  !iO-i:iO  cm.  high  from  a  branching  base.  Ligule 
a  mere  ring;  blades  s(  abrous  above,  long-pointed,  40-50  cm.  long, 
10-15  mm.  wide.  S|)ikes  terminal,  jtartially  enclosed  at  the  base, 
yellowish  white  or  light  straw-color.  '^0  cm.  long,  1  cm.  diam.,  bris- 
tles of  the  involucre  K-'25,  some  shorter,  some  as  long  as  the 
spikelet,  and  some  longer;  one  of  them  10-15  mm.  long.  Si)ikelets 
solitary,  linear-lanceolate,  5  mm.  long,  tii'st  glume  cuneate-ovate, 
obtuse,  1-uerved,  3  mm.  long;  second  aiul  third  equal,  linear- 
iMiiccolate  before  s])reading,  5-nerved;  floral  glume  of  fertile  floret 
hyaline,  otherwise  much  like  the  second  and  third  glumes;  jialea 
of  the  lower  neuter  floret  short,  of  the  fertile  floret  3.5  mm.  long. 

Mexi'jo,  Palmer  514,  Prinyh'  4:510. 

6.  P.  bambuBiforme  llemsl.  Biol.  Centr.  Am.  Bot.  3:  507  (1880). 


166  PANICACE^. 

A  reedliko  grass  1-2  m.  or  more  high.,  culms  hard.  Ligule  a 
fringe  of  liairs;  blades  flat,  long-pointed,  some  of  the  upper  20-30 
cm.  long.  2  cm.  wide.  Panicle  of  spikes  GO-90  cm.  long,  consist- 
ing of  100  or  more  s])ikes  which  are  3-G  cm.  long,  10-15  diam. 
Uristlos  of  the  involucre  5-1.")  mm.  long,  25-40  in  number  sur- 
rounding each  spikelet.  Spikelet  linear-lanceolate,  5  mm.  long, 
hi'st  glume  minute,  second  1.5  mm.  long,  tliird  as  long  as  the 
lloret.  5-ncrved. 

^le.xico,  Pri iHjIe  ()0',o. 

Rocky  slopes  of  ^Mexico. 

:.  P.  setosum  (8\v.)  Kieh.  Pers.  Syn.  1:72  (1S05).  C'ci/r/inis 
.vr/asv/.s-  S\v.  V\.  Ind.  Occ.  1:20  (1797).  I\  pwjmrascens  II.  B. 
K.  Nov.  (ien.  et  Sp.  l:li;5  (1815). 

Perennial;  culms  branching,  90-120  cm.  high.  Sheaths 
smootli;  ligule  ciliate;  blades  rough  or  glabrous,  20-50  cm.  long, 
10  mm,  wiile.  8[)ike  scarcely  exserted,  cylindrical,  dense,  about  S-15 
cm.  long,  1  cm.  diam.,  bristles  often  as  long  as  the  single  s])ikelet, 
with  one  or  more  2-3  times  as  long,  plumose  below.  8i)ilvelet 
liiu^ar-ovate,  4  mm.  long,  first  glume  delicate.  2  mm.  long,  second 
and  floral  glume  ot  the  neuter  floret  equal,  delicately  5-nerved,  the 
tormer  ovate-cuiuMite,  the  latter  oval,  obtuse,  emi'rginate,  or  irreg- 
ularly toothed,  palea  of  the  lower  floret  3  mm.  long,  2-nerved;  fer- 
tile lloret  smooth,  narrowly  ovate,  2.5  mm.  long,  flora^  glume  deli- 
cately 7-nerved,  its  palea  obtuse,  truncate,  fringed. 

Mexico  (Jaliseo),  /'     ih'v  677. 

Florida,  Mexico,  ^\ .  jt  Indies,  Brazil,  tropical  Africa,  East 
Indies. 

8.  P.  LoyoisTYLUM  Iloclist.  Flora,  24:1  (1841).  I.  Intell. 
10,  name  only. 

Cnln.s  branching,  erect,  90-120  em.  high,  from  a  branching 
rootstock.  Sheaths  smooth,  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule 
ciliate;  blades  Hat,  hispid,  30-40  or  more  cm.  long.  3-5  mm.  wide. 
Spikes  dense,  exsertod,  ovate  or  oblong,  5-12  em.  long,  the  short 
sti])es  covered  with  still  hairs  1  -2  mm.  long,  involucre  surrounding 
a  single  spikelet,  3-4  cm.  lorig,  the  bristles  plumose  for  one-third 
their   length,  the  ])ur))lc  styles  ])roJecting  for  15  mm.     Spikelets 


PANICE.E.  167 

lanceolate,  10  nini.  or  moiv  long:,  first  glume  1  mm.  long,  second 
aciuniniite,  l-nervecl,  3—4  mm.  long;  floral  glumes  of  both  llorets 
ovate-lanceolate,  about  10  mm.  long,  7-U-nerved;  palea  but  little 
sliorter. 

Sometimes  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  grass. 

Abyssinia. 

00.  (-^1).  Stenotaphrum  Trin.  Fund.  Agrost.  175  (IS'^>(>). 
Diaslcmtoithe  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gram.  3G0  (1S55). 

8[)ikelets  with  one  terminal  perfect  llower  and  a  staminate  or 
neuter  one  below  it,  usually  2-4  together  in  very  short  spikes  em- 
bedded in  the  alternate  notches  of  the  broad  rachis  of  a  spikclike 
])ani(!le,  the  rachis  of  the  partial  spike  usually  extending  as  a  short 
I)oint  beyond  the  base  of  the  terminal  spikclet,  the  common  rachis 
often  breaking  into  pieces  when  mature.  The  first  empty  glume 
very  small,  the  second  empty,  and  tl;e  largest  membranous,  but 
rigid,  3-5-nerved  :  iloral  glumes  of  both  florets  rather  smaller,  with 
the  nerves  loss  prominent,  and  of  a  somewhat  firmer  texture:  paleae 
similar.     Styles  distiiict.     Graiii  enclosed,  but  not  adherent. 

(Jrasses  with  a  creeping  habit.  I'iu^re  are  two  or  throe  species 
widely  spread  over  tropical  and  subtropical  regions  of  the  Eastern 
and  the  Western  llomispheres. 

1.  S.  secundatum  (Walt.)  Kuntzo,  Kev.  (ien.  PI.  794  (ISOl). 
JsclnviDiii}!  sr('ii)i(l((tiiii>  W'dt.  l-'l.  Cai'ol.  240  (17S8).  S.  Anwrint- 
tniiii  Schrank.  Klor.  Monac. /.  OS  (ISll-lS).  nidsfonaufhe  phitij- 
xhii'lijis  Stoud.  1.  c.  liottba'Uiu  coDipi'i'ssa  Beauv.  Agrost.  100 
(lsi->). 

A  glubrous  ascencling  perennial  grass,  about  30  on.  high. 
Culms  slightly  flattened.  Sheaths  compressed,  loose;  ligulc  a  ciliate 
ring;  Idades  obtuse,  flat  oi'  involute,  10-1.5  cm.  long,  5-7  nun. 
wide.  Spikes  solitary  aiul  terminal,  5-7  cm.  long,  convex  on  both 
sides  or  t'lliptic^d  in  cros.s-section,  axis  sligiitly  lleMio.se,  4  mm.  wide. 
Spikelets  2  or  3  together  on  angular  branches,  sessile,  oval-oblong, 
iicute  or  acuminate,  4  mm.  long,  the  ])artial  rachis  reaching  nearly 
to  the  top  of  the  s})ikelets. 

Florida,  (itirbor,      Ciirtif^s  3021;    Ijouisiana,    Latujlois;    Cuba. 
]\'rujhf  34!  10. 


168 


PANICACE^. 


Found  along  tlie  coast  in  the  Southern  States,  also  in  the  West 
Indies,  Mexico,  Buenos  Ayres,  Sandwich 
Islands,  Australia. 

34.  (25).  OlYRA  L.  Syst.  Ed.  10.  1201 
(1759).  Mapira  Adans.  Fam.  2:  39  (1763). 
Lithachnc  Beauv.  Agrost.  135,  /.  24,  f.  2 
(1813).  liuddia  15ertol.  in  oinise.  Sc.  Bologn. 
3:410  (1819).  Sfrepfiium  Sehrad.  Nces, 
Agrost.  Bras.  298  (1829). 

Spikelots  1-flowcred,  nionweious  in  ])ani- 
cles,  those  which  are  staminato,  on  tlie  iowor 
portion  of  the  panicle  or  in  soi>arato  panicles, 
destitute  of  empty  glumes,  lloral  glume  uar- 
row  and  acuminate,  l-nerved.  palca  2-nerve(l, 
nearly  as  loug  as  its  glume.  Stuuiens  3, 
Pistillate  spikclets  usually  in  the  upper  por- 
tion of  the  i)anicle.  ovate:  euipty  glumes  her- 
haceous,  pointed  or  awiu'd.  cipial,  or  the  first 
longer;  floral  ghime  and  paloii  much  shorter, 
obtuse,  cartilaginous.  Stamens  0.  Styles  2, 
united  at  the  base,  (iraiu  firndy  enclosed, 
but  not  adherent.  lilades  of  the  leaves 
broad,  netted-veined,  often  borne  on  short 
Fig.  'm.—Stniotaplirum  petioles;  panicles  terminal  or  axillary. 
sccun,h,tnm.  A  v'fion         Si)ecies  al.out  twentv;    one  of  them  be- 

ot  spike;    a,  spikelnt.  ' 

longs  to  tropical  Africa,  the  others  to  tropical 
America.  Some  authors  reduce  nearly  all  of  the  species  to  varieties 
of  O.  hiflfoJia. 

1.  0.  latifolia  L.  1.  c.  0.  2io,niciilata  Sw.  Obs.  liot.  347 
(1791). 

Culms  hard,  branched.  Leaves  more  or  less  puherulent; 
sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  a  mere  rijig;  blades  flat, 
ovate-oblong  to  ovate-lanceolate,  7-14  cm.  long.  I'anicles  terminal 
or  axillary,  simple,  oval,  10-17  ctn.  long,  rays  scattered  or  in  threes 
to  sevens,  rather  stout.  Fertile  spikclets  ovoid,  acuniimite,  em})ty 
glumes   with    involute    ti})s;    first  1 1-13-nervt'd.   7-12  mm.   long. 


ORYZE^. 


169 


with  the  beak  5-8  mm.  long,  second  7-nerved;  floret  ellipsoidal,  5 

mm.  long,  shining,  hard,  of  a  dull  ivory 

color. 

Mexico,  Pringlc  3705.  Also  found  in 
Cuba,  Trinidad,  Central  America  to 
Brazil. 

Tribe  VI.— ORYZEiE. 

Spikelets  laterally  compressed,  with  one 
terminal  perfect  or  unisexual  flower,  en- 
closed by  a  floral  glume  aiul  palea,  the  lat- 
ter usually  1-nervod.  Empty  glumes  two 
or  more,  very  seldom  numerous.  Stamens 
frequently  six.  Stigmas  more  or  less  elon- 
gated. Grain  usually  with  a  snuiU  embryo 
and  long,  linear  hilum. 

The  close  atllnity  of  Oryzeaa  and  Pba-   Fm.  31.— O/.v^w     hitifolia. 

I     .  1         ,  I'.        1  1         rni  Pistillate  spikelet. 

laruleie  luis  olten  boon  recognizod.       Tiie 

essential  eluiraotor  of  botli  resides  in  having  the  scale  immedi- 
ately under  the  single  terminal  perfect  llower  koolod  or  1-nerved, 
like  the  glumes,  so  as  to  make  it  uncertain  whether  it  is  a 
glume  or  palea, — that  is,  whether  it  is  attached  to  the  raohis  or 
primary  axis  of  the  spikelet,  or  to  a  secondary  or  lloral  axis  reduced 
to  ii  mere  point.  Uentham  considers  the  scale  in  question  .i  floral 
gUnne,  and  considers  the  palea  as  deficient.  With  this  view  the 
OryzofB  have  2-4  or  rarely  3  glumes,  all  above  tlie  articulation  of 
the  i)edice],  and  the  PhalaridciB  4-G  or  rarely  5  glumes,  the  'owest 
pair  persistent  below  the  articulation  of  the  rachilla. 

A     Plants  monoecious;  anthers  six  or  more. 

a.  Spikes   terminal  and   axdlary,  the  former  pedunculate  and 

stamimite,  the  latter  sessile 35 

a.  Inflorescence  paniculate {b) 

b.  Spikelets  in  pairs  at  each  node  of  the  branches  of  the  pan- 
icle, one  sessile  and  pistillate,  the  other  snudli'r  podicol- 
late  and  staminate;  iloral  glume  linoar-oblong.      .     36 


170  I'AMl'AClvE. 

b.  Spikolots  not  in  pairs;  empty  glumes  none.     .     .     .    (c) 

c.   Pistillate    spikelets   all   above   the   stamiuate   in   the 

panicles,   linear,  subterete,  embryo  as  long  as  the 

grain 158 

c.   Pistillate  spikelets  terminal  and  the  staminate  at  the 

base  of  each  branch  of  the  j)auicle;  grain  subconi- 

pressed,  ovate,   embryo   much  shorter.        .     .     ;]{) 

c.     Stamiuate  and  pistillate  spikelets  in  separate  panicles, 

rarely   in    the     same,    when    the    staminate     are 

terminal 37 

B.  Spikelets  in  panicles,  all  perfect,  much  compi'essed.  .  .  (e) 
e.  Empty  glumes  two;  floral  glumes  of  tun  awucd.  .  .  .  -tO 
e.  Empty  glumes  none  or  minute,  floral  glume  awuless.     .    41 

35.   (39).   HydrochloA  Beauv.  Agrost.  135,  t.  24,  f.  4  (1812). 

Spikelets  snuill,  unisexual,  monu'cious,  spicate,  the  staminate 
terminal,  the  pistillate  axillary.  Glumes  2,  slightly  unequal,  mem- 
branous, concave,  awnloss,  the  lower  one  a  little  the  larger;  palea 
0.  Stamens  6.  Styles  short,  distinct,  sublatcral;  stigmas  elongated, 
shortly  ])lumose.  Grain  included  by  the  glumes,  but  not  adherent, 
A  slender,  branching  grass,  floating  or  creeping,  with  flat  and  luir- 
row  leaf-blades.  The  ])eduncle  terminal,  slender,  the  staminate 
spikelets  few  (3-5),  towards  the  apex,  subsessile.  'J'he  pistillate 
spikelets  subsessile  in  the  upper  axils,  few-tlowered,  slightly  j)ro- 
truding  from  the  sheath  of  tiie  upper  leaf,  the  stignuis  j)i'otrudiiig 
for  some  distance  beyoud  the  glumes.  Seed  flat,  oval,  with  a  thin 
translucent  ridge  on  one  side,  loose  in  the  Ijrittle  pericarp.  Only 
one  species,  which  is  found  in  the  southeastern  })art  of  thel'nited 
States. 

It  dilVers  from  Zizania  chiefly  in  the  reduction  of  the  2-  to  few- 
flowered  spikes,  of  which  the  terminal  one  is  stauiinate  aiul  pedun- 
culate, the  lower  one  pistillate  and  sessile  in  the  axils. 

1    H.  Carolinensis  Beauv.  1.  c. 

An  aquatic,  20-00  cm.  high;  leaf-blades  2-3  cm.  long;  very 
seldom  bearing  good  flowers. 

Infrequent.     ^I'orth  Carolina  to  Florida,  July  and  August. 


OHYZK.E. 


171 


30.   (20).   Pharus  v.  P.r.  J  list.  Jaiutiic.  34-1:  (1T5G). 

Spikolets  1- Howe  red.  nioiKPcious,  in  pairs  on  a  .spreading  pani- 
cle; one  pedicellate  and  staminate,  the  other  sessile  and  pistillate. 
The  two  empty  glumes  membranous,  many-nerved,  the  iloral  glume 
in  the  stamiuate  spikelets  membranous,  in  the  pistillate  coriaceous. 
Stamens  0.  Stigmas  3.  Grain  enclosed,  but  not  aiUiereut.  Jjcal'- 
blades  petioled,  l)road  witli  many  straiglit  nerves  gradually  diverg- 
ing from  a  midrib.  The  i)istillate  spikelets  'Z-'S  times  as  long  as 
the  stamiiuite. 

There  are  thought  to  be  5  species,  belonging  to  tropical  America, 
from  Florida  to  Brazil. 

1.  P.  glaber  11.  B.  K.  Nov.  Gen.  et  Sp.  1: 190  (1815).  /'.  la- 
tifolim  Trin.  Griseb.  Fl.  Brit.  Ind.  530  (1804). 

Culms  40-90  cm.  high.  Leaf-blades  lanceolate-oblong,  acumi- 
nate, 15-30  cm.  long,  3-0  cm.  wide,  small  transverse  nerves 
numerous.  Panicle  s[)reading,  25 
cm.  long.  Staminate  spikelets  on 
pedicels  as  long  as  tlie  pistillate 
spikelets  or  shorter,  oval,  about 
3  mm.  long,  glumes  thin  and 
brittle;  pistillate  spikelets  linear, 
acute  at  both  ends.  13  mm.  long, 
first  and  second  glumes  nearly 
equal.  5-0  mm.  long,  3-5-nerved; 
t'rrtilc  llorct  villous,  the  Iloral 
glume  involute,  enclosing  a  nar- 
r'>\v.  ■2-nerved  palea  of  its  own 
length. 

Southern  l''lorida,West  Indies, 
\  I'lHv.ucJa.  Brazil. 

■W.  {j\\).  LuziOLA  .Fuss.  (}en. 
I'l.  :;:;  (i:S!)).  Cn-nurhh,,!  Trin. 
I'l--.     ■.'  :   54    (IS'.'0).       Arrozia 


Fia.  S2.~Phiir>is  glabra.  A,  stiiini- 
Mate  spikelel:  Ji,  pistillate.  (Ricii- 
ardsoii.) 


S'lii'iid.  Kunth.  Kiium.    PI.   I  :  11 

ll-s:;;i). 

Spikelets  ovate,  small,  unisexual,  mono'cious,  l-llowered,  subses- 


172 


PANKACE.E. 


sile  or  pedicellate  on  the  joiiitless  branches  of  the  jointed  panicle. 
Staminate  s])ikelets  witii  2  glumes  that  arc  narrow,  membranous, 
awnless,  tlie  outer  one  broader  and  empty,  the  inner  lloral  one 
narrower,  but  scarcely  shorter;  palea  0.  Stamens  (5-18.  Pistil 
rudimentary  or  0.  i'istillatc  s})ikolets  smaller  than  the  stami- 
nate, the  outer  glume  broader  and  ap[)arently  many-nerved. 
Staminodia  0.  Styles  short,  distinct,  with  simple  ])lumoso  stig- 
matic  hairs,  (jlrain  ovoid,  loosely  enclosed  in  the  membranous 
glumes.  Seed  plano-convex.  Tree  from  the  pericar]).  Creeping  or 
floating  grasses,  low  or  tall,  witii  flat  blades.  Panicles  terminal  or 
axillary,  spreading,  witli  tilit'orm  rays. 

Nearly  allied  to  Zizania,  but  tlie  spikelets  are  smaller,  not  awned, 
the  styles  short,  distinct,  and  there  are  usually  more  than  six  sta- 
mens to  the  flower. 

Species  six,  all  American. 


Fig.  33. — Luziola    Alahamenais.    A,  stauiinate  spikelet;  B,  pistillate  spilie- 

let.     (Richardson.) 


1.  L.  Alabamensis  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  States,  584  (18G0). 

Culms  5-15  cm.  high,  branching  near  the  base,  from  a  creeping 
rhizoma.  Leaf-blades  flat,  smooth,  the  upper  partially  included 
by  the  purple  sheath  of  the  one  below.  Base  of  panicle  often  in- 
cluded in  the  sheath.  Spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  shorter  than  tlieir 
pedicels.  Glumes  of  staminate  spikelets  lanceolate,  7-nerved: 
those  of  the  pistillate  broader,  11-13-nerved,  twice  the  lengJi  of 
the  smooth  mature  grain. 

Alabama. 

2.  L.  Peruviana,!.  F.  Gmel.  Syst.  637  (1778). 


ORYZE^.  173 

Culms  30  cm.  high,  branching  from  a  creeping  rliizoma.  Leaf- 
blades  flat,  smooth.  Base  of  panicle  scarcely  above  the  sheath. 
Spikelets  lanceolate,  generally  equal  in  length  to  tlie  pedicels. 
Outer  glume  of  staminate  spikelot  7-nerved,  6  mm.  long;  inner 
glume  9-nerved,  emarginate;  ghinies  nearly  equal;  pistillale  s])ike- 
lets  50-80.  Panicles  about  the  size  of  the  former  species,  glumes 
much  alike,  7-nerved,  and  half  us  long  as  those  of  the  staminate 
spikelets. 

Florida,  Mexico,  to  Brazil. 

38.  (40).  ZiZANiA  L.  Sp.  PI.  991  (1753).  Wild  Rice.  In- 
dian KicE.  Wateu-oats.  Ilydr02)iih(v}  Link,  Ilort.  Berol.  1 :  253 
(1827).      Mclinnm  Link,  Ilandb.  1;  90  (1829). 

Si)ikelets  narrow,  monrocious,  1-flowored,  sessile  or  with  short 
jiedicels  on  the  jointed  branches  of  the  jointed  panicle.  CJlumes  2, 
surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  more  or  less  prominent  cartilaginous 
ring,  sliglitly  unecjual,  membranous,  convolute,  concave  or  slightly 
compressed,  the  outer  broader,  acute,  or  in  tlie  pistillate  spikelet 
awned  and  empty,  the  inner  floral  glume  scarcely  sliorter,  and  awn- 
less  :  palea  0.  Stamens  G.  Styles  more  or  less  joined  at  the  base,  stig- 
matic  hairs  simply  plumose.  Grain  included  by  the  membranous 
glumes,  but  not  adherent.  A  large  aquatic  grass  with  long  flat  in- 
equilateral leaf-blades.  Panicle  terminal,  ample,  loosely  flowering, 
having  numerous  long  slender  rays. 

One  well  known  species  found  in  North  America.  An  impos- 
ing plant  with  a  subtropical  aspect. 

1.  Z.  aquatica  L.     Sp.  PL  991  (1753).     Wild  Rice. 

MrlitiHiii  jjithifttfe,  Link,  1.  c.  Z.  pnlustris  L.  Mant.  2:295 
(1771).  Z.  clavulosa  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:75  (1S()3).  Uydi-o- 
pyvum  csculentuni  Link,  llort.  Berol.  1  :252  (1S27). 

Z.  A^/Z/b/m  (iriseb.  Turcz.  Mull.  Soc.  Aat.  Mosc  lO,')  (1S38). 

Annual:  1—4 m.  high,  cidm  hoUovv  with  nuuuTous delicate  trans- 
verse partitions  within  the  internodes.  Ligule  acute.  1  cm.  Ioul;-: 
]o\\vv  blades  0.4-1  metre  lona.  wit  li  winged  i)eti()les.  ujipei- Id'oad  at 
the  base.  Lower  part  of  the  pyrainidal  pjiniele  stiimiiuite.  spi-eailing; 
the  upper   part   pistillate,    erect:  pedicu'ls  slender,    clavale,    outer- 


174 


PANICACE/E. 


glume  with  a  rough  awu  3  mm.  long.     Outer  glume  of  the  stami- 
nate  flowers  5-nerved,  inner  S-nerved.     Styles  stout,  united  for  one- 


FiQ.  M.—Zizaniaaquaiica.     A,  staminate   spikelet;  Ji,  pislillute  spikelet;  b, 

pistil.  (Ricliardson.) 

third  of  their  length,  diverging.    Gniin  sIcikUm-.  dark  brown,  linear, 
10-15  mm.  long.     Seed  adherent  to  the  thin  pericarp. 


OinZK/K. 


176 


Common  northward  in  sliiillow  hikes  jind  in  the  herders  of  slow 
streams,  also  found  in  Siberia  and  Japan.  Qual.ty  of  grain  fully 
equal  to  the  common  rice,  but  dark  in  color;  more  difficult  to  col- 
lect, as  the  grain  dro])s,  a  few  kernel.'  at  a  time,  as  soon  as  ripe. 
Gathered  by  Indians;  attractive  to  water-fowl.  At  the  South  it  is 
cut  for  hay,  offering  two  large  crops  in  one  season. 

Vermont,  Pri/if/le;  Ontario,  Fowler;  Michigan,  Clark  688; 
Wisconsin,  Heal  %iS;  South  Dakota,  />iiffci/. 

39.  (40).  ZIZANIOPSIS  Doell.  &  Aschers.  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  2:  Part 
2,  U  (1871). 

Perennial  with  much  thehabit  of  Zizania.  Thepistillate spike- 
lets  terminating  the  branches  of  the  panicle.  Styles  united  for 
three-fourths  of  their  length.  (Jrain  not  adherent  to  the  glumes, 
hard,  ovoid,  smooth,  shining.  Seed  easily  se])arating  from  the 
pericarp,  with  3  vertical  ridges.  Tnternodes  destitute  of  transverse 
partitions. 


¥\Q.'db.—Zizaniopsis  miiincea.  Pisiillalespikelet.  (Richardson.) 

One  species  with  two  varieties  found  in  the  Southern  States  and 
extending  to  Brazil. 

1.  Z.  miliacea  (Michx.)  Doell.  I'v:  Aschers.;  Baill.  Hist.  PI.  12: 


176 


PANICACEyE. 


21)3  (1893).     Wild  IUce.     Zizania  niiliacea  Michx.  Fl.  Am.  Bor. 
1:74  (18U3). 

Culms  0.5-3  m.  high;  blades  narrower  than  those  of  Zizitnia 
atjuatica.  Outer  glumes  7-ncrved,  terminating  in  a  short  uwn, 
inner  gluini's  3-nerved,  acute. 

Florida,  Scribnev  3005;    Louisiana,  Langloix;   Texas,  XetiUi'i/. 
40.    (44).  Oryza  \j.  Syst.  Ed.  1  (1735).     liioE.   FaUia  ZoU.  & 
Mor.  Syst.  Vor/.  Pt'l.  ZoU.  103  (1840). 

Spiklots  l-llowored,  llat,articulato  on  short  pedicels  or  sessile  along 
the  ilexuose  branelies  of  a  terminal  i)aniclo.  Cilumes  4,  5J  outer 
ones  very  small,  lanceolate,  2  inner  ones  eonii)licate  and  keeled, 
coriaceous,  the  outcM'onc  the  largest,  IS-o-norved;  no  ^-nerved  palea. 
Stamens  G.  Styles  sliort.  l)arely  united  at  the  base,  (irain  oblong 
or  narrow,  enclosed  in  the  hardened  almost  coherent  upper  glumes, 
but  free  from  them.  Pericarp  thin,  lloxible,  and,  wlien  wet,  easily 
separating. 

Large  marsh  cereal  grasses  with  long  flat,  slightly  inequilateral 
leaf-blades.     Spikelets  covered  with  minute  scars. 

There  are  5-20  species,  or  possibly  all  belong  to  one  variable 
species.     Found  in  the  East  Indies  and  Australia;   a  cereal  much 
cultivated  in  warm  countries,  where  the  land  is  wet 
or  at  certain  times  inundated. 

1.  O.  SATivA  L.  Sp.  I'l.  333  (1753).  Rice. 
Stems  with  the  base  creeping  or  floating,  ascend- 
ing, GO-120  cm.  high.  Ligule  often  2.5  cm.  long, 
on  the  lower  leaves,  scabrid  and  jagged ;  blades  long 
and  rather  broad,  very  scabrous,  especially  on  the 
upper  side.  Panicle  narrow,  erect,  15-30  cm.  long. 
Spikelets   ovate-oblong,    7-10   mm.    long.     Upper 

Fio.  36.— Or.vza  glumes  very  prominently  nerved,  the  keels  usually 
tativa.  SpiKe-   ^.  .  ,    "^   ^  •'.  ,  ,       .     -^ 

let.  (Ricliurd-  cuiate,  tlie  outer  one  with  1  nerve  on  each  sule, 

^°°'^  beside  the  nerve-like  margin,  closely  embracing  and 

almost  connate  with  the  inner  glume,  which  is  as  long,  but  nar- 
rower, with  only  1  nerve  on  each  side  near  the  thin  margin,  both 
glumes  either  shortly  awued  or,  in  some  cultivated  varieties,  awn- 


OHYZEiE.  177 

less,  or  the  outer  one  with  a  straight  awn,  1-10  cm.  long  and  the 
inner  with  only  a  short  point. 

Rice  feeds  more  people  tliun  any  otlior  grain,  excepting  sorghum. 

41.  (+5).  HOMALOCENCHRUS  Miey,  Hall.  Hist.  Stirp.  liolv.  2:  201 
(17()S).  False  Rick.  White  Grass.  Ztw.sm  Soland.  Sw.  Prod. 
Ve,;:.  Iiid.  Occ.  21  (1788).  Ehrhartia  Wigg.  Prim.  Uolsat.  (V.l 
(HSU). 

AspreUa  Schreb.  Gen.  PL  45  (17S!i),  not  Willd. 

Eiidodia  Ralln.  Keogcnyt.  4  (18^*5). 

Brepharochloa  End).  Gen.  PI.  1352  (1841). 

Pscddoniza  Griff.  Ic.  PI.  Asiut.  /.  144  (1847). 

Lncrtia  Grcmow,  Trautv.  in  Act.  Hort.  Petrop.  0:354  (1884). 

Spikelets  l-llo\vcred.  flat,  articulate  on  short  ])c'di('ols  along  the 
slender  branches  of  a  terminal  panicle.  Glumes  2.  cninjilicate  and 
keeled,  the  outer  the  larger,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  carti- 
laginous ring,  which  is  often  obscure;  outer  glume  5-ncrved, 
broadly  wing-keeled  or  with  tlie  margins  ciliate,  the  inner  3-nerved. 
No  2-nerved  palea.  Stamens  G,  3,  or  fewer.  Styles  short,  dis- 
tinct, (xrain  enclosed  in  the  slightly  hardened  glumes,  but  not 
adherent. 

Marsh  grasses,  with  narrow  leaf-blades  which  quickly  close  when 
warm,  if  briskly  nibbed.  The  main  nerve  one  side  of  tlie  middle 
of  the  blade.  Panicle  terminal,  slender,  with  erect  filiform  rays. 
Spikelets  smaller,  more  slender,  and  neai*er  together  than  in  Ovyza, 
and  in  //.  lenticnlaris  almost  imbricate.  Nerves  of  the  glumes 
not  very  prominent. 

Six  or  more  species,  five  at  least  common  to  America.  Nearly 
allied  to  Orj/za,  though  having  thinner  glumes,  a  different  inflo- 
rescence, and  no  small  outer  glumes. 

The  old  and  long-used  name  Lccrsia  was  first  used  to  designate 
a  genus  of  mosses,  and  therefore  should  not  be  used  for  any  other 
jilant. 
S])ikelets  lance-oblong,  3  mm.  long,  scarcely  imbricate.       ,     .      1 

Spikelets  oval,  5  mm.  long,  imbricate 2 

Spikelets  broad-oval,  6  mm.  long,  closely  imbricate 3 


178 


PAXICACK.E. 


Spikelets  lanceolato-oblong,  3.5  mm.  long,  loosely  imbricate.    .     4 
Spikelets  semiovate.  1.5  mm.  long 5 

1.  H.  Virginicug(\Villd.)  Hritton,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  9: 14 
[reprint  13]  (1889).  White  Rice.  Lccrsia  Viifjinica  Willd.  Sp. 
PI.  1  :  325  (1797). 

L.   Viryinica  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1 :  37  (1S03). 

Asprella  Vinjinica  K.  &  S.  8vst.  2:2G0  (1817). 

Culms  40-70  cm.  high,  often  nearly  smooth,  liootstocks  5  n»m. 
diam.,  covered  with  closely  imbricated  scales.  Loal'-blades  5-13 
cm.  long.  Spikelets  linear-oblong,  3  nun.  long,  scarcely  imbri- 
cate, in  slender  simple  j)anicles,  the  compressed  floral  glume  curv- 
ing to  one  side,  becoming  concave  next  to  the  axis,  to  wiiich  it  is 
closely  apprcssed;  lloral  glume  and  palea  ciliate.     Stamens  2. 

Michigan,  Cooleii.  Clark  680,  Beal  27,  28;  North  Carolina, 
Mc('((rf/n/;  Minnesota,  HolziiKjer  12;  South  Dakota,  l^nffcy; 
Texas,  Reverchon  103fi. 

Wet  woods,  Canada  to  Florida  and  westward. 

2.  H.  oryzoides  (L.)  Mieg,  Toll.  Hist.  PI.  Palat.  1:52(1770). 
Rice-cut  Grass.     Kick's  Col  si  .v. 

Plidhivis  orj/zoitfrs  L.  Sp.  PI. 
5r)  (IToo).  Klirluirtid  rldiKh'sfina 
Wigg.  Fl.  liolsat.  (JKo  (17S0).  As- 
prvUa  o>'i/zoi(/('s  Lam.  111.  1  :  1(;7 
(1791).  LcerKtd  oi\i/xt>it/rs  ^\\.  Fl. 
I  lid.  Occ.  1:21  (17;»7).  Ori/za 
cJdiidesiiiia  A.  Br.  Asch.  Fl.  Brand. 
7'JO  (18<;4). 

Culms  00-150  cm.  Iiigli.  Hoot- 
stocks  narrow,  with  internodes  2-3 
cm.  long.  Leaf-blades  l."»-'>0  cm. 
long,  10-25  mm.  wide,  supplied 
with  stout  recurved  prickles.  Panicles  15-20  cm.  long,  with  cal- 
lous glands  inside  the  base  of  the  rays.  Spikelets  oval,  flat,  some- 
what ciliate,  5  mm.  long.     Stamens  3. 


Kio.  37. — FTomalocenchrus  orf/Mt'des. 
A,  spikelet;  a,  Hoiet.  (Scril)iu'r.) 


OHYZK.E.  179 

Michigan,  rVr/;-^-687,  Ikal,  27,  29;  Ontario,  Fowler;  California, 
Parish  1752,  Sonvs  for  M.  A.  C.  28. 

Wet  places,  somewhat  common ;  also  found  in  Soutli  America, 
Euroiie,  and  Asia. 

3.  H.  lonticularis(Michx.)Kuntzo,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  777  (181)1). 
Catch-fly  (jiKAS.s.  Jjcersia  lotficiilitris  Michx.  Fl.  Hor.  Am. 
1:39  (1803).     AspreUu  lenticular':'  W.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  2G7  (ISIT). 

Culms  stout,  GO-lOO  cm.  high,  bruncliing.  Leaf-blaues  15-20 
cm.  long,  10-13  cm.  wide,  smooth  or  witli  small  recurved  prickles. 
Panicle  simple,  3-12  cm.  long.  Spikelcts  very  flat,  broadly  oval, 
closely  imbricate,  6  mm.  long;  floral  glume  and  ])alea  bristly  cili- 
ate.     Stamens  2.     A  grass  of  striking  appearance. 

Wet  grounds,  Virginia,  Illinois,  and  southward. 

4.  H.  hexandra  (K.  &  S.)  Britton,  1.  c.  A.^prclln  hexandra 
R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:267  (1817).  Lcersia  hexandra  Sw.  Prod.  21 
(1788). 

Culms  stout  below,  branching,  30-20  em.  high.  Ligulc  of  large 
plants  G  mm.  long;  blades  narrow,  firm.  Panicle  15  cm.  long, 
contracted,  erect,  simple.  Spikelets  lanceolate-oblong,  ciliate,  3.5 
mm.  long,  loosely  imbricate.     Stamens  6. 

Lakes  and  ponds.  Florida  and  westward.  Buenos  Ayres, 
Africa,  East  Indies,  Australia. 

5.  H.  monandra  (R.  &  S.)  Britton,  1.  c.  Leersia  monandra 
Sw.  Prod.  21  (1788).  Ai<prella  monandra  R.  &  S.  Mant.  551 
(1817). 

Slender  erect  perennials,  30-50  cm.  high.  Leaf- blades  flat  or 
conduplicate,  12-15  cm.  long,  5.3  mm.  wide.  Panicle  exserted, 
about  10  cm.  long,  with  4-G  single  spreading  rays  bearing  spikelets 
beyond  the  middle.  Spikelets  smootli,  pale  green,  mostly  imbri- 
cate, broadly  semi-ovate,  pointed,  1.2-1.5  mm.  long,  glumes  com- 
pressed, not  winged-keeled,  first  5-nerved  and  second  3-nerved. 
Stamen  1. 

Texas,  NeaUey  in  1888. 

Florida,  West  Indies,  Texas,  Mexico. 


180  POACE^. 


Division  II.— FOAOEJE. 

SpikeletB  one  to  many-flowered,  the  rachilla  often  produced 
above  the  single  or  terminal  flower;  when  more  than  one-flowered, 
the  imperfect  flower,  if  any,  is  uppermost  (except  Hierochh>e)\ 
rachilla  usually  articulate  above  the  lower  glumes,  which  remain 
after  the  fall  of  the  grain  and  floral  glumes  (except  Alopecurus, 
Cinna,  Polypogon,  Beckmannia,  Thurberia,  IIolcus). 

TRifiE  VII.— PHALARIDE^. 

Spikelets  each  containing  1  perfect  flower,  or  with  1-2  staminate 
flowers  below;  empty  glumes  usually  4;  floral  glume  and  palea 
alike,  compressed,  nerves  one  or  none.  Grain  uufurrowed,  embryo 
small. 

The  following  notes  concerning  this  tribe  are  adapted  from 
lientham : 

The  close  affinity  of  this  tribe  and  the  Oryzem  has  been  generally 
admitted,  and  Bentham  in  his  Flora  Australiensis  even  proposed 
their  consolidation.  In  common,  the  scale  under  the  single  jierfect 
terminal  flower  is  keeled  and  1-nerved.  .-  j  as  to  make  it  a  matter 
of  discussion  whether  it  be  a  glume  terminal  on  the  main  axis 
of  the  spikelet,  or  a  palea  at  the  base  of  a  secondary  floral  axis. 
The  deciduous  part  of  the  spikelet  of  Phalariffecp  with  its  4  ^  'umes 
is  precisely  as  in  Oryzem;  but  there  are  in  addition,  below  the  ar- 
ticulation, the  2  persistent  empty  glumes  characteristic  of  Poacm, 
The  spikelet  in  this  tribe  consists  of  6  glumes  (or  5  and  a  palea), 
the  lowest  pair  empty  below  the  articulations ;  the  second  pair  above 
the  articulation,  corresponding  to  the  lowest  3  glumes  of  OryzeWf 
1  usually  empty  and  small,  sometimes  reduced  to  a  small  bristle, 
rarely  enclosing  each  a  palea  or  male  flower. 

A.  Third  and  fourth  glumes  empty,  reduced  to  small  bristles, 
awnless.      Plants  not  particularly  fragrant 42 

B.  Third  and  fourth  glumes  equalling  or  exceeding  the  fifth. 
Plants  particularly  fragrant (\^\ 


PIIALARIDE.E.  181 

b.  First  glume  about  half  us  long  as  the  second,  third  und 

fourth  empty,  awned  on  the  back 43 

b.  First  and  second  glumes  subequul,  third  and  often  the 
fourth  containing  a  staminate  flower 44 

42.  (102).  Phalabis  L.  Sp.  PI.  54  (1753).  (Canary-grass.) 
Typhoides  Mcench,  Moth.  201  (1794).  Baldinyera  Ga*rtn.  Moy. 
&  Schreb.  Fl.  Wett.  1 :  43  (1799).  Digriiphis  Trin.  Fund.  Agrost. 
127  (1820).     Endalh'x  Uafin.  Sor.  Bull.  IJot.  1:  220  (1830). 

Spikelets  l-flowered,  flat,  densely  crowded  in  an  ovoid  or  cylin- 
drical spike  or  spikelikc  panicle,  the  rachis  articulate  above  the 
outer  glumes.  Glumes  usually  6,  two  outer  larger  ones  thin,  com- 
plicate, 3-nerved,  the  keel  sometimes  winged,  the  third  and  fourth 
small,  lanceolate  or  reduced  to  small  bristles  or  one  deficient,  the 
fifth  smaller,  complicate,  delicately  3-5-nerved,  or  apparently  4- 
nerved,  the  central  nerve  short  and  ol>scurc,  enveloping  tlie  sixth 
glume,  which  is  also  complicate,  enclosing  tlie  flower,  apparently  2- 
nerved,  the  external  angle  between  the  nerves  longitudinally  ciliute. 
No  ordinary  palea.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Grain  oblong, 
enclosed  in  the  2  upper  glumes,  but  not  adherent. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaf-blades.  Panicle 
either  strictly  spicate  or  in  the  form  of  a  head,  or  having  branches 
which  form  dense  clusters. 

There  are  ten  species,  found  in  Southern  Europe,  North  Africa, 
and  North  America. 

In  this  genus  it  is  the  lowest  two  i)eisistent  empty  glumes  that 
are  the  largest,  the  second  pair  very  narrow,  sometimes  reduced  to 
sni'iU  bristles,  tiiose  of  the  upper  pair  thin  and  hyaline;  and  some- 
times in  both  of  them  the  central  nerve  is  very  faint  or  quite  obso- 
lete, a  character  adduced  as  an  argument  that  this  uj)per  one  is  a 
two-nerved  palea  on  the  floral  axis,  and  not  a  glume  on  the  main 
rachilla. 

A.  Outer  glumes  with  a  broad-winged  keel 1,  2 

B.  Outer  glumes  with  a  narrow-winged  keel  above  the  middle.    3 

C.  Outer  glumes  not  winged-keeled (a) 

a.  Panicle  short,  dense 4 

a.  Panicle  slender  or  brandling 5 


182 


POACE.E. 


1.  P.  Caxariknsis  L.  Sp.  ri.  54  (1753).  Canary-orass. 
r.  ai'kithiris  Sulisb.  Prod.  II  (17!)0).  P.  ooiUa  MaMicli,  Metli. 
208  (i;j>4).      /'.  aqmaica  Delilo,  Hoiss.  Fl.  Orient.  5:471  (         ). 

An  croi't  leafy  iinnmil,  30-GO  cm.  high.  Upper  shcatlis  in- 
Ihited;  ligule  4  mm.  long;  blades  ^0  cm.  long,  6-10  mm.  wide. 
Spike  ovoid,  pale  green,  4  cm.  long.  Spikelets  nearly  G  mm.  h  ng. 
broadly  ovate;  lower  glumes  5-G  mm.  long,  white,  membraiicus, 
with  3  green  nerves  and  a  very  broad  or  winged  keel,  third  and 
fourth  glumes  lanceolate,  half  us  long  as  the  floral  glume;  floral 
glumes  acute,  three-fourths  the  length  of  the  lower  glumes,  5- 
uerved. 

Massachusetts,  Ikml  30;  District  of  Columbia,  McCartliy; 
Michigan,  67«/*^4047;  Dakota,  iJuJfcy;  Arizona,  Tuumej/  763. 

Introduced  from  Europe.     Kaised  for  canary-birds. 


2.  P.  intermedia  Bosc.   Poir.    Eucycl.    Suppl.  1:300  (1810). 

SouTiiEKN    IJkki).     Canary-grass.     Gilhkut's    Kkmkf-orass. 

Stewart's  Can  A  uv-(atASs.    California  Timothy.    /'.  CaroJiiii- 

am  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  74  (1788).     7'. 

anrfnatata  Nees,  Agrost.   liras.  2 : 

391  (18211).     P.  micros/arJij/d  \)V. 

Cat.  llort.  Monsp.  131  (1813).    J\ 

Americana  Ell.  liot.  S.  C.  &  (la. 

1:101    (1817).      P.    animlinai'ca 

Michx.  Fl.  IJor.  Am.  1:43(1803). 

An   erect  annual,   G0-30O  cm. 
Fia.    38.   —  Phalaris     intermedia.  •    „   ,    i      ,,    , 

Spikelet.     (Richardson.)  high.      bJK^aths  mflated ;   blades  ol 

the  upper  leaves  0.5-2.5  cm.  long.     Spikes  2-3  cm.  long,  13  mm. 

diam.    Spikelets  5  mm.  long,  oval  when  closed ;  lower  glumes  acute, 

membranous,  with  3  green  nerves  and  a  broad-winged  keel,  third 

and  fourth  glumes  lanceolate,  half  as  long  as  the  floral  glumes; 

floral  glumes  acute,  the  length  of  the  lower  glumes. 

Texas,  Jenney;  Oregon,  Howell;  Arizona,  2'oumey,  Pringh  for 
U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  214. 

Var.  anguBtata  (llort.).  P,  angustata  Hort.  Gryph.  Schlecht. 
Linn.  24:187  (1851). 


1MIAI-AU1I»K.K.  183 

S|iike.s  narrow,  5-15  or  more,  20  cm.  long. 

C!ulifornia,  Prinyle  in  ISS*,*. 

Some  consider  it  u  good  griiss  for  winter  pasture.  Probably  it 
is  not  very  nutritious.  Wot  places,  South  Carolina,  Texas,  Oregon, 
California. 

3.  P.  amethystina  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  (VI.)  3:50 
(1H:»5).  a  stout  grass,  TO-'^50  em.  high.  Sheaths  inllated:  upper 
blades  about  2.5  cm.  long.  Spike  3-4  cm.  long,  oblong.  S])ikelets 
4.5  mm.  long,  oval  when  closed  :  lowcrglumes  membranous,  scarcely 
acute,  3-nerved,  third  and  fourth  glumes  lanceolate,  half  or  more 
the  lengtli  of  the  tloral  glume.      Oregon,  Uoiirll. 

Wet  i)laces,  California  and  south wanl. 

4.  P.  Lemmoni  Vascy,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3:  42  (1802). 
Cidms  »)()  cm.  high.  l'|)pcr  sheaths  noi  inllated;  blades  short  and 
narrow,  5-!>  cm.  long,  the  ui)per  2  cm.  long.  Spikelike  panicle 
dense,  4  cm.  long,  1  cm.  broad.  Spikelets  elliptical:  2  lower 
glumes  membranous,  acute,  with  3  strong  nerves,  keels  not  winged, 
ciliate  above  the  middle,  first  a  little  less,  second  a  little  over  5  mm. 
long;  third  and  fourth  I  mm.  long,  fifth  broad-oval.  4  mm.  long, 
including  the  abrupt  point,  silky  hairy. 

Found  in  Arizona. 

.">.  P.  arundinacea  L.  Sp.  PI.  55  (1753).  Reed  CANARY-r.R.\ss. 
Annuh  co/oni/n  Ait.  llort.  Kcw.  1 :  1 1()  (1TS9).  /'.  rolorata 
Heauv.  Agrost.  172  (1S12).  Dh/rdp/tis  urunditiarca  Trin,  Fund. 
Agrost.  127  (1820).  liahlinijvta  anindinmea  Dumort.  Obs.  Gram. 
IJelg.  130  (1823). 

Culms  70-200  cm.  high.  Sheaths  scarcely  if  at  all  inflated. 
Spikes  10-20  cm.  long,  often  with  some  distinct  spikelike  branches. 
Spikelets  3  mm.  long,  oval:  lower  glumes  acuminate,  membranous, 
3-nerved,  third  ami  fourth  less  tium  half  as  long  as  the  floral 
glume. 

Vermont,  Pntiylv;  Michigan,  Beal  31,  FariirU,  Wood  3550, 
Clark  1300,  Couhy;  Minnesota,  /{ai/ct/  li  440;  Iowa,  llitrhnirk-; 
Illinois,  Heal;  Montana,  Anderson;  Wyoming,  /injf'uin  C  03; 
Washington,  Suksdurf  118(5. 

Wet  places.  Often  called  "  Crazy  (Jrass  "  in  the  Northwest,  as  it 


184  I'OACE.K. 

is  thouglit  to  injuro  liorses.  Of  sonu'  promiso  for  niiwlow  iiiul 
pustuiTs.  (Jraiii  j?oo(l  lor  lislii-s.  Viir.  picta  is  known  us  ••  IiIKHOn- 
<juash"  or  '*  Stuii'KI)  (Jkass,"     "  Ladiks'  Tkacks." 

Uced  cuniiry-j^niss  is  very  widely  tlistrihuted  north  in  tlio  tem- 
l)eraU'  and  urctic  rej^ions,  extending  into  three  continents. 

4;}.  (103).  ANTHOXANTHUM  L.  Sp.  IM.-^iS  (175;}).  XnnlliotKtn- 
IkoH  St.  Lug.  Ann.  .Soe.  IJot.  Lyon,  7:  U'J  (IHHU).  A'anthiinthos 
I.e.  8:18J)  (1S81). 

Spikelets  1 -(lowered,  narrow,  slightly  conipres.xed,  pedieellute, 
orowded  into  u  cylindrieul  spikelike  puniele;  ruchillu  urticulute 
ubove  tlie  '^  lower  glumes,  rjlnines  0,  2  outer  persistent  helow  the 
joint,  ueute,  keeled,  inucroiuite,  or  very  short  uwned.  seeoiul  longer 
thun  the  others;  third  and  fourth  inueh  shorter,  empty,  nurrow, 
keeled,  with  an  awn  on  the  buck  or  near  the  base,  lifth  broad, 
obtuse,  hyaline,  awnless  with  three  very  fine  nerves,  enveloping 
the  sixth,  which  is  narrower,  with  a  very  fine  central  nerve  or 
keel,  enclosing  the  fiower.  Stamens  "1.  Styles  distinct  Mith  long 
])lumose  stigmas.  CJrain  oblong,  enclosed  in  the  two  up])er 
glumes,  but  not  adherent. 

Aromatic  or  sweet-scented  annuals  or  perennials  with  flat  leaf- 
blades.  The  terminal  panicle  spikelike,  pedunculate,  dense,  or 
rather  loose. 

Four  or  five  species  found  in  Europe.  Introduced  into  culti- 
vation. 

In  this  genus  at  least  one  of  the  glumes  of  the  lowest  pair  is  the 
largest  of  the  spikelet;  those  of  the  second  pair,  though  small  and 
without  flowers,  have  dorsal  awns. 

1.  A.  ODOHATLM  L.  1.  c.  SwEKT  Veunal  Gkass.  A.  ftlpifintll 
Schur.,  Enum.  1*1.  Transs.  735  (186G).  A  rather  slender  erect 
j)crennial,  30-70  cm.  high.  Sheaths  slightly  inflated;  ligule 
oblong,  obtuse;  blades  slightly  hairy,  the  up})er  ones  about  2.5  cm. 
long.  Spikelike  panicle  3-8  cm.  long.  Spikelets  7-!>  mm.  long, 
linear-oblong,  first  lower  glume  ovate-acute,  1-nerved,  as  long  as  the 
.second,  which  is  elliptical  when  spread,  third  and  fourth  emargimite, 
obsiuirely  5-nerved  below  the  apex;  the  straight  awn  of  the  former 
above  the  middle  projecting  half  its  length,  the  twisted  awn  of 


IMIALAHIDK.K.  185 

tlie  latter  below  the   middle   projecting  twice  the  length  of   the 
gill  nil'. 

Widely  dispersed  in  temperate  Asia,  North  America,  Aiistniiia; 
often  sown  for  pastures  and  lawns.  See  popular  atcount  in  Vol  I. 
p.  155,  Fig.  73. 

Vermont.  J'n'uf/le  for  Pelton;  Massachusetts,  /leal  Xi;  Penn- 
sylvania, ^vn'/juer  lor  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  217;  Micliigan,  C/urk 
110J>. 

Var.  PLELii  (Lecoq  &  Lamolte).  A.  /V/r/// Li'coq  &  Lamotte, 
Cat.  1*1.  Auver.  385  (  ).  An  annual  15-40  cm.  high.  SiiiaUer, 
more  slender,  with  shorter  leaves.  Spikes  '^'.5  cm.  long,  second 
lower  empty  glume  when  closed  lineai-lanceohitc.  wlicn  spread 
about  two-thirds  as  wide  as  the  corresponding  glume  of  A.  otlnra- 
tuni;  third  and  fourth  glumes  narrower,  darker,  and  closetl;  lower 
part  of  the  twisted  awn  almost  black.  Of  no  value,  thougli  the 
setids  are  often  sold  for  those  of  the  species. 
Michigan,  (M.  A.  C.)  Heal  34. 

44.  (104).  SAVASTANA  Schrank.  Ikier.  Fl.  1:  100,  337  (1789). 
Holy  (Jkass.  Vaxilla-ouass.  IHeroclihw  Gmel.  Fl.  Sib.  1 :  101 
(1747).  Torresia  Ruiz  &  Pav.  Prod.  Fl.  Peruv.  125  (1794).  />/>- 
xarrvnum  Labill.  Nov.  lloll.  PI.  2:82,/.  232  (1806).  Diincsia 
Kafin.  Am.  Monthly  Mag.  175  (1818).  Afa.ciu  U.  Hr.  Parr.  1st 
Voy.  App.  193  (1824).     Diowrin  Endl.  Gen.  81,  in  Syii.  (1830). 

Spikelets  with  one  perfect  flower,  slightly  coni})ressed,  panicu- 
late, rachilla  articulate  above  the  lower  glumes,  terminal  llowre 
jiorfect. 

Empty  glumes  persistent  below  the  joint,  keeled,  acute,  gla- 
brous, obscurely  1-3-nerved.  Floral  glumes  of  the  staminate 
florets  villous,  scarcely  shorter,  obtuse,  emarginate  or  bifid,  keeled, 
the  main  nerve  often  e.xtendiug  into  a  short  awn.  Floral  glume  of 
the  ui)per  floret  keeled,  5-nerved,  ol)tuse,  the  keel  often  extending 
into  a  short  awn;  inner  glume  narrow,  3- nerved,  or  nerveless 
beyond  the  keel.  Stamens  in  the  staminate  flowers  3,  in  the  fertile 
often  only  2.  Styles  distinct,  very  long,  grain  oblong,  enclosed  by 
the  upper  glumes,  but  not  adherent. 

Sweet-scented  perennials  with  flat  (and  often  broad)  acuminate 


186  I'OAtK.K. 

Iila«K-.s.      Panicio  |\vi'aiiii(l;\l.  s|»iva(liii;;  or  coiitnicteil,  the  8]>ikulet8 
ol'tcii  sliinin^'  and  scaltritl. 

'riii'ic  arc  eight  or  ttii  sjM'cie«  I'ouihI  in  the  Southern  us  well  us 
in  tiie   Northern  lleMiirtphere. 

In  Nortliern  Kuro|K'  it  was  lorinerly  strewn  lu'l'ore  the  doors  of 
churches  on  Clirislnias  and  other  iioly-(hi_vs.  iienee  one  of  its  coin- 
nion  names. 

a.   Spikeh'ts  4  mm.  h)n<f,  no  projecting;  awn 1 

a.  Spikeh-  s  I  mm.  h>nj.',  awn  projectinj; '.'-;{  mm.  .     .     .     ',*,  ',) 

a.   S|»il\clcts  ."»  mm.  hmi:'.  no  project in,<r  awn 4 

a.   Spikelets  5  mm.  htn^',  awn  projcctinf;  slightly 5 

1.  8.  odorata  (L.)  Scrihn.  Mem.  Hull.  'I'orr.  (Mnh,  r^-.U 
(ls!t4).  NouriiruN  IIoi-y  (iUAss.  Si:\i:rA  ok  \  amij.a  (iuAss, 
Ihtlrvs  (K/iinifii.s  L.  Sp.  I-'I.  l(i4S  (r;.");{).  //.  fi'/wtis  Host.  (iram. 
:k;{.  /.  ;}  (ISOl).  Ilivmrlihw  humilis  \\.  k  S.  Syst.  •.'.•.".i;j 
(ISir). 

A  smooth  tufted  ^n-ass.  '.20-70  cm.  hij,di.  Li^uli'  4-r»  mm.  long; 
hiatk'S  Ihit,  short.  Panich'  pyramidal,  .")-l".>  cm.  lon^',  slijfhtly  1- 
sided,  rays  smootli,  in  pairs.  Spikek'ts  hroadly  ovate,  I'ldvous  or 
brown,  shinin^f.  empty  };lumes  acuminate,  about  4  mm.  h)n<,',  second 
one  the  lonjjer.  membranous,  translucent;  lloral  <,dumes  of  the 
lateral  llorets  mucronate  or  short-awned  at  or  near  the  apex, 
eiliate  on  the  margins;  floral  glume  of  the  terminal  floret 
smaller,  nearly  glabrous,  hairy  above;  jnilea  narrower  and  l-*^-3- 
nerved. 

Oanada  {Anti(,'osti  Islaiul),  VcrrvlJ :  Vermont,  PriiKjlr  ;  Massa- 
cliusetts,  Fd.raii,  SlKftcnntt:  Ontario,  Fowhr;  New  York,  Heal 
37;  Miehigau,  ('oolcif,  /lailcf/ iov  M.  A.  C.  35,  llV/^r/ry  for  j\I.  A. 
('.  36;  Minnesota,  iStnlvij  li  451,  //(ib:itif/rr ;  Colorado,  Cassidji ; 
Wyoming,  liiiffum ;  Mcmtana.  Andvrmn;  Alaska,  Funstun  for 
Nat.  Mils.  30 ;  Oregon,  llonrll. 

'*  Refused  even  by  hungry  mules,'"  says  Sereuo  "Watson. 
Dr.  I.  A.  La])ham  is  authority  for  the  statement  that  this  is  the 
sacred  grass  of  many  of  the  Indian  tribes,  as  of  our  own  European 
ancestors. 

Northern  and  subuli)iue. 


IMlAI-AIMhK.K.  1S7 

'-*.  8.  alpina  (S\v.)  Sniltn.  Mfiii.  'roir,  Clul*.  r»:  •,'.•)  (1S!)4). 
Alimn'i;  Vanilla  ok  Holy  (iuvss,  llnhns  d/jnints  Sw.  WilM. 
S|».    IM.   4:  .*)•.•  r  (IHUti).      Uiet'di/iloc   a/jiitut   l{.   .&   S.  Syst.  •,':Jl.> 

A  smooth  brown  (»r  purplish  ;:niss,  15-40  ciu.  hi^'h.  Loaf- 
bhitlos  short,  narrow,  involute.  I'anick's  contractt'd.  2.5-.')  cm. 
loii^j,  ray.s  in  pairs.  Spiki'lcts  over  ]  mm.  lonjr.  oval,  sprcaditig; 
llorai  ^lunio  of  the  first  lateral  llorel  with  a  short  awn  •^»mm.  lon^', 
ht'low  the  hilitl  apex,  awn  of  the  second  lateral  floret  lon<rerand  ono- 
thinl  or  more  helow  the  apex;  both  lateral  floral  ".diimes  ciliate  on 
the  miir;;ins.  fnlvous  brown;  floral  j;lunu!  of  the  terminal  ll-jretcili- 
ate  and  mneronate,  awned  above;  palea  1-nervod. 

Vernutnt,   Fujou.  J'n'iii,lc ;  Hhode  Island,  C'ongdon  fur  (7nrk 

4:i(ift. 

"  Alpine  mountain-tops.  New  England  and  Now  York  and 
northward.  (Kn.)"  A.  (iray. 

;}.  S.  Mexicana  (Menth.)  Illi'i-oihloi'  Mvxlnmn  Bentli.  Journ. 
Linn.  Soe.  11) it?  (18HI). 

An  erect  tufted  perennial,  (50  cm.  hiixh.  Leaves  seal)rou3 
throufihout,  li>i;ule  7-8  mm.  long;  blades  flat.  S-1,')  em.  iong,  ;{-• I 
nnii.  wide.  I'anich*  spikelike,  interrupted,  lO-I")  em.  long,  rays 
in  pairs,  the  longest  4-5  cm.  long.  Spikelets  oval,  brownish  -green, 
T  mm.  long,  first  glume  oval  when  8[)read.  1-nervi'd.  U  mm.  long, 
second  3-nerved,  I  mm.  long;  lateral  florets  eipial.  5  mm.  long, 
awn  of  floral  glume  of  first  floret  near  the  apex  but  slighly  project- 
ing, aM'n  of  floral  glume  of  second  floret  stout.  atta(!hed  ju-ar  the  base, 
jtrojecting  :i  mm. ;  floral  glume  of  terminal  floret  3  mm.  long,  gla- 
brous, lateral  nerves  very  obscure. 

Mexico,  Pi'innh  4100. 

Dry  ridges  under  i)iiu's.  0500  ft.  altitude. 

4.  S.  macrophylla  (I'hurb.).  Ilirrorlilur  mnvrophijJhi  Thurb. 
Holand.  'I'rans.  Calif.  Agrl.  Soc.  G5  (18G4-5).  Lai{(;i;-m;avef) 
Holy  CiRas-s. 

Culms  40-00  em.  high.  Ijcaf-blades  150-50  cm.  long.  11-1 3  mm. 
wide,  with  rough  margins.  Panicle  thin,  rays  in  pairs,  or  the 
lowest  single.     Kmjjfy  glumes  about  5  mm.  long,  greenish  along 


188  I'OAIK.K. 

tho  nerves,  pnrpliah,  ohtiiso,  tlu'  iiuiur  one  a  little  longer,  barely 
equiillinj?  the  lulenil  llonil  ^'liiuiea;  lloriil  ;,'liiines  of  the  lateral  llor. 
ots  with  ciliatt;  niar;;ins,  and  a  sli^'ht  awn  from  the  broad  eniar^i- 
nat(f  apex;  lloral  ^'huno  of  the  terminal  llort-t  Hhinin<r.  ciliate  al)ovc; 
palea  1 -nerved.  Lodieules  half  as  lon^'  as  tho  palea. 
Oregon,  IIoivill, 


Fio.  39. — Siimstana  maerophi/Ua,  Spikclet.    (liiclmrdsoii.) 

A  very  robust  species,  foiuul  in  tho  redwoods  of  the  Coast  liauge 
of  tho  Western  United  States. 

5.  S.  pauciflora  (K.  Br.)  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  ri.'i'.VS 
(18SI). 

Ilk'rovhhc  pauciflura  R.  Br.  App.  Parry,  1st  Voy.  193  (1824). 

Culms  erect,  *^0— iO  em.  high.  Leaf-blades  of  the  sterile  shoots 
involute,  subulate,  the  upper  one  of  the  culm  very  sharp.  Panicle 
erect,  simple,  contracted,  .3.5-8  cm.  long,  containing  about  4(t 
spikelets,  lower  rays  single,  the  upper  in  ])airs.  Spikelets  broadly 
oval,  about  5  mm.  long.  Empty  glumes  broadly  ovate,  acute, 
brownish  purple,  with  tips  and  margins  scabrous;  floral  gliinico  <»f 
the  lateral  florets  scabrid  throughout,  as  seen  uiuler  a  lens,  cluir- 
taceous,  ciliate  on  tho  margins,  apex  scarious,  entire,  mid-iiei've 
stout,  extending  into  a  slight  awn;  palea  linear;  floral  glume  of 
the  terminal  floret  brown,  membranous,  nerves  distinct,  slightly 
ciliate  above;  palea  three-fourths  as  long  as  its  glume,  oval,  1-2- 
uerved,  linear,  hyaline.     Lodieules  acuminate. 

Melville  and  Auticosta  Islands  and  probably  in  many  interven- 
ing places. 


A«il{()STII»K.K.  1H:> 


T 


TuiHK  VIII.— AOROSTIDEiE. 

Spikclcts  usually  coutuiniiix  1  luTt'ocit  n«)wer  each,  racliilla 
Hoiiu'tiiucs  prolon^'iMJ  bcyoiid  tlu>  paU'U.  Kinpty  jjluinos  tj  (none  iti 
('nhaiilliiis,  \  in  rtoiiu'  spocit's  of  S/itiro/ni/iis  and  Miililvulivri/iti), 
usually  iw  lonj;  us  tlu'  lloral  «;lunu'  or  loiijrer;  paU>a  (wautiiij;  in 
MdjirrnfHs  aiul  some  spccit's  of  Ajiroslis)  S-iutvim!  or  ncrveli'ss 
(l-iHTVi'd  in  ('iiin(i).     (Jrain  not  furrowed,  embryo  small. 

This  lariji'  tribe  is  one  of  the  most  iliHicult  \*>  cireuniscribe  satis- 
factorily, or  to  divide  into  delinite  ^jjenera.  'i'lieir  jreneral  charaeter 
is  to  have  a  single  flower  in  each  spikelet.  either  terniinal  or  with  a 
slijjht  bristle-likt'  continuation  of  the  ruchilla.  The  sin^rle  (lower  in 
the  spikeli't  which  separates  the  tribe  from  the  following  ones  is 
not  so  positive  a  character,  a-s  it  occurs  also  in  one<,'enusof  Aveiuw, 
in  a  few  genera  of  Chloridea*.  and  occasionallv  in  Kestucea'. 

Trillins  divided  this  triiio  into  three  sul>tribes:  Vilfeiv.  with  the 
callus  scarcely  ]>roininent  or  oltsolete:  Agrostea'.  with  the  callus 
globular;  and  Stipea*.  with  the  callus  ol)coiiical.  lint  the  callus  is 
not  an  appendage  to  the  Ijase  of  the  lloral  glume,  as  he  would  have 
termed  it.  but  only  the  upper  jjart  of  the  racliilla.  to  which  the  glume 
and  the  enclosed  floret  are  attached.  Its  shape  depends  on  the  dis- 
tance at  which  the  lloral  glume  is  attache(l  above  the  emi)ty  ones,  a 
distance  very  variable  throughout  the  Order.  The  length  of  the 
joint  of  the  raehilla  ;s  a  useful  chari>cter,  but  never  ranks  as  sub- 
tribal. 

A.  Floral  glume  firmer  than  the  empty  glumes  and  very  closely  en- 
veloping the  grain. 

u.   Spikelets  each  containing  1  perfect  flower (b) 

b.   Floral  glume  entire,  bearing  a  terniinal  ;}-brancluMl 
awn.  the  lateral  branches  often  very  short  or  some- 
times obsolete 45 

b.   Floral    glume    3-toothed,    awn     usually    simple. 

twisted  and  bent (c) 

e.  Lodicules  usually  3.  floral  glume  ai;d   palea  be- 
coming very  hard (d) 


11)0  I'OACK.K. 

(1.    Klonil  .uliiiiic    na'.''")\v.  ut^iiully  with  u  tnirvcMl 
sliiirp-pointod  hairy  callus,  iinil  a  stout,  twisted 

and   iHTsistoiit  awn 4(i 

d.   Flonil   tjhiiiu'  broad,  with  a  very  stout  blunt 
callus,  and  a  weak  terminal  eadueous  tortuose 

iiwn 47 

d.   Floral   <jhnne  ventrieose.  with  a  short,  stout. 
Hat,   obli(|Ue  callus  and  a  short,  straight  or 

curved  awn 48 

c.  Lodicules  'i:  awns  slender,  sometimes   minute. 
Palea  nu'mhranous,  closely  enclosin<j  the  grain. 

Spikelets  small 50 

c.   Floral  glume  broad,  deeply  "^-toothed  and  with 
palea  oidy  loosely  enclosing  the  grain.       .     .     .51 
b.   Floral  glume  awnless 4!) 


p" 


b.   Floral  glume  with  a  straight  terminal  awn.   liachilla 

prolonged  above  the  palea 51 

a.  Spikelets  in  pairs,  one  containing  a  perfect  ilower.  the 
other  staminate  or  sterile,  forming  the  spikclike  pani- 
cle  5;{ 

a.  The  spik(>lets  containing  perfect  flowers  surrounded  at 
the  base  by  numerous  sterile  (and  a  few  staminate)  spike- 
lets  which  are  red  uci'd  to  bristles  or  bracts 54 

B.  Floral  glume  usually  hyaline  or  membranous  at  maturity,  not 
so  firm  as  tiie  I'lnpty  glumes;  grain  loosely  or  not  at  all  en- 
closed  (a) 

a.  Empty  glumes  none;  s])ikelets   in  umbel-like  clusters, 

pauictdate;  stanu'us '2,  plants  very  small 5S 

a.  Empty  glumes   present (b) 

b.   Falea  ^-nerved;  stamen  1;  floral  glume  raiseil  on  a 

distinct  naked  (^allus,  panicle  loose 05 

b.  Palea  usually  none,  if  present  small  ami    keeled; 
spikelets  in  a  dense  spikelike  panicle  or  head;  floral 

glume  usiudly  with  a  bent  dorsal  awn 57 

b.  Palea  usually  present,  2-nerved (c) 


A(iH(>STll>K.K  101 

C.  Empty  gluiiies  sai-eatc  :it  tlie  liiiso,   iiuirli  loni^cr 

tluiii  the  llural  «;liiiiu's {>',' 

O.  Empty  ^luiiu's  not  tiaccuto  at  the  baso.     .     .       (d) 
d.  Empty  «jlunn's  snhiM|ual,  hdijji'r  than  the  Moral 
glume,  each  ahniptly  terminating  in  a  short 

awn;    inllorescenee  spikelike .")('» 

d.  Empty  ghiines  sul)e(pial,  h)nger  than  the  lh>ral 
glume,  usually  bilid,  each  terminating  in  a 
slender   awn;    inllorescenee  spikelike,    often 

interrupted •'»•! 

d.  Emi)ty  glumes  slightly  unc<|ual,  a  little 
shorter  than  the  tloral  glume,  acute;  inllores- 
cenee spikelike ."»,") 

d.   Empty  glumes  or  inllorescenee  or  both  un- 
like those  of  '^<  . — '- — '■     r~: — r-  55.  5(5,  Cri  (e) 
0.   Plant  anujud.  dwarf,  5-(J('m.  high,  empty 
glumes    minute,    awnless;     spikelels    1.5 
mm.  long,    awnless.    Stamen    1.      .      .      .  51* 
c.   Plant   annual,    taller,  empty  glumes  plu- 
mose  ]•* 

C.    Plants  usually  much  larger.    Stanu'us  "i -IJ ; 
grain  dehiscent,  .seed     esciiping,    at   least 

when  wet,  glunuvs  all  awidess (io 

e.   Plants  uidike   5'.>,  Hi) (I) 

1'.  Floral  glume  bearing  a  prominent  awn 
2-4  times  its  own  length,  a  little  below 

the   apex (g) 

g.   Awn  twisted (i;; 

g.   Awn  ii>t  twisted "il 

f.  Floral  glume  without  an  awn  or  oidy  a 

short  slender  awn (g) 

g.  Callus  or  prolongation  of  the  rachis 
bearing  a  tuft  of  hairs,  at  least  one- 
third  as  long  as  the  tloral  glume.     .  (i) 
i.   Floral    glume    and    palea    thin, 
membranous (iS 


192  PO.UE.E. 

i.  Floral   glume  and    palea    char- 

taci'ous,  panicle  spikelike.       .     .  G9 
i.  Floral  glume  and  palea  cluirtace- 

ous  panicle  open 70 

g.   Callus  naked  or  with  a  very  few 

short  hairs (i) 

i.   Spikelets  in  a  long  narrow   pani- 
cle  V)l 

i.  Spikelets  in  a  pyramidal  or  oval 
panicle,  or  short  and  spikelike.     .  (n) 
n.  Empty    glumes  shorter    than 
the    floral    glume.     Spikelets 

large 04 

n.  Empty  glumes  longer  than  the 
floral  glumes,  with  no  exten- 
sion of  the  rachilhi  above  the 

palea 66 

45.  (108).  Aristida  L.  Sp.  PI.  82  (1753).  Kiclboul  Adans. 
Fam.  2:31  (1TG3).  Chwtaria,  Ciirtopoyoii,  Arthratherum  Beauv. 
Agrost.  30,  32  (1812).  Streptachne  II.  B.  K.  Nov.  Gen.  et.  Sp. 
1:124(1815).  Moulinsia  Rafin.  Ser.  Bull.  Bot.  1:221  (1830). 
Stipagrostis  Nees,  Linn.  Soc.  7:290(1833).  Sc/n'sfacli no  Figaw 
&  De  Not.  Mem.  Acad.  Torin.  (II.)  12:252  (1852).  Orfarhm 
Xees,  Seem.  liot.  ller.  225  (1857). 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  narrow  on  blender  pedicels  or  nearly  sessile 
in  a  terminal  panicle,  rachilla  articulate  above  the  empty  glumes. 
The  2  empty  glumes  persistent,  keeled,  awnless:  the  floral  glumo 
usually  with  a  blunt  hairy  callus  at  the  base,  narrow  rigM  entire, 
with  a  terminal  trifid  awn,  or  the  lateral  awns  erect  or  obsolete. 
Palea  small  or  obsolete,  2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct. 
Grain  narrow,  enclosed  in  the  hard  floral  glume,  but  free  from  it, 
the  whole  falling  off  with  the  stipes  and  awn. 

Tufted  grasses,  with  the  narrow  blades  often  involute,  usually 
flowering  late  in  the  season.  In  the  dry  regions  of  tlie  Soutlnvest, 
including  ^lexico,  many  of  the  species  contribute  largely  toward 
the  upland  pasturage. 


AUROSTIDE.E.  19'S 

There  are  over  100  species  widel}'  spread  over  the  tropieiil  and 
temperate  regions  of  the  New  and  tlie  Old  World. 

The  genus  is  nearly  related  to  Stipu,  though  separated  from  it 
hy  having  triple  awns. 

With  few  exceptions  it  is  most  leadily  recognized  by  the  long 
fine  three-branched  awns,  the  lateral  ones  opposite  and  spreading. 
The  genus  is  divided  into  three  fairly  marked  sections,  wliich  by 
some  have  been  raised  to  the  rank  of  genera. 

1.  Arthrathemm  (Beauv.,  as  a  genus). — Here  the  awn  is  decid- 
edly articulate  on  the  glume,  tlie  three  consolidated  below  and.  much 
twisted  above  the  articulation  below  the  branches,  the  floral  glume 
much  shorter  than  the  lower  empty  glumes,  instead  of  exceeding 
them  as  in  Chwiaria. 

2.  Chwtaria  (Beauv.,  as  a  genus). — The  floral  glume  is  contin- 
uous \viil\  the  awn  without  any  articulation,  and  is  neither  quite 
awnlike  in  ^  decidedly  twisted  below  the  three  subequal  branches. 
Amongst  its  species,  Curtopoyon  was  proposed  as  a  genus,  in  Avhich 
the  lateral  branches  of  the  awn  are  short  and  erect.  Orfachne 
(Nees,  as  a  genus),  Slreptachne  II.  B.  K.,  are  two  other  old  generic 
names. 

3.  Stipayrostis  (Nees,  as  a  genus). — The  awn  is  articulate  on 
the  glume  jis  in  AHhratherum,  but  scarcely  twisted,  and  above  the 
branches  elegantly  plumose.  /ScJiisfac/itie  was  once  proposed  as  a 
genus,  in  which  the  central  awn  above  is  plumose,  the  lateral  ones 
short  and  glabrous. 

Not  represented  by  species  in  our  flora. 

A.  Arthrathenim. 

a.  Floral  glume  10  mm.  or  more  in  length  to  the  joint,  (b) 
b.  Empty  glumes  10-15  mm.  long,  })aniele  few-flowered.  1 
b.  Empty  glumes  15-17  mm.  long,  panicle  larger.       .     'l 

a.  Floral  glume  8  mm.  or  less  in  length  to  the  joint,  the  twist- 
ed beak  15  mm.  or  more  in  length (b) 

b.  Second  empty  glume  10  mm.  long 3 

b.  Second  empty  glumes  13-18  mm.  long,  variety  of      3 

B.  Clurlai'ia, 

a.  Awns  united,  solid  and  twisted  at  the  base.  2  or  more  em. 
long 4 


194  POACE/K. 

a.  Awns  united,  solid  und  twisted  at  the  base  less  than  2  cm. 

louK (b) 

b.   Floral  glume  to  tlie  base  of  the  diverging  awns  30  mm. 

long 5 

b.  Floral  glume  to  the  base  of  the  diverging  awns  15  mm. 

long 0 

b.  Floral  glume  to  the  base  of  the  diverging  awns  10  mm. 


long. 


b.  Floral  glume  to  the  base  of  the  diverging  awns  6-10 

mm.  long H,    9 

a.  Base  of  one  or  more  awns  with  one  or  more  wide  curls  at 

the  base  when  dry (b) 

b.  Spikolots  in  a  long  strict  spik*^ 10,  11 

b,  Spikelets  in  simi)le  panicles 1*^ 

a.  Base  of  the  awns  spirally  curled  little  if  any,  though  often 

bent  when  dry (b) 

b.  Lower  empty  glume  the  longer (c) 

c.   First  glume   12  mm.,  second  7-9  mm.   lon^,  tloral 

glume  H  mm.  long 13 

c.  First  glume  7-13  mm.,  floral  glume  4-1  mm.  long.  14 
b.  Empty  glumes  equal  or  the  upper  one  longer.      .     .  (c) 
c.  First  glume  half  as  long  as  the  second,  some  of  .  26 
c.  Less  than  half  ditt'erence  in  the  glumes  of  any  spike- 
let (d) 

d.  Floral    glume   15   mm.    long,   lirst   glume  3-"- 

nerved 15 

d.  Floral  glume  4  mm.  long,  first  glume  1-nerved.   16 
d.  Floral    glume    4.5   mm.    long,   first    glume    1- 

nervod IT 

d.  Floral    glume    5-14    mm.  long,  first  glume   1- 

nerved (e) 

e.   Panicle  20-60  cm.  long. rays  10-15  cm.  long, 
flower-bearing  above  the  middle.       ,     .     .18 

e.  Also  some  plants  of 19 

e.  Panicle  spikelike  30   cm.  long  with  no  rays 
which  are  10  cm.  long  or  much  interrupted.  20 


A(iU<)STll)E-K.  105 

e,   Panicle  branched,  little  iiitcrrupte'l  rays  2-15 

cm.  long (g) 

g.  Floral  glume   10  mm.  long.       .     .     .   11> 

g.  Also  some  i)luntsj  of tJo 

g.  Floral  glume  less  than  10  mm.  (exci'])ting 

some  of  23) (h) 

h.  First  glume  3-5  mm.,  floral  glume  o-O 

mm.  long 21 

h.  First  glume  4-6  mm.,  floral  glume  5-G 

mm.  long.       . 24: 

h.  First  glume  7  mm.,  floral  glume  5-0 

mm.  long 23 

h.  First  glume  8-10  mm.,  floral  glume  T-8 

mm.  long. 22 

h.  First  glume  G-0  mm.,  floral  glume  T-14 

mm.   long,  and   in   some  varieties  flrst 

glume  9-13  mm.  long,  floral  glume  18- 

20  mm.  long;  very  variable.  .     .     .25 

Awns  three,  not  jointed  with   the  floral  (jJmne,  the  lateral 

ones  very  short  or  obsolete. 

a.  Central  awn  stout,  2-3  cm.  long,  hooked-recurved  at  the 

base  when  dry 26 

a.  Central  awn  5-6  ihm.  long,  reflexed  and  twice  coiled  at  the 

base  when  dry 2T 

a.  Central   awn  not  hooked   nor   coiled  at   the   base  when 

dry (b) 

b.  Floral  glume  6  mm.  long,  culm  erect  filiform.    .     .  28 

b.  Floral  glume  longer,  culm  stouter (c) 

c.  Emi)ty  glumes  equal,  or  the  first  one  longer.      .  (e) 
e.  First  empty   glume   7-8   mm.  long  or  often 

obsolete 32 

e.  Empty  glumes  nearly  equal,  6-8  mm.  long.  29 
e.  Emptyglumesnearly  equal,  9-11  mm.  long.  30 
e.  First  glume  10-12  mm.,  second  7  mm.  long.  31 

e.  First  glume  8-13  mm,  long 33 

c.  Empty  glumes  unequal,  second  one  longer.    .       (d) 


196 


POACE.E. 


d.   Panicle  spikelike,  rays  mostly  sessile,  first  glumo 

4-5  mm.  long 21 

d.  Panicle  racemose  or  spreading,  first  glume  ?-!> 
mm.  long 32 

1.  A.  desmantha  Trin.  &  Uupr.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Pctersb.  (VI.) 
MOO  (1841)). 

A  slender  sparingly-bniuched  grass,  30-50  cm.  high.  Sheaths 
mostly  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  short  clliate;  blades  in- 
volute, setaceous,  smooth  below,  S-'^O  cm.  long,  nnirgins  of  the 
blade  and  sheaths  also  sometimes  ciliate.  I*anicle  -iniple,  few- 
flowered,  8-15  cm.  long,  rays  scabrous,  remote.  Empty  glumes 
ciliate,  1-nerved,  etjual,  2-tootlu'd,  10-13  mm.  long,  besides  short 
bristles;  floral  ghnne  about  10  mm.  long  to  the  jointed,  separate 
awns,  V.  Inch  are  equal  and  horizontally  s})readiug  when  dry. 

Texas,  livt'crrhon  105 T. 

Texas  and  Indian  Territory. 

2.  A.  tuberculosa  Nutt.  (ien.  1:51  (1818). 

Culms  2-5  cm.  high,  branching  below,  nodes  tumid;  the  inter- 
nodes mostly  naked,    as    the   l)ranches   crowd    the  sheaths  away. 

Sheaths  smooth,  twice  as  long  as  the 
internodes,  to  which  they  really  belong; 
ligule  a  ciliate  fringe;  leaves  of  sterile 
shoots  very  few  and  short,  those  of  the 
<'ulm  2-3  in  number,  blades  involute,  se- 
taceous, 10-20  cm.  long,  scabrous  above, 
smooth  below.  Panicle  rigid,  open,  spar- 
ingly bnmched,  10-18  cm.  long.  Empty 
glumes  brown,  15  IT  mm.  long,  tlie 
strong  nerves  scabrid;  first  glume 
shorter,  the  awned  tips  5-10  mm.  long; 
floret  nearly  15  mm.  long,  with  a  hairy 
pointed  callus  at  the  base,  and  at  the 

apex  the  three  awns  are  twisted  and 
Fio.40. — Anstida  tuberculosa. 
A,  spikelet;  a,  Horet;  6,cftl-    anchylosed    or    soldered     together  Tor 
lous  be«rd,.a  base.  (Scribner.)     ,^^^^^^  ^  ^^^^     .^^^^^  ^^jji^j^^  ^^^  maturity, 

the  three  nearly  equal  tips  become  divergent  or  reflexed  for  3-4  cm.. 


ACJHOSTIDE.E.  197 

the  awns  uud  tlie  twistod  base  separating  by  a  joint  from  the 
glume. 

Mussaeluisetts,  A'.  Fa.voii 'iO;  New  Jeriiey,  /y^/ 37 ;  Minnesota, 
Ifolzitujer  for  Nat.  Herb. 

Sandy  soil.  Eastern  irassaclnisetts  to  Xew  Jersey,  also  in  Mex- 
ico, Wisconsin,  westward,  and  soutliward, 

3.  A  Californica  Tliiirb.  Boland.  in  Trans.  Calif.  Agr,  iSoe. 
134  (1SG4).  A.  Jonexii  Vasey,  C'ontrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3:48 
(1S!»2). 

A  slender  densely  tufted  geniculate  and  niucli-branched  grass, 
often  pubescent  at  the  nodes.  Siieaths  loose,  shorter  than  the 
internodes,  often  jmbescent;  ligule  ciliate;  blades  smooth  or  sca- 
brous below,  involute-setaceous,  those  of  the  sterile  shoots  3-('»  cm. 
long,  those  above  shorter.  Panicle  racemose,  few-tlowered.  3-<5 
•cm.  long,  the  lower  spikelets  in  i)airs.  Empty  glumes  1-nerved. 
first  ()  mm.  long,  second  10  mm.  long;  floral  glume  minutely 
scabrous,  about  the  length  of  the  first  glume,  often  spotted;  awns 
united  below  from  the  joint  upwards  for  neai'ly  10  mm.  bearing 
nearly  ecpud  spreading  tii)S  2.5-5  cm.  long. 

California.  State  Survvij 'I'll"!  \  Arizona,  ./owe*' 3895. 

Arizomi,  California  and  Mexico. 

Var.  fugitiva  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Xat.  Herb.  3:  49  (1892). 

"  DitTers  from  the  type  chiefly  in  the  lower  and  more  condensed 
habit,  and  in  the  longer  empty  glumes."     Vasey  1.  c. 

Lower  California,  Palmer  501. 

Sand-beaches  near  the  sea;  seeds  easily  blown  about ;  spikelets 
varying  from  greenish  yellow  to  purple  and  brownish  blai'k. 

4.  A.  spiciformis  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  (Ja.  1  :  141  (1810). 

Culms  rigid,  erect,  sparingly  branched,  30-00  cm.  high.  Sheatiis 
shorter  than  the  internodes:  blades  smooth,  rigid,  erect,  involute, 
those  of  the  culm  2  in  number.  Panicle  dense,  spikelike,  15  cm. 
long.  Empty  glumes  narrow.  1-nerved;  first  4  mm.  long,  with  an 
awn  10  mm.  long;  second  10  mm.  long,  witli  an  awn  still  longer; 
floret  slender  and  with  its  beak  3-3.5  cm.  long,  the  awns  diverging, 
the  central  one  stouter  ami  as  long  as  the  floral  glume,  the  lateral 
ones  a  little  shorter. 


108  POACK.E. 

Florida,  Curtiss  Wll,  Chtrk  5050. 

Low  pino-lmrrt'iis.     South  Curoliim  to  Florida. 

5.  A.  appressa  N'asev,  ("ontril).  U,  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1 :  283  (1893). 

Culms  sli'iuU-r,  (JO-ISO  cm.  lii;;li.  Tiowor  leaves  uot  seen,  the  up- 
per narrowly  setaceous.  10-1, "»  cm.  lon<r.  I'anicle  narrow,  !.*0-30  em. 
lonjr,  naked  below.  Empty  <,dumes  setaceous,  suboqual,  about  10 
mm.  lon^';  floral  glume  30  mm.  Inn":,  ])iirple,  beak  somewhat 
twisted;  awns  nearly  equal,  10-1'^  mm.  long. 

Alexico,  Pidntcr  in  1IS85. 

The  long  stilT  culms  are  tied  together  by  the  natives  for  brooms. 

Var.  brevior  ^'asey  1.  c. 

Culms  tufted,  00-90  cm.  high.  Leaves  of  culm  3-4;  sheaths 
glabrous;  ligule  obsolete;  blades  Hat  or  involute,  15-'^ 5  cm.  long. 
Piinicle  17-24  cm.  long;  rays  aj)pressed.  S])ikelets  nearly  as  in  the 
l)receding,  but  the  floral  glume  a  little  longer  than  the  emi)ty  ones; 
awns  a  little  longer, 

Mexico  (Hio  Blanco),  Ptiliiwr  510. 

0.  A.  Arizonica  Vasey,  Hull.  Torr.  Club,  13:27  (1880). 

An  erect  smooth  unbranched  grass.  30-00  cm.  high.  Ligule 
short;  leaf-blades  of  the  culm  usually  four,  ])ecoming  involute.  10- 
20  cm.  long.  Panicle  much  exserted,  narrow,  simple,  10-25  cm. 
long,  the  lower  internodes  5-7  cm.  long;  rays  in  twos  below,  the 
longest  8-10  cm.  long,  bearing  a  fewspikelets  along  the  upper  half. 
Empty  glumes  nearly  equal,  hispid  on  the  keels,  toothed,  14-15 
mm.  long,  besides  the  very  short  awns,  first  1-nerved,  second  1-3- 
nerved;  floral  glume  including  the  hairy-beaked  callus  and  the 
twisted  apex  to  the  base  of  the  separate  awns  about  15  mm.  long; 
awns  divergent,  the  lateral  ones  2  cm.  long,  the  central  a  little 
longer. 

Dr.  Vasey  says:  "  This  species  differs  from  A.  purpurea 'Knit., 
in  a  more  rigid  habit,  longer  leaves,  more  erect  and  rigid  panicle, 
and  especially  in  the  comparative  length  of  the  glumes,  in  the  larger 
flowering  glume,  and  in  the  shorter  awns." 

New  Mexico.   Vaxeji;  Texas.  Xealley. 

Texas  to  Californiu. 

7.  A.  Reverchoni  Vasey,  liull.  Torr.  Club,  13:  52  (1886). 


A(il?(»STll)K.E.  199 

A  slciidci' siiinotli  iHTcmiiiil.  ;>()-.'>()  nil.  lii<;li;  ciilins  unltraiirlu'd. 
Sliciitlis  sliortcr  tliaii  tliu  iiitfi'iiodt's;  li^'uli'  si  ciliutL'  riiij;;  bliides 
of  sterile  shoots  iiivuiuti',  lilit'(»riii.  orteii  llexiiose.  I'-'M)  cmii.  lonj;. 
tliose  of  the  culm  about  3  cm.  lou^^  I'auide  erect,  sjiikelike. 
narrow,  10-1.5  cm.  loii<jr.  ravs  erect  aiul  nearly  sessile,  closely  ap- 
[U'es.sed.  Empty  <;liinu's  purplish,  lirst  (1-i  mm.  loiij,',  second 
lO-I".'  mm.  loii^';  lloral  ;rlume  10-11  mm.  lon<,';  awns  sii^ditiy 
united  and  twisted  at  the  base,  sjireading,  nearly  equal,  "^5-3"^  nnu. 
long. 

Vascy  states  that  this  grass  *'  DilTers  from  .1.  purpurea  \utt., 
in  the  narrower,  denser  i)anicle,  with  sessile  branches,  smaller 
flowers  and  .shorter  awns." 

Texas,  Hcrerc/wu  l'i't7. 

S.  A.  barbata  Fourn.  .Mex.  PI.  Enum.  Gram.  7H  (188G).  J 
itciiru  Va.sey,  ined. 

A  rather  stout  i»erennial,  G0-90cm.  high ;  culm  simple,  smooth 
or  jinbescent.  Sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes,  smooth,  filiate 
with  short  hairs;  ligule  very  short;  blades  involute.  30  cm.  long, 
the  lower  setaceous,  those  on  the  culms  "^-3  mm.  wide.  Panicle 
narrow;  lower  rays  3-5  cm.  below  the  next  above.  Empty  glumes 
narrow,  involute,  1-nerved,  first  8-10  mm.  long,  second  as  long 
or  a  little  longer  and  bifid  with  a  short  awn;  floret  G-10  mm.  long 
to  a  twisted  beak  4  mm.  long;  lateral  awns  8-15  mm.  long,  the 
central  one  3-5  mm.  longer. 

Mexico,  Puhiicr  5"-20.  J'n'/if/Ie  1889,  ticketed  .1.  lanu<iiuos(i 
Scrib.  n.  sp. 

9.  A.  Nealleyi  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Xat.  Herb.  3:45  (18!»-2). 
A.  xlrirla  var.  Xcallej/i  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Herb.  1:55 
(1890). 

A  slender  strict  light-colored  i)erennial,,  40-00  cm.  high. 
Culms  with  about  three  nodes.  Sheaths  half  as  long  as  the  inter- 
nodes; ligule  a  mere  ring,  sometimes  ciliate;  blades  smooth,  invo- 
lute-setaceous, pungent-pointed,  10-30  cm.  long.  Panicle  spike- 
like, very  slender,  interrupted,  10-30  cm.  long;  rays  in  twos,  the 
longest  about  3  cm.  long,  bearing  three  spikelets.  Empty  glumes 
mucronate,   lirst   about  5  mm.   long,  second  8   mm.  long;   floret 


200  POAi'K.K. 

Hpottcd,  rtcubrid.  ultoiit  '.»  iiiiu.  loiij;,  iiicludiiijr  tlio  sliort  twisttMl 
li<>ul\:  liitcml  awtiri  divurgin^,  10  iiiiii.  luii*;;.  the  ccMitnil  oue  ti  little 
lon^'cr. 

West  Texas,  XcaUvij  514  in  IH.SO. 

Ahundunt  on  rocky  soil. 

10.  A.  simplioifolia  Clui(in).  Coult.  Hot.  (ia;;.  :):  IH  (1878). 
Culms  erect,    lilit'orni.    .^^parin^'ly   lirain-lied,  TjU-HO  cm.   Iiij,di. 

Hlatles  of  sterile  shoots  (J-l*^  cm.  lon<;,  those  of  the  culm  2-;5  in 
number,  involute,  10-20  em.  lonjj;.  1-;.'  mm.  wide.  Uaceme  much 
exscrted,  simple,  straijjht,  15-25  cm.  lon^s  spikelets  mostly  sinjilo 
on  short  jiedicels;  empty  <;himes  lu-arly  e<|ual,  1 -nerved,  extending' 
a  little  above  tiu'  base  of  tiie  awns.  10  mm.  lonj;.  The  awns  widely 
8|)rea<lin^',  nearly  e(|ual,  a  little  lon<,'er  ihan  the  »'mp*y  <.'lumes,  all 
curved  in  a  semicircle  at  the  l»ase  when  dry.  Chapnum  says: 
"Tile  lateral  one  strai<i;ht,  the  midille  one  curving." 

Alabama  (M<»bilc),  Malir. 

Alabanui  and  Florida. 

11.  A.  gyrans  Chajun.  Coult.  Bot.  Ciaz.  :'):  IS  (18:8). 

A  slender  glabrous  strict  ))urplish  grass,  ;»0-4r>  cm.  high. 
Culms  with  about  three  nodes.  Sheaths  two-thirds  as  long  as  the 
iuternodes;  ligule  very  short;  blades  involute-lilirorm,  .shorti-r  tliaii 
the  culm.  I'anicle  simple,  strict,  narrow,  12-I.'>  cm.  long;  rays 
mostly  single,  the  longest  2.5  cm.  long,  bearing  2-IJ  spikelets. 
Em|>ty  glumes  very  une((ual,  short-awned.  first  as  long  as  the  floret, 
7  mm.  long,  including  the  i)oint  10-11  cm.  long;  awns  nearly 
ecpuil,  slender,  loosely  twisted  at  the  base,  diverging,  12-15  mm. 
long. 

IT.  S.  Dept.  Agricul..  Cliapman. 

South  Florida  (Robert's  Key). 

12.  A.  basiramea  Vasey,  Coult,  Hot.  Gaz.  0:70  (1884). 

An  erect  slender  annual,  20-70  cm.  high,  much  branched, 
bearing  flowers  from  very  near  the  roots  to  the  apex  of  the  culm; 
nodes  tumid;  iuternodes  naked,  as  the  branches  crowd  the  sheaths 
away.  Ligule  very  short;  blades  becoming  involute.  8-18  cm.  long, 
setaceous  above,  sparingly  hairy  on  the  nnirgins  below.  Paiucles 
erect,  loose,  simple,  the  lateral  ones  sheathed  by  the  leaves,  the  lat- 


A<il{«>STII>K.K. 


201 


tt'i"  ;}-H  cm.  Ion;;,  tlu'  tiTiuiiiiil  one  soiiu'tiiiu's  ]()-]'i  ctn.  Ion;;: 
lowiT  riivrt  in  twos  or  tlircus,  tlio  iippcr  sin^li".  Spikcli'ts  with  iin- 
t'qnal  I-ntTved  ^flui.U'.s,  llrrtt  A-lO  nun.  lon^'.  si-i^ond  H-i:{  mm.  long, 
tlu'  awns  vi'i-y  short;  tlort't  spotted,  ^-U  mm.  Ion;,';  liitcral  awns 
*<pirally  twisted  helow  when  mature  and  dry,  7-i'.i  mm.  long,  the 
<entral  one  ii  titird  Ion;rer. 

Mearly  related  to  .1.  tlivhuloma  Miehx. 

Illinois,  /'(iftn-Ktiii  lor  U.  S.  Dept.  Agrieni.  'i'.Vi;  Minnesota, 
Jl(ihini/er  24. 

Illinois  to  Minnesota. 

13.  A.  Floridana  (("hajun.)  Vasey,  flmm.  V.  S.  21  (IH.S.'J). 
StreptarltHc  F/oridniid  Chapm.  Kl.  S.  States,  554  (IHtiO). 

Cidms  simple,  ereet.  slender,  GO  cm.  high.  Sheaths  hairy  at 
the  throat;  hiades  smooth,  lilirorm.  l')--,'.")  em.  long.  Panicle  ereet, 
narrow,  slender,  'M)  cm.  long;  rays  mostly  in  pairs.  Spikelets  on 
short  pedicels,  first  glume  T^'-IIJ  mm.  long,  second  7-!t  mm.  long, 
obtuse  or  l)ifid,  with  a  very  short  beak ;  lloret  S  mm.  long;  bent 
awn  l-"i  cm.  long. 

South  Florida.  /Umh/rff. 

14.  A.  purpurascens  Poir.  Kncyc  Suppl.  1:40-3  (1810).  r/nr- 
taria  affinis  W.  &.  S.  Syst.  'l:  Mant.  ".'10  (         ). 

An  erect  glabrous  perennial,  (»0-l".M)  cm.  high.  Sheaths  some- 
times downy,  longer  than  the  internodes;  ligule  very  short ;  blades 
about  .")  to  a  culm.  •^(►-:>0cm.  long,  the  lower  portions  tardily  invo- 
lute. Panicle  exserted,  purple  and  brown,  sleiiiler.  *~'0-4(icm.  long; 
rays  solitary,  in  pairs  or  rarely  in  threes.  Kin|»ty  ghnnes  each  with 
1  scabrous  lu'rve.  and  a  very  short  awn,  first  \'l  mm.  long,  second 
about  10  mm.  long:  lloret  ol'ten  spotted.  5-7  mm.  long,  the  lateral 
divergent  awns  2  cm.  long,  the  central  one  longer. 

New  .lersey,  Scribnrr  for  V.  S.  Dept.  Agrieul.  250:  ^[ichigan. 
Clark  2020. 

New  Hngland  and  Michigan  to  Texas;  also  West  Indies. 

Var.  depauperata  N'asey,  ined.  Panicle  slender;  lirst  and  sec- 
ond glumes  T  and  5  mm.  long,  ves[)ectively ;  tloret  4  mm.  long. 

Mississippi,  Tn/ri/. 

Var.  minor   Vasey,  Contrib.   V.   S.   Nat.  Herb.  3:40  (1892). 


Panulc  rtltiiih'r.  K-I^riii.  loii;r;  lirst  ;'limic  T  iiiiii.  loiiju,  HiK'oiul  G 
tiiiii.  U*\i}i;  iiwiis  (>r  llorct  I..')  nun.  U>u<^. 

NorilicuMl  Kloriilu,  ('niiit<,i  '.U'i*.*;  ^liMim\i\n,  '/'nirif  \',\:\\  Now 

ir».  A.  oligantha  MuUs.  V\.  Mor.  Am.  1:41  (iso.l).  .1.  A,f. 
ftiriisioHi'M  Willi,  Kl.   Cur.  74  (1188),  not   L.     (hivlariii  (i/{i/<iii///tf 

lU'uiiv.  A;ri-osi.  :>(!  (isr,'j. 

AppiiD'ntly  iinnniil ;  riilnis  with  tumid  nodes.  s|mi'in;j:ly  liranclicd. 
'iO-50  nil.  Iii;;)).  Slicatliri  iil)ont  a.s  lon<;  as  the  inlcrnodcs  some  of 
which  uiH'  naked,  as  the  hranciies  crowd  the  sheaths;  li;;iile  \crv 
short,  with  a  few  hmj;  hairs  ahove  it.  Panicle  loose,  few-lhiwi-red. 
racemo.se,  lO-lT)  cm.  lon^'.  Knipty  jjiunies  nearly  e(|nal.  'i  cm. 
lonjf,  llrsl  Jl-.^-nervi'd.  with  a  very  short  awn.  second  I-iierved,  with 
an  iiwn  I  cm.  lon«i:;  lloret  ir»  mm.  lon<,';  awns  diver^'infi;  when  mii- 
ture,  the  central  one  4  cm.  lonjj.  the  lateral  ones  ii  little  shorter. 

District  of  Coliimhia.  McCari/ty;  Ma.ssachu.sett8,  ('.  JJ.  Fiuon 
8;   Mississippi,  Tniri/. 

Vir^'inia.  Illinois,  .\rkanaas  and  southward. 

Var.  nervata.  Kmpty  ;,dumes  shorter  thuu  the  lloret,  iirst  T- 
nerved,  tlie  divergent  awns  \-i  cm.  lon^. 

()re<;on  ((Jrant'rt  I'as;;),  /Imrc/L 

10.  A.  Palmeri  Va.sey,  Hull.  Torr.  Club.  10:  4'^  (1S8;J). 

Perennial;  I5-;U)  cm.  hi^'h.  Leaf-hlades  involute,  setaceous, 
the  lower  '^-5  cm.  l(.n;r,  some  of  those  altove  lO-T,*  cm.  loiiir. 
Spikelets  S0-1()()  to  a  culm  in  .some  cases,  in  terminal  and  lateral 
j)anicles,  12  cm.  lonjiif,  (>  (!m.  wide;  l)ranclies  sctahrous.  Some  of  the 
lower  spikes  often  nu)re  or  less  reduced  or  abortive.  Spikelets 
mostly  in  pairs;  lirst  glume  linear-lanceolate,  l-nerved.  al)out  ',' 
mm.  long.  1  mm.  wide;  second  membranous,  narrowly  linear.  S-!) 
Him.  long;  lloret  (iylindrical,  4  mm.  long,  the  awns  nearly  e(iual, 
erect  or  diverging,  10  mm.  long. 

Colorado,  Junes  4138;  West  Texas,  Ilavard;  Nebraska,, 
Dupij. 

Nebi'aska.  Arizona  and  Texas. 

17.  A.  virgata  'i'rin.  Sprang.  Neue  Entdeck.  2 :  60  (        ). 

Culms  erect,  slender,  naked  above,  sparingly  branching  belnv.'. 


AtH{«»srii>i;.K.  a<>:{ 

l()-»»Ocin.  liijjh.  Slu'uths  not  crowded  from  tin-  intcinodcs:  li^'uU> 
very  Hln)rt;  Idiidos  ;j.  Ilat,  1(»-IS  i-ni.  I<»ll;.^  I'miiclforifii  on  a  pcdi- 
i-r\  of  its  own  l«'n;,'tli.  spiki'liki',  iiiti'rniptcd,  the  a|i|ircss('d  ray.s 
riHistly  iit  coiiiilcs.  S|.ikcU-l.s  S  nun.  lon;^  to  tlio  tips  of  tiii'  siilt- 
t((ual.  l-iU'i'Vfd,  i-inpty  j.'lunie-»;  lloivt  4.5  mm.  lou^j;  tlio  lalt-ral 
awMs  lu  mm.  loii)^',  tl>o  central  one  a  third  lon^jfor. 

New  .Icrsey,  ./.  //.  I/in'mis  for  Nat.  Miis.  N'asey  says  it  has 
liccn  chi>-i'd  with  .1. ///v/</7/.v.  and  with  forms  (»t"  J.  /tin /mm',  lnit 
it  is  prolialdy 'I'rinius*  old  spirii'S.  ll  mnch  rcsenihKs  .1.  aliirhi 
Michx. 

IH.  A.  Humboldtiana 'I'rin.  and  Knpr.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  reter>l>. 
(VI.)  :  :  lis  (lS4;t).  .1.  ,li,'(irir,ihi  11.  H.  K.  Willd.  Knum.  '.)!• 
(I80!l).      Clnrliuiii  dirarini/,/  Heauv.  ,\,u'rost.  :{()  (IST.'). 

An  erect  {jniss.  :)(>-!M)  cm.  hi;,'ii.  Shcalhs  cowriii;,'  the  nodes; 
Mades  eonvolntc.  ri«rid.  l','-*^()cm.  lon^';  li;/nle  ciliate,  short.  I'ani- 
(tlc  often  partially  included.  "^O  ;5(>  cm.  '.oii.i,',  narrow  or  widely 
spreading;;  rays  mostly  in  twos  helow,  sinjjle  ahove.  some  of  them 
10- ri  cm.  lon<;,  sparsely  flower-hearinj;  alon<;  the  upper  two-lifths. 
Kni|)ty  ^ilunies  purplish.  1 -nerved,  ecpial.  or  the  lower  a  little  tlu' 
lon^jfi'r.  about  1"'  mm.  lonjf,  liesides  a  very  short  awn;  florets  often 
seal)ri(l  and  spotted,  '.»  mm.  lon<f,  .some  of  them  sterile  and  shorter: 
awns  erect,  the  lateral  oiu's  ahout  as  lon<>- as  the  spikeh't.  the  cen- 
tral one  'i-G  mm.  lon^ror;  paK-a  1  mm.  lonjjj. 

.Mexico,  /'(thiiir  '^S4.  KiS;  Arizona,  Toitnii'ij  7H4;  California, 
Junes;  New  Mexico,   \'<isci/. 

New  Mexico,  Arizona  to  California. 

1!>.  A.  lanata  Poir.  Encycl.  Sujipl.  1:4.5:)  (ISIO).  Chwhirid 
f/(>f<ni//n')ia  lieauv.  Agrost.  30  (1S1',»).  ArisliilK  hniasK  Muhl. 
(Jram.  IT4  (1817). 

An  erect  rather  stout  perennial.  (JO-r^O  cm.  high.  Sheaths 
covering  the  nodes,  often  woolly;  ligule  very  short;  blades  :{  or 
more  in  number,  rough  or  smooth  above,  smooth  below,  rigid, 
usually  becoming  involute.  30-00  rm.  or  more  long,  I'aniclemuoh 
exserted,  ;J0--60  cm.  long,  sjiikelike;  rays  in  couples,  some  of  them 
10-15  cm.  long,  tlower-bearing  alojig  the  upper  two-thir<ls.  Empty 
glumes  with  scabrous  keels  and  straight  awns,  l-Z  mm.  long,  the 


204  roACE.E. 

body  of  the  first  glume  10-12  mm.  long,  of  the  second  13-15  mm. 
long;  floret  nearly  1  em.  long,  with  the  lutenil  divergent  awns  as 
long  as  the  floret,  the  middle  one  a  third  or  more  longer;  palea 
about  1  mm.  long. 

Florida,  Ci(rh'i<s  3430;  Mississipj)!,  I'racy;  Maryland,  Canby, 
Chd-k-  Ii)84  from  Canby. 

Delaware  to  Texas. 

20.  A.  stricta  Miohx.  Fl.  lior.  Am.  1:41(1803).  Chcetaria 
stn'cta  Heauv.  Agrost.  30  (1812). 

A  slender  striet  perennial,  00-90  cm.  high.  Culms  with  about 
three  nodes.  Sheaths  half  as  long  as  the  interuodes;  ligule  very 
short;  blades  involute,  setaceous,  downy,  10-40  cm.  long.  Panicle 
spikelike,  interrupted,  very  slender,  about  30  cm.  long;  rays  appar- 
ently 2-3  together,  some  of  the  longest  5-0  cm.  long,  bearing  a  few 
flowers  above  the  middle.  Empty  glumes  scabrous  on  the  keels, 
bifid,  bearing  an  awn  2-4  mm.  long,  first  glume  (not  including  its 
awn)  7  mm.  long,  second  2-4  mm.  long;  floret  as  long  as  the  sec- 
ond glume;  the  lateral  divergent  awns  over  10  mm.  long,  the  cen- 
tral one  a  little  longer. 

Florida,  CurtisH  3420;  Georgia,  Tracy;  Mississippi,  Tmcy. 

Virginia  to  Florida  and  Alabama;  iilso  in  West  Indies  and  Cuba. 

Var.  condensata  (Chapm.)  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb. 
3:45  (1892).  A.  condensata  Chapm.  Coult.  Bot.  (Jaz.  3:19 
(1878). 

Leaf-blades  rigid,  soon  convolute,  those  of  the  sterile  shoots  30- 
50  cm.  long.  Panicle  contracted,  densely  many-tlowered,  30-45 
cm.  long;  empty  glumes  subequal,  about  9  mm.  long;  awns  10 
mm.  long. 

Florida. 

21.  A.  Americana  L.  Ama^n.  Acad.  5:  393  (1759).  .1.  dispersa 
Trin.  &  Kupr.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  (VI.)  7:129  (1849).  A. 
bronwides  H.  B.  K.  'Sov.  (Jen.  et  Sp.  1 :  122  (1815).  A.  niffrcftcens 
Presl,  Reliq.  lltenk.  1:223  (1830). 

A  slender  grass  branching  below,  often  geniculate,  8-35  cm. 
high.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  reduced  to  a 
short  fringe.  Sterile  shoots  very  few,  the  blades  2-8  cm.  long,  those 


AUHOSriDE.K.  206 

of  tlio  culm  two  or  tliroc  in  nuniber.  2-0  (soinotinies  10)  cm.  lon^% 
involute,  setiicoous,  scabrid  above.  Panicle  exserted.  j)iir|>lislu 
spikelike,  secund.  rays  solitary  or  clustered,  branch  in*,'  near  tlie 
base,  3-U)  cm.  or  more  loui;.  Spikeli'ts  on  short  pedicels,  empty 
<;lnmes  narrow,  linear,  abruptly  pointed  when  spread,  scabrous  on 
the  back,  tirst  ;)-5  mm.  lonj;.  second  A-'.t  mm.  lon<;;  floret  linear, 
scabrous  on  the  keel,  about  as  lonj;  as  the  second  glume,  with  a 
short  hairy  callus,  central  awn  shorter  to  a  little  longer  than  its 
glume,  the  lateral  ones  a  little  shorter,  all  scabrous;  palea  less  than 
1  mm.  long.     Grain  7  mm.  long,  about  0.5  mm.  diam. 

Very  variable  ami  formerly  described  under  several  ditTerent 
names.  "  The  same  tuft  has  culms  from  :{  inches  to  a  foot  high; 
in  the  shorter  ones  the  base  of  the  panicle  is  included,  but  in  tlio 
taller  it  is  long  exserted.''  Dr.  Thurber  in  8.  Wats.  I?ot.  Calif. 
2:2S9  (1S80).  In  the  above  some  use  also  was  made  of  his  de- 
scription of  this  species. 

Colorado,  Orciiff:  ^fexico,  Puhtier  oO;?;  West  Texas,  Wrif/fti 
T-il ;  Arizona,  Lcnitixni  IJST. 

''  The  dilVerent  forms  of  this  species,  of  which  the  A.  hrnmnidea 
II.  H.  K.  is  oiu'.  were  all  united  by  Trinius  &  Kuprecht  uiuler  their 
A .  disperm.  (Jenl.  Mnnro,  in  his  catalogue  of  the  grasses  in  the  her- 
barium of  Linnanis,  says  that  .1.  Aiiien'rana  L.,  from  Jamaica,  is 
called  ,1.  di,'iperf<(t,  but  Liiuuvus'  nanu'  ought  to  take  precedence. 
(Jrisebach.  in  Flora  of  the  Jiritish  West  Indies,  unites  A.  Amer- 
ica nit  L.,  ,/.  (lisjiersit  Trin..  J.  hroinoides,  A.  hinitulift,  A.  coiirctata 
II.  H.  K.,  ami  .1.  nxjnitlu  Trin.  under  A.  sfrida  Michx." 

Dr.  Thurber  1.  c. :  also  see  Scribner  in  Hull.  Torr.  Club.  0:87 
(1SS".»).  I  am  unable  with  data  now  at  hand  to  perfect  u  list  of 
synonyms  that  is  reliable. 

Colorado,  (hrutt;  Mexico,  Pnhiier  60',). 

New  Mexico,  ^fexioo  to  Calfornia. 

22.  A.  Havardii  Vasey,  Hull.  Torr.  Club,  13:27  (1880). 

A  smooth  slender  grass,  sparingly  branching  below,  20-40  cm. 
liigh.  Ligule  very  short  with  a  ciliate  fringe;  blades  erect,  invo- 
lute, setaceous.  8-15  cm.  long.  Panicle  sometimes  with  its  base 
included  by  the  upper  sheath,  open,  12-15  cm.  long,  rays  slender. 


206  PUACE.E. 

mostly  ill  }xiirs,  sprciKlinjif  or  cvt-ii  rofloxod  witli  a  spoil, cy  eullus  in 
the  Jixilri,  tlio  largest  fuw-llowt'ivil.  i)-(\  ciii.  loii;^'.  braucliiiig  about 
1  cm.  from  llui  base,  em^jty  gliimcs  nearly  ecuial.  scabrous  on  tho 
keels,  l-nerved,  8-10  iiiiii.  lon^j;;  lloral  uluiue  spotted,  smooth,  the 
apex  scabrous,  7-8  mm.  long,  lateral  awns  10-15  mm.  long,  tho 
middle  one  a  very  little  longer. 

Western  Texas,  Ihirard;  Arizona.   Tuiniirii  IS,"). 

'I'.).  A.  palustris  Vasey,  Cat.  (ii'ani.  V .  S.  '■):)  (ISS,")).  A.  I'lryata 
var.  jxiliis/rift  Cliaitm.  Fl.  S.  States  o')5  (18<iO). 

("ulms  branching  near  the  base,  00-150  cm.  high.  SheatlKsclose; 
ligule  very  short;  blades  tlat  or  involute,  rigid.  lO-'iO  cm.  long.-;} 
mm.  wide.  l*aiiicl((  loose,  interni[>te(l,  iJO-TO  em.  long.  Emjity 
glumes  comi)ressed,  keeled,  nearly  ecpial  or  the  second  longer,  1- 
nerved.  7-9  mm.  long;  iloret  5-0  mm.  long,  the  lateral  awns  12-15 
mm.  long,  the  central  a  little  longer,  and  when  dry  spreading  more 
than  the  others. 

Mississippi,  Trari/;   Northeast  Florida.  Ciir/iss  3425. 

I'inc-barrens,  West  Florida  and  South  Alabama, 

U.  A.  setifolia  H.  H.  K.  Xov.  CJen.  et  Sp.  1:123  (1815). 
Cha>tariat<efifnU<(  \\.  &.  S.  Syst.  2 :  ;{1)0  (1817). 

A  tufted  branching  perennial  grass.  30-00  cm.  high.  Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes;  lower  leaf-blades  nnmerous,  narrow, 
involute,  15-20  em.  long,  those  of  the  culm  ;>  to  4  in  number. 
Panicle  but  little  exsertcd,  often  included  at  the  base,  rather  thin 
and  spikelike,  12-15  cm.  long,  branches  compound,  14.5  mm. 
from  each  other,  3-4  cm.  long:  empty  glumes  scabrous  on  the  keel, 
abruptly  pointed  when  spread,  l-nerved,  first  4-0  mm.  long,  second 
0-8  mm.  long;  lloral  glume  scabrous,  linear-lanceolate,  5-0  mm. 
long,  the  awns  diverging,  nearly  equal,  or  the  middle  one  slightly 
shorter  or  longer,  8-15  mm.  long. 

AEexico,  Palmer  501,  709. 

Also  found  in  Jirazil. 

25.  A.  fasciculata  (H.  &  S.)  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  1:154 
(1824).  Chcpfaria  fascicuhtta  U.  k  S.  Syst.  2  :  Mant.  578  (1817). 
A.  purpurea  ^wii.  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  (II.)  5:145  (1837). 


AGROSTIDK.E.  207 

An  extremely  variable  perouuial ;  culms  simple,  slenrler,  erect, 
15-40  cm.  high.  Sheaths  longer  thuu  the  iuteruodes,  pilose  at  the 
throat;  blades  Hat  or  involute,  the  lower  numerous,  3-10  cm.  long, 
those  of  the  culm  about  3  in  number  and  variable  in  length. 
Panicle  slender,  loosely  few-llowei'ed,  7-15  cm.  long,  interrupted 
at  the  base;  rays  nearly  sessile  or  on  slender  flexuose  pedicels. 
Empty  glumes  l-nerveil,  often  bifid,  with  a  very  short  straight 
awn,  lirst  0-9  mm.  long,  second  9-18  mm.  long;  floret  7-14  mm. 
long,  awns  equal,  si)reading,  15-70  mm.  long.  A  polymorphous 
species,  with  the  extremes  of  which  I  am  not  certain  that  I  am 
familiar. 

Colorado  to  'I'exas. 

Var.  Californica  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3:47(1803). 

Culms  about  00  cm.  high;  pauicle  rather  densely  maiiy-Uow- 
ered,  15-20  cm.  long;  lower  rays  in  clusters  of  7-10,  the  longest 
4  cm.  long;  first  glume  8  mm.  long,  second  10  mm.  long;  floral 
glume  10  mm.  long;  aAvns  3-4  cm.  long. 

Arizona,  Lemmon  402;  California,  IT.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  1540 
from  Pari>ih. 

Yar.  Fendleriana  (Stcud.)  Vasey,  1.  c.  A.  Fendkriana  Steud. 
Syn.  PI.  Gram.  420  (1855). 

Culms  10-20  cm.  high;  rays  short,  erect,  mostly  1-flowered. 

Mew  Mexico,  C.  Fendler  973. 

Var.  Hookeri  Trin.  &  Rupr.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  5:120 
(1842).  Sixty  cm.  high;  first  glume  9-13  mm.  long,  second  8-20 
mm.  long;  floret  13  mm.  long;  awns  5-7  cm.  long. 

It  contributes  to  the  forage  on  the  plains,  though  rather  dry 
and  tough. 

Kansas,  Drummond  203,  Wriglit  336,  2000,  2003,  2004; 
Montana,  Scribner  S3 ;  Mexico. 

Var.  micrantha  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Xat.  Herb.  47  (1892). 

Culms  erect  to  decumbent,  much  branched  below.  30-50  cm. 
high.  First  glume  3.5-4  mm.  long,  second  7-8  mm.  long;  floret 
7  mm.  long;  awns  equal,  spreading,  2  cm.  long. 

West  Texas. 


208  POACE^. 

Var.  Nuttallii  Tluirb.  .1.  hnujisda  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gram.  420 
(1855). 

Culms  15-30  cm.  long,  rays  in  twos  and  threes,  the  lower  flexu- 
ose,  the  upper  uppressed ;  awns  ()-8  cm.  long. 

New  ^Icxico,  Fendhr  987;  Idaho,  F.  E.   Wilcox  in  1883. 

20.  A.  ramosissima  Engelm.  A.  (Jray,  Man.  Ed.  5:G18  (1807). 
Var.  unisefa  and  uniarisfafa  Engelm. 

A  diffusely  branched  annual,  12-40  cm.  high,  the  main  inter- 
nodes  naked.  Sheaths  mostly  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule 
very  shortly  ciliate;  blades  involute,  setaceous,  3-0  cm.  long.  Pan- 
icle racemose,  3-8-llowered,  4-8  cm.  long;  first  glume  of  the  spike- 
let  3-nerved,  12-15  cm.  long,  second  equal  or  a  little  longer,  5- 
nerved;  floral  glume  nearly  as  long  -is  the  second  glume;  awns  not 
jointed,  the  lateral  ones  erect,  1-4  mm.  long  or  shorter,  the  central 
hook-recurved  at  the  base  when  dry,  2-3  cm.  long. 

Illinois,  Jical  31). 

Dry  prairies,  Kentucky,  Illinois,  and  Missouri. 

27.  A.  dichotoma  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:41  (1803).  Ciuio- 
pogon  dichotomus   Peauv.  Agrost  32,  I.  8,  f.  7  (1812). 

A  tufted  erect  or  ascending  annual,  30-00  cm.  high.  Culms 
slender,  dichotomously  branched  for  most  of  their  length,  nodes 
tumid,  internodes  naked,  as  their  leaf-sheaths  enclose  the  branches. 
Sheaths  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  naked  internodes;  ligule 
very  short;  blades  involute,  setaceous,  those  from  the  sterile  shoots 
10-20  cm.  long.  Panicles  termiiuil  and  lateral,  simi)le,  very  nar- 
row, 3-8  cm.  long.  Spikelets  with  1-nerved  equal  empty  glumes, 
about  7  mm.  long,  or  the  lirst  a  little  shorter,  scabrous  on  the 
keels ;  floret  5-0  mm.  long,  the  erect  lateral  awns  minute,  the  mid- 
dle one  reflexed  and  twice  coiled  when  dry;  about  the  length  of  the 
spikelet. 

Connecticut,  PvingJe;  Massachusetts,  Cooht/j  Delaware,  Clark 
1910;  District  of  Columbia,  McCarfhy,  Vasey  for  U.  S.  Dept. 
Agricul.  237. 

Dry  sandy  or  gravelly  soil  from  Elaine  to  Texas. 

Var.  Curtissii  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  G:  040  (1890). 


A(a{OSTIDE.B.  20^ 

Culms  more  slender;  panicle  slender,  thin;  first  glume  7  mm. 
l()ii<,',  second  10  mm.  long:  floral  glume  8  mm.  long. 

Bedford  Co.,  Virginia. 

38.  A.  gracilis  Ell.  liot.  S.  C.  &  Ca.  1:  U2  (1817). 

Culms  erect,  filiform,  naked  above,  brandling  below,  15-50  em. 
long.  The  lower  blades  borne  by  the  branches,  leaving  the  main 
internodes  naked;  ligule  very  short;  blades  of  the  culm  about  5 
in  ninnber,  erect,  filiform,  -1-0  cm.  long.  l*anicle  exserted,  very 
slender,  interrupted,  spikelike,  the  appreased  branches  mostly  in 
(iouples.  Spikelets  about  0  mm.  long,  the  one-nerved  empty 
glumes  and  the  floret  nearly  equal ;  the  lateral  awns  one-third  to 
one-half  as  long  as  the  middle  one,  which  is  uncoiled,  usually 
10-]  5  mm.  long. 

New  Jersey,  Scrihner  for  U.  S.  Dcpt.  Agricul.  240;  Delaware, 
Clark  2950;  Pennsylvania.  Scribner  3424;  Khode  Island,  Clark 
4301  from  Congden;  New  York,  Clark;  Iowa,  llitthcovk. 

Sandy  soil,  New  England  to  Illinois  and  Texas. 

Var.  depauperata  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  0:040  (1800). 

More  slender,  the  lateral  awns  erect,  1-3  mm.  long,  the  middle 
one  0.5  cm.  long. 

Mississippi,  Tracy;  New  Jersey,  Beal. 

Found  with  the  former,  into  which  it  jiasses. 

Florida,  Chapman. 

29.  A.  divergens  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3:  48  (1892). 
A.  Sehiediana  minor  \'asey.  Bull.  Torr.  t!lub,  13:28  (1880). 

An  erect  perennial,  30-45  cm.  high.  Sheaths  mostly  longer 
than  the  internodes;  ligule  shortly  ciliate;  blades  involute,  15-20 
cm.  long.  Panicle  included  at  tlie  base,  pyramidal,  15-17  cm.  long, 
rays  in  pairs  or  solitary,  3-8  cm.  long,  flower-bearing  fi-om  near 
the  middle.  Spikelets  diverging,  empty  glumes  subequal,  0-8  mm. 
long;  floral  glume  10  mm.  long,  becoming  twisted  with  age;  lateral 
awns  obsolete  or  nearly  so,  middle  arm  10-17  mm.  long. 

Very  nearly  allied  to  A.  Schiediana  Trin.  &  Rupr.,  and  possi- 
bly hardly  a  good  s]>ecies. 

Arizona,  Jones  4234  in  1884,  Pringle. 

Texas  to  Arizona. 


I'OACE.E. 
'«ic^S>--~      30^A^J$chi«dianaTiiii.  cS^  Uupr.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Potersb.  (VI.) 

A  stm{,'<j:liu«;  })eruiinial,  soinotiinosi  spiiringly  briiiu'liiiig,  G0-!)0 
cm.  liiyli.  Slictiths  usually  shorter  than  the  intcrnodes;  li<fulc 
short;  leaves  of  sterile  shoots  few,  those  of  the  culm  3— i  in  number, 
scabrous,  fiat  or  involute,  setaceous  above,  *^0-3()  cm.  long.  Pani- 
cle little  cxserted,  thin,  widely  spreading,  '^0-40  cm.  long,  rays 
slender,  in  twos  and  threes,  or  even  fours,  llower-bearing  from 
near  the  middle;  some  of  them  8-i;J  cm.  long.  Spikelets  few, 
appressed  to  the  branches,  em])ty  glumes  awidess,  1-nerved,  nearly 
ccpial.  !»-li  mm.  long;  Horal  glume  spotted,  hispid,  scabrous  above, 
11-20  mm.  long  to  the  aduate  lateral  awns;  middle  awn  about  10 
mm.  long,  twisting  at  the  base  when  mature. 

Mexico,  Priiif/h'  387 ;  Lower  California,  Palmer  2G8. 

Texas  to  Arizona,  ^rexico,  and  Lower  California. 

Var.  minor  Vasey,  Bull,  'i'orr.  Hot.  Club,  13:  28  (1880).  Culms 
30-50  cm.  high;  panicle  12-18  cm.  long;  rays  single,  but  dividing 
immediately.  Vasey  thinks  it  might  bo  considered  a  distinct 
species. 

Arizona,  Pn')n/Je,  Jones  in  188-1. 

31.  A.  Oreuttiana  Vasey,  liull.  Torr.  Club,  13:27  (1886). 

A  leafy  tufted  perennial,  stout  below,  slender  above,  40-()0  cm. 
high.  Sheaths  longer  than  the  intcrnodes;  ligule  very  short  and 
ciliate  at  the  throat;  leaves  of  sterile  shoots  numerous,  blades  tar- 
dily involute,  2-3  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  culm  narrower,  20-30 
cm.  long.  Pani(^le  exserted,  open,  10-12  cm.  long,  rays  distant, 
flexuose,  usually  single,  some  of  the  longest  8  cm.  long.  First 
glume  3-nerved,  10-12  mm.  long,  second  1-nerved,  7  mm.  long; 
lloral  glume  spotted,  12  mm.  long  to  the  apex  of  the  iulhereut 
lateral  awns,  central  awn  twisted  and  bent  when  dry,  about  5  mm. 
long. 

Arizona,  Jones  4233 ;  Southern  California,  Orciitf ;  Mexico, 
Fn'ngle  38(5,  Palmer  709. 

32.  A.  manzanilioana  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1:282 
(1893). 


ACiHUSTlDKl-:.  211 

A  slendor  difTu.se  tiil'tt'duiimial.  imicli  braiiflied  tit  tho  base.  30- 
75  cm.  liigli.  ("ulnis  t'oniprt'sseil.  the  upper  node  0-10  cm.  from 
tlie  roots.  Slieutlis  '2  in  number,  tlie  lower  loose;  ligule  very  short, 
slightly  eiliate;  blades  flat  or  involute,  sleniier.  (J- 10  em.  long. 
Panicles  sim])le,  s[)ikelike,  O-lO  cm.  long,  rays  single  or  in  twos 
and  tiirecs.  the  longest  ;.'.")  cm.  long,  bearing  T)-!  sessile  diverging 
clusters,  eacli  of  3-5  s])ikelets;  the  pedicels  and  a])e.\  of  the  em])ty 
glumes  usually  containing  a  few  hairs.  Kmi)ty  glumes  narrowly 
linear,  1-nerved,  apex  acute,  obtuse  or  2-toothed,  with  a  nnu-ro  or 
short  awn.  first  ghune  (wanting  in  most  si)ikelets)  7-S  mm.  long, 
second  5-6  mm.  long:  floret  liispid  on  the  back  and  near  the 
imirgins,  very  gradually  tapering  into  a  short,  stout,  slightly- 
curved  central  awn,  the  whole  2-3  cm.  long;  lateral  awns  obsolete. 

Mexico,  Palmer  10H4. 

33.  A.  Bcabra  Kunth,  Kev.  Gram.  1:  (j-i  (1820).  Shrpfachne 
scabra  H.  li.  K.  Nov.  Gen.  et  Sp.  1: 124,  /.  40  (1815).  (h-farhne 
umbra  Fourn.  Mex.  PI.  Enum.  Gram.  SO  (IHSG).  Pro])ably  also  J. 
tentiis  Kunth,  Streptuchne  tenuis  II.  B.  K.,  Ortacline  Ivnids 
Fourn. 

Perennial;  culms  erect,  simide,  terete,  00-100  or  more  cm. 
high,  scabrid  or  smooth.  Sheaths  striate,  glabrous  or  scabrid, 
mostly  longer  than  the  iuternodes;  ligule  very  short,  eiliate:  blades 
ascending,  loosely  involute,  30-(iO  cm.  long,  2-4  nnn.  wide,  sca- 
brous above  and  on  the  margins,  ])ilose  near  the  base,  scaljrid  or 
glabrous  below.  Panicles  little  exserted,  or  the  base  included, 
diffuse,  30-00  cm.  long,  rays  in  twos  or  threes,  scabrous,  tricjue- 
trous,  spreading,  the  longest  15-30  cm.  long,  sparingly  branched 
and  bearing  a  few  spikelets  along  the  outer  third  or  half.  Empty 
glumes  tinged  with  purple,  subequal,  S-13  mm.  long,  linear, 
acute,  short  awncd,  compressed,  1-nerved,  the  keel  scabrous;  floral 
glume  spotted,  coriaceous,  scabrous,  13-15  mm.  long  to  the  tips  of 
the  verv  short  lateral  awns,  the  central  awn  slender,  straight  or 
slightly  curved,  not  twisted,  10-15  mm.  long. 

Florida,  Garber.  r«r//.v.s  3431 :  Arizona,  'Joudh'i/  7oG;  Mexico, 
Fahner  115,  101,  Pringle  387,  3770. 

40.  (101)).  Stipa  L.  Sp.  PI.  78  (1753).     Jarava  Ruiz  &  Pav. 


*212  POAC'E.B. 

I'rodr.  Fl.  Peruv.  2  (1T94).  Strvptarhne  W.  Wv.  Prodr.  i:i:-4 
(ISIO).  Ac/iiKtf/icnii/i  Boiiuv.  Agrost.  10  (1812).  Lasiufirostis 
Link,  llort.  Ik-rol.  1:!)!»  (182:).  PrusfeUa  Jk'rtol.  Fl.  It.  1 :  «{)0 
(is:5:{).  Mavrui'ldoa  Kunth,  Kev.  (iram.  1:68  (1830).  Ortho- 
rdjthium  Nei'S,  Proc.  Linn.  Hoc.  1:0-4  (1841).  PtilagroKtis 
(irisi'b.  in  Led.  Fl.  IJoss.  4:447  (1853). 

Spikc'lets  l-llowcrt'd,  on  slender  spreading  pedicels  or  nearly 
sessile  iu  a  terminal  panicle,  raichilla  articulate  above  the  empty 
glnmes.  The  two  empty  glumes  persistent,  membranous,  keeled, 
unawned  or  rarely  with  a  slender  awn;  the  floral  glume  narrow, 
rigid,  rolled  around  the  tlowiT.  usually  with  a  curved  sharp-pointed 
hairy  callus  at  the  base,  and  a  terminal  unilivided  bent  awn  spirally 
twisted  below  the  bend,  sometimes  with  a  tooth  on  eacli  side  the 
base  of  the  awn,  the  awn  tardily  se})arating  by  a  joint  or  rarely 
persistent.  Palea  enclosed  by  the  floral  glume,  2-nerved;  lodicules 
often  3  and  large.  Stamens  3 ;  anthers  often  tipped  with  a  tuft  of 
short  hairs.  The  awn  by  twisting  and  untwisting  often  buries  the 
fruit  in  the  soil. 

Tufted,  usually  tall  grasses,  the  narrow  leaf-blades  often  involute 
or  convolute.  There  are  about  100  s[)e('ies  widely  dispersed  over 
the  tropical  and  temperate  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

Stipa  is  strongly  chiiracterized  as  to  the  great  majority  of  its  spe- 
cies by  the  narrow  rather  hard  fruiting  glumes,  carrying  otf  a 
rather  long  or  obconical  internode  of  the  rachilla  or  callus,  by  the 
long  undivided  awn  more  or  less  articulate  on  the  glumes  and 
usually  twisted  at  the  base,  and  by  the  presence  of  the  lodicules; 
but  there  are  numerous  exceptions  to  one  or  more  of  these  charac- 
ters. The  internode  of  the  rachilla  varies  much  in  length  and 
shape;  the  articulation  and  twist  of  the  awn  gradually  disafipear  in 
some  species.  The  genus  is  not  very  clearly  divisil)le  into  sections. 
There  are  generic  names  wliicli  have  been  projjosed  for  certain 
species  of  Stipa  and  now  reduced  to  synonyms. 

Stipa  is  closely  allied  to  Or t/zop.si,s'  Michx.  and  more  remotely  to 
Aristida  L.  and  Mn/ih'>it)erf/ia  Hchreb. 

A.  Awn  plumose,  hairs  over  1  mm.  long (a) 

a.  Awu  10-15  cm.  long 1 


AGKOSTIDE-E.  213 

a.  Awii  mucli  shorter (b) 

b.  Floral  <i;lume  G-8   mm.  long,  hairs  on  the  awu    1 

mm.  long 'i 

h.  Floral  glume  8-13  mm.  long,  hairs  on  the  awn  3-0 

mm.  long 3 

B.  Awn  not  plumose,  pubescence,  if  any,  less  than  1  mm. 

long (c) 

C.  Awn  5  em.  or  more  long (d) 

d.  Awn  stout,  9-17  em.  long,  empty  glumes  30-45 

mm.  long 4 

d.  Awn  weak,  tortuose,  10-15  cm.  long,  empty  glumes 

20-30  mm.  long 5 

d.  Awn  weak,  tortuose,  10-15  cm.  long,  empty  glumes 

5-6  mm.  long 6 

d.  Awn  capillary,  7-8  cm.  long,  empty  glumes  5-8 

mm.  long 7 

d.  Awn  capillary,  13-18  cm.  long,  emi)ty  glumes  6-7 

mm.  long 8 

d.  Awn  of  medium  size,  6-10  cm.  long,  empty  glumes 

16-30  mm.  long 9 

d.  Awn  of  mediuni  size,  4-6  cm.  long,  empty  glumes 

10-13  mm.  long,  floret  9-10  mm.  long.       ...     10 

d.  Awn  slender,  6  cm.  long,  empty  glumes  7-13  mm. 
long,  iloret  6-7  mm.  long 11 

C.  Awn  less  than  5  cm.  long  (possibly  excepting  some  of 
No.  16) (e) 

e.  Floral  glume  9-10  mm.  long,  empty  glumes  unequal, 
first  one  the  longer  by  2-4  mm 13 

e.  Floral  glume  4-7  mm  long (i) 

i.  Floral   glume  7  mm.    long,    first  empty  [glume 

12-15  nun.,  second  10-11  mm.  long 13 

i.  Floral  glume  7  mm.  long,  first  empty  glume  13- 

16  mm.,  second  10-14  mm.  long 14 

i.  Floral  glume  4-6  mm.  long (m) 

m.  First   glume  8-10  mm.,    second   6-8  mm. 


214  I'OACK.E. 

loiif?.  awn    sluiuler,    bent  and   flcxuosc.  25 

niin,  long 15 

m.  Empty  j,'lnnu's  siiboqual,  awn  twice  bont.     .    (n) 
n.  Empty   glumes    S-IO  nun.     long,    awn 

•,2(>-4()  mm.  long,  panicle  very  variable, 

nnmy-llowereil 10 

u.  Empty  glumes  5-10-13   mm.  long,  awn 

*^0-40  mm.  long,  panicle  I'ew-llowered.    .     17 
n.  Empty  glumes  8  mm.  long,  awn  15-50 

mm.    long,   culm    braacliing,    leaves  oF 

the  culm  7 18 

n.  Empty  glumes  G-7  mm.  long,  awn  2-2.5 

cm.   long.    S.    I'liiini'Hs  var.   Andcrsoni.     15 
n.   Empty  glumes   5mm.   long,  awn  lG-18 

mm.  long 19 

1.  S.  var.  pennata.  Neo-Mexicana  Thnrb. 

A  rather  stout  erect  smooth  grass,  40-GO  cm.  high.  Sheaths 
mostly  longer  than  the  internodes ;  leaves  of  sterile  shoots  numer- 
ous, strict,  blades  narrow,  30-40  cm.  high,  those  of  the  culm  4  in 
number.  Panicle  partly  included  by  the  upper  sheaths,  simple, 
few-tlowered,  10-15  cm.  long,  besides  the  long  awns.  Empty  glumes 
eqnal,  C-8-nerved,  3  or  more  mm.  wide,  and  3-4  cm.  long  includ- 
ing the  long-drawn-out  point;  tlorct  pubescent,  15  mm.  long,  includ- 
ing the  long  callus;  awn  pubescent  or  tlexuose,  plumose  through- 
out (the  hairs  near  the  middle  'i  mm.  long),  twice  bent,  the  lower 
l)art  3-4  cm.  long,  the  whole  awn  10-15  cm.  long. 

Texas,  Revcrchon  1365;  Arizona,  Jones,  Pringle. 

Found  in  West  Texas,  Xew  Mexico,  Arizona,  Colorado. 

2.  b.  occidentalis  Thurb.  S.  Wats.  Bot.  King's  Expd.  380 
(1871). 

Culms  erect,  slender,  scabrid,  pubescent  at  the  nodes,  30-60  cm. 
high.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  4-5  mm.  long; 
blades  rigid,  slender,  involute,  scabrid,  the  lower  6-15  or  more  cm. 
long,  those  of  the  culm  usually  two  in  number,  1-10  cm.  long. 
Panicle  exserted  or  the  base  included,  simple,  narrow,  5-15  cm. 
long,  the  lower  rays  in  twos  or  threes.     Emi)ty  glumes  thin,  first  5- 


AdUOSTIDE.E.  215 

nerved.  10-1"2  mm.  lonp,  second  3-nerved  und  8-10  mm.  lon^'j 
floral  glume  pubescent,  C-8  mm.  long,  including  the  short  iicuto 
callus  and  the  crown  of  hairs  at  the  ajjcx;  uwn  2-4  cm.  long,  twico 
genicailate  and  plumose  to  the  nppcr  bund,  the  longest  hairs  about 
1  mm.  long.     Anthers  beardless. 

"Washington,  Sanilbcry  209;  Oregon,  Cuxick  1320,  Ihwell ; 
California,  Jones  2583,  Pringle,  Parish  2491;  Southern  California^ 
Palmer  232. 

Found  in  Nevada,  California,  and  Oregon. 

3.  S.  speciosa  Trin.  et  Rupr,  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  (VI.) 
6:45  (1842).     .V.  chrysophjUa  Desv.  C.  (lay.  Fl.  Ciiil.  fi:  278. 

Perennial ;  culms  erect,  densely  tufted,  20-50  cm.  high.  Sheaths 
tawny,  shorter  than  the  internodes,  the  upper  one  inflated;  upper  lig- 
ule  2  mm.  long,  the  lower  minute  and  fringed;  leaves  of  sterile  shoots 
erect,  scabrid,  blades  half  or  two-thirds  as  long  jis  the  culm,  those  of 
the  culm  three  in  number,  5-15  cm.  long,  closely  involute.  Pani(;le 
often  partially  included,  spikelike,  G-20  cm.  long,  the  rays  usually 
in  pairs  bearing  1-3  spikelets.  Empty  glumes  nearly  equal,  hya- 
line, acuminate,  about  16  mm.  long,  first  3-nerved,  second  5-7- 
nerved;  floret  silky  pubescent,  5-nerved,  8-12  mm.  long  including 
the  short  curved  callus  and  the  2-toothed  hairy  apex;  awn  3-4  cm. 
long,  geniculate  below  the  middle,  the  twisted  portion  plumose  with 
the  white  hairs  3-6  mm.  long.     Anthers  beardless. 

California  (Mojave  Desert).  Parish  Brothers  879,  Pringle; 
Nevada,  Shockley,  Jones;   Arizona,  Letnmon  279. 

Found  in  Arizona  to  California,  and  in  Cliili. 

4.  S.  spartea  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  (VI.)  1 :  82  (1831), 
Porcupine-grass. 

Culms  rather  stout,  50-120  cm.  Mj-h.  Sheaths  about  the  length 
of  the  internodes;  ligule  3-5  mm.  long;  blades  3,  smooth,  all  seta- 
ceous, the  lower  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  culm,  the  upper  one  10- 
20  cm.  long.  Panicle  exserted,  when  mature  contracted.  12-15 
cm.  long,  rays  usually  in  pair-  '^  single,  some  of  the  longest  10 
cm.  long,  bearing  1-2  flowers  nv.u-  the  end.  Empty  glumes  sub- 
equal,  first  3-6-nerved,  second  7-8-nerved,  30-45  mm.  long  includ- 
ing the  long  attenuated  joint;  floret  about  2  cm.  long,  pubescent  on 


216  POACK.E. 

tlio  lower  liiilf,  smooth  uhovcs  except  u  sliort  thin  row  of  luiirrt,  the 
nUlus  hunl,  aeiuninute,  iiwn  !)-17  cm.  long,  usually  witii  two  bomU 
uuur  tho  middle;,  uhout  2  cm.  distant. 

Illinois,  Clark  1!K)»  from  Uchh,  hval  41;  Iowa,  I'.  S.  Dept. 
Agricul.    2S',*,   from  ,/.    (-\    Arthur ;    liritish   Columbia,    Mavnun. 

The  long  awns  when  alteriuitely  wet  and  dried  bore  their  way 
for  several  inches  into  tho  sand.  They  nuiy  also  penetrate  the  llesh 
of  sheep  and  dogs,  causing  much  annoyance  and  even  death. 

Sandy  oak-land  or  prairies;  Mi(!higan,  Illinois,  to  California. 

6.  S.  oomata  Trin.  &  Kupr.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  I'etersb.  (VI.)  6:  75 
(1843).     HuNcii-(fu.\88. 

A  rather  stout  and  usually  scabrous  grass.  30-120  cm.  high. 
Sheaths  mostly  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  acute.  3-4-0 
mm.  long;  leaves  of  sterile  shoots  a  fourth  to  half  the  length  of  the 
culm,  tliosoof  the  culm  'l-b  in  number.  Panicle  partially  included, 
open,  20-30  cm.  long,  rays  distant  in  twos  or  threes,  few-flowered. 
Empty  glumes  nearly  equal.  5-nerved.  20-30  mm.  long  including 
the  long  slender  point;  floret  pubescent  with  no  crown  of  hairs  at 
the  apex.  10-13  mm.  long  including  a  long  sharp  callus,  awn  ob- 
scurely twice  bent  below,  and  variously  curled  and  twisted  above. 
10-15  cm.  long,  sparsely  pubescent  to  the  second  bend,  shining 
above  or  minutely  pubescent;  palea  as  long  as  itt:  glume.  Sta- 
mens 3. 

(y'olorado,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  208;  Oregon,  Howell;  Montana, 
Anderson. 

Found  along  the  Rocky  Mountains,  furnishing  considerable 
pasture. 

6.  S.  mucronata  H.  B.  K.  Nov.  Gen.  et  Sp.  1: 125  (1815). 

A  tufted  erect  perennial,  40-00  cm.  high.  Leaves  of  sterile 
sboots  numerous,  ligule  a  ring  with  very  short  hairs;  blades  con- 
duplicate,  5-10  cm.  long,  0.0  mm.  diam.,  those  of  the  culm  2  in 
number;  upper  ligule  oblique,  adherent,  very  short;  blades  3-0 
cm.  long.  Panicle  exserted,  simple,  narrow,  interrupted,  8-13 
cm.  long,  rays  in  twos  to  fours,  the  longest  3-4  cm.  loTig,  bearing 
3-4  spikelets  on  the  outer  half.  Spikelets  purplish  brown,  empty 
glumes  chartaceous,  linear-acute,  subequal,  5-0  mm.  long,  3-nerved, 


AuuosTiin:.!-:.  217 

first  oval,  lUiute,  hccoiuI  imrrower;  lloral  jjliimo  about  I  luui.  lonjj, 
iiii'ludinj;  tho  very  abort  curved  biwc,  dolbetl  witb  very  sbort 
hairs;  uwn  twice  l)eut,  10-15  mm.  long. 

Mexieo,  /'ritif/li'  4*,'-.M). 

Mountain  meadows. 

7.  S.  tenuissima  Trill.  Midi  S(!.  A<ad.  St.  Pctersb.  1  :  cr  (Ks:5()). 

Culms  very  sleiuh-r,  »!()-.S(i  em.  bi^,'b.  Sbeatbs  sliorti-r  tban  tbe 
iiiteniodes;  ligule '-,'— i  mm.  long;  bbides  scalirid.  lilit'orm.  involute, 
about  (•..'»  jum.  dium.  even  near  the  l)ase,  sonu'  of  tbe  b'jives  usidgli 
u.s  tbe  culm.  Paidelo  more  or  less  iiu  luded.  very  slender,  inter- 
rupted, 15-:i()  cm.  long;  rays  in  threes,  lours,  or  lives,  sonu'  almost 
sessile,  tho  largest  4  em.  long.  Kmpty  glumes  lanei'-acuminate, 
witb  bristle-like  points,  thin,  white,  tinged  witb  jturple,  :5-nerved 
near  tbe  base,  first  5-S  mm.  long,  or  tbe  liristie  sometinus  making 
it  •■>0  mm.  long,  second  about  5  mm.  long;  lloret  scabrid.  'I  mm. 
long,  including  tbe  abruptly-pointed  hairy  callus,  a  short  (;rown  of 
hairs  at  tbe  apex;  awn  7-H  cm.  long,  ().•,*  mm.  or  less  iliam.,  with 
one  bend  a  third  of  tbe  distani-e  from  the  l)ase. 

West  Texas,  llamrd,  litivklcy;  New  Mexico,  Wriyht,  llMiO; 
Mexico,  Prinijlc  \Vl'!\. 

Western  Texas,  New  Mexico  and  Arizoiui. 

vS.  S.  Jarava  lieauv.  Agrost.  1!)  (ISl-,').  S.eriosfdvhua  If.  li.  K. 
Nov.  Gen.  ot  Sp.  1:  irJr  (1S15).  S.  Ic/tu  Kunlh,  Rev.  (iram.  1 :  GO 
(IS-.'!.). 

A  tufted  erect  perennial.  Culms  (50-180  cm.  high,  nodes  4-5 
in  number.  Blades  of  sterile  shoots  involute,  -iO-fiO  cm.  or  more 
long,  0.5-0.7  mm.  diam.  Sheaths  of  the  culm  longer  than  the 
internodes  (or  shorter  in  tall  i)lants).  scabrous;  ligulo  oblicpie, 
o])tuse.  '^  mm.  long;  blades  involute,  scabrous  on  tbe  uiuler  side, 
l-".*  mm.  diimi.  Panicle  but  little  exserted,  contracted,  i)ale 
puri)lish  green,  IJ()-40  cm.  long;  rays  in  threes  and  fours,  the  long- 
est 10  cm.  or  more  long,  branching  aiul  bearing  numerous  spike- 
lets  from  a  little  above  the  base.  Empty  glumes  subetpud,  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  delicate.  U-7  mm.  long,  3-nerved,  tbe  upper 
sometimes  1-nerved ;  lloral  glume  linear,  3  mm.  long,  clothed  with 
short  appressed   hairs,  the  apex  bearing  a  tuft  of  liairs  as  long  as 


'J18  POACK.E. 

tilt!    <,f|niii('.    ciipillai'v   iiwM    1".'   IS   cm.    loiifj;.    t.li(f   huso   abruptly 
j)()iiil(Ml.     Anthers  linear.  I  mm.  l<tM.i;'.  apex  iieneil-tut'ted. 

Mexico,  I'riiKjIi'    I'.'Sl;    also  in  WCstern    Sontli  America. 

Cool  le(l,i;(!S. 

it.  S.  setigera  I'resl,  lleli(|.  ila'tik.  1  : '.»•.'()  (is:;()). 

A  rather  stout  and  ol'teii  scahrid  yrass.  .'5()~!)(i  em.  hi<,di;  (Uilms 
often  pubescent  at.  the  nodes.  Slieal lis  hairy  ut  the  throat,  thelowei- 
shortor  than  the  intenioih's;  liyuk!  truncate.  )l  mm.  ion^s  lilades  ot" 
sterile  shoots  mostly  involute,  one-tiurd  as  hi<fii  as  the  (Milms.  those 
on  the  culm  -2  15  in  numl)er,  often  Mat.  l-C)  mm.  wide,  tlie  upper 
oiu)  ir)-;{()  em.  Ion;;-.  ranieU'  mostly  inchidetl  at  the  l»ase  by  the 
lo()S(!  sheath,  tlexuose,  sonu'what  one-sided.  r^-llOcm.  lon<,'.  the  rays 
slender  in  pairs.  Kmj)ty  flumes  suhecpial  or  the  upper  sliorter. 
lonj^-acuminate,  ^{-iierved.  second  j,dum((  sometimes  witli  several 
liner  intermediate  nerves.  1(J-;.M)  mm.  1<mi^;  l]or(>t  10  mm.  loii<r. 
silky  hairy  on  the  nerves,  the  callus  curved  iind  sharj),  u  crown  of 
hail's  at  the  apex,  awn  tfcuicidate.  above  tlm  middh*  bent  auaiu. 
twisted  and  pubescent  below.  (>-I(i  cm.  lon<j^.  Anthers  bearded  at 
the  u]H>x.     A  comnio'i  iiuncli-^rrass  i»n  the  dry  hills. 

(Jalil'oruia.  /'ri.  n/r   -fours:  also  in  Kansas. 

Kansas,  Ti'.xas.  >.  -w  Mexico.  I'tali,  Californiii  and  Orejjjou. 

10.  S.  avenacea  L.  Sp.  IM.  IS  (17r»;5).  I^i.ack  Oat-kkass.  ,s'. 
hnrh(if(t  Michx.  V\.  Mor.  Am.  1  : .');{  (iS();{).  S.  I'irf/iiiin/  IVrs. 
Syn.   1:!»!)  (IS05).      .S'.  hirnhr   I'ursh.  Kl.  Am.  Sept.  7:\  (1H14). 

(hilms  slender,  40  !>()  em.  hi^di.  Sheatlis  half  as  loni;  as  the 
interiuxles;  blades  liliform,  the  larf^esl  when  spread  scarcely  2  mm. 
wide,  those  of  the  sterile  shoots  about  half  as  lon<^  as  the  culm, 
those  on  the  culm  l{  in  luimber,  the  u[)per  4  7  cm.  \o\\<i.  rauicle 
much  exserted,  open,  \)i-ZO  cm.  lon^;  rays  very  slemler,  mostly 
in  twos,  the  larfj^est  <»  cm.  lonj;.  including.,'  the  two  braiudu's,  each 
2-3  (!in.  lon^f,  bearinj;  a  sin^de  llower.  Empty  fjjlumes  whitish. 
sid)e(puil,  liiu'ar-hineeolate.  .'i-nerved.  lO-DJ  mm.  lonjj;  lloret 
brown,  scahrid,  9-10  mm.  lonj;,  indudinj,'  tlie  sharp  curved  callus, 
the  Ji{)ex  bearinj;  a  short  crown  of  luiirs,  and  an  awn  4-0  cm.  lonjj^, 
once  or  twice  bent  above  the  middle. 


AOIJOS'I'IDK.K.  210 

Peiiiisvlviiniii,  Scrihiirr  '-.MWJ;  Dcliiwiirc.  ('(in/ii/:  also  Lake  Co., 
MicliiiTini.  , 

Nt'W  l')nj^laii(l,  Miclii<j;aii.  Wisconsin,  and  soutliwanl. 

U.S.  flexuosa  Vascy,  Hull.  'I'orr.  Club,  15:4!»  (IS.SS). 

Culms  crei'l.  scaln'itl.  ?(»-!»(>  cm.  hi^li.  IShcallis  lon^'cr  than  tlio 
intc;rn(Ml('s;  lower  li<,MiU^  1  mm.  lon;,%  the  ujipcr  .5  mm.  loiii;;  Madcs 
(»r  sterile  shoots  about  half  as  loiij^  as  the  culm,  those  on  the  culm 
:>  in  numher,  the  upiier  lO-lS  cm.  Ion;;.  Panicle  exserted  when 
nuiture.  thin,  l;.'-5i")  <'m.  lon<,';  rays  in  threes,  fours,  or  lives, 
sprcadini;.  the  lower  clusters  T-',>  cm.  distant  from  the  next  above, 
loni^'est.  rays  10  cm.  \o\\;j:,  lie;irin<,'  a  few  sjtikelets  near  the  apex. 
Kmpty  .triumes  [)urplish.  linear-lan(!eoIate,  :{-norvcd  at  the  base, 
lirst  ll-i;{  mm.  Ion;,'  with  a  very  slender  apex,  secoiul  7-10  mm. 
lonu:;  tloret  pul)escent.  (i-T  mm.  lon<r.  including;  the  curvt'd  acute 
callus  below,  and  a  short  crown  of  hairs  at  the  apex;  awn  once 
bent,  about  0  (;m.  lon^°:  palea  'i  mm.  lon;^. 

Mexico.  Priiifili'  '.WA. 

V>.  S.  coronataThurl).  S.  Wats.  Hot.  Calif.  '^:r>sr  (IHSO).  .s'. 
SIHIiiKiiniii  Holand.  I'roc.  Calif.  Acad.  4:  Hi!)  (IHTO). 

An  erect  j^rass.  l'.'(»-|SO  cm.  hi,<;h.  the  culm  (»fien  Ti-S  cm. 
diaiti.  Sheaths  v(M'y  loose;  li^j^ule  very  short  and  a  ciliatc  frin<;e; 
blades  about  1  in  nund)cr.  scabrid  abov<f  and  si>metimes  below,  the 
lower  often  !)()  em.  loufj,  S-T*  juni.  wide,  from  tlu^  base  ixradually 
taperiuf^  into  a  very  slender  involute  j)oint,  the  upper  one  lilil'orm. 
If)  cm.  lonjf.  I'aiiicli!  often  partially  included  by  the  inllated 
upper  sheath,  narrow,  many-llowercd,  :50-|o  cm.  IcMiir.  lower 
branches  in  twos  or  threes,  sonu'  of  tluMu  often  l,")  cm.  lon^. 
Empty  jflumes  pale  ^reen,  tinired  with  |)urple.  acuminate  an<l 
bristle-pointed,  lirst  o-rt-nerved.  l<I-'^2  mm.  lon;.r.  se(!ond  r)-iu'rvc(| 
and  VI- W  mu).  Ion;;;  lloret  to  the  joint,  includini;  the  short  sharp 
curved  callus,  !»-10  mm.  lony,  clothed  with  silky  hairs.  \\w  ujiper 
of  which  are  4  nun.  Ion;;;  apex  bilid.  hairy,  awn  slender,  twice 
bent  near  the  middle,  about  ^.T)  cm.  long;  i)alea  4-5  mm.  long. 
Stamens  .'};  anthers  nakcil. 

S.  SlillmtuiHii  Holauder  is  a  snuill  form  of  this  species. 


220  POACE.E. 

California  (Passadena),  Jones  3545;  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricnl.  269, 
from  Pringle. 

Arizona  and  California. 

13.  S.  Scribneri  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  11:  125  (1884). 

A  stout  smooth  erect  grass,  (50-90  cm.  high.  Sheaths  longer 
than  the  internodes;  ligule  less  than  1  nnn.  long,  hairy  at  the 
throat;  blades  flat  below,  involute  and  slender  above,  the  lower  half 
as  long  as  the  culm,  2-3  to  the  culm.  J*aniele  ])artially  enclosed 
by  the  upper  narrow  sheath,  erect,  spikelike,  15-"20  em.  long;  rays 
in  twos  and  threes.  Eriii)ty  glumes  acumiuate  and  3-nerved.  lirst 
12-15  mm.  long,  second  10-11  mm.  long;  Horet  about  7  mm. 
long  from  the  tip  of  the  short,  sharp  callus  to  the  joint,  thiidy 
clothed  with  appressed  hairs,  the  ui>per  ones  numerous  and  bearing 
a  crown  2-3  mm.  long;  awn  once  or  twice  bent,  18-20  mm.  long; 
palea  about  2  mm.  long. 

New  Mexico,   Vasvy;  Colorado,  Patterson  273. 

14.  S.  Parishii  Vasey,  Coult.  Bot.  (iaz.  7:  33  (1882). 
Perennial;    culms   stout,    30-45   cm.    high.     Hheaths  smooth. 

longer  than  the  internodes;  the  margins  of  the  throat  pubescent ; 
ligule  very  short;  blades  involute  or  convolute,  rigid,  smooth  be- 
low, scabrous  above,  the  lower  ones  12-18  cm.  long,  the  upper  8-10 
cm.  long.  Panicle  with  the  base  enclosed,  contracted  or  open.  12- 
15  cm.  long,  the  lower  ra3's  in  threes,  those  above  in  twos  or  single, 
the  longest  about  5  cm.  long  bearing  5-8  spikelets  more  or  less 
tinged  with  purple;  empty  glumes  linear-lanceolate,  smooth.  ;5- 
nerved,  first  12-lG  mm.  long,  second  10-14  mm.  long;  floral  glume 
about  7  mm.  long,  including  the  short  stipe,  densely  clothed  with 
silky  hairs  often  5  mm.  long.  2-toothed,  awn  10-20  mm.  long. 

California,  Parish,  1079,  2487,  Sliorkley  283. 

Arizona  and  California. 

15.  S.  eminens  Cavan.  Icon.  5:  /.  407./.  1 :  42  (1799). 

A  slender  scabrid  erect  grass,  30-90  cm.  high,  nodes  often  pu- 
bescent. Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  very  short; 
blades  involute,  erect,  slender,  those  from  the  sterile  shoots  as  long 
as  the  culm;  leaves  of  the  culm  four  in  number,  15-20  cm.  long 
and  4  mm.  wide,  the  terminal  one  5-8  cm.  wide.     Panicle  often 


AUUOSTIDK.E.  221 

partially  incliuled,  open,  thin,  lO-'^O  cm.  lon<if,  rays  very  slender, 
mostly  in  pairs,  the  lonj^est  10  em.  lon^%  tlower-hearing  aloij;  the 
upper  hair.  Empty  <>lumes  purplish,  aeuminate,  :j-nerve(l,  tlrst  8- 
10  mm.  long,  seeond  G-8  mm.  long;  iloret  pubescent,  hearing  a 
short  awn,  crown  of  hairs  5-0  mm.  long,  including  the  short  sharp 
callus,  and  the  crown;  })alea  one-third  as  long  as  the  glume,  awu 
slender,  scabrid,  bent  once  or  twice  near  the  middle,  '^5  mm.  long. 
Stamens  3,  anthers  pencil-tufted.     Some  authors  say  "  Stamen  1.*' 

(.California  (Passadena),  Jones  3544. 

Found  in  Arizona  and  C-     ornia. 

Var.  Anderson!  Vasey,  Contrib.  V.  S.  Xat.  Herb.  3:  54  ()8!)2). 

Culms  more  slender,  blades  narrower,  panicle  snuiller,  much 
exserted,  5-13  cm.  long,  longest  rays  4  cm.  long;  empty  glumes  u-8 
mm.  long.  The  plants  seen  were  from  F.  L.  Scribner's  herbarium, 
collected  in  California  by  Anderson  and  pi-esented  by  Dr.  Vasey. 

10.  S.  stricta  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  10:43  (1883). 

An  erect  slender  grass,  20-40  cm.  high.  Sheaths  longer  than 
the  internodes,  tlie  upper  one  dilated;  ligule  very  short;  blade* 
luirrowly  involute,  those  of  the  sterile  shoots  extending  nearly  to 
the  panicle,  those  of  the  culm  3-4  in  number.  Panicle  strict,  nar- 
row, partially  included  by  the  upjier  sheath,  8-30  cm.  long,  lower 
rays  iu  twos  or  threes.  Empty  glumes  thin,  mirrowly  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  3-uerved,  subecpud,  10-13  cm.  long;  floret  pubescent, 
about  6  mm.  long,  including  the  callus  and  the  very  short  3- 
toothed  apex,  awu  twice  bent,  30-40  mm.  long,  pubescent  to  the 
second  bend,  1-3  mm.  long. 

Washington,  Sukmlorf  385. 

AVashingtou  to  California  and  Nevada. 

Dr.  Vasey  observes  that  '*  It  has  been  mistaken  for  Stipa  occi- 
(lenlitUs,  which  has  longer  plumose  awns.  5-nerved  glumes,  a  con- 
spicuous ligule,  and  a  shorter  looser  panicle.  It  has  shorter  more 
slender  culms,  narrower  glumes,  and  shorter  awns  than  S.  viridula.'' 

17.  S.  viridula  Trin.  Bull.  Sc.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  1 :  07  (1830). 
S.  imrvijloru  Xutt.  S.  Bloomeri  Boland.  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  4:  108 
(1870).     S.  tijmrfca  Hook.  Fl.  lior.  Am.  2:337  (1840),  not  Trin. 

Culms  stout,    strict,    simple,   40-70   or  even    150   cm.   high. 


222  POACE.E. 

Sht'iiths  imioli  sliorter  than  the  intoniodcs;  lif,'ule  very  sliort,  with 
soiiio  Imirs  ut  the  tliroat;  Ijhidos  pale  <,M-oeii,  smooth  or  scabrul,  in- 
vohite-sotaceou.s  at  tlie  apex,  those  of  sterile  slioots  about  one-third 
as  k)n<^  as  the  cului,  tiiosc  of  the  culm  3-4  in  numher,  aud  2-6 
mm.  wide,  the  upper  one  3-(»  cm.  lon^.  raniele  exserted,  narrow, 
l',*-40  cm.  long,  the  short  erect  rays  in  twos  or  threes.  Empty 
glumes  subecjual,  ovate,  bristle-pointed,  often  tinged  with  purj)le, 
5-13  mm.  long,  first  3-5-nerved,  second  3-nerved;  floret  pubescent, 
5-G  mm.  long,  including  the  very  short  acute  callus  and  the  2 
minute  teeth  concealed  by  the  thin  short  crown  of  hairs;  i)alca 
about  half  as  long  as  the  glume:  awn  slender,  llexuose,  usually 
twice  bent,  20-40  mm.  long.     Anthers  naked. 

California,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  23T,  from  Jones;  Montana, 
Catiby  340. 

Some  use  is  made  above  of  Dr.  Thurber's  description  in  8. 
Wats.  Bot.  Calif.  2:288  (1880).  Prof.  Scrihner,  Coult.  Hot.  (iaz. 
13:171  (1880),  says:  "It  is  a  valuable  forage  plant,  as  it  does  not 
])ossess  the  long  and  very  sharp-])ointed  rachilhi  below  the  llowei'ing 
glume  which  renders  S.  sparlm  Triu.  ('Porcupine-grass')  so  inju- 
rious to  stock." 

Kooky  Mountains. 

Var.  Lettermani  Vasoy,  Coutrib.  U.  S.  Xat.  Mus.  3:  50(1892). 
X  Lctfermnni  Vascy,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  13:  53  (188(;). 

Leaf-blades  fdiform:  panicle  slender,  10-15  cm.  long,  inter- 
rupted; lower  rays  3-4  cm.  long,  mostly  single. 

Utah,  Jones;  Idaho,  Letterman  102  for  U.  8.  Dept.  Agricul. 

Var.  minor  Vascy,  Contrib.  Nat.  Herb.  3 :  50  (1892).  Culms, 
leaf,  and  spike  slender. 

Kocky  Mountains,   Wciman;  Oregon,  Jones. 

Var.  pubescens  Vasey.  1.  c.     Awn  pubescent  to  the  second  bend. 

West  Washington,  Sid-sdorf. 

Var.  robusta  \'asey  1.  c.  Culms  very  stout,  1  cm.  diam.;  spike 
30  cm.  long. 

California,   Vasey. 

18.  S.  multinode  Scribn.  ined. 

Culms  erect,  slender,  branching  once  below  the  middle,  about 


A(J1U)STIL)E.K.  223 

90  cm.  high.  Sheaths  hjii<,'er  than  the  internodes;  upper  ligule 
less  than  1  mm.  hmg;  blades  of  the  sterile  siioots  few,  those  on  the 
culms  7  in  nunihcr,  rigid,  iuvohite,  the  middle  ones  15-5J5  cm. 
long,  the  upper  about  12  cm.  long.  Panicle  narrow,  thin,  inter- 
rupted, 10-20  cm.  long;  rays  in  fours,  lives,  and  sixes  in  distinct 
half  whorls,  the  longest  ray  7  cm.  long,  Jlower-hearing  above  the 
middle.  Empty  glumes  hyaline,  tinged  with  iturjtle,  eijual,  or  the 
lower  a  little  longer,  7-1)  mm.  long,  3-nerved,  the  lateral  nerves 
merging  into  the  central  one  before  reaching  the  middle;  iloret 
pubescent,  narrow,  5  mm.  long,  including  the  blunt  callus  ami  the 
crown  of  short  hairs;  awn  twice  bent.  15-50  mm.  long;  ])alea 
pubescent,  2.5  mm.  long.     Stamens  )];  anthers  pencil-tufted. 

Mexico,  PriiKjlc  IJSo  m  is.S."). 

Distributed  as  Sfi/xi,  without  a  specific  name. 

19.  S.  Hassei  Vasey,  Contrib.  V.  S.  Xat.  Herb.  1 :  2G7  (1893). 

Culms  very  slender,  erect,  densely  tufted,  bran(;]iing  below,  30- 
45  cm.  high.  Sheaths  narrow;  ligule  short;  blades  setaceous, 
10-20  cm.  long.  Panicle  open,  luirrow,  erect,  5-7  cm.  long,  rays 
mostly  in  twos  and  threes,  the  longest  3  cm.  long,  iiaked  below. 
Em[)ty  glumes  linear-lanceolate,  sube(iual,  about  5  mm,  long,  first 
1-3-nerved.  second  3-nerve(l:  stijte  short,  bearinga  few  sliort  hairs; 
floral  glume  thin.  al)out  4.5  mm.  long,  4-nerved,  the  awn  10-18 
mm.  long,  twisted  below  and  bent  above  tlie  middle;  palea  about  as 
long  as  its  glume.  (Jrain  obhmg,  about  2  mm.  long  Nearly  allied 
to  S.  vminens  Aiulersoni  Vasey. 

California  (Santa  Monica),  Dr.  11.  E.  ]lti,ssv,  for  whom  Dr. 
Vasey  named  it. 

47.  (110).  OryzopbiS  Michx.  Fl.  P.or.  Am.  1:9  (1803). 
DiUpijrum  liafin.  Med.  Ke[)OS.  \.  V.  5:352  (1808).  J'i))(<i///en(m 
Beauv.  Agrost.  17,  /.  'k  f.  10.  11(1812).  r/w//>/e  Trin.  Fund. 
Agrost.  109  (IS-JO).  Cariiovhhni  Spreng.  Syst.  4:  Cur.  Post.  22,  30 
(1827).  Pip/ocJupfium  .1.  &  C.  Presl,  Ifel.  lltenk.  1:222.  (1830). 
A7f.s.sW/«  ¥..  Desv.  C.  Gay,  Fl.  Cliil.  6:2(J3.  /.  7J, /.  1(1853). 
Fendlcrin  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gram.  419  (1855). 

Si>ikelets  1-tlowered,  usually  ovoid  or  oblong,  paniculate,  rachilla 
articulate  above  the  lower  glumes,  not  produced  above  the  floret, 


224  POACE.E. 

with  a  very  short  blunt  callus.  Enipty  glumes  2,  persistent,  equal 
or  the  outer  a  little  shorter,  convex  on  the  back,  floral  glume  broad, 
shorter  or  longer  than  the  other  glumes,  membranous,  becoming 
hard,  obtuse,  truncate,  usually  producing  a  caducous  awn,  which  is 
more  or  less  bent  near  the  base;  palea  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Lodi- 
cules  3,  conspicuous.  Styles  short  or  long,  distinct.  Grain  oblong 
or  ovate,  enclosed  by  the  hardened  floral  glume  and  palea,  but  not 
adherent. 

Tufted  perennial  grasses ;  leaf-blades  broad  and  flat  or  narrow 
and  involute.     Panicle  terminal,  lax. 

There  are  about  "Zi  species,  mostly  found  in  the  temperate  and 
subtropical  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  The  genus  diil'ers 
from  Sfipa  in  having  a  shorter  awn,  but  little  twisted  or  tortuose, 
a  broader  floret,  the  callus  siiorter  and  broader  and  obtuse.  It  is. 
certainly  very  convenient,  so  far  as  our  species  are  concerned,  to 
leave  Eriocoma  as  a  genus;  then  Oryzoi^sis  can  be  more  clearly 
defined  and  separated  from  Stipa. 

IJentham  observes  that  it  is  nearly  allied  to  Milimn.  Tlie 
genus  divides  readily  into  three  sections,  regarded  by  some  as  dis- 
tinct genera,  but  Triuius  and  Beutham  and  others  agree  in  uniting 
them. 

1.  Piptatherum  (Beauv.,  as  a  genus),  often  included  in  NiJnini, 
with  awned  glumes.  The  obliquity  of  the  fruiting  glume  is  much 
less  marked  tlian  in  the  typical  species  of  Ori/zopsin: 

2.  Enort/zopsis  includes  CarijorhJoa  Spreng.,  Pipfnchclinm 
Presl  and  Nusmlla  Desv.,  iXvd  rachilla  bearing  a  ring  of  hairs  under 
tlie  floral  glume. 

:5.  Eriocoma  Nutt.,  Eendleria  (Stcud.),  difi'ers  from  Eiioryzopsis 
in  the  long  silky  hairs  clothing  the  fruiting  glumes. 

A.  Leaf- blades  broad,  flat,  no  rudimentary  blades,  ligule  cil- 
iate I 

B.  Leaf-blades   long,    involute,    petiolate,    evergreen,    upper 

blades  midimentary 2,  3 

0.  Leaf-blades  very  narrow,  involute (a) 

a.  Floret    clothed   with   dense  white   conspicuous   hairs, 
panicle  open,  rays  diverging,  awn  2  cm.  long.      ...  4 


A<iH(^STIDE.K.  220 

a.  Hairs  of  floret  not  dense  nor  conspicuous (e) 

c.  Awn  plumose 5 

c.  Awn  stout,  persistent,   scarcely  as  long  as  the  empty 

glumes,  curved   in  one  i)Iane,  spikelets  o  mm.  long, 

panicle  2-5  cm.   long (» 

e.  Awn  deciduous,   not   over  4  mm.  long,   spikelets  4 

mm.  long,  panicle  4-8  cm.  long 7 

e.  Awn  10-12  mm.  long,  spikelets  4  mm.  long,  panicle 

narrow,  5-8  cm.  long .  8 

c.  Awn  i»-lG  mm.  long,  spikelets  4-5  mm.  long,  panicle 

T-13  cm.  long 9 

c.  Awn  10-15  cm.  long,  spikelets  4  mm.  long,  panicle 

8-12  em.  long 10 

c.  Panicle  8-lG  cm.  long,  awn  deciduous,   5-10  mm. 

long II 

c.   Leaf-blades  flat  or  involute,  ligule  not  ciliate.    .     .(d) 

d.  Panicle  15-20  cm.  long,  awn  20  mm.  long.   .     .12 

d.   Panicle  10-13  cm.  long,  awn  1.5-2  mm.  long.   13 

1.  0.  melanocarpa  Muhl.  Gram.  79(1811).  Milium  mcemosutn 
Sm.  Rees,  Cyc.  23  :n.  15  (1810?).  Piptalherum  nigrum  Torr. 
Fl.  U.  S.  1:79  (1824).  Vrachne  racemom  Trin.  Unifl.  1:174 
(1824). 

Culms  erect,  slightly  rough,  leafy  at  the  top.  60-100  cm.  high. 
Sheaths  scabrous,  about  as  long  as  the  internodcs;  ligule  short  and 
bearded;  blades  flat,  lanceolate,  not  quite  smooth,  tapering  towards 
each  end,  25-30  cm.  long,  10-15  mm.  wide.  Panicle  simple,  nar- 
row, scarcely  cxserted,  12-20  cm.  long.  Si)ikelcts  elliptical,  acute, 
about  7  mm.  long,  empty  glumes  sube(|ual,  reticulate-veined,  7- 
nerved;  floret  with  a  few  appressed  hairs,  blackish,  the  awn  1.5-2 
cm.  long. 

Vermont,  Prinyle ;  Delaware,  Canhy ;  Ontario.  Fowler;  Xew 
York,  Be(d  42  ;  Michigan,  Clark,  703;  Iowa,  Hitchcock ;  Minne- 
sota, IlobJnger  20''. 

NeAV  England,  Delaware,  Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin. 

2.  0.  asperifolia  [Rich,  in]  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:51  (1803). 
Vrachne  ((sperifolia  Trin.  Unifl.  174  (1828). 


S2()  POACE.T?. 

Ciilins  erect,  scubrid.  *iO-70  cm.  lii;j:li.  Slieatlis  over  liaU'  as 
lon;.^  as  the  iiiternotles:  ligule  a  ciliato  riii^jj;  blades  scabrid.  those  ol" 
tlie  culm  very  short  or  rudimentary,  those  below  tapering  into  a 
long  petiole,  iinn,  involute,  IJO-f)!)  em.  long,  ."i-T"  mm.  wide.  I'ani- 
ele  exserted,  simple,  narrow,  (5-10  cm.  long.  Spikeli'ts  elliittical. 
uciite,  ubout  7  mm.  long,  empty  glumes  suberpial,  reticulate-veined, 
7-nerved;  floret  whitish,  with  a  lew  appressed  hairs  and  at  the  base 
a  conspicuous  tuft  of  dense  hairs  1  mm.  long,  the  awn  ubout  1  cm, 
long.  Lodicules  ahnost  as  long  as  the  paleu.  The  lirm  leaves 
lusting  through  winter. 

Vermont,  U.  S.  Depf.  J(jn'niL  "iDl  fi'om  Ifosford,  Hdrk  from 
Congden;  Ontario,  Fowler;  Michigan,  Cooki/,  Wuod,  Far  well, 
Clarh  r04.  Heal  43, 

Northern  States  to  Colorado. 

3.  0,  Pringlei  Scribn.  n.  sp.  ined. 

Culms  erect,  nearly  smooth,  40-00  cm.  high.  Leaves  of  sterile 
shoots  scubrid,  25-30  cm.  long,  the  blades  2-3  mm.  wide,  involute, 
pungent-pointed,  those  of  the  culm  3  in  number,  some  of  the 
sheaths  shorter  than  the  iuternodes;  ligule  5  mm.  long;  the  upper 
blade  1-5  cm.  long.  Panicle  thin,  spikelike,  12-l(!cm.  long,  rays 
in  twos  and  threes,  the  longest  4  cm.  long,  beuring  four  spikelets  oji 
the  outer  half.  Spikelets  purple  or  l)rown.  elliptical,  5-.'). 2  mm. 
long,  empty  glumes  subequal,  broad  near  the  apex,  first  5-nerved, 
second  7-nervcd;  floret  brown,  clothed  with  short  ap2)ressed  hairs, 
awn  12-24  cm.  long.     Lodicules  one-third  the  length  of  the  pulea. 

Crowing  at  an  altitude  of  10.000  feet. 

Mexico  (Oaxuca),  Prinyle  4750. 

Professor  Scribner  identifies  this  grass  as  Oriizopsifi,  near  Stipa 
mucronata,  and  at  my  request  consents  to  give  it  a  specific  name. 

4.  0.  Sibirica  (Lam.).  Stipa  Sibirica  Lam.  111.  1  •  loS  (1701). 
Stipa  Bloomeri  Boland.  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  4:1G8  (1873).  0.  ca- 
daca  Beal,  Coult.  liot.  Guz.  15:  111  (1800).  Stipa  cadaca  Scribn., 
Vasey  Contrib.  U,  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3:54  (1802). 

Culms  erect,  rather  stout,  about  GO  cm.  high.  Sheaths  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  ciliate  on  tlie  margins;  ligule  3-4  mm.  long; 
blades  of  the  culm  3,  smooth,  involute  with  long  slender  points, 


AOHOSTIDK.E,  ^2-^7 

the  second  n'aoliiiifr  neiirly  to  tlu;  base  of  the  ])aTii('lo,  third  12-lS 
cm.  loii^x.  sometimes  exteiidin«j;  beyond  the  puniele.  I'aniele  bill 
little  exsorted,  open,  lO-:.'0  cm.  lonjr,  rays  in  twos  or  threes,  the 
half  whorls  o-i  cm.  distant,  llower-bearing  alon;;  the  iijtper  thii'd. 
Kmpty  j,dumes  dull  <;reen,  tinged  with  {)iir])le,  e(iiial,  or  the  llrst  a 
little  lonjier,  elliptical-lanceolate  when  the  apex  is  s])reail,  stronirly 
3-nerved,  tJ-T  mm.  long;  floret  narrowly  elliptical.  ">  mm.  long 
from  the  short  scarcely  acute  callus  to  tlie  joint  of  the  awn.  clothed 
with  prominent  white  silky  hairs  over  1  mm.  long;  awn  slightly 
twisted  and  bent,  about  ii  cm.  long,  caducous. 

California.  IhtUnulvr  (JlKi.  seen  by  Scribner. 

•Montana.  Scvilnivr  in  ISSIj. 

T).  0.  Mongolica  (Turcz.)  Heal,  I'oult.  Hot.  <Jaz.  15:  111  (IS'.Mt). 
Sfijm  MoiKjiilira  Turcz.  Trin.   liull.  Soc.  Acad.  St.   I'etersb.  1 :  (i? 

(is;5i;). 

A  slender  erect  grass,  about  30  cm.  high.  Sheaths  shorter  than 
the  internodes;  ligule  2  mm.  long;  l)lades  rigid,  very  slendei'.  in- 
volute, ',1  in  number,  those  of  the  sterile  shoots  half  as  long  as  tiie 
]>laiit,  those  of  the  culm  3-5  cm.  long.  Panicle  ex.serted.  loose,  fcw- 
tlowered.  4-8  cm.  long,  the  lower  rays  in  twos  or  threes.  Knipty 
glumes  membranous,  subequal,  ])ur])lish,  obtuse^  5-(')  mm.  long, 
lirst  3-nerved,  second  3-5-nerved ;  lloral  glume  slightly  hairy,  about 
•1.5  mm.  long  including  the  short  almost  obtuse  callus,  and  the  2- 
toothed  apex;  awn  irregularly  bent  and  plumose  throughout,  the 
longest  hairs  below  and  nearly  'I  mm.  long;  palea  as  long  as  its 
glume  or  longer.     Stamens  3. 

Mountains  of  Colorado,  lf(tU  and  Ilarhour  (i4(i. 

0.  0.  exigua  Thurb.  Wilkes  Expd.  481  (1854). 

Culms  very  slender.  15-30  cm.  high.  Ligule  not  ciliate.  about 
3  mm.  long;  blades  scubrid,  those  of  the  culm  l-(j  cm.  long,  those 
below  G-15  cm.  long,  all  of  them  conduplicate  and  cylindrical, 
threadlike.  Panicle  exserted,  very  simple  and  narrow,  2-5  cm. 
long,  containing  4-8  spikelets.  Spikelets  linear-oldong.  about  5 
mm.  long,  the  awn  rather  stout,  curved  when  mature,  and  some- 
what persistent,  nearly  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  empty  glumes  sub- 
equal,  oval,   a  little  shorter  than  the  floret,  acute  or  irregularly 


228  POACE.E. 

toothoil,  fleliciitc'ly  o-iiervt'd  nour  the  luise.  greenish  wliito;  floral 
glume  elotlied  with  short  hairs  and  very  siiort  tufts  near  the  base. 

''  It  has  much  the  habit  and  appearance  of  ().  Cdnmh'nsis 
Torr.,  but  dilTers  essentially  in  its  simple  and  contracted  panicle, 
its  shorter  outer  glumes,  and  its  longer  and  somewhat  persistent 
uwn."     Sciibn.  Coult.  Hot.  (iaz.  Jl:  1G1>  (1S80). 

Montana,  Williams  ;  Wyoming,  Ihifftiin  c  2,  c  71.  Oregon, 
Cunirk-  for  U.  S.  Dti)t.  Agri(.ul.  2!)4. 

Oregon  to  Montaiui. 

7.  O.juncea  (Michx.)  U.  S.  V.  I'rel.  (^at.  N.  Y.  G7  (1.S8S). 
Stipa  juiicea  Michx.  Fl.  Hor.  Am.  1:  54  (180:5).  Stijiti  Cauadciixis 
Poir.  Lam.  Encyl.  7:  452  (180(.i).  A/ilium  ptoujens  'Vow.  Fl.  U.  S. 
1:78  (1824).     O.  Catiai/oisis  'Vow.  Fl.  N.  Y.  3:4;31J  (1843). 

Culms  slender,  20-40  cm.  high.  Hheaths  rough;  ligule  not 
ciliate.  ;i-4  cm.  long;  blades  scaltrid,  those  of  the  culm  very  short 
or  sometimes  long,  those  below  tapering  into  a  i)etiole,  firm,  invo- 
lute, 15-20  cm.  long.  2  mm.  wide,  when  spread.  Panicle  exserted, 
simple,  narrow  or  diffuse,  4-8  cm.  long.  Spikelets  elliptical,  acute, 
about  4  mm.  long,  awn  short  and  deciduous  or  wanting,  empty 
glumes  subequal,  first  oval,  truncate,  membranous  with  5  incon- 
spicuous nerves  below,  second  a  little  narrower;  Horet  whitish, 
pubescent,  with  a  very  short  thin  tuft  at  the  base, 

Vern)ont.  U.  S.  Dei)t.  Agricul.  292,  from  Prinyle ;  Massachu- 
setts, Coolcy  ;  Tihode  Island,  Clark  3207;  IMichigau  (Keweenaw), 
Wood,   Wheeh'v ;  },l'umcsota,  Sfa/r  Siiri'ey '38. 

Northern  States  to  Colorado,  May. 

8.  0.  Hendersoni  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1:267 
(1803). 

A  densely  tufted  grass.  15-20  cm.  high.  Lower  sheaths  rather 
loose;  blades  scabrous,  conduplicate,  rigid,  pungent,  8-10  cm.  long. 
Panicle  narrow.  5-S  cm.  long,  rays  mostly  in  twos,  the  longest  .3-5 
cm.  long,  bearing  2-4  spikelets  near  the  apex.  Spikelets  4  mm. 
long,  em])ty  glumes  broadly  oblong,  obtuse  and  toothed,  first  .'5- 
nerved,  second  5-nerved;  floral  glume  linear-oblong,  3.5  mm.  long, 
smooth,  coriaceous,  obscurely  5-nerved,  bearing  2  lateral  teeth,  awn 
curved,  caducous,  10-12  mm.  long. 


AUUOSTIDE.E. 


229 


Stamens  3,  barbate. 

llcsemblin^'  A'.   W'ebberi  and  small  forms  of  0.  exigua,  but  the 
florets  are  smooth. 

Washington,  Ilendemtn  2249,  in  1892. 

9.  0.  Macounii  (Soribn.).  Slipa  Macounii  Scribn.,  Macoiiu. 
Uat.  Can.  PI.  5:  a!»0  (1890).  Slipa 
liirliardmnii  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed. 
2:249(1850),  not  Link  (1833). 
O.  lik'hardsonii  Heal,  Coult.  Bot. 
Gaz.  15:  111  (1890). 

Culms   ratiier  slender,   50-90 

cm.  long.     Sheaths  much  shorter 

than  the  internodes;  ligule  about 

2  mm.  long  on  the  lower  leaves, 

and  5  mm.  on  tlie  upper;  blades 

of  sterile  shoots  seabrid,  slender, 

20-40  cm.  long,  those  of  the  culm 

three,  flat  or  soon   involute,   the 

longest   2   mm.   wide,   the  upper 

one  10-20  cm.  long.     Panicle  ex- 

serted,  loose,    slender,   7-12   cm. 

long;   rays  mostly  in   pairs,    the 

longest  2-4   cm.  long,  bearing  a 

few     spikelets     near    the    apex. 

Empty  glumes  subequal,   oblong, 

acutish,     brittle     wlien     mature, 

mostly  3-nerved,  4-5   mm.  long; 

floret    pubescent,     linear-oblong, 

hecoming   dark   brown,    about    3 

mm.  long;  callus  short  and  blunt;    A 

awn  tortuose,  slightly  twisted,  9-  p,^    AX.-Oryzapsis  Macounii.     A, 
IGmm.  lonff.  spikelet ;  «,  Horet.    (Scribuer.) 

Maine,  C.  E.  Faxon,  collected  near  Sebago  Lake. 

Maine,  Lake  Superior  to  Montana. 

10.  0.  Kingii  (Boland.).     Stipa  Kingii  Boland.  Proc.  Calif. 
Acad.  4:170(18rO). 


230  POACE.fi. 

A  Hleiulor  erect  tufted  grass,  '^0-40  cm.  higli.  Sheiith.s  of  tlio 
culm  extending  well  up  the  culm;  ligulo  1.5-.'3  mm.  long;  hludes  of 
the  sterile  shoots  involute,  filiform,  somewhat  llexuose,  l.')-2& 
cm.  long,  those  of  the  culm  6-H  cm.  long.  Panicle  simple,  thin, 
linear,  ti-Vi  cm.  long,  the  lower  rays  in  pairs,  the  longest  2.5-',i  cm. 
long,  bearing  1-2  spikelets.  Empty  glumes  membranous-cihar- 
taceous,  purple  at  the  base,  linear,  1-nerved,  first  IJ-3.5  mm.  long, 
second  4  mm.  long;  floral  glume  sparsely  clothed  with  short  haira 
on  the  lower  half,  ovate  when  spread,  3.3  mm.  long,  including  the 
short  obtuse  callus  and  the  2-toothed  apex;  awn  scabrous,  irregu- 
larly bent  and  slightly  twisted,  10-15  mm.  long;  palea  o\al,  2.5 
mm.  long.     Grain  elliptical,  compressed,  2  mm.  long. 

California,  Bolander  G097. 

California  and  Nevada. 

11.  0.  micrantha  (Trin.  et  Rupr.).  Thurb.  Proc.  Acad.  Phila. 
1863,  78  (18G3).  0.  micrantha  Thurh.  Porter  and  Coult.  Syn.  Fl. 
Colo.  145  (1874).  Urachne  micrantha  Trin.  &  llupr.  Mem.  Acad. 
St.  Petersb.  (VI.)  5:10(1842). 

Culms  slender,  GO  cm.  high.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes;  ligule  membranous,  not  ciliate,  1  mm.  long;  blades  scabrid, 
involute,  or  flat,  10-30  cm.  long,  2-2.5  mm.  wide,  in  some  cases, 
reaching  as  high  as  the  panicle,  in  others  much  shorter.  Panicle 
exserted,  thin,  diffuse,  8-lG  cm.  long,  rays  mostly  in  pairs.  Spike- 
lets  ovate-lanceolate,  2.5-3  mm.  long;  awn  deciduous.  5-10  mm. 
long;  empty  glumes  ovate-acute,  hyaline,  chartaceous,  shining,  sub- 
equal,  1-2-nerved  near  the  base  on  either  side  of  the  mid  nerve  j 
floret  smooth,  elliptical,  2  mm.  long. 

Moniiiwa,,  Anderso7i,  Williams;  Colorado,  Xe//erwan  31 ;  Utah, 
Jones ;  Arizona,  Vasey  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  296,  Jones  4034. 

Colorado  to  Arizona  and  Montana. 

12.  0.  erecta  (Scribn.)  Beal,  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  15:112  (1890). 
Stipa  Prinylei  Scribn.,  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3:5i 
(1802). 

Culms  erect,  rather  slender,  GO-120  cm.  high.  Sheaths  longer 
than  the  inteniodes;  ligule  2-3  mm.  long;  blades  of  the  sterile 
shoots  numerous,  half  or  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  culm,  scabrous. 


AdUoSTlDlO/K. 


'X\\ 


tint  or  involute,  tlu'  liir;,'e!it  'I  nun.  wiili',  tliosi-  of  the  culm  .'J,  tho 
iippcr  one  lllirurrn,  ri^'iil.  ;J-»J 
(in.  Ion;,'.  I'unicle  much  ex- 
serted,  open,  thin,  lloxuod'',  15- 
'.'()  em.  lon^',  niys  .slender  in 
two.s,  threes  or  lonrrt.  acme  of 
them  half  us  lon^'iw  theimniele, 
hearing  a  few  flowers  above  the 
middle.  Empty  ^dumes  equal, 
;,'reen  on  the  haek,  brownish 
towards  the  thin  nuir^ins  and 
apex,  elliptical-lanceolate.  5- 
nerved,  S-10  mm.  lon<r;  lloret 
lance-obovate,  flattened,  pubes- 
cent, becoming  dark  brown,  6 
mm.  long;  awn  irregularly  bent, 
twisted  for  the  lower  half,  about 
'^0  mm.  long;  palea  firm,  nearly 
as  long  as  its  glume.  Stamens  3. 

Mexico,  Pritufh  1410. 

Arizona  and  Mexico. 

13.  0.  fimbriata  llemsl. 
liiol.  (Jentr.  Am.  Hot.  3:538 
(1880).  SI ifxt fimbriata  II.  H. 
K.  Nov.  Gen.  et  Sp.  1:  12(i  (1815). 

A  slender  tufted  erect  perennial,  50-80  cm.  high.  Sheaths  of 
the  culms  smooth,  shorter  than  the  intcrnodes;  ligule  very  thin.  3 
mm.  long;  blades  of  the  sterile  shoots  numerous,  softly  smooth,  erect 
or  curved,  involute,  15-40  cm.  long,  \.'i  mm.  wide,  the  upper  blade 
5-10  cm.  long.  Panicle  slightly  exserted,  simple,  lax,  secund.  10- 
13  cm.  long;  rays  scabrous,  mostly  in  remote  pairs  in  the  axils  of 
the  membranous  bracts,  the  longest  ray  about  5  cm.  long  bearing 
3-5  spikelets.  Empty  glumes  chartaceous,  oval,  abruptly  })ointed, 
3-nerved,  about  5  mm.  long;  floret  4  mm.  long,  oval  or  obovoid- 
oval.  clothed  with  short  fuscous  hairs;  awn  green,  tortuose,  irregu- 
larly twisted.  1.5-3  mm.  long. 


Fio.  i'i.—Oryzopsis  Pringlei.    Spikelet. 
(liicliurdson.) 


232 


POACE^E. 


]^ow  Mexico,  IIV/V//!/ 19!t7;  Ca\\(on\in,  Lcnimon  2023;  Arizona, 
Prhif/h: 

Tim  liJis  hoon  found  in  partial  simile  of  calcareous  cliffs. 
New  Mexico  to  Arizona. 

48.  (110).  Eriocoma  Nutt.  (Jen.  N.  Am.  PI.  1 : -10  (1818). 
Panicle  few-llowered  with  still",  sleiuler,  llexuosc,  dichotomously 
branched  rays.  Spikelets  e^olitary,  1 -flowered.  Empty  glumes 
membranous,  alternate,  rostrate,  first  3-,  second  5-nerved.  floret  be- 
coming coria.  's,  ventricoso,  clothed  with  long  white  silky  hairs, 
bearing  at  the  base  a  short,  stout,  chisel-shaped  callus  and  at  or 
just  below  the  apex  a  short  straight  or  curved,  obscurely  trique- 
trous, caducous  awn.  Lodicules  '.],  as  long  as  the  ovary.  Stamens  3. 
1.  E.  membranacea  (i*ursh.).  S/i/xi  nieni/tniiincm  Pursh.  Fl. 
Am.  Sept.  3:728  (1814).  K  hynioiuides  \\.  &  S.  Syst.  2:339 
(1817).  Eriocoma  ruspidata  ^wii.  iWn.  i:  40(1818).  Milium 
cuspidal  urn  Spreng,  Syst.  1 :  251  (1825).  rraclnie  Janata  'Yv'm. 
Act.  Pctrop.  12(5  (1834).  (h\)/y,opt>is  cnspidata  I?enth.  Vasey, 
Gram.  U.  S.  23  (1883). 

Culms  hard,  smooth  or  scabrous,  nearly  solid.  30-GOcm.  high. 

Sheaths  scabrous  or  smooth, 
mostly  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes;  ligule  acute,  3-5  mm. 
long;  l)lades  scabrous,  narrow, 
involute,  the  lower  often  equal- 
ling the  culm,  the  uppermost 
very  short  or  nearly  as  long  as 

the  ])anicle.  Panicle  often  in- 
cluded at  the  base,  diffuse,  12- 
15  cm.  long;  the  rays  llexuose, 
each  bearing  one  si)ikelet,  whicli 
is  oval,  acute,  becoming  ventri- 
cose,  pubescent,  G-7  mm.  long; 
empty  glumes  subequal,  attenu- 
ate-rostrate, 1-2  nerves  at  the 
base  on  either  side  of  the  prominent  mid-neive;  floret  hard,  oval, 
3-4  mm.  long,  densely  clothed  with  white  hairs,  often  extending  2 


Fio.  43. —  Kriocoma  memhranacca .    A 
spikelet ;   «,  Horot.  (Uichurdson.) 


AGROSTlDEiaj;.  233 

mm.  above  the  apex,  the  stout  awn  usually  extending  beyond  the 
glumes  and  hairs. 

Montana,  Andvrxou;  Colorado,  Jones  200;  Arizona,  Jones  4764; 
liritish  Columbia,  Macotoi ;  Oregon,  JloioeU. 

A  grass  of  peculiar  apj)eara»H'e.  prominent  as  a  "  buneh-grass  '' 
in  poor  land,  from  Missouri  to  the  Sierras,  New  Mexico,  Texas. 

3.  E.  Webberi  Thurb.  S.  Wats.  Bot.  Calif.  2:283  (1880). 
Ori/zopsis  Webberi  IJenth.  Vasey,  Gram.  I'.  S.  'V-\  (1883). 

A  densely  tufted  slender  perennial,  8-15  cm.  high.  Sheaths  of 
the  sterile  shoots  smooth,  crowded,  the  old  ones  often  destitute  of 
the  deciduous  blade;  ligule  rounded,  obscure;  blades  scabrous,  in- 
volute, rigid,  pungent  at  the  apex,  4-7  cm.  long,  0.4-O.G  mm. 
diam.;  upper  ligule  I  mm.  long;  blades  of  the  culm  3-4,  the  upper 
one  2-3  cm.  long.  Panicles  narrow,  simple,  3-0  em.  long;  rays 
slender,  erect,  the  lower  in  threes,  bearing  1-3  spikelets.  Empty 
glumes  acuminate,  often  tinged  with  ])iirple,  about  8  mm.  long; 
floret  6  mm.  long  with  a  sliort  callus,  deciduous:  floral  glume  5- 
nerved,  the  lateral  nerves  above  approaching  the  central  one,  apex 
minutely  2-lobed,  clothed  with  copious  silky  white  hairs.  2  mm. 
long;  palea  as  long  as  its  glume  aiul  hairy  on  the  back;  awn  4 mm. 
long,  sleiuler,  curved,  caducous.     Anthers  naked. 

California  (Sierra  \'alley),  Balirndcr  and  KcUtifjfi  in  1871;  Ne- 
vada. .h))te!<  IS'.n. 

4!).  (111).  Milium  L.  Sp.  PI.  Gl  (1753).  Miliarium  ^Wnch, 
Meth.  204  (17!»4). 

Si)ikelets  l-tlowcrcd.  loosely  paniculate,  racliilla  articulate  above 
the  lower  glumes,  not  exteiuling  above  the  lloret.  Km])ty  glumes 
membranous,  convex,  obtuse,  awnless,  ])ersistent,  sube([ual,  floral 
glume  and  i)alea  coriaceous,  the  former  awnless  with  3  obscure 
nerves,  the  latter  2-uerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short,  distinct. 
Grain  ovoid  or  oblong,  enclosed  in  the  shining  floral  glume  and  its 
palea,  but  not  adherent. 

Annuals  or  perennials  with  flat  leaf-blades. 

There  are  5  or  G  species  found  in  Europe  and  Asia,  one  of  which 
is  also  widely  dis[)ersed  in  \orth  America. 

"Theoretically  the  lower  glume  is  wanting,  while  the  empty 


284 


POACE.E. 


sinj^le  palet  [floral  glume]  of  the  lower  [neutral]  flower,  resem- 
bling the  upper  glume,  fulfils  its  office,  and  stands  opposite  the  nar- 
row upper  palet  of  the  terete  fertile  flow- 
er.'' A.  Gray,  in  Manual.  This  view 
places  Milium  near  Panicum. 

1.  M.  effusum  L.  1.  e.  M.  trans)iiU 
vaiiicnm  Schur.  Enum.  PI.  Transs. 
741  (18G6). 

An  erect   tufted   perennial,    smooth 


Fio 
A 


44  — Milium  effusum, 
sp'kelet;   h,  c,  tiorets. 


throughout,  90-150  cm. 


high. 


Sheaths 


two- thirds  the  length  of  the  long  inter. 
(Scribner.)  nodes;  ligule  about  3  mm.  long;  blades 

thin,  flat,  13-20  cm.  long,  7-15  mm.  wide.  Panicle  ovoid  or  oblong 
in  outline,  15-18  cm.  long,  the  slender  rays  in  half-whorls  of  2-<!, 
bearing  spikelets  beyond  the  middle.  Spikelets  pale  green,  finely 
scabrid,  ovoid-oblong.  3  mm.  long.  Empty  glumes  3-nerved;  floret 
elliptical,  about  2.5  mm.  long.     Grain  obcompressed. 

New  Hampshire,  Faxon  21  ;  Vermont,  Pringle,  Clark;  ]\Iichi- 
gan,  Wheeler  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  208,  Beal  4-1,  45,  Cooleij, 
Faricell,   Wood. 

Cold  woods.  New  England,  New  York,  Illinois,  and  northward ; 
also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia. 

Bentham  observes  as  follows:  *'  Milium  was  formerly  extended 
to  sever;;!  uiuiwned  Panicete  with  only  two  empty  glumes,  but  it  is 
now  reduced  to  five  or  six  species,  all  removed  from  Panicaceai  as 
having  the  empty  glumes  persistent  below  the  articulation.  Tliey 
differ  from  Oryzopsis  chiefly  in  their  obtuse  absolutely  unuwned 
flowering  glume." 

50.  (113).  MUHLENBEKGIA  Schreb.  Gen.  PI.  44  (1789).  DiJepj/- 
riim  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1 :  40  (1803).  Clomena  Beauv.  Agrost.  28, 
/.  7,  /.  10  (1812).  Tosagris  1.  c.  29.  t.  S.  f.  3  (1812).  Trichochha 
1.  c.  2  (1812).  Podostvmnm  Kunth,  Mem.  Mus.  Par.  2:  72  (1815). 
J)actylof/ramnia  Link,  Hort.  Berol.  2:248  (1827).  Diplachyrium 
Nees,  EI.  11 :  303  (1828).  Cahjcodon  Nutt.  Joii;-.  Acad.  Phila.  N.  S. 
1:  186  (1847).      Vaf^eya  Thurb.  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  79  (18031 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  small,  variously  paniculate,  rachilla  articu- 


agrostide.t:.  285 

late  above  tlie  empty  glumes,  not  exteiuling  above  tbe  floret,  floral 
glume  witli  a  minute  callus,  usually  bearded  at  the  base.  Empty 
glumes  2,  persistent,  membranous  or  hyaline,  often  unequal,  the 
lower  sometimes  minute  or  obsolete,  keeled,  acute,  mucrouate,  or 
sometimes  extending  into  a  short  awn,  first  1-nervod.  set'or.d  l-H- 
nerved:  floral  glume  o-5-nerved.  firm  or  slender,  obtuse  or  acute, 
'2-tootlied,  mucronate  or  very  often  exteiuling  into  a  slender  awn; 
palea  hyaline,  2-keeled.  Stamens  usually  3.  Styles  distinci,  stig- 
nuis  plumose.  Grain  narrow,  subterete,  enclosed  by  the  floral  glume 
and  i)alea,  but  not  adherent. 

Grasses  very  variable  in  habit,  rarely  annual,  culms  often  wiry, 
leaf-blades  often  very  thin.  The  genus  includes  GO  or  nu)re  species, 
most  of  which  are  peculiar  to  North  America.  Some  are  I'uund  in 
South  America,  a  few  in  Asia. 

Bentham  observes:  '*  They  connect  in  many  rcsjjccts.  S/ipn  with 
J</ms/KS  approaching  very  nearly  to  the  small-flowered  Sfi/xr.  though 
having  thinner  fruiting  glumes,  and  usually  with  a  luore  or  less 
hairy  rachilla.  From  AijroKfis  they  may  be  distinguished  by  their 
narrow  oppressed  fruiting  glume  witb  a  terminal,  never  dorsal,  awn. 
A  very  few  unawued  species  are  nearly  allied  to  Epicampoi.  The 
infiorescence  is  very  variable." 

A.  First  glume  2-nervcd,  second   l-nerved,  floral  (jhtme  3- 

nerretl (a) 

a.  Ligule  a  mere  ring,  empty  glumes  2-3  mm.  long,  floral 

glume  2.5-3  mm.  long 1 

a.  Ligule  0.5-1.5  mm.  long,  emi)ty  glumes  3-4  mm.  long, 
floral  glume  3  mm.  long 2 

B.  Firsf  t/hinie  sometimes  ,i-)ierveil,  second   l-nerved,  floral 
glume  o-nerrcd (b) 

b.  Ligule  2  mm.  long,  ^nnpty  glumes  0.5-L7  mm.  long, 
floral  glume  3.5  mm.  long 3 

b.  Ligule 5-7  mm.  long,  empty  glumes  1.2  mm.  long,  floral 
glume  -i.4  mm.  long 4 

C   Second  glume  usu(dlg  J-o'-nerrrd,  florrfl  glume  -f-nerred.     .  (c) 

c.  Ligule  1  mm.  long,  empty  glumes  1.5  mm.  long,  floral 
glume  1.5  mm.  long 5 


236  POACE^. 


c.  Ligiile  3  mm.  long,  empty  glumes  1.6-2  mm.  long,  floral 

glume  3  mm.  long ^ 

c.  Ligule  5-10  mm.   long,  empty  glumes  variable,  floral 

glume  3.5  mm.  loug '^ 

c.  Ligule  10-12  mm.  long,  empty  glumes  4-C  mm.  loug, 

floral  glume  4  mm.  loug ^ 

e.  Ligule  10-18  mm.  long,  empty  glumes  3.5-4  mm.  long, 

floral  glume  5-5.5  mm.  long ^ 

c.  Ligule  3-5  mm.  long,  empty  glumes  1.5-3  mm.  loug, 

floral  glume  3  mm.  long "^ 

D.  Floral  glume  o-ncrved,  -'  mm.  long (m) 

m.  Ligule  very  short,  floral  glume  2  mm.  long.      .     .     .10^ 
m.  Ligule  5-7  mm.  long,  floral  glume  13  mm.  long.   .     .11 

E.  Floml  glume  S-nerved  and  otherwise  vnlike  those  above.     .  (e). 
e.  Floral  glume  2  mm.  or  less  in  length (f) 

f.  Floral  glume  about  1.5  mm.   long,  ligule  a    ring, 
perennial ^'^ 

f.  Floral  glume   about  1.5  mm.  long,  ligule  0.5  mm. 
long,  perennial ^'^ 

t  Floral  glume  1.7-2   mm.  long,  ligule  a  ring,  peren- 
nial  1^ 

f.  Floral  glume  2  mm.  long,  ligule  2-3  mm  long,  per- 
ennial  ^^ 

f.  Floral  glume  2  mm.  long,  ligule  5-G  mm.  long,  per- 
ennial  ^" 

f.  Floral  glume  1.5  mm.  long,  ligule  a  ring,  annual.     .   17 

f.  Floral  glume  1.5  mm.  long,  ligule  1  mm.  long,  an- 
nual  1^ 

f.  Floral  glume  1.5-2  mm.  long,  ligule  1.5-2  mm.  long, 

animal ^"^ 

e.  Floral  glume  usually  more  than  2  mm.  long  and  less 

than  3  mm.  long (g) 

g.  Floral  glume  2.2-2.5  mm.   long,    ligule  2-3  mm. 

long,  awn  10-20  mm.  long 20 

g.  Floral  glume  2.7  mm.  long,  ligule  1  mm.  long,  awn 
3-6  mm.  long ^1 


AdUOSTlDE^E.  237 

g.  Flonil  glume  2.5  mm.  long,  ligule  3-2.5  mm.  long, 

awn  'Z-'i  mm.  long 22 

g.  Flonil  glume  2.5  mm.  long,  ligule  2-2.5  mm.  long, 

awn  1  mm.  long 23 

g.  Floral  glume  2-2.7  mm.  long,  ligule  2-3  mm.  long, 

l-:}  mm.  long 24 

g.  Floral  glume  2-6  mm.   long,  ligule  O.G  mm  long, 

awn  1-3  mm.  long 25 

g.  Floral  glume  2.3  mm.  long,  ligule  5-8  mm.  long, 

awn  0 2& 

g.  Floral  glume  2-2.5  mm.  long,  ligule  0.5  mm.  long, 

awnO 27 

g.  Floral  glume  2.5-3.5  mm.  long,  ligule  0,  awn  2-5 

mm.  long Zo 

e.  Floral  glume  3  or  more  rarely  i  mm.  loiig (h) 

h.  Florai  glume  3-4  mm.  long,  ligule  1.5-2  mm.  long, 

awn  20-30  mm.  long 29 

ii.  Floral  glume  3  or  less  mm.  long,  ligule  1  mm.  long. 

awn  10-30  mm.  long 30,  31 

h.  Floral  glume  3  nmi.  long,  ligule  8-10  mm.  long, 

awn  6-16  mm.  long 33 

li.  Floral  glume  3.5  mm.  long,  ligule  1  mm.  long,  awn 

10-15  mm.  long 33 

h.  Floral  glume  3.5-2.5  mm.  long,  ligule  1  mm.  long, 

awn  10-15  mm.  long 28" 

h.  Floral  glume  3.5  mm.  long,  ligule  3-1  mm.  long, 

awn  6-15  mm.  long 34 

h.  Floral  glume  3-4  mm.  long,  ligule  1  mm.  long,  awn 

8-12  mm.  long 35 

h.  Floral  glume  3  mm.  long,  ligule  2.5  mm.  long,  awn 

20-30  mm.  long 3G 

h.  Floral  glume  2-3  mm.  long,  ligule  2-6  mm.  long, 

awn  6-10  mm.  long 37' 

h.  Floral  glume  3.7-4  mm.  long,  ligule  5-6  nnn.  long. 

awn  1-2  mm.  long 3a 


238  POACE.E. 

h.  Flonil  glume  3.7-4  mm.  long,  ligule  5-7  mm.  long, 

awn  'J0-'2o  mm.  long 39 

h.  Floral  glume  3.5-4  mm.  long,  ligule  3-5  mm.  long, 

awn  4-10  mm.  long 40 

h.  Floral  glume  3  mm.  long,  ligule  1  mm.  long,  awn 

3-8  mm.  long 41 

h.  Floral  glume  3  mm.  long,  ligule  3  mm.  long,  awn 

3-G  mm.  long 42 

h.  Floral  glume  3-4  mm.  long,  ligule  a  ring,  awn  2-'l 

mm.  long 43 

h.  Floral  glume   3  mm.  long,   ligule  4-7  mm.    long. 

awn  1-3  mm.  long 44 

h.  Floral  glume  3  mm  long,   ligule  3  mm.   long,  awn 

3  mm.  long 45 

h.  Floral  glume  3  mm.  long,  ligule  0.7  mm.  long,  awn 

1-2  mm.  long 40 

h.  Floral  glume  4  mm.  long,  ligule  a  ring,  awn  1-2 

mm.  long 47 

h.  Floral  glume  3.7  mm.  long,  ligule  a  ring,  awn  1-1.5 

mm.  long 48 

h.  Floral  glume  3.5-3.8  mm.  long,  ligule  3  mm.  long, 

awn  1.5-2  mm.  long 49 

h.  Floral  glume  3  mm.  long,  ligule  1.5-2  mm.  long, 

awn  0.5-1  mm.  long 50 

h.  Floral  glume  3.5-3.5  mm.  long,  ligule  a  ring,  awn  0.  28 

e.  Floral  glume  4  mm.  or  more  in  length (i) 

i.  Floral  glume  3-4  mm.  long,  ligule  1.5-3  mm.  long, 

awn  20-30  mm.  long 29 

i.  Floral  glume  3-4  mm.  long,  ligule  1  mm.  long,  awn 

8-12  mm.  long 35 

i.  Floral  glume  3.7-4  mm.  long,  ligule  5-6  mm.  long, 

awn  1-3  mm.  long :i8 

i.  Floral  glume  3.5-4  mm.  long,  ligule  3-5  mm.  long, 

awn  4-10  mm.  long 40 

i.  Floral  glume  3-4  mm.  long,  ligule  a  ring,  awn  3-(') 

nun.  long 43 


A(JKOSTII)E.E.  239 

i.  Floral  glume  4  mm.  loug,  ligule  3  mm.  long,   awn 

lO-'iO  mm.  long 51 

i.  Floral  glume  4  mm.  loug,  ligule  1.5-2  mm.   loug, 

awn  10-20  mm.  long 53 

i.  Floral  glume  4  mm.  loug,  ligule  2  mm.  long,  awn 

4-G  nmi.  loug 53 

i.  Floral  glume  4  mm.  long,  ligulo  1-1.5  mm.  long, 

awn  8-12  mm.  long 54 

i.  Floral  glume  4  mm.  long,  ligule  1.5  mm.  long,  awn 

8-12  mm.  long 55 

i.  Floral  glume  4  mm.   long,  ligule  a  ring,  awn  1-2 

mm.  long 47 

i.  Floral  glume  4-5  mm.  long,  ligule  5  -G  mm.  long, 

awn  2-0  cm.  long 56 

i.  Floral  glume  4-5  mm.  long,  ligule  1  mm.  long,  awn 

10-15  mm.  long 57 

1.  M.  lycuroides  Vasey,  ined. 

A  densely  tufted,  diliuse  and  prostrate,  much-branched,  glaucous 
green  ainiual  (?),  10-18  cm.  high.  Culms  slender,  compressed. 
Slieaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  ligule  very  short;  blades  with 
white  thick  margins,  scabrous,  conduplicate,  pungent-pointed, 
1.5-3  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  wide.  The  terminal  panicles  spikelike, 
2-3  cm.  lojig,  4-(}  mm.  diam.,  the  lateral  ones  more  slender  and 
often  i»irtially  enclosed  by  the  slieaths.  Si)ikelets  i)urplish,  sub- 
sessile;  empty  glumes  scabrous  on  the  keels,  first  2-nerved,  about 
2  mm.  long,  including  the  short  unequal  bristles,  second  1-nerved, 
about  3  mm.  long;  floral  glume  linear,  acute,  pubescent  on  the 
margins,  3-nerved,  2.5-3  mm.  long,  with  a  curved  stout  awn  1-2  mm. 
long;  palea  as  long  as  its  glume,  si)aringly  pubescent,  narrowly 
elliptical,  terminating  in  2  short  seta?  between  the  two  thin  lobes. 
Anthers  nearly  2  mm.  long. 

Nearly  allied  to  M.  Schajfneri  Fourn. 

^fexico.  Palmer  489. 

2.  M.  Schaffneri  Fourn.  Ilemsl.  Biol.  Centr.  Am.  Bot.  3:542 
(1880).     M.  depouperaia  Scribn.  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  9:  187  (1884). 

A  light  green  or  purplish  densely  tufted,  much-branched  an- 


^40  POACE.E. 

nual,  3-12  cm.  high.  Sheaths  inflated;  lifjule  variously  cleft, 
1.5-2  cm.  long;  blades  scabrid  on  both  sides,  with  white  tiiickened 
margins,  involute,  pungent-pointed,  1-2.5  cm.  long.  I'auielc  erect, 
narrow,  simple,  5-10  cm.  long.  Spikelets  erect,  sessile  or  on  short 
stout  pedicels  in  tlie  notches  of  the  rough,  stiff,  triquetrous  rachis; 
empty  glumes  rigid,  scabrous,  linear-lanceolate,  first  iJ-nerved, 
l-;j-4  mm.  long,  terminating  in  two  unequal  points,  second  a  little 
longer,  lanceolate,  awn-pointed,  1-nerved;  floral  glume  smooth  or 
sparingly  hairy  below,  ovate-lanceolate,  3-nerved,  1-3  mm.  long; 
many  of  those  of  the  sessile  spikelets  shortly  nuicronate,  those  of  the 
pedicellate  spikelets  terminating  in  an  awn,  2-6  mm.  long;  palea 
about  the  length  of  its  glume.     Nearly  allied  to  M.  lyeuroiiles  \'asey. 

Mexico,  ScJiaffner  1065,  PringleMi^;  New  Mexico,  Wright  2017, 
Palmvr  3" ;  Arizona,  Pringh,  Jones. 

Arizona  and  Mexico. 

3.  M.  pulcherrima  Scribu.  ined. 

A  reddish  liglit  green  tufted  and  much-branched  diffuse  annual, 
20-40  cm.  high.  Ligule  thin,  2  mm.  long;  blades  scabrid,  flat, 
involute,  or  conduplicate,  4-6  cm.  long,  1-1.3  mm.  wide.  Pani- 
cles red,  slender,  contracted,  6-10  cm.  long,  rays  in  threes  and 
very  unequal,  the  longest  about  3  cm.  long,  l)earing  8-12  spikelets. 
on  tlie  outer  two-thirds,  Spikelets  1-3  mm.  long,  on  rather  stout 
pedicels;  empty  glumes  1-nerved,  rarely  2-uerved,  lanceolate,  oval, 
or  sometimes  2-lobed  and  2-nerved,  first  about  0.5  mm.  long, 
second  1.2-1.7  mm.  long;  floral  glume  thinly  pubescent  on  the 
margins  of  the  lower  half,  lanceolate,  2-toothed,  the  keel  serrulate, 
3-nerved,  3.5  mm.  long,  the  awn  tortuose,  8-16  mm.  long;  palea 
linear,  almost  obtuse  when  spread,  2.7  mm.  long.  Anthers  3,  oval, 
0.6  mm.  long. 

Mexico,  Pringh  1416. 

Dry  ledges  of  jiorphyry. 

4.  M.  rigida  (II.  B.  K.)Trin.  Unifl.  194  (1826).  Podoscvmnm 
rigidiim  II.  B.  K.  Nov.  Gen.  et  Sp.  1:  129  (1815). 

An  erect  glaucous  and  scabrous  tufted  perennial,  90-120  cm. 
high.  Sheaths  often  crowded  from  the  culm,  involute;  ligulo 
thin,  acuminate,  5-7  mm.  long;  blades  3,  rigid,  conduplicate,  30- 


AOIiOSTIDKiE.  341 

50  cm.  long,  0.8-1.5  mm.  diam.  I'liniclo  red,  slonder,  !.'5-35  cm. 
loiip^,  rays  mostly  scattered,  capillary,  sparingly  branched,  the  long- 
est 13-16  cm.  long,  bearing  15-20  spikelets  on  the  outer  half. 
Spikelots  on  pedicels  3-10  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  eubequal, 
ovate,  apex  variable,  obscurely  1-2-aerved,  about  1.2  mm.  long; 
floral  glume  soabrid,  lance-elliptical,  4.4  mm.  long,  2-toothed,  the 
awn  15-25  mm.  long;  palea  linear,  abruptly  acute  when  spread, 
nearly  as  long  as  its  glume.     Anthers  3,  linear,  3  mm.  long. 

Mexico,  Pringle  401. 

Mexico. 

5.  M.  Clomena  Trin.  Unifl.  194  (182G).  J/,  nana  Benth. 
Plant,  llartw.  2G2  (1846). 

A  slender  tufted  light  reddish  green  annual,  10-15  cm.  high, 
branching  near  the  base.  Lower  sheaths  inflated ;  ligule  about  1 
mm.  long;  blades  thin,  scabrous  above,  involute,  2-5  cm.  long,  1 
mm.  wide.  Panicles  rather  dense,  linear  to  oval,  1-2  cm.  long, 
the  axis,  rays,  awns,  and  often  the  pedicels  flexuose.  Spikelets  sub- 
sessile  on  the  rather  stout  rays;  empty  glumes  soft,  seabrid,  first 
ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  1-nerved,  1.5  mm.  long,  second  oblanceo- 
late  or  obovate,  truncate  or  2-3-lobed  or  toothed,  2-3-nerved,  1.5 
mm.  long;  floral  glume  pubescent,  lance-oval,  the  apex  with  2  lobes 
or  truncate,  obscurely  3-nerved,  1.5  mm.  long,  the  awn  coming 
from  below  and  bacsk  of  the  tip,  1-1. o  cm.  long;  palea  oval  when 
spread,  1.2  mm.  long.  Stamens  3,  anthers  0.5-O.G  mm.  long. 
Grain  lance-oval,  1  mm.  long. 

Mexico,  Pringle  824,  1411. 

Thin  soils.     Mexico  and  South  America. 

6.  M.  Bourgsei  Fourn.  Hemsl.  Biol.  Centr.  Am.  Bot.  3:539 
(1880), 

A  slender  annual.  Culms  much  bi'anched  and  leafy  below, 
naked  above,  15-30  cm.  high.  Sheaths  slightly  distended;  ligule 
acute,  hyaline,  3  mm.  long;  blades  flat.  1-3  cm.  long,  1  mm.  or 
less  wide,  very  finely  scabrous  on  the  margin  and  minutely  pubes- 
cent on  the  upper  side  along  the  nerves.  Panicle  rather  narrow, 
3-5  cm.  long;  rays  solitary,  ascending,  the  lower  1.5-2.5  cm. 
long,  flower-bearing  from  near  the  base.     Empty  glumes  unequal^ 


ii42  I'OACE.K. 

first  lanceoliito,  l-iiervod,  about  l.5n)in.  loiij:^,  second  niiicli  broiider. 
2  mm.  loiif?.  3-n('rvctl,  iiiul  iicutely  ;5-tootlu'(l ;  lloriil  j,'lumo  ."{  mm. 
loiifj,  pilose  below  iit  tlio  buck  imd  sides,  aciibroius  above,  awned  just 
below  tlie  entire  or  bidi'ntatc!  apex;  awn  S-12  mm.  lon<,'.  stroiifjly 
llexuoao.  For  another  deacriptiou  see  Scribuer  in  IMiil.  Acad.  Sci. 
1891,  p.  2!»7. 

Mexico,  lionrf/vdii  1155,  I'rini//r  .iAU). 

7.  M.  gracilis  (II.  M.  K.)  Trin.  Unill.  1!)3  (KS-.'G).  J'odo- 
smmum  {jracHe  II.  H.  K.  Nov,  Gen.  et  Sp.  1  :131  (1S15). 

An  erect  pale  ri;,'id  tufted  perennial,  15-60  cm.  Iii<ih.  Sheatlis 
ronghish,  longer  than  the  internodes;  ligule  5-10  mm.  or  more  ( I) 
long,  withered  sheaths  of  the  sterile  .shoots  numerous:  blades 
usually  involute-fdiform.  scabrous,  (i-10  cm.  long,  l-;i  mm.  wide. 
Panicle  very  narrow,  becoming  dark  with  age,  8-15  cm.  long, 
rays  usually  single,  ap{)ressed,  ilower-l)earing  for  nearly  their  whole 
length.  Spikelets  sessile  or  pedicellate;  empty  glumes  very  vari- 
able, more  or  less  acute,  first  usually  the  shorter,  second  obtuse, 
erose  or  with  several  teeth,  sometimes  first  and  second  both  termi- 
nating in  l-2-!3-uerved  awns,  2-3  mm.  long;  floral  glume  with  a 
short  callus,  bearded  at  the  base,  more  or  less  pubescent,  3-nerved, 
3.5  mm.  long,  the  awn  8-20  mm.  long.     Grain  l.G  mm.  long. 

Arizona,  U.  S.  Dept.  Ayricul.  316;  Texas,  Jones;  Mexico, 
Pringle  392,  393. 

British  America  to  Mexico. 

Var.  breviaristata  \'asey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3 :  07 
(1892).     M.  HuhalpiHit  Vasey,  Cat.  Gram.  U.  S.  40  (1885). 

Slender,  18-30  cm.  high;  panicle  about  5  cm.  long;  awn  2-4 
mm.  long. 

Colorado,   Vasey,  642;  New  Mexico,   Vasey  in  1889. 

High  altitudes.     Colorado,  New  Mexico  to  Wyoming. 

Var.  enervis  Scribn.  ined.  Em})ty  glumes  distant,  destitute  of 
nerves  or  the  second  obscurely  nerved. 

Mexico,  Pringle  1413. 

8.  M.  virescens  (tl.  li.  K.)  Trin.  Fnifi.  193  (1826)>  Podo- 
smmum  virescens  II.  13.  K.  Nov.  Gen.  et  Sp.  1 :  132  (1815). 

A  slender  tufted   erect  perennial,   10-70   cm.  bigh.     Sheaths 


A<iU(>STII»K.K.  248 

loii^rer  than  tlie  intevnodes;  ligulc  lanooolate,  lO-l'^  mm.  long; 
li'jivcs  of  sterile  shoots  numorous,  the  Idiidea  firm,  Hat  or  iiivoliito, 
l{(M()  cm.  long,  2-U.5  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  culm  *^*-3  in  niiniher. 
I'iinioles  pale  straw-colored,  strict,  1'2-lH  cm.  long,  rays  up|»res3cd, 
single  or  in  pairs,  densely  flowered  to  near  the  base,  the  longest  4-5 
cm.  long.  Spikelets  sub.sossile  or  on  rather  stout  pedicels,  1-3  mm. 
long;  empty  glumes  sometimes  tinged  with  purple,  Iniu'eohite,  first 
l-nerved,  4-4.5  mm.  long,  second  3-nerved,  6-0  mm.  long,  apex 
sometimes  3-toothed;  lloral  glume  pilose  for  the  lower  two-thirds, 
rather  firm,  ovate- lanceolate,  4  mm.  long,  the  awn  13-20  mm.  long; 
palea  pilose,  narrowly  linear,  acute,  as  long  as  its  glume.  Stamens 
3  mm.  long,     (^rain  linear,  terete,  2  mm.  long. 

Arizona,  Priiif/Je. 

New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  Mexico. 

9.  M.  firma.     .1/.  smht'it  Scribn.  n.  sp.  ined. 

A  rather  stout  erect  tufted  perennial,  90  cm.  high.  Ligule 
firm,  acute,  10-18  mm.  long;  blades  firm,  closely  involute,  sca- 
brous, 20-35  cm,  long,  pungent  pointed,  1-15  mm.  diam.  Panicle 
brownish  purple,  erect,  spikelike,  the  base  very  thin  and  inter- 
rupted, 15-18  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  diam.  Spikelets  olive-brown, 
empty  glumes  equal,  3.5-4  min.  long,  first  l-nerved,  second  2- 
nerved;  floral  glume  5-5.5  mm.  long,  3-nerved,  the  stout  awn 
1-3  mm.  long;  palea  nearly  as  long  as  its  glume. 

The  specific  name  proposed  by  Scribnor  luid  been  used  by  S. 
Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  17:  174  (1883). 

Growing  at  the  altitude  of  10,500  feet. 

Mexico  (Oaxaca),  Pr ingle  4914. 

Scribner  identifies  it  as  Tiear  M.  Palmeri  Vasey,  from  which  it 
differs  in  having  a  much  longer  ligule,  second  glume  two-nerved, 
floral  glume  longer,  awn  shorter. 

10.  M.  ciliata  (11.  &  K.)  Trin.  Unifl.  103  (1826).  Poilosmmm 
ciUatnm  II.  B.  K.  Nov.  Gen.  et  Sp.  1 :  128  (1815). 

A  very  slender  geniculate  or  diffuse  light  green  or  reddish  an- 
nual, branching  near  the  base,  the  culms  and  leaves  more  or  less 
pubescent  with  very  short  fine  hairs.  Sheaths  half  as  long  as  the 
internodes;   ligule  a  ciliate    ring;   blades   thin,   convolute,    invo- 


244  I'OACK^J. 

lute  or  flat,  often  rpcurvcd,  I  5  'i.rt  om.  lonpf.  about  1.5  mm. 
wide.  I'anido  simplo,  nicuiiioMo,  D-O  cm.  lon^;  rt.^3  single,  hiiIisc- 
c'uiul,  rocurvi'il.  nowcr-bourinj,'  tliroii^'liout,  1  -2  ru\.  Ion;;.  S|)ikelt!ts 
mostly  sossiliv.  oiiipty ^'Iuimcs  sub('(|uiil.  l-rjcrvcd,  1. :{-!.<>  iimi.  Ion;;, 
hull'  of  which  is  thf  iiwn ;  lloriil  ;;Mitiio  thin,  lincur-hincRoiuto,  pubes- 
cont  on  2  ol"  the  lutiTiil  iicrvi'S,  .O-iuTvod,  the  intorniodiiito  hitorul 
nerves  obscure,  2  nun.  Um^,  the  iiwn  1-20  mm.  Ion;;;  ])ulea  linear- 
lauceolate,  2-toothed,  as  long  us  its  glume,  (irain  linear,  1.5  mm. 
long. 

Mexico,  Prinf/h  WMi.  lH4r>;  tlie  later  luis  the  longer  awns  witli 
floral  glume  less  pubescent. 

Mexico. 

11.  M.  stipoides  (II.  H.  K.)  Trin.  l^iifl.  104  (1824).  Pofln- 
S(Pmuni  slijwides  II.  H.  K.  Nov.  (Icn.  et.  Sp,  1:  \',\\  (1H15). 

A  strict  tufted  grass  40-(5()  (^ni.  high.  (Julnis  rather  stout. 
Loaves  of  the  culm  4,  sheaths  riblu'd,  mostly  longer  ihan  tiio  inter- 
nodes;  ligule  narrow,  5-7  mm.  long;  bhides  strict,  scabrid,  invo- 
lute, 0-15  cm.  long.  I'anicle  simple,  narrow,  (J-IO  cm.  long;  rays 
in  threes,  the  longest  5-((  cm.  long,  including  the  3-4  spikelets  on 
the  outer  half.  Spikelets  olive-green,  brown  lit  the  base,  empty 
glume  1 -nerved,  ovate-lanceolate,  (irst  5  nmi.  long,  second  7  mm. 
long;  tuft  of  hairs  at  base  of  floret  2  mm.  long,  floral  glunu'  I".'  mm. 
loiig.  5-nerved,  the  twisted  aww  ratlier  stout,  12-15  mm.  long, 
starting  4  mm.  below  the  slender  ujjcx  of  the  glume;  palea  about 
the  length  of  its  glume. 

(Irowing  at  the  altitude  of  10,;U)0  feet. 

Mexico.  Pri)if//c  4005. 

12.  M.sobolifera  (Muhl.)  Trin.  Unifl.  ISO  (1824). 

Agrosfix  solmlifcva  Muhl.;  Willd.  Knum.  05(1800).  Trirhn- 
chloa  ftoholifeni  Trin.  Fund.  Agrost.  117(1820).  Ciiiufi  suhlifera 
Link,  llort.  Herol.  1:71  (1821). 

A  slender  ascending  perennial,  rarely  branching,  30-(iO  cm. 
high,  from  creeping,  scaly  rootstocks.  Sheaths  longer  than  the 
internodes;  ligule  a  mere  ciliate  ring;  blades  flat,  scabrid,  pungent- 
pointed,  5-10  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  wide.     Panicle  very  simi)le,  slen- 


AdltOSTIDK.K.  240 

Ocr,  cniitniotcd,  A-IO -2(i  <;m.  Ioii;j,  loiif^ost  niys  iipprosscd.  i-»;cin. 
lon^'.  Spikclcts  sulMcssilc  or  on  juMliccls  \-'i  iiiin.  loiij,';  (Miiply 
^'liiiiics  mostly  su1km|iiuI.  miicnumtc.  l-iiorvcd,  two-tliinia  iis  loiigiw 
the  llorct;  flonil  ^'lumc  tliiiily  liiiiryon  tho  lower  half,  ovate,  abrupt- 
ly sliort-mucroiuiti',  or  iK'ariiij?  a  slciultir  awn  l-O  nun.  long,  3- 
nervi'd,  l.'j-S  mm.  lon^';  palou  as  lon^j  us  its  j;liiim'. 

Tilt'  eastern  plants  have  an  awnless  floral  j,'lumo;  thoso  from 
Texas  have  the  awn. 

Alabanui,  Mo/ir. 

Open  rocky  woods.  New  Kn<?huid  to  Texas. 

i:{.  M.  breviseta  firiseh.   Ilenisl.  iiiol    Centr.  Am.  liot.  3:5;{(t 

(ISSO). 

A  densely  tufted  perennial,  braneliinji;  near  the  base,  10-lS  cm. 
hij,di.  Li^'ule  0.5  mm.  long;  l)lades  glabrous,  involute,  recurved, 
1.5-3.5  cm.  long,  1-1.5  mm.  wide.  Panicle  simple,  linear,  the 
base  included  by  tiio  sheath,  1-3  cm.  long,  longest  rays  half  as  long, 
each  bearing  l-:{  spikelets.  S|)ikelots  liiu'ar.  l.'i-l..')  mm.  long, 
tinged  with  violet;  empty  gUunes  ovate,  acute  when  spread,  1- 
iiorved,  first  O.G  mm.  long,  second  1  mm.  long;  lloral  glume  cllio- 
latc  on  the  margins,  ovate  when  spread,  mucronate,  3-nerved,  1..*) 
mm.  lotig. 

.N[exi('0  (Miclioacan).  /'/•//////*'  :{!I44;  also,  according  to  Fournier, 
Mid)l..  numbers  UJ3.  •^003,  '2()'.t3;  SItaffiicr  111. 

Di-y  cool  .soils,  and  hills. 

U.  M.Schreberi  (imel.  Syst.  171  (ir-ir).  Dhoi'-sked.  Ximhle 
AViLL.  .]/.  (Ilirtisii  Schrel).  Hesch.  (Jrils.  2:143,  /.  .-)1  (1772-7!)). 
nUcpjinoii  iiiitiiifijlonon  Miclix.  Fl.  Hor.  Am.  1  :  40  (1H03). 

Culms  slender,  hard.  dilVuse.  much-branched,  sometimes  genicu- 
late, 20-00  cm.  higli,  from  knotted  rootstocks.  Sheaths  shorter 
than  the  internodes;  ligulevery  short;  blades  Hat,  thin,  .s'-abrid,  ])uu- 
gent-pointed,  3-H  cm.  long.  2-3  mm.  wide.  Panicles  terminal  and 
lateral,  slender,  contracted,  rather  loosely  numy-tlowered,  10-lS  cm. 
long:  rays  slender,  in  twos  and  threes,  very  unequal,  the  longest  4-5 
cm.  long:  spikelets  subsessile  or  ou  short  pedicels;  empty  glumes 
very  minute,  first  obsolete,  second  truncate;  floral  glume  sparingly 


246  POACE.E. 

hairy  below,  ovate-lanceolate.   3-nerved,  l.T-2  mm.  long,  awn  2-4 
mm.   long;  palea  nearly  as  long  as  its  glume. 

Vermont,  Priiiijk  :  Pennsylvania,  U.  S.  Dej)t.  Agriciih  313 
from  Scribn. ;  iVIichigau,  C'oolcy,  Beal  45;  Indiana,  Bcal -i^ii;  Texas, 
Xealley. 

Dry  Woods,  New  England  to  Iowa  and  New  Mexico. 

15.  M.  elata  Vasey,  Contrib.  V.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1:283  (1893). 

A  harsh  tufted  erect  perennial,  1)0-180  cm.  high.  C'ulins 
slightly  compressed,  almost  solid,  leaf-bearing  only  below.  Lower 
sheaths  compressed ;  ligule  decurrent,  firm,  acute  or  2-toothed,  2- 
6  mm.  long;  blades  scabrous  above,  mostly  conduplicate  or  involute, 
30-90  cm.  long,  1.5-3  mm.  wide.  Panicles  brownish  or  of  a  red- 
dish lead-color,  terminal,  narrow  or  spreading,  30-50  cm.  long; 
rays  numerous,  scattered,  capillary,  G-9cm.  long,  bearing  2-0  spike- 
lets  to  each  branch  of  the  ray.  Spikelets  on  very  slender  pedicels 
that  are  4-10  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  nearly  equal,  ovate,  1- 
nerved,  1-1.5  mm.  long,  often  irregularly  lascerate  and  terminating 
in  a  bristle,  0.2-3  mm.  long;  floral  glume  linear-lanceolate  with  a 
few  short  hairs  at  the  base,  3-nerved,  2  mm.  long,  the  awn  5-10. 
mm.  long;  palea  oval,  acute,  as  wide  and  as  long  as  its  glume. 

Mexico,  Pal»ier52^,  770;  Pringle  2351. 

lb.  M.  scoparia  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1 :  283  (1893). 

An  erect  nearly  smooth  tufted  perennial,  80-100  cm.  high. 
Culms  compressed.  Ligule  acute,  5-6  mm.  long;  blades  of  sterile 
shoots  compressed,  rigid,  conduplicate,  30-50  cm.  long,  3-4  mm. 
wide,  those  of  the  culm  2  or  3,  nariower  and  15-20  cm.  long. 
Panicle  linears  or  narrower,  30-00  cm.  long,  reddish  brown,  rays 
mostly  scattered,  numerous,  erect  and  spreading,  branclu'.-  panicu- 
late, thinly  flower-bearing  fur  the  upper  three-fourths,  the  longest 
6  cm.  long,  bearing  50-70  spikelets.  Spikelets  on  pedicels  1-4  mm. 
long;  empty  glumes  subequal,  1-nerved,  1.5  mm.  long,  besides 
the  bristly  points;  floral  giume  elliptical  when  spread,  obsi.urely 
3-nerved,  about  2  mm.  long,  the  awn  1-1.7  cm.  long;  palea  acute, 
about  the  length  of  its  glume;  the  anthers  1.3  mm.  long. 

Mexico,  Priiigk  2350. 

17.  M.  exilis  Fourn.  llemsl.  Biol.  Cent.  Am.  Bot.  3:  540  (1880). 


AGliOSTIDE.E.  247 

A  soft  slender  light  reddish-green,  mucli  brauehed  and  dill'iise 
unnnul,  15-30  cm.  higli.  Sheaths  loose,  sniootli  or  tliinly  j)nb('S- 
cent,  about  the  length  of  the  internodes:  ligule  very  short ;  blades 
scabrous  above,  involute,  sjjreading,  2-3  cm.  long.  Panicles  mostly 
terminal,  exsertcd,  slender,  8-12  cm.  long,  rays  in  twos  or  single, 
uppressed,  1-3  cm.  distant,  0.5-3  cm.  long.  Spikelets  in  sessile 
tufts  on  the  shortest  rays  or  on  the  sides  and  apex  of  the  longest 
ones.  Empty  glumes  unequal,  hyaline,  with  1  stout  nerve,  oval, 
the  first  about  1  mm.  long,  second  1-1.4  mm  long,  including  the 
awnlike  points;  floral  glume  thin,  linear-lanceolate,  oidy  a  pencil- 
tuft  of  hairs  at  the  base,  3-nerved,  1.5  )nm.  long,  the  awn  1.5-2.5 
mm.  long;  palea  and  grain  linear,  about  the  length  of  the  iloral 
glume. 

:dexico.  rriiKjiv  i:;5, 2747. 

Wet  ledges.  Mexico. 

18.  M.  nebulosa  Sctribn.  ined. 

A  slender  purplish  densely  tufted  much-branched  diffuse 
annual,  8-12  cm.  high.  Ligule  hyaline,  1  mm.  long:  blades  soft. 
scal)rid,  involute,  luirrow,  1-2  cm.  long.  Panicles  open,  linear. 
3-5  cm.  long,  rays  single,  rather  stout,  spreading,  branched,  bearing 
5-10  spikelets  each.  8i)ikelets  on  short  jjcdicels;  empty  glumes 
ovate-lanceolate,  1-nerved.  first  0.5  mm.  long,  second  O.T  mm. 
long:  floral  glume  lanceolate,  hyaline,  pubescent  on  the  margins,  3- 
nerved.  1.4-1.5  mm.  loiij.  2-toothed.  the  awn  3-5  nun.  long;  palea 
as  long  as  its  glume,     (train  lance-ovoid  0.!)  nnn.  long. 

Mexico,  I'n'iif/Ie  230G,  in  lS8!t. 

Wet  places,  hills  near  Cimidalajara. 

lit.  M.  Buckleyana  Scribn,  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb. 
3:G!)  (1802). 

A  slender  diffuse  freely-branching  annual,  20-40  cm.  high,  often 
purplish.  Ligule  acute,  1.2-5  mm.  long:  blades  scabrid.  convo- 
lute or  flat,  3-6  cm  long,  1-2  mm.  wide.  Panicles  mostly  included 
at  the  base,  slender,  open,  linear  to  oval,  10-25  cm.  long,  rays  sin- 
gle, scattered,  capillary,  sparingly  branching,  the  longest  5-8  cm. 
long.  Suikelets  mostly  on  pedicels  1-3  mm.  long,  from  branches 
along  the  upper  three-fourths  of  the  rays;  empty  glumes  hyaline. 


248  poACE.^i:.. 

subequal,  shortly  hairy,  ovate,  l)ristle-pointt'(l  or  mucroiuito,  l-nervcd, 
1-1.5  mm.  long;  Honil  glume  almost  hyaline,  oval,  aeute,  pubescent 
on  the  margins  and  keel  for  the  lower  two-thirds.  ;5-ncrved,  2- 
toothed,  1.5-'^  mm.  long,  the  awn  2-'^.  I  nun.  long;  palea  oval, 
obtuse  or  abruptly  acute  when  sj)read.  nearly  as  long  as  its  glume. 
8ee  note  under  J/.  Pur/ en'  Scribn. 

Mexico,  PriiKjU  3!)1),  400. 

Wet  ledges,  rocky  hills,  gravel  bars  or  streams. 

30.  M.  AlamossB  Vasey,  Coult.  Uot.  (niz.  10:  UO  (18!>l).  Once 
distributed  as  M.  inJunuiyrustided  Kuntli,  Rev.  (J rum.  1  :  03  (1829). 

A  slender  reddish  scabrid  erect  sparingly-ljninched  peiviinial, 
60-80  cm.  higli:  the  nodes  tumid.  Slu'iitlis  two-thirds  as  long  us 
the  intei'nodes;  ligule  thin,  lascerate,  about  2  mm.  long;  l)lades 
thin,  Hat.  or  convolute,  5-12  cm.  long.  1.5-2.5  mm.  wide.  I'unicles 
slender,  linear  or  lanceolate.  12-16  cm.  long;  rays  rigid,  rather  dis- 
tant, solitary  or  in  twos  or  threes,  branching  sparingly  and  tlower- 
bearing  from  near  the  l)ase.  Spikelets  subsessile,  at  length  spread- 
ing, recurved:  empty  glumes  unequal,  oval,  acute,  obtuse  or  2- 
toothed,  mucronate  with  one  strong  nerve,  first  about  1  mm.  long, 
second  1.5  mm.  long;  floral  glume  shortly  hairy  for  the  lower  third, 
scabrid  above,  linear-lanceolate,  2-toothed,  3-nerved,  2.2-2.5  mm. 
long,  the  awn  10-20  mm.  long;  palea  linear-elliptical,  acute,  ii  little 
shorter  than  its  glume,  drain  linear-lanceolate,  terete,  l.;}  mm. 
long. 

^Fexico,  Prinfjle  30:,  428,  Palmer  407. 

Kocky  Hills,  under  shrubs,  etc. 

Texas  to  Arizona  and  ^Fexico. 

'21.  M.  sylvatica  ]\Iuhl.  A.  (Jray,  N.  A.  Oram,  and  Cyp.  No. 
13  (1834).     A.  diffusa  Muhl.  dram.  04  (1817),  iu)t  Host. 

Culms  hard,  ascending,  much  branched  and  diffusely  spreading, 
60-120  cm.  high,  from  scaly  creeping  rootstocks.  Sheaths  id)out 
the  length  of  the  iuternodes;  ligule  less  tluin  1  mm.  long:  blades 
flat,  thin,  scabrous,  pungent-pointed,  5-8  cm.  long,  3  luni.  wide. 
Panicles  spikelike,  slender,  interrupted,  8-12  cm.  long,  5-7  mm. 
diam.,  rays  mostly  in  threes,  very  unequal,  the  longest  slender, 
spikelike,  flower-bearing  from  near  the  base.  3-4  cm.  long.     Spike- 


AdHOSTIDE.E.  249 

lots  subsessile  or  ou  short  pedicels,  einjjty  glumes  subeqiuil,  1- 
nerved,  bristle-iioiuted,  ncurly  as  long  as  the  floral  glume;  tloral 
^lume  thinly  pubescent  on  the  lower  half,  3-nerved,  2.7  mm,  long, 
the  awn  3-6  mm.  long.     Fig.  82,  Vol.  I.  p.  184. 

A  very  variable  s})ecies.     Low  open  woods. 

Xew  York,  Beal  47 :  Michigan,  Chirk  (idS;  Iowa,  Hitchcock. 

New  England  to  the  Kocky  Mountains. 

Var.  Californica  Vasey,  Coult.  Bot.  (iaz.  7:93  (188-.»).  M. 
rarishiiXimy,  liull.  Torr.  Clul),  13:53  (1880). 

JJays  mostly  single,  the  empty  glumes  ratlier  exceeding  the 
floral  glume  without  its  awn.  and  in  the  same  panicle  are  s])ikek't3 
in  which  the  empty  glumes  including  the  awn  are  no  longer  than 
the  floral  glume:  awn  of  floral  glume  about  3  mm.  long. 

'J'his  plant  corresponds  very  well  throughout  with  one  collected 
by  the  author  at  Union  Springs,  Cayuga  County,  X.  Y.,  about 
18(35. 

California,  Parish  1076,  also  for  Nat.  Mus. ;  Arizona,  Lemmon 
for  Nat.  Herb. 

Yar.  gracilis  Scribn.  Trans.  Kans.  Acad.  Sci.  D:  116  (1883-8i). 

"It  resembles  somewhat  M.monticoht  liuckl.,  butin  that  species 
the  empty  glumes  are  much  shorter  than  the  floret,  while  in  this 
they  nearly  equal  it  (exclusive  of  the  awn),  as  in  M.  sylvaticn.'"' 

Yar.  setarioides  (Fourn.).  .)/.  setarioides  Fourn.  llemsl.  liiol. 
Centr.  \m.  Hot.  3:542  (1880). 

Culms  persistent  and  rooting:  empty  glumes  slightly  unequal, 
1-uerved,  1-1.5  mm.  long,  awn  of  floral  glume  5-10  mm.  long; 
otherwise  like  the  si-»ecies. 

Mexico,  Botteri  70,  638.  098, ;  Borgeau  3662. 

Yar.  setiglumis  S.  Wats.  l?ot.  King's  Exi)d.  378  (1871). 

Culms  shorter,  blades  8-15  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide;  panicle 
shorter;  empty  glumes  two-thirds  as  long,  but  the  awn  longer,  ex- 
tending a  little  beyond  the  floret;  floral  glume  scarcely  pubescent. 

Agricul.  College,  Mich.,  in  188-5-86. 

23.  M.  flavida  Vasey,  Con trib.  U.  S.   Nat.  Mus.  1:282  (1893). 

A  slender  rather  soft  annual,  30-50  cm.  high,  branching 
throughout  its  length.     Sheaths  half  as  long  as  the   internodes; 


250  I'OA("E.E. 

liuule  hiscerate,  2-'^. 5  mm.  \on^;  bliulori  thin,  involute  or  flat.  8-l;i 
cm.  long,  1.5-'^  nun.  wide.  Piinicles  slender,  linear  (or  sj)read- 
ing?),  10-15  cm.  long,  rays  single  or  more  or  less  clustered,  the 
longest  rarely  brauching,  4-5  cm.  long,  bearing  4-8  spikelets  along 
the  outer  half  or  two-thirds.  8})ikelet3  racemose  on  pedicels  about 
1  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  equal,  hyaline,  awl-shaped,  1-nerved, 
1.5-ii  mm.  long;  floral  glume  .'{-nerved,  almost  hyaline,  linear- 
lanceolate,  pubescent  on  the  margins,  ::2-toothed,  2.5  mm.  long,  tiie 
awn  about  the  same  length;  j)alea  2-toothed,  as  long  as  its  glume. 
Antliers  oval,  0.4  mm.  long. 

Mexico  (Jalisco),  rahncr  045. 

23.  M.  filiculmis  Vasey,  C'ontrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb,  1 :  267 
(1893). 

A  slender  erect  smooth  glauc(ms  perennial.  20-30  cm.  high. 
Tiigule  2-2.5  mm.  long;  blades  involute,  about  0.5  diani.  before 
spreading,  none  extending  more  than  one-third  the  heiglit  of  the 
culm.  I'anicle  simple,  narrow.  3-4  cm.  long,  longest  ray  1-2  cm. 
long,  flower-bearing  for  the  outer  two-thirds.  Spikelets  with  first 
empty  glume  1-nerved.  1  mm.  long,  second  3-nerved,  3-toothed.  5 
mm.  long;  floral  glume  ciliate  on  the  maigins  of  the  lower  half,  3- 
nerved,  2.5  mm.  long,  shading  into  an  awn  about  1  mm.  long; 
palea  linear  to  ellii)tical  when  spread,  as  long  as  its  glume.  Anthers 
3  in  number.  1.4  mm.  long. 

Colorado  (Fte  Pass),  ('.  S.    SheUon  in  1802,  at  8500  feet  alt. 

Nearly  related  to  M.  gracili.-i  breviaristata  Vasey,  but  more 
slender. 

24.  M.  monticola  Buckley,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  91  (1862). 

An  erect  or  decumbent  branching  glabrous  light  reddish-green 
[)erennial,  30-00  cm.  high.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes. 
the  lower  ones  crowded  off  by  branches;  ligule  thin,  lascerate,  2-3 
mm.  long;  blades  involute,  5-10  cm.  long,  2  mm.  Avide.  Panicle 
slightly  exserted,  or  the  base  included,  slender,  interrupted,  loosely 
spikelike,  4-10-15  cm.  long;  rays  simple,  appressed,  flower-bearing 
for  the  entire  length,  0.5-3  cm.  long.  Spikelets  on  pedicels  0.5-2 
mm.  long;  empty  glumes  thin,  linear,  acute  or  obtuse,  1-nerved; 
first  1  mm.  long,  second  1.5-1.7  mm.  long;   floral  glume  acute. 


ACJUOSTIDE.E.  251 

laiioeolato,  pubescent  on  the  margins,  ;3-nerve(l,  2-2.7  mm.  long, 
the  awn  1-2-3  cm.  long;  palca  of  same  shape  and  nearly  as  long 
as  its  glume.     Antliers  3  in  number,  0.8  mm.  long. 

Arizona,  Pn'nr/k  in    1884;    also,  No.  39G,  Santa  EulaliaMts. ; 
Mexico  (Chihuahua),  Priiifjh  in  1885;  Xew  Mexico,  Jo //e.s  in  1884. 
West  Texas  to  Arizona. 

25.  M.  Wrightii  Vasey,  Coult.  Man.  Rocky  Mt.  Bot.  409 
(1885). 

An  erect  or  vlecum])ent  perennial,  30-T5  cm.  high.  Culms 
firm.  comj)resseil.  Sheaths  keeled,  shorter  tlian  the  internodes; 
ligule  0.0  mm.  long;  blades  involute,  rigid,  8-12  cm.  long  with 
filiform  tips.  Panicle  spikelike,  cylindrical,  densely  fiowered,  more 
or  less  interrupted  below,  5-9  cm.  long.  4  -G  mm.  diam.  or  more 
slender  and  interrupted;  lower  rays  spikelike,  appressed,  1-2  cm. 
long.  Spikelets  often  2-flowered;  empty  glumes  sul)equal,  1-nerved, 
about  2  mm.  long,  base  thin,  ovate,  awn-pointed;  floral  glume  a 
little  thi(;ker  and  longer,  very  shortly  pubescent,  3-nerved,  ovate, 
acute,  tipped  with  a  very  short  stiff  awn;  palea  ovate,  acute,  nearly 
as  long  as  its  glume.     Anthers  1.3  mm.  long. 

Arizona,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricnl.  334,  from  Loiwion ;  Mexico, 
PriiujJe  1419. 

Colorado,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  Mexico. 
2G.  M.  elongata  Scribn.  iued. 

A  dcTisely  tufted  erect  rutlier  slender  hard-stemmed  light 
green  perennial,  80-120  cm.  high.  Sheaths  involute,  leaving  the 
culm  for  a  third  of  their  length;  ligule  lanceolate,  5-8  mm.  long; 
blades  rigid,  involute,  20-35  cm.  long,  0.3-0.8  mm.  diam.  Pani- 
cle terminal,  often  partially  included  by  the  sheaths,  linear  (or 
spreading  (?),  25-35  cm.  long,  lower  rays  in  clusters  of  3-5,  branch- 
ing near  the  base,  and  mostly  flower-bearing  for  their  entire 
length,  the  longest  G-8  cm.  long.  The  lateral  spikelets  on  ])edi- 
cels  about  1  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  almost  hyaline,  obscurely  1- 
nerved.  linear,  acuminate,  second  a  little  the  longer,  2-2.3  mm. 
long;  floral  glume  thin,  linear,  a  pencil-tuft  of  hairs  at  the  base  only, 
rather  abruptly  acute  when  spread,  obscurely  3-nerved,  2.3  mm. 
long;  palea  acute,  a  little  narrow,  but  about  as  long  as  the  glume. 


2r)2  POAt'E.t:. 

Mexico,  Pri)if/hnU^,  347  T. 

3:.  M.  Mexicana  (L.)  Triii.  Uiiitl.  180  (1H'2+).  Jf/rosfi.s  Me.r- 
icana  L.  Miint.  1:31  (1707).  A.  /ofcn'jlora  Miclix.  Kl.  lior.  Am. 
l:r)3(1803).  a >i ua  Mcrirn ltd  Mvinw.  Ji'^voat.  :\'i  (ISI-^).  M/ih- 
kiihenjia  fuUosa  Tvin.  Unill.  190  (18-^8). 

Culms  slomler,  wiry,  useciuling,  mudi-bnincliod,  (iO-lOO  em. 
liijili,  from  scaly  creeping  rootstocks.  Slieatlis  about  two-tliirds  as 
long  as  the  internodes;  ligule  0.5  mm.  long:  blades  thin.  flat,  sca- 
brous, i)ungent-pointed,  10-15  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  wide.  Panicle 
often  jmrplish,  lateral  and  terminal  often  included  at  the  base,  con- 
tracted,  10-18  cm.  long,  rays  mostly  in  threes,  two  of  which  are 
very  short,  the  longest  linear,  3-5  cm.  long,  and  densely  ilowered 
nearly  to  the  base.  Empty  glumes  shai'p- pointed  or  short-awned, 
slightly  unequal,  the  lower  a  little  longer  than  the  floret,  2.5-3  mm. 
long;  floral  glume  thinly  pubescent  on  the  lower  half,  lanceolate, 
very  sharp  pointed.  3-nerved,  2-2.5  mm.  long. 

Vermont,  Prinyle  ;  New  York,  Beal  i8;  District  of  Columbia, 
McCarfhy;  Michigan,  Z?m?  49,  Wheeler  ^iO;  Minnesota,  /Ittilei/  X 
28,  n  422. 

Found  rather  abundantly  on  low  lands  from  Xew  England  to 
Nebraska  and  Mexico;  flowering  too  late  in  autumn  to  be  of  much 
value  for  hay. 

Var.  filiformis  (Muhl.)  Scribn.  iiied.  Ayrosfis  fih'foniiis  ]\Iuhl. 
(Jram.  60  (1817). 

Panicle  very  slender  and  simple,  borne  on  long  filiform  i)edicels. 

Illinois,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  318,  from   Wolfe. 

28.  M.  racemosa  (Michx.)  li.  S.  P.  I'rel.  Cat.  X.  Y.  07  (1888). 
Agrodix  rncemoxa  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:53  (1803).  Pohjinujon 
(jhmemtux  Willd.  Enum.  87  (1809).  TrirhorhJoa  (jhnnerata  Trin. 
Fund.  Agrost.  117  (1820).  M.  (jltmerafa  Trin.  Unifl.  191  (1824). 
Ci)iiia  racemom  Kunth,  Enum.  1:207  (1833). 

An  erect  simple  sparingly-branclied  perennial,  00-90  cm.  high. 
Sheaths  nearly  as  long  as  the  internodes;  ligule  a  ciliato  ring; 
blades  flat,  scabrous,  pungent-pointed,  8-12  cm.  long,  3-5  mm. 
wide.  Panicle  5-10  cm.  long,  often  purplish,  exsertcd,  oblong- 
linear,    often   interrupted    below,    rays    very   short    and    densely 


A(iH()STii)E.i:,  ^na 

tlowcriHl,  SpikeU'ts  sessile  cr  siibscssile:  empty  ^duiiies  liiiKHMilate, 
iieurly  e^iual.  I-iierved.  about  t\v(»-tliirtls  asl(m<>'  as  tlie  lloret,  besides 
tlie  awns,  wliieli  ure  2-5  nun.  long;  floral  glume  luncc-ovate.  niu- 
croiiate,  thinly  pubeseent  on  the  lower  two-thirils,  3-nerveil.  2. '»-;{, 5 
mm.  long;  palea  obovate,  laneeolate  but  little  shorter  than  its 
glume. 

Massachusetts,  Cuoh'i/,  lira?  .')1;  Ontario,  Fowhr;  Michigan, 
r.  >'.  Ih'pt.  Jfjrinil  3U,  from  ('.  F.  Wheeler,  riarl'  1101,  Coohy ; 
Iowa,  Ililrlivofk;  Minnesota.  Sitndhenj  42;  Colorado,  Citssidji ; 
Montana,  WiUiams;  \ew  Mexico,  .hnivs  415S;  liritish  Columbia, 
Mdcduii. 

Found  in  Avet  ground  from  New  England  to  Canada,  Colorado, 
Nevada,  and  Texas.  Although  the  culms  are  hard  and  the  leaves 
thin,  the  grass  is  much  prized  I'or  hay  for  horses.  See  \'ol.  I.  Fig. 
81. 

Var.  brevifolia  Vasey,  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  7:92  (1882).  M.  Cali- 
foniira  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  13:53  (1880).  Blades  4-8  cm. 
long,  4-6  mm.  wide,  floral  glume  usually  bearing  an  awn  1-2  mm. 
long. 

California,  ParisJi  Brothers  1028. 

Var.  ramosa  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.S.  Nat.  Herb.  3:08  (1892). 
A  taller  nuich-branehed  plant,  leaves  longer,  empty  glumes  about 
as  long  as  the  floret,  the  awn  shorter. 

Colorado,  Tract/. 

Found  from  Illinois  to  Montana. 

29.  M.  microsperma  (D  C.)  Trin.  ITnifl.  193  (1824).  Trirho- 
chloa  itiicrospenna  DC.  Cat.  Ilort.  ^[onsp.  151  (1813).  Agroxtis 
microsperma  Lag.  Gen.  et  Sp.  2  (1810).  I'odoswmain  dehile  11.  B. 
K.  Nov.  (Jen.  1:128  /.  081  (1815).  Muhlenberg ia  dehilis  Trin. 
Mem.  Acad.  St.  Tetersb.  (VI.)  0:295  (1841).  Mahlenheryia  pur- 
purea Nutt.  Jonrn.  Acad.  Phila.  (II.)  1:  180  (1S48). 

Culms  slender,  ascending  from  a  geniculate  or  stoloniferous 
much-brancbcd  base.  Sheaths  mostly  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
inflated  or  often  crowded  from  them  by  the  shortly  calloused,  bulb- 
like branches,  the  sheaths  of  Avhich  firmly  enclose  the  fertile  floret: 
ligule  lascerate  1.5-2  mm.  long;  blades  usually  flat,  often  purple. 


2M  ruAi'K.K. 

puhosociil  iihovo  iiiid  below,  4-<)  vm.  long,  1-1. 5  nun.  wide.  I'an- 
ic'li'  ot'len  iiieliulod  at  the  base  by  tlie  iiijpei*  sheath,  slender,  race- 
mose, S-IT)  em.  long,  rays  mostly  solitary,  erect  or  spreading,  dis- 
tinct, distant.  S[)ikelets  mostly  snbsessile  and  extending  the  whole 
length  of  the  branches,  )i-{i  mm.  long;  empty  glnmes  ovate,  1- 
uerved,  subecpnil  or  the  lirst  shorter,  0. ")-(». S  mm.  long;  lloral 
glume  3-4  mm.  long,  scabrous,  H-nerved,  linear-lanceolate,  the  slen- 
der awn  3-.'}  cm.  long;  ])alea  scabrous,  lanceolate,  little  shorter  than 
its  glume.     (Jrain  l.fJ  mm.  long. 

Arizona,  PriiKjlv;  California,  T.  S.  Ikpt.  Jffn'cuL  310  from 
Jones,  Orcuif;  Mexico,  /'alincr  510. 

Texas  to  California  and  Mexico. 

30.  M.  spiciformis  Trin.  Fund.  Agrost.  2:42  (1841).  Mem. 
Acad.  St.  I'etersb.  (VI.)  6,  2:2^')  (184.")). 

A  very  slender,  much-branched  and  dilfuse  annual,  30-GO  cm. 
high,  sheaths  smooth,  half  to  three-fourths  the  length  of  the  intcr- 
nodes;  ligule  1  mm.  long;  blade  thin.  Hat.  0-10  cm,  long,  1.5-2 
mm.  wide.  In  some  of  the  lower  axils  are  short  turgid  sheath-like 
bracts  containing  fertile  flowers  with  hyaline  glumes.  Above  are 
fdiform  Ijranches  bearing  each  a  single  spike,  M-15  cm.  long  with 
more  or  less  distant  spikelets  which  are  single  or  branching  once  or 
twice.  Terminal  panicles  thin,  linear,  10-15  cm.  long,  rays  in 
twos  or  single,  the  longest  2-3  cm.  long,  bearing  short  branches  and 
10-20  spikelets,  snbsessile  or  on  ]iedicels  2-3  mm.  long.  Eni])ty 
glumes  of  these  spikelets  1-nerved.  the  second  less  than  1  mm.  long, 
but  longer  than  the  iirst;  lloral  glume  thiidy  ])ilose  on  the  lower 
half  of  the  central  nerve  and  the  margins,  scarcely  3  mm.  long,  gra- 
dually tapering  into  an  awn  1-2  cm.  long;  i)alea2  mm.  long,  grain 
nearly  as  long  as  the  palea.  Sessile  spikelets  borne  on  a  bearded 
pointed  callus  2  mm.  long  in  tlie  axils  of  stiif  lanceolate  bracts 
about  their  own  length,  first  glume  awl-shaped,  1-3  mm.  long,  sec- 
ond linear-lanceolate.  0  mm.  long,  with  a  single  double  nerve;  lloral 
glume  as  long  as  the  secoiul  glume,  3-nerved;  ])alea  pilose,  rachilla 
constricted,  1-2  mm.  long,  bearing  3  awns  5-10  mm.  long. 

Mexico. 

31.  M.  brevifolia  Scribn.  ined. 


A(f|{()STIl)i;.K.  'if).") 

A  sinootli  sk'iidcr  l)riincliiiig  <,a'niciilate  pcri'iiiiiiil,  1(1-40  <iii. 
lilgli,  tilt'  iiitiTiiodt'S  about  2  cm.  loiij;.  Sliciitlis  mostly  shorter 
tliiiii  tlio  iiitiTiioili's;  li^'uk'  1  mm.  or  less  in  Iciij^'th;  hhuic  involutt.', 
ohtiisc,  1-1}  cm.  long.  IV'ilunc'lo  slonder.  l()-ir»  cm.  long,  bearing  an 
open  ovoid  piinielc  :5  cm.  long.  Km[)ty  glumes  ('((uul,  1-iierved, 
'.'..")-:{  mm.  long;  llond  glume  '-i  mm.  long,  ;{-ucrved,  the  uwn  H-14 
mm.  long. 

Wet  ledges. 

Mexico  (.Tulisco).  Priiif/h-  4130. 

'.Vi.  M.  argentea  Viisey,  Bull.  'Joir.  Club,  13:  2;J;»  (ISSO). 

A  slender  glaucous  ascending  perennial,  4()-fiO  cm.  high. 
Leaves  of  sterile  shoots  few  and  stout,  short;  sheaths  of  the  culm- 
leaves  about  (!,  longer  than  the  internodes;  ligule  lam-eohite.  S-lO 
mm.  long;  blade  nearly  smooth,  loosely  involute,  S-I.'  cm.  long, 
1..")-".'  mm.  wide.  Paidclo  narrow  or  s])reading  (y)  j)artly  included, 
l','-IS  cm.  long,  vays  single  or  in  twos,  capillary,  branching,  tiie 
longest  5-7  cm.  long,  thinly  llowi-r-bearing  for  most  of  their  length. 
Spikelets  on  pedicels  .'J-.s  nim.  long,  light,  silvery  green  or  tinged 
with  red;  emi>ty  glumes  subequal,  linear-lanceolate,  the  apex  more 
or  less  irregularly  !i-toothed,  l-nerved,  ;.'.5-;{  mm.  long;  floral 
glume  broadly  linear,  thiidy  pubescent  on  the  lower  half.  3  mm. 
long.  :5-nerved,  with  two  broad  teeth  at  the  i\])v\,  the  awn  (1-15 
mm.  long;  palea  oval,  obtuse,  nearly  as  long  as  its  glume. 

^lexico,  /'(i/iiicr  KiO. 

:;3.  M.  tenuiflora  (WiUd.)  B.  S.  P.  Prel.  Cat.  N.  Y.  (17  (1SS8). 
Jf/rosfix  tcnuijhira  Wild.  Sp.  PI.  1:  'MW  (ITftS).  (Jinua  tenuijiura 
Link,  Knum.  1:71  (IH:.'!).  MHlileiiben;i((  UV/AA-^/f//-// Trin.  Unill. 
ISS  (lS-34). 

Culms  upright,  rather  slender,  simple  or  only  sparingly  branched, 
05-90  cm.  high,  from  scaly  creeping  rootstocks.  Sheaths  scabrous; 
ligule  about  I  mm.  long;  blades  flat,  thin,  pungent-jiointed,  sca- 
brid,  10-14  cm.  long,  4-T  mm.  wide.  I'anicle  very  slender,  loosely 
flowere(l,  20-40  cm.  long,  rays  distant,  mostly  in  pairs,  the  longest 
H-10  cm.  long,  slender.  Spikelets  on  pedicels,  the  shortest  of  which 
are  1-2  cm.  long,  em])ty  glumes  subequal,  ovate,  short-jwinted,  1- 
nerved,  about  'I  mm.  long;  floral  glume  ovate-lanceolate,  IJ-nerved, 


2r)«  POACK.E. 

pulK'sccnt  on  the  lower  third,  iihoiit  3..')  nun.  lon;^,  the  uwn  10- 
15  mm.  long:  \ni\vii  pubescent  on  the  nerves,  nearly  us  long  iis  its 
glume. 

I)rv  wood  lands. 

Pennsylvania,  ('/<n-A-  VM}.\:  District  of  Columbia,  McCarthy; 
Michigan,  Clark  i\\)\^;   Indiana,  lUal. 

Mew  England  to  Arkansas. 

:}4.  M.  capillaris  (Lam.)  Trin.  Unifl.  191  (IS-M).  S/i))a ra/iil- 
laris  Lam.  Illnstr.  1 :  l.*)S  (i:!ll).  S/ijia  <liffuKa  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  IH 
(17S.S).  Slijia  scrirea  Midix.  Kl.  Hor.  Am.  1 :  54  (KS0;5).  Ayroxlix 
.scrinv  Ell.  IJot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  l-.VA^t  (1817). 

A  tufted  erect  perennial,  (JO-lOO  cm.  high;  roots  librous. 
Culms  hard,  simi)le.  straiglit,  erect.  Ligule  :J— t  mm.  long;  blades 
conduplicate,  rigid,  those  of  the  euhn  15-20  cm.  long,  those  of  tl.o 
sterile  shoots  25-40  cm.  long,  all  j)ungent-pointed,  sub(.'\lindrical, 
about  1  mm.  diani.  Panicle  often  purple,  very  loose,  erect,  o])en, 
ovoid  or  narrow,  25-.'35  cm.  long,  rays  in  twos,  threes  or  single, 
spreading,  branches  diverging,  very  slender,  stilT  or  floxuose.  Spike- 
lets  single,  pedi(!elsl-3  cm.  long;  empty  glumes  subequal,  1-nerved, 
1.5-3  mm.  long;  first  awned  or  not,  second  awned;  lloral  glume 
smooth  except  the  hairy  tuft  below,  linear-lanceolate,  3-ncrved,  3.5 
mm.  long,  the  central  awn  G-15  mm.  long;  palea  as  long  as  its 
glume,  sometimes  awned. 

Georgia,  T^.  S.  Dept.  Ayricul.  300,  from  Latimer;  Florida, 
Curtiss  3401. 

Mew  England  to  Florida.  Missouri  and  Texas. 

Var.  filipes  (C'urtis)  Cluipm.  J/.  Jilipes  M.  A.  Curt.  Am. 
Journ.  Sei.  (L)  44:83  (1843). 

En)pty  glumes  about  1  mm.  long,  each  with  a  slender  awn  3-20 
mm.  long,  floral  glume  with  lateral  awns  3-5  mm.  long. 

Florida.  CiirHs.s  3401. 

Var.  trichopodes  (Ell.)  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3:  06 
(1802).     Ayrns/is  trichopodes  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  1:  135  (1810). 

Leaf-bhuh's  flat  or  conduidicate,  floral  glume  with  an  awn  l-(i 
mm.  long,  palea  a  little  longer  than  its  glume. 


AtilJOSTIDK.K.  ',>r»7 

Soutli  Carolina,  linn-nel;  Florida,  J.  II.  Curliss  \VH)\\  'rcxas, 
11  ■/•//////. 

;}:..  M.  Pringlei  Scribn.  liull.  Torr.  Club.  !):  S!»  (lSS->). 

A  sU'ikUt  erect  nitluT  rigid  di'iisi'ly-tufled  ]>i'roiiiiiiil,  .">()-40 
cm.  liigli.  Shcatliri  loii<,'cr  tliun  tlic  iiitcriiodcM;  li^Milc  broad,  dc- 
(!urrt'iit.  irrei^Milurly  cut.  I  mm.  lotij;:  l)ladt's  involute,  lilit'orm.  sca- 
brid,  al)out  7  to  cucli  culm.  (i-lT)  cm.  \in\\i,  tbc  lower  ones  sliorlcr. 
Panicle  slender,  contracted,  ratber  detiselv  llowered.  G-10  cm.  lonj;. 
Spikeletri  subscssile  or  on  sbort  pedicels,  empty  glumes  subcfpial.  !- 
nerved,  witb  slender  ucumimite  points,  2-.*J  mm.  b)ng;  tloral  glume 
laiu'eolate.  nearly  or  fpiite  smootb  at  tbe  base.  ;}-nerved,  scabrous 
on  tlio  keel  above,  15-4  mm.  long,  the  awn  H-lt»  mm.  long:  paleu 
nearly  as  long  as  its  glume. 

Arizona,  /'n'tit/lc. 

;}G.  M.  parviglumis  Vasey,  Monog.  CJrasses  U.  S.  and  lirit. 
Am.  71  (ISlio):  Contrib.  U.  S.  Xat.  Herb.  :5:71  (lWf2). 

A  branching  scabrous  grass,  50-70  cm.  high.  Slicatbs  rather 
loose,  the  lower  ones  longer  than  the  internodes;  ligule  luscerate, 
2.5  mm.  long;  blades  flat  or  involute.  4-8  cm.  long,  about  2  mm. 
wide.  Panicle  partially  enclosed,  narrow,  thin,  15-20  cm.  long, 
rays  single  or  the  lower  in  twos,  branching  and  flower-bearing  to 
the  base.  Empty  glumes  1-nerved.  subequal  or  niu>qual  0.5-0.8 
mm.  long:  floral  glume  liiu'ar-lanceolate.  3  mm.  long.  ;}-nerved, 
pilose  below,  scabrous  above,  awn  just  below  the  acute  bitid  a[)ex; 
awn  hyaline,  straight,  20-30,  mm.  long, 

Texas,  \eiiJh\i/. 

37.  M.  longifolia  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Xat.  Mus.  1 :  2S3 
(1893). 

An  erect  light-green  sto.it  tufted  perennial,  120-180  cm. 
high.  Culms  hard  but  hollow.  Sheaths  sometimes  spreading 
from  the  culm,  slightly  involute;  ligule  stout,  decurrent.  2-0 
mm.  long;  blades  of  the  cului  scabrous,  convolute  or  conduplicate, 
80-100  cm.  long,  0.5-1  mm.  diam.,  with  very  long  slender  i)oints. 
Panicle  yellowish  brown,  linear-lanceolate  (or  spreading?).  40-60 
cm.  long,  rays  scattered,  appressed,  capillary,  branc'hing,  mostly 
flower-bearing  on  the  terminal  half,  the  longest  10-15  cm.  long. 


Spikt'K'N  <»ii  j)('«li('i'l8  5-15  iiini.  loiij,';  oiiipty  pliiincrt  Kt'rrnliitc  oti 
the  Hiii^ili"  luTVf.  .sccoiitl  tlio  longer,  about  1  iiini.  loiiif.  iK'sidcs  a 
short  brislNs  llonil  ;;liiiiie  lunci'olutc,  ;{-nervi'(l,  'Z-',]  iiiiii.  loiii,'.  tlif 
awii  (i-10  iim).  loii;^';  imlt-ii  ueiite.  us  wkk-  uiul  lus  long  as  its  gluniL'. 
Antlicrs  ;J  ill  ntiniliiT.  1.4  mm.  long. 

Mexico  (I?i()  HlaiKo).  I'ltlnwr  523,  b'lWrx. 

WH.  M.  laxiflora  Srrihn.  inol. 

A  rather  slender  erect  light  green  tufted  [)erennial,  about  90 
em.  high.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  tliin,  la.sce- 
rate,  acute.  5  (i  mm.  long;  blades  scabrous,  involute  or  condu|)li- 
cate,  those  of  the  culm  \\-\,  and  4-1.')  cm.  long,  O.A-O.T  rum. 
diam.  Panicles  terminal,  thin,  purplish,  lanceolate  (or  spreading?), 
about  15  cm.  long,  rays  mostly  in  twos  and  threes,  erect,  sparingly 
branched,  bearing  8-15  spikelets  on  the  ternunal  lialf.  Spikclets 
on  pedicels  1-4  mm.  long,  empty  glumes  ovate,  acute,  obscurely 
1-nerved,  set^oml  the  longer.  1.5  mm.  long.  3-nerved;  iloral  glinne 
seabrid.  o-ncrvt'd.  ;?.T-4  mm.  long,  linear  wlu'ii  spread,  acute  or 
bearing  a  short  briatlc;  i)aloa  obtuse  when  spread,  as  long  as  its 
glume. 

Mexico,  J'riiH/h-    141  "3. 

Cool  sloj)es  of  {\h'  Su'rra  Madre,  Mexico. 

30.  M.  articulata  Scribn.  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  208  (1801). 

An  erect  densely  tufted  perennial,  GO-SO  cm.  high.  Tjcaves  of 
sterile  shoots  nearly  as  high  as  the  culms;  shciillis  com[)ressed.  12- 
18  cm.  long;  ligule  very  stout,  rigid.  5-7  mm.  long;  blades  strongly 
involute  or  condu])licate.  smooth,  0.7-1  mm.  diam..  long-pointed, 
articulate  at  the  sheaths,  leaving  the  stout  ligule  proje(!ting.  Pan- 
icle loosely  spikelike,  about  .'50  cm.  long,  longest  rays  ;>-G  cm.  long. 
Spikelets  linear-lanceolate,  4  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  hmceo- 
late,  1-nerved,  first  2.5  mm.  long,  second  3.2  mm.  long;  Iloral 
glume  with  a  tuft  of  short  hairs  at  the  base,  3-uerved,  bearing  a 
slender  tortuose  awn  2-2.5  cm.  long. 

Mexico  (San  Luis  Potosi).  Prinijh  3013. 

On  dry  calcareous  hills. 

40.  M.  Berlandieri  Triu.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petcrsb.  (VI.)  0.2 :  209 
(1845). 


A(ilt(>S'l'll)K.K.  di'iO 

A  (li'iisi'ly  tul'ti'tl  strict  lijjht-<;rei'n  scabrous  iicrcuuial.  about 
12<>  cm.  liij,'li.  Sbcatlia  aliortiT  or  louifcr  tluiu  the  iiitcrnoih's; 
li;,Mil('  lirui,  ;{-5  nun.  loug;  blades  coiiduplicutc,  ri;;i(l.  '^r)  40  nn. 
long,  about  1  nun.  diain.  i'aniclo  slender,  spikclike,  li.irlil  ;irecn 
or  purple,  ^O-IJO  cm.  Imuj,',  5-10  mm.  diani..  rays  numerous,  erect. 
I-;{  cm.  lonj,'.  Spikelets  on  pedicels  l-;{  mm.  Ion;,',  i-mpty  ;;lumes 
nerveless,  seabrid  toward  the  tip.  oval.  l.;5-l.l  nun.  hmu;  lloral 
;;lume\vith  a  very  .  nudl  pencil-tul't  of  hairs  at  the  base  oidy.  linear, 
:{-nerved,  '.i.,'i—i  mm.  lon;r,  ape.x  2-toothed,  the  awn  4-10  mm, 
1(  ii;:;  paleii  linear  ucuto,  us  long  us  its  glume.  Neurly  allied  to  .1/. 
(fjfiiiis. 

Mo.vit'o,  Prinf/h'  40;j. 

Texus  to  Arizomi  und  ^rexico. 

41.  M.  comata  (Thurl).)  Uenth.  Va.sey.  IJep.  Dep.  A^rric.  /. 
5:24T  (1H81-82).  Vtmya  vomuta  Thurb.  Proc.  I'hila.  Acad.  7!) 
(18(53). 

A  ratlier  stout  simple  erect  ))?rennial,  :5()-!)0  cm.  lii^rh.  with 
creeping  scaly  rootstocks.  Slieaths  about  G,  mostly  snKMjth,  shorter 
than  the  internodes;  ligulc  u  lasceratc;  fringe  1  mm.  or  less  in 
length;  blades  dull  green,  rough  on  both  siiles,  Hut  or  convolute, 
pungent-pointed,  8-15  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  wide.  Panicle  })ale 
green,  lead-colored  or  I'urplish,  8  12  cm.  long,  1-1.1}  mm. 
diam.,  often  with  intcrrujjtions  and  short  si)ikes  below.  Spikelets 
on  very  short  pedicels;  empty  glumes  conduj)licate.  liueur-laneeo- 
lute,  the  single  nerve  serrulate,  mucronate.  first  2.5-;5.:j  mm.  long. 
second  u  little  longer:  lloral  glume  thin,  linear-lanceolate,  ,'3  nerved, 
'.\  mm.  long,  with  silky  hairs  from  the  callus  as  long  as  the  floret, 
the  awn  3-S  mm.  long;  jxilea  acute,  as  long  as  its  glume,  (irain 
linear  1.3  mm.  long. 

Colorado,  Patterson,  ('assidij;  Montana.  WiUiams;  California, 
Kellogg  <ni(l  Jlanird  lOitT,  Ilall  and  JfartxHtr  185. 

Colorado  to  California  ou  alluvial  baid\s  of  streams. 

•12.  M.  Porteri  Scribn.  in  ^IS.  M.  Temna  Thurb.  Gram.  Mex. 
Bcuud.  ined.     Porter  and  Coult.  Syn.  Fl.  Col.  144  (1874). 

A  branching  dilTuse  or  decumbent  perennial,  often  more  or  less 
purple  or  red,  30-GO  cm.  high.     Culms  solid  or  nearly  so,  nodes 


260  POACE.E. 

numerous.  Slieatlis  mostly  half  the  length  of  the  intcrnodos; 
ligule  ciliate.  about  '2  mm.  long;  blades  Hat  or  involute,  bristle- 
pointed,  2-0  em.  long.  1.5  mm.  wide.  Panicle  thin,  pyramidal  or 
ovoid,  8-10  cm.  long;  rays  about  10  in  number,  single,  the  longest 
sparingly  branched,  bearing  5-10  spikelets.  Spikelets  on  pedicels 
•^-5  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  linear-lanceolate,  1-nerved.  'i.'2-)l.b 
mm.  long;  lloral  glume  thinly  and  shortly  pubescent  on  the  lower 
hall",  ovate,  acute,  '^'-toothed.  3-nerved,  3  mm.  long,  awn  3-G  mm. 
long;  palea  much  like  its  glume,  excepting  in  the  luimbur  of  nerves. 
Antliers  1.8  mm.  long. 

The  following  is  a  note  from  Prof.  Scribner:  " 'J'hurber's  .)/. 
Te.ratid  was  first  described  and  published  in  Porter  tS:  Coulter's 
Syiu^psis  of  the  Flora  of  Colorado  (187-1),  It  is  there  given 
' Muhletihvrgia  Tcxana  'i'hurber  in  (}ram.  Mex.  Bound,  ined."  From 
this  it  appears  that  liuckley'sname  should  stand,  with  M.  JUirk-leij- 
ana  Scrib.  as  a  synonym,  while  a  new  name  must  be  given  to 
Thurber's  grass.  We  will  name  this  last  M.  J^oiieri,  as  it  a[)pears 
that  Dr.  T.  C.  Porter  first  described  it." 

Arizona,  V.  8.  Dei)t.  Agricul.  from  Ihisby,  Priiiglc ;  Texas 
Ncidlcij. 

Texas  to  Arizona,  (yalifornia.  and  Mexico. 

43.  M.  dumosa  Scribn.  Vasey.  Contrib.  17.  S.  Xat.  Herb.  3:71 
(1892). 

An  erect  jierennial.  120-150  cm.  liigh,  profusely  b  •iiMching 
toward  the  toj).  from  woody  rootstocks.  Culms  very  hard,  nodes 
unusually  numerous.  2")-,'")()  ■;ome  of  the  sleiuler  upper  branches 
with  35  nodes.  Sheaths  hai.  or  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  inter- 
nodes;  ligule  a  mere  ring;  blades  lanceolate,  flat.  25  cm.  long, 
passing  gradually  to  those  much  shorter,  those  on  tiie  very  slender 
branches  often  deciduous.  Panicles  very  mimerous,  simple,  1-2.5 
cm.  long;  rayn  single,  about  5  in  number,  bearing  a  few  sessile 
single  or  clustered  spikeitts,  Spikelets  often  purplish:  emi)ty 
glumes  nearly  equal,  ovate,  about  1.5  mm.  long,  the  single  nerve 
ending  in  a  mucro;  tlora'  glume  pubescent  on  the  niai'gins  along 
the  lo)ver  half,  oval-lanceolate,  3-nerved,  3-4  mm.  long,  the  awn 


A({U()STI1)K.E.  261 

;3-G  mm.  long;  palea  as  long  as  its  gLi.  torminating  in  two  seta\ 
Grain  linear,  terete,  'Z  mm.  long. 

Arizona  (Santa  Catilina  Mts.),   Pringle  S84. 

Var.  minor  Seribn.  ined.  Plant  more  slender,  spikelets  pedicel- 
late, the  bristles  of  the  empty  glumes  often  as  long  as  the  rest  of 
glume,  lloral  glume  2  mm.  long,  the  awn  more  slender,  often  10  mm. 
or  more  long. 

^lexico.  Pn'u(/Ic  '2'-)i')'). 

44.  M.  arenicola  Buekl.  Proc.  Phila.  Aead.  91  (186'3).  JA  C(pf<- 
pifom  Chapm.  Coult.  liot.  (ias.  3:  18  (1S|8).  .)/.  xctifitlia  Vasey, 
C'oult.  Hot.  (Jaz.  T:l>-,'  (1882).  J/.  L\rerc/iuni  V.  t\:  S.  C'outrib. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  ;5:G(]  (1882). 

A  slender  erect  tufted  simple  glaucous-green  perennial,  ;50-G0 
cm.  high,  with  fibrous  roots.  Sheaths  half  the  length  of  tiie  inter- 
nodes;  ligule  thin,  4-T  mm.  long:  leaves  of  sterile  shoots  short, 
blades  conduplicate,  rigid,  almost  fdiform,  8-1.")  cm.  long.  I'anicle 
terminal,  slender,  dilTuse,  the  base  sometimes  included,  ".'O-IIO  cm, 
long,  rays  in  twos  or  threes,  capillary,  s])aringly  ilowercd  on  short 
branches  above  the  middle.  Spikelets  on  pedicels  1-10  mm.  long; 
empty  glumes  oval  to  lanceolate  or  bristly  pointed,  subequal.  1- 
nerved,  one-fourth  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  lloret;  iloral  glume 
thin,  shortly  hairy  on  the  nerves  for  the  lower  two-thirds,  linear, 
'^-toothed,  13-nervcd,  ',]  mm.  long,  awn  1-3  mm.  long;  palea  linear, 
)i-toothed  as  long  as  its  glume. 

Mexico,    Prinyle  from  I^itterson. 

Texas,    Wri(//i(,  Rcrcrr^nn.  Ilovarth  Xeallcy. 

Texas  and  ^lexico. 

45.  M.  gracillima  Torr,  Pacif.  Rail.  Pej).  4:155  (1857). 

A  slender  glabrous  densely-tufted  perennial.  '.'0-40  cm.  high. 
Ligule  3  mm.  long;  blades  of  sterile  shoots  numerous,  conduplicate, 
2-5  em.  long.  0.3  mm.  diam.,  those  of  the  culm  2-3  in  number  and 
nnu'li  the  same.  Panicle  (-'.nder.  often  purple.  ]nrami(lal  or  con- 
tracted, about  15  cm.  long,  rays  ca{>illary.  mostly  solitary,  the 
lower  in  twos  and  threes,  sparingly  branched,  the  longest  5-0  cm. 
long,  bearing  4-8  spikelets  above  the  middle.  Si)iki'lcts  on  pedi- 
cels 4-10  mm.  long,  empty  glumes  thin,  equal,  1-nerved,  lanceolate. 


262  PUAl'E.E. 

a\vl-s]iii}H'(l,  filiout  2  mm.  long;  ilonil  <rlunK' and  palca  lanceolate^ 
2-to()tlK'(l,  ;5  nun.  long,  the  former  :5-nervetl,  nearly  smooth,  ami 
bearing  an  awn  about  its  length. 

New  Mexico,  /'.  S.  Jh'pl.  A<jricuJ.  317;  New  Mexico,  Jo)u'f<; 
Cobjrado,  Citxs idi/. 

Plains  of  Colorado  and  >>'e\v  Mexico. 

4G.  M.  Lemmoni  Scribn. ;  Vasey.  Contrib.  V.  S.  Xat.  Herb. 
',}:  TO  (18!):3).  .)/.  lIuarhiiaiHd  Vai<ey,  Monog.  brasses  T.  S.  cS:  lirit. 
Am.  0!)  (1890);  Contrib.  U.  S.  Xut.  Herb.  ;i:G9  (189-^). 

A  slender  npright  scabrous  much-branched  grass.  oO-TO  cm. 
high,  with  cree}>ing  rootstocks.  Sheaths  longer  than  the  in- 
temodes;  ligule  I'ringed,  0.7  mm.  long;  blades  numerous,  erect, 
loosely  involute,  8-15  cm.  long,  1.5-2.5  mm.  wide.  I'anicle  nar- 
row. interrui)ted,  8-20  (!m.  long,  consisting  maiidy  of  interruj»ted, 
appressed,  spikelike  rays  2-4-7  cm.  long.  8])ikelets  sessile  or  nearly 
so;  empty  glumes  equal,  l-nerved,  scabrid,  2.5-3.5  mm.  long, 
sometimes  including  a  bristle  one-third  as  long  as  the  glumes;  floret 
pubescent  for  the  lower  half,  the  glume  strongly  3-nerved,  3  mm. 
long,  linear,  obtuse  when  spread,  or  with  two  short  blunt  barbs, 
the  awn  1-2  mm.  long;  palea  scarcely  obtuse  when  spread,  equal 
or  a  very  little  longer  than  its  glume. 

It  differs  from  M.  paiiriJJora  lUicklcy  in  having  shorter  awns, 
longer  and  more  pointed  empty  glumes,  and  a  hairy  floral  glume. 

Arizona,  Lcmnion  392,  2-418,  2915,  4GG3;  Texas,  XeaJ/ei/; 
^fexico.  Pn')if/(c  395. 

47.  M.  pungens  Thurb.  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  78  (18(i3). 

A  tufted  erect  pale  green  perennial,  30-50  cm.  high.  Sheaths 
longer  than  the  inteniodes;  ligule  a  ciliate  ring;  blades  firm,  invo- 
lute, rigid,  pungent,  those  of  the  culm  3-0  cm.  long.  Panicle  open, 
thin,  ovoid,  about  15  cm.  long,  rays  solitary,  branches  capillary, 
spreading.  Spikelets  mostly  with  })edicels  2  cm.  or  more  long,  in- 
cluding the  awn.  5-(i  mm.  long;  emi)ty  glumes  subequal.  l-nerved, 
bristly-]iointed,  about  2.5  mm.  long;  floret  sometinies  with  a  very 
minute  rudiment  of  a  second  floret,  iloral  glume  very  sparingly 
bearded  at  base,  linear-lanceolate,  3-nerved,  4  mm.  long,  the  awn  1-2 
mm.  long;  palea  nearly  as  long  as  its  glume,  bearing  2  setose  teeth. 


AliUOSTlDE/E.  20;^ 

Arizona.   f\  S.  Dcpl.  Afjn'ciih  ;522  from  Jonos. 

Neltruska,  Colorado,  Now  .Mexico,  Arizona,  Utah.  Known  in 
Arizona  as  Hhifk  (lanm  or  (lama  China. 

4S.  M.  tenella  (II.  \\.  K.)  Trin.  Unifl.  103  (18-^4).  Pudnsn'- 
iinini  ti'ncUuiii  II.  W.  K.  Xov.  (ien.  et.  Sp.  1:1:28  (1815). 
Trirhorhlm  tviivlht  W.  &  S.  Syst.  ;.' :  ;}8.-)  (181 1). 

A  slender  liirht  rcddish-g'rcen.  mnch-branclicd  and  dilTusc  an- 
nnal.  lo-'^O  om.  high.  Sheaths  rrt'qnently  erowded  from,  and  bnt 
little  lon<!:er  than,  the  iuternodes;  lignlea  filiate  rin<r;  blades  thin. 
Hat  or  involnte,  often  pubeseent,  :l-i)  cm.  long.  1-1. o  mm.  wide. 
J'anieles  lateral  and  terminal,  slemler,  interrupted,  spikelike.  8-1^2 
cm.  long;  rays  single  or  in  twos,  the  longest  1  cm.  long.  8j)ikelets 
sessile  or  on  pedicels  \-'l  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  l-nerved,  sub- 
equal.  1.0-3  mm.  long,  incliuling  the  bristle-point  or  awn;  lloral 
glume  lanceolate,  o-nerved,  about  \\.\  mm.  Avhen  spread.  aj)[)earing 
shorter,  graduidly  tapering  to  the  awn,  which  is  1.5  cm.  long;  i)alea 
very  narrow,  as  long  as  its  glume.     (J rain  hmeeolate,  5i.O  mm.  long. 

Mexico,  Pahner  481.  Pri»>/h  ITo,  1745. 

4i>.  M.  8trictior(Scribn.).   .]/.  Jlnridn  yav.  s/ rid ior  Scrihn.  ined. 

A  soft  annual,  much  branched  from  near  the  base,  "^'O-^O  cm. 
high.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  acute,  3  mm. 
long:  blades  scabrous,  involute  or  tlat,  2-5  cm.  long,  i-'i  mm. 
wide.  Panicle  linear,  erect,  yellowish  or  reddish  green,  4-8  cm. 
long,  rays  single  or  clustered,  s})aringly  branching,  bearing  10-15 
si)ikelets  along  the  entire  length.  Spikelets  on  pedicels  mostly 
about  1  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  equal,  thin,  linear-lanceolate,  1- 
nerved,  2.5-3.8  mm.  long;  tloral  glume  almost  hyaline,  lanceo- 
late, pubescent  on  tin?  nnirgins,  2-toothed,  3.5-3.8  mm.  long,  the 
awn  1.5-2  mm.  long;  palea  2-toothed,  as  long  as  its  glume.  An- 
thers linear,  0.8   mm.  long. 

Mexico,  Prinyle  1418. 

50.  M.  Arizonica  Scribn.  Hull.  Torr.  ("lub,  15:  S  (1888). 

A  densely  tufted  perennial;  culms  slender,  erect,  15-35  cm. 
high.  Ligulo  thin,  1.5-2  mm.  long;  blades  scabrid  on  the  mar- 
gins and  keel,  flat  or  conduplicate.  3-5  cm.  long,  1-1.5  mm.  wide, 
pungent-pointed.     Panicle  purjjle.  thin,  ovoid,  8-18  cm.  long,  rays 


2R4  I'OACEvE. 

mostly  sin^'lo.  capillary,  with  very  sloiulcr  scattered  spreadiii": 
branches.  Spikelets  on  pedicels  "-.'-lO  mm.  long,  empty  glumes 
subequal,  ovate,  obtuse  or  acute,  obsourely  1-uerved,  about  1.3  mm. 
long;  tloral  glume  linear  when  s])read,  tinely  pubescent  on  the  3 
Tierves,  3  mm.  long,  minutely  3-toothed,  the  awn  0.5-1  mm.  long; 
palea  linear,  nearly  as  long  as  its  glume. 

Mexico,  PriiKjlo  Ai)'i\  Arizomi,  I 'riii(/Ie. 

Arizona  and  Mexico. 

51.  M.  affinis  Trill.  Fund.  Agrost.  2:55(1841).  Mem.  Acad. 
St.  Tetersb.  (VI.)  0.  2:391  (1815). 

Culms  hard,  scalirid,  simple,  erect,  GO-00  cm.  high,  from  peren- 
nial tufts.  Sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes;  ligiile  lirm.  2  mm. 
long;  blades  light-colored,  scubroiis  above,  becoming  involute.  20- 
40  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide,  with  long  setaceous  points.  Panicle 
l)urp[e,  slender,  narrow  or  open,  20-30  cm.  long,  rays  finely  (^ai)il- 
lary,  in  rather  distant  pairs,  the  longest  10  cm.  long,  sparingly 
branched,  flower-bearing  above  the  middle.  Spikelets  on  jiedicels 
8-20  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  equal,  ovate,  apex  variable,  obscurely 
1-nerved,  about  1  mm.  long;  floral  glume  pencil-tufted  at  base, 
scabrid,  linear-lanceolate,  3-iierved,  4  mm.  long,  awn  10-20  mm. 
long;  palea  lineiir,  very  nearly  as  long  as  its  glume.  Nearly  allied 
to  M.  Palmeri  Vasey  and  .)/.  lierlandieri. 

Mexico,  Palmer  522.  954. 

52.  M.  implicata  (Wilhl.)  Triii.  Uuifi.  193  (1824).  Af/rns/is 
impUmta  Spreng.  Syst.  1 : 2(i2  (1S25).  Podnxivinuin.  impJicatiDii 
11.  n.  K.  Xov.  (kMi.  et  Sp.  1: 127(1815).  Trichochloa  inipUcala  K. 
it  S.  2:385  (1817). 

A  slender,  rathersoft,  pur})lish,  braiieiiing  annual  (?),  50-70ciii. 
high.  Sheaths  about  as  long  as  the  internodes;  ligule  thin.  1.5-2 
mm.  long;  blades  coiidu[)licate  or  flat,  scabrous  above.  10-15  cm. 
long,  1.5  mm.  wide.  Panicle  thin,  slender,  ovate-lanceolate.  15-20 
via.  long,  rays  single  with  sjjreading  capillary  liranches.  few- 
ilowered.  Spikelets  on  very  slender  flexuose,  curved  pedicels, 
which  are  5-10  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  broad,  truncate,  erose, 
second  1-nerved,  about  0.5  mm.  long  and  longer  than  the  flrst  one; 
floral  glume  linear-lanceolate,  scabrid,  3-nerved,  4  mm.   long,  in- 


AOHOSTIDE.E.  20;*! 

eluding  the  'i  slender  bristles;  iiwn  very  slender,  10-20  mm.  loni,'; 
paleti  laneeoliite,  iioute,  nearly  as  long  as  its  glume.     Anthers  3  in 
number,  0.5  mm.  long. 
Mexico,  Pn'tif/Ic  818. 

53.  M.  Palmeri  Vusey,  Bull.  Terr.  Club,  13:231  (1886). 

Culms  rather  stout,  simple,  erect,  05-120  em.  high,  from  creep- 
ing rootstocks.  Ligule  firm,  2  mm.  long;  blades  firm,  scabrous 
al)ove,  becoming  involute  or  condu})licate,  30-(iO  cm.  long,  the 
jioint  setaceous.  Panicle  often  purple,  erect,  spikolike,  18-30  cm. 
long,  1-2  cm.  diam.,  rays  very  numerous,  erect,  mostly  llower- 
bearing  to  the  base.  Spikelets  on  pedicels  1—4  mm.  long;  empty 
glumes  sube([ual,  1-nerved,  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  tlorcts, 
including  the  awn-i)oint;  Horal  glume  scabrous,  oblong-lanceolate, 
3-nerved,  about  4  mm.  long,  apex  2-toothed  with  an  awn  4-0  mm. 
long;  palea  scabrous,  linear,  acute,  as  long  as  its  glume.  Nearly 
allied  to  M.  affinis  Trin. 

Mexico.  Pfingle  1417. 

54.  M.  pauciflora  liuckl.  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  91  (1802). 

An  erect  perennial,  rather  sjiaringly  branched  for  the  whole 
length,  50  cm.  high:  culms  hard,  sculjriil.  nodes  tumid:  siieaths 
mostly  shorter  than  the  internodes,  some  of  them  crowded  ot?  by 
the  branches:  ligule lascerate,  1-1.5  mm.  long;  blades  of  the  culm.-? 
.smooth  on  the  lower  side,  rather  setaceous,  O-K)  cm.  long,  those 
near  the  roots  few  and  short.  Panicle  spikelike,  slender.  (i-S  cm. 
long,  rays  mostly  single,  a])pressed.  tlower-bearing  to  the  base,  the 
longest  2  cm.  long.  Spikelets  on  very  short  pedicels,  emj)ty  glumes 
ef|ual,  lanceolate.  1-nerved.  2.5  mm.  htng;  lloral  glume  with  a  few 
short  hairs  at  the  base,  linear-lanceolate,  3-norved,  nearly  4  mm. 
long,  the  awn  S-12  cm.  long;  ])alea  linear,  4  mm        ig. 

Much  like  .)/.  Xco-Mcjinina.  of  which  it  .  perhaps  only  a 
variety. 

Arizona,  XeaUfi/  in  1801. 

55.  M.  Neo-Mexicana  Vasey,  Coult.   Bot,  fJaz.  11 :  337  (1880). 
An  erect  i)erennial.   branching  near  tiu'  base.      C'uims    hard. 

•scabrous.  30-(;o  cm.  high.     Siieaths   longer  than   the  internodes; 


2(\6  POAfE.E. 

lij^nle  lascoriito,  1.-5  mm.  Icniii :  blades  of  tlio  culm  soiibrous,  eroct, 
setaceous,  (I-IO  cm.  Ion*:,  tlio.^e  of  the  sterile  shoots  about  1  cm. 
loujf.  Panicle  narrow,  thinly  spikelike,  10-15  cm.  lon<j:,  rays 
mostly  in  twos,  appressed,  llower-hearin<j:  at  the  base,  the  longest 
'.\-o  cm.  long,  branches  closely  ilowered.  Spikelets  on  very 
short  i)edi(!els  or  sessile;  em})ty  glumes  c(|ual.  ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate  or  awl-jjointed,  1-nerved,  ;.'-;.'. 5  mm.  long;  iloral  glume 
sparingly  liairy  at  base,  linear-lanceolate,  o-nerved,  al)out  4  mm. 
long,  the  awn  ti-l'-l  mm.  Ittng;  palea  linear,  nearly  as  long  as  its 
glume. 

Kew  ^lexico.  r.  S.  Depf.  ^tt/rind.  from  Vasey. 

New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  on  rocky  hills  and  mountain-sides. 

o(i.  M.  longiglumis  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1:28:! 
(180:J). 

A  rather  sleiuler  tufted  unbranched  light  green  perennial. 
00-100  cm.  high.  Culms  solid,  'i'he  ui)per  sheaths  spreading  from 
the  culms  and  involute;  ligule  thin,  decurrent,  and  o-S  mm.  long; 
blades  of  the  sterile  shoots  conduplicate,  scabrous,  thickly  clothed 
with  silky  hairs.  30-40  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  cidm 
about  '.\  mm.  wide.  Panicle  often  purplish,  slender,  loosely  spike- 
like, 20-40  cjn.  long;  rays  scattered,  numerous,  appressed,  sparing- 
ly brauchod,  the  longest  about  4  cm.  long,  bearing  5-8  scattered 
spikelets.  Spikelets  on  pedicels  mostly  about  1  mm.  long;  empty 
glumes  scabrid  or  pubernlent,  thin,  sube(|ual,  lanceolate,  obscurely 
1-nerved,  5.5-0  mm.  long;  floral  glume  ovate-lanceolate  when 
spread,  obscurely  3-nerved,  4-5  mm.  long.  2-toothed.  awn  "~*-0  cm. 
long;  palea  acute,  as  long  and  as  broad  as  its  glume.  Anthers  3 
in  number,  nearly  3  mm.  long. 

Mexico,  P<(h)}('r  TOO,  Pnnyle  2305. 

57.  M.  Trinii  Fouru.  llemsl.  Jiiol.  Centr.  Am.  Bot.  3:543 
(1880).     Braclnn'hjlnun  Pritujlei  Vasey,  ined. 

A  very  slender  ditTuse  grass,  20-40  cm.  high.  Sheaths  and 
nodes  mostly  pubescent;  ligule  ciliate,  less  than  1  mm.  long;  blades 
mostly  inibescent,  flat,  acuminate,  2-4  cm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide. 
Panicle  termimil  and  axillary,  the  ;atter  mostly  enclosed  by  tlie 
sheaths,  the  former  exserted,  8-12  cm.  long.     Spikelets  racemose 


AOUOSTIDK.K.  207 

in  pnirsnr  threes  in  ii  l-sidcd  ])iini(;le.  the  lowiT  on  short  bent  capil- 
hirv  pedieels,  wl)ieh  hroiik  at  iniitnrity;  llowers  of  the  h)\ver  spikelet 
sniidl.  ot'  the  u[)per  perfect;  empty  ^duine.s  (»f  luircr  xpikrlrf  e(|u;d, 
lividine,  1-nerved  or  not.  tnuu^iite,  (>.:5  nun.  Ion;;,  floret  ohtuse;  lh»r:il 
jjlunie  tluii.  ;j-nerve(l.  nnir^diiid  nerverf  serruhite-eiliiite.  4-5  mm. 
long,  often  term iiiiitini;  in  sliort  stout  awns,  eenti-al  nei've  extend- 
ing into  an  awn  10-15  mm.  long;  palea  lanceolate,  its  two  awns 
about  0.5  mm.  long;  uppvr  f(i>ikfli't  with  emj)ty  glumes  1-nerved, 
truncate.  0.:>  mm.  long;  iirst  outer  ghune  beai'ing  a  bristle-like 
awn  about  'X  mm.  long;  lloret  about  1  mm.  long.  Stamens  ;>  in 
number,  anthers  oval,  0.:5  mm.  long.  (Jrain  linear-lanceolate, 
round  on  the  back,  ;>.:>  mm.  long:    embryo  oblong,  1  mm.  long. 

Mexico,  7)VV/r;-/ Too,  /loiirt/rdH  XW,),  /'riiit/Jf  1  ::i'.i, -^.Hil.  The 
hitter  distributed  as  Jlrdi-Jii/eli/fnitn  /'ri/if/Ii'i  \'asey. 

51.   (li:5a).   BeALIA  Scribn.  Hack.  Truedrasses,  10-1(1800). 

8pikelet3  l-tlowered,  loosely  paniculate;  raehilla  articulate  above 
the  lower  glumes,  not  extended  above  the  llower;  lloral  glume  with 
a  minute  callus,  bearded  at  the  base.  Emi)ty  glumes  2,  ])ersistent. 
mendjranous  softly  hairy,  slightly  une<iual,  round  on  the  back. 
1-nerved  or  nerveless;  lloral  glume  a  little  shorter  than  the  empty 
glume,  soft,  pubescent,  3-nerved,  2-lobed,  a  slender  awn  between 
the  lobes,  oi\ly  loosely  enclosing  the  grain;  jialea  pubescent,  round 
on  the  back,  delicately  2-nerved.  Stamens  :?.  Styles  distinct: 
stigmas  racemose.  Grain  oval,  oidy  very  loosely,  if  at  all,  enclosed 
by  glume  and  i)alea. 

There  are  two  or  more  species  fonnd  in  Mexico. 

1.  B.  Mexicana  Scribn.  1.  c. 

An  elegant  tufted  perennial,  20-40  cm.  high,  densely  bi'anched 
at  the  base,  usually  light  green  mow  or  h'ss  tinged  with  red. 
Sheaths  short,  mostly  distended,  iliose  of  the  culm  2  in  num- 
ber; ligule  acute,  2-3  mm.  long;  blades  Hat.  conduplicate,  1-4 
cm.  long,  about  1.5  mm.  wide.  Lower  panicles  partly  enclosed, 
tbe  upper  much  exserted.  simple,  thin,  linear  to  ovoid.  :l-8  cm. 
long;  rays  single,  sparingly  branched,  the  longest  1-3  cni.  long. 
flower-bearing  on  the  outer  two-thirds.  Spikelets  on  pedicels  1-;) 
mm.     long  ;    e.npty    glumes    linear,    subacute.    4-5    mm.    long. 


268 


POACE.E, 


l-nerved;   floral   glume   3-lo])e{l,  ;5— i   mm.   long,    the   uwn  flfxii- 

081',  ',1-5  mm.  long;  i)alc'ii  liiicar,  obtuse, 
ulmost  us  louj,'  its  its  glume.  Authors  lin- 
ear, 1.4  mm.  long. 

1'hin  soil  of  dry  })orphyry  on  mountains. 
Mexico  (Chihuahua),  I'rinyle  819. 
2.  B.   speciosa    (Vascy).       }fuhlenher(jia 
sjjeclom  Vasey,   liull.     Torr.  Club,  13:231 
(18Sn). 

A  robust  erect  ])erennial,  00-120  cm. 
high.  Culms,  sheaths,  and  lower  side  of 
blades  shortly  tomentose.  Sheaths  com- 
pressed-keeled, longer  than  the  internodes; 
ligule  very  short,  ciliate;  blades  scabrous 
above,  involute,  GO  cm.  long  more  or  less. 
3—4  mm.  wide.  Panicle  50-(i()  cm.  lojig, 
linear;  rays  numerous,  mostly  single, 
branching  freely, 8-10  cm.  long,  llower-bear- 
ing  along  the  upper  three-fourths.  Spikclets 
on  pedicels  1-3  mm.  long;  empty  glumes 
subequal,  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  flexuose,  nerveless, 
about  2  mm.  long;  floral  glume  pubescent,  oval,  2-toothed,  1.7  mm. 
long,  awn  1-1.5  mm.  long;  palea  linear,  obscurely  nerved,  nearly  as 
long  as  its  glume.  In  texture  the  glumes  and  palea  are  much  alike. 
Anthers  linear,  1  mm.  long. 

Mexico  (Chihuahua),  Palmer  301  in  1885. 

52.  (lU).  BrACHYELYTRUM  Ik^auv.  Agrost.  39.  /.  9.  /'.  2  (1S12). 
Spikclets  l-flowered,  narrow,  with  a  slemler  rudiment  of  a 
second  llowcr  along  a  groove  on  the  back  of  the  palea  in  a  simple 
racemose  panicle,  raclulhi  articulate  above  the  lower  glumes.  Empty 
glumes  nnequal,  minute,  persistent;  floral  glume  chartaceous,  in- 
volute, rigid,  acuminate,  5-7-nerved,  oxtemling  into  a  long  straight 
awn;  palea  sliorter.  delicately  2-nerved,  with  a  groove  along  the 
back.  Stamens  2.  Styles  short,  distinct.  (}rain  linear,  oblong, 
inclosed,  but  not  adherent.     Rachilla  ciliolate. 

There  is  one  species  and  that  peculiar  to  North  America;  nearly 


Fm.  45.  —  Bealia  Men- 
cana.  a,  eiii])ty  fjluiues; 
b,  Horet.    (Scribner.) 


A(JU<)STII>E.K. 


2«9 


allied  to  some  spcoios  of  Sliixi,  hut  tlu>  racliillii  is  produoed  lu-vond 
tho  lloral  f,duiiio  into  u  little  bristlo,  sometiiiiL'.s  bouriiig  u  iniuiito 
nidiincntary  ^'liinic 

1.  B.  erectum  (Sdirob.).  l^ciuiv.  A<,'rost.  39 
(181^).  Miihlnihcniid  vralo  Sehreb.  Grils. 
2:139,  t.  i'to  (IT72-T9).  DUvpntntm  aristuHvm 
Miohx.  Fl.  lior.  Am.  1:40  (1803).  Muhh'uhvnfm 
arlsfafa  Pers.  Syii.  1  :  73  (IfiOA).  llrarlinvhilnua 
urlslatiun  1{.  iS:  S.  Syst.  2:413(1817).  Mnhh-n- 
hcrffia  bnir/n/eli/fnim  Tvhi.  Unifl.  188  (1H24). 
^lom,  Ac'iid.  St.  Tetcrsb.  (\'I).  <!,  2:300  (1X45). 

Culms  sUmder,  erect,  tufted,  3()-f;()  riii.  iii<rli. 
comin<(  from  ii  dense  pereiiniiil  rootstock.  often 
finely  pubescent,  especiully  at  the  nodes.  Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  iuteruodes;  liyulo  2  mm.  loni--: 


b       a 

Fm.  A(3,—Br<ichyelytmni  erectum.     A,  spikelet;  a,  horul  glume;  b,  palea  and 

bristle,     (liicliard.son.) 
blades  Hat,  elliptical-lanceolate,  scabrid,  9-nerved,  C-12  cm.  lonj?, 
1-1.5  em.  wide.     Floret  appressed,  more  or  less  scabrous,  linear- 
oblon<,^  about  1  cm.  long,  bearing  an  awn  1-2  em.  long. 

\'ermont,  PruKjIe;  Pemisylvania,  Scribncr  fu.  I.^  S.  Dei)t. 
Agrieul.  330;  Virginia,  Simill;  Michigan,  Clark  1003,  1103, 
FarwcU;    ^Minnesota,  lUaley  B.  397. 

Dry  rocky  places  and  m  woods,  usually  in  scattered  bunches. 

Florida  and  northward. 


270 


POACK.K. 


5;}.  (lie).  LycuRUC  II.  I{.  K.  Nov.  (Ion.  ct.  Sp.  1:141 
(ISI.')).  (1coj>,);/„H  >iut(.  ,I(juni.  Acad.  IMiil.  (II.)  1:1S!)  (1847). 
Spiki'lets  l-ll(»\v't'ri'(i,  inirrow,  siii^Mi'  or  in  pairs,  sessile  or  on  very 
short  hnuu.'lu'S  of  the  spikeliko  panicle,  raehiilavery  short,  sultartie- 
ulate  aliove  the  empty  <f|unies  und  not  produced  l)eyond  the  llower. 
Knii)ty  ^'lunus  2,  inenil>ran()us.  the  outer  with  'i-',\  nerves,  exti-nd- 
JUiT  ii>to  bristles,  second  shorter,  narrower.  !-awned:  lloral  'dnmo 
uwiied,  lon^'er  and  wider  than  the  others,  ;{-nerved :  palea  sh'nder, 
:3-nerved,  or  "J-kei'li'd.  briefly  •.'-toothed.  There  are  sonic  sterile 
8pikelets.  Stamens  ;{.  Styles  short,  distinct,  drain  inclosed  l)y 
the  firm  lloral  <rlume  and  ])alea,  but  uot  adherent. 

These  f^rasses  are  tul'teil.  asoendin.Lr.  or  erect  with  solid  cnlms, 
leaf-bhaU's  soon  eonduplicale.  Spikes  eylindrieal.  narrow,  exserted 
or  partially  included  by  the  .sheaths. 

There  are  two  8[)ecies  found  in  Mexico  so  nearly  alike  that  it  is 
ditlundt  to  distinjifnish  one  Trom  the  other. 

Following,'  a  su<;<jestion  of  lientham,  I  make  one  u  more  variety 
of  the  other.  As  lieutluim  stiites:  ''The  loui?  dense  cylindrical 
spike  with  sterile  spikelets  intermixed  with  the  perfect  ones  brin^ 
the  <(enu8  in  connection  with  the  subtribe  Sesleriea'  of  Festucete; 
but  there  is  never  more  than  a  sinj^de  flower  in  a  spikelet." 

1.  L.    phleoides  II.    H.  K.   Nov.   (Jen.    et.    Sp.  1:14','  (181.5). 

Culms  compressed,  scabrous,  branch- 
in*]^  sparingly,  iJO-AO  cm.  hi«rh.  Sheaths 
compressed,  about  half  as  loni;'  as  the  in- 
ternodes;  li<iule  3-4  mm.  lon<,';  blades 
mostly  scabrous  above,  smooth  on  the 
lower  side,  the  lower  ones  4-7  cm.  long, 
3  mm.  wide,  termimiting  rather  abrupt- 
ly in  a  short  bristle;  the  lon<fest  on  the 
culm  are  12  cm.  long.  Spikes  cylin- 
drical, clavate  or  tapering  each  way 
from  the  middle,  })artially  included 
Fig.  47.  —  Lycurus  phleoides.  when  in  flower,  4-7-10  cm.  long,  5-8 
Spikelets.    (Richardson.)      ^^  ^^j.^^,^  Spikelets  narrowly  elliptical, 

acute,  3-3.5  mm.  long,  a  ring   of  dark  color  at  the  base  and  apex, 


first  glume  1.5  mm.  long,  with  2  })ristl('.s  3-3  mm.  long,  second 
with  un  uwn  4  luiii.  long;  llonil  gluniu  t'llipliciii,  hairy  on  the  hack 
near  tiie  margins;  tiieawn  2  mm.  long;  paleu  uwnless,  ])nhescent  on 
the  hacl<.      \  cry  variahie. 

Colorado,  .fours  j  Arizoiui,  Priinjli'  in  lS8-t;  Mexico,  Piihnii' 
451).  I'rinijh'  4'^G. 

On  plains  and  foot-liills,  a  plant  of  some  value  furnishing  con- 
siderable [)astnre.  mndi  resend)ling  timothy. 

V'ar.  brevifolius  (Scrihn.).      //.  Inrrlfoliiis  Scribn.  ined. 

Ijeaf-blades  l-S  cm.  long.  U.A-l..')  mm.  wide. 

Mexico,  /'ri/it/h'   'U70,  JMleri  OHO.  /'ahtier  48!). 

\'ar.  glaucifolius  nov.  var.  Glaucous,  blades  of  sterile  slioots 
conduplicate,  falcate,  1-5  cm.  long,  'Z-'.i  mm.  wide,  those  of  the 
eulni  5  cm.  long. 

Mexico,  rriiiijle  A'H\\  Texas,  Ifavtinl,  Xedllei/. 

54.  (115).  Peeeilema  J.  &  C.  Presl,  lieliq.  llauik.  1:233 
(18:50). 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  borne  on  short  spikes,  which  are  hranches 
of  the  main  dense  spike;  rachilla  articulate  above  the  empty  glumes, 
not  produced  ahove  the  llower;  sterile  or  stamiiuite  s[»ikelets  inli-r- 
mixed  with  the  fertile  ones.  The  2  outer  empty  glumes  delicately 
hyaline,  keeled,  the  nerve  produced  into  a  long  slender  awn,  some- 
times short  or  very  short  awns  at  thehase;  floral  glume  hyaline, 
3-nerved,  apex  entire  or  2-toothed,  the  awn  much  longer  than 
those  on  the  empty  glumes;  palea  hyaline,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3. 
Styles  short,  distinct,  (irain  ovoid-ohlong,  scarcely  inclosed,  but 
free. 

Annual  tufted  or  diffuse  grasses,  with  narrow  flat  leaf-blades. 
Panicles  terminal,  spikelike,  continuous  or  interrupted. 

There  arc  three  or  four  species  belonging  to  tropical  America 
from  Mexico  to  Brazil.  Nearly  allied  to  Midili'iiberr/ia,  but  with 
the  empty  glumes  awned  as  well  as  the  floral  one. 

1.  P.  crinitum  .T.  &  C.  Presl,  1.  c. 

The  whole  jdant  light-colored.  Culms  slender,  50-80  cm.  liigli. 
Sheaths  scaberulous;  ligule  less  than  1  mm.  long,  ciliolate;  blades 
thin,   narrow  at  the  base,   10-15  cm.  long.     Empty  glumes  oval, 


272 


POA(E.K. 


1-1.5  mm.  long,  the  awn  1.5-3  mm.  long;  llonil  glume  ovate,  acute, 
with  stil!  hairs  at  tlie  biise,  scabrous  above,  2  mm.  long,  the  slender 
wavy  awn  1-^  cm.  long;  palea  ovate,  1.5  mm.  long,  nerves  veiy 


Fig.  48.— Pereilema  crinita.   A,  spike;  li.  sjiikelet;  c,  floret;  d,  floral  glume; 

e,  grain,     ('rrinius.) 

near  each  other.     Grain  nearly  1  mm.  long.     The  sterile  spikelets 

reduced  to  clusters  of  awns. 

Mexico,  Priiif/Ie  1744. 

2.  P.  ciliatum  Fourn.  ITemsl.  IJiol.  Centr.  Am.  Bot.  3:543 
(1880). 

Culms  branching  freely.  Leaves  like  those  of  P.  criuitiim.  Pan- 
icle with  the  base  inserted  or  but  little  exserted,  spikelike,  6-8  cm. 


A(JH()STir)E.E.  278 

long,  3-5  mm.  broml.  Sterilo  nulimonts  of  spikelets  numerous, 
ciliate,  empty  glumw  ciliiitc,  bristlos  about  as  long  as  the  tlorets; 
floral  glume  oval,  ^  mm.  long,  the  awn  2-20  mm.  long;  palea 
nearly  as  long  as  its  ghime. 

Mexico,  l*rin(jic  A{'A)i\\  also  found  in  Panama. 

Dry  sliaded  ledges. 

55.  (120.)  Heleochloa  llo^^t,  Gram.  1:2.3,  .'.  QO,  iiO  (1801). 
Crypsis  Lam.  Tubl.  Encyd.  1:  100  (1701),  not  Ait.  I'vrlwa  Pour. 
Chlor.  Narb.  ex  Kunth,  Knum.  PI.  1:  22  in  Syn.  (iSUa).  Wtizo- 
cephalvs  Boiss,  Diagn.  (I.)  5:08  (1S44);  i;{:4;j  (185;3). 

Spikelets  with  one  perfect  llower  crowded  in  a  spiko  or  dense 
spikelike  panicle  which  is  sometimes  partially  included  in  the 
enlarged  sheath  of  the  upper  leaf,  racihilla  subarticulate  above  the 
lower  persistent  glumes  and  not  extended  beyond  the  llower.  The 
2  empty  glumes  slightly  unequal,  membranous,  acute,  coiulu plicate, 
awnless,  with  a  keel  more  or  less  ciliate:  floral  glume  similar,  per- 
haps a  little  longer;  palea  shorter,  hyaline,  emarginate  or  2-lobed, 
very  delicately  2-nerved.  or  keeled.  Stamens  :{.  Styles  distinct. 
Grain  oblong,  loos  ly  included,  but  not  adherent.  When  soaked 
in   water   fne    ovary   swells  and    the  seed   escapes,    much   as   in 

Tufted  perennials,  usually  low  with  spreading  bases.  Spikelike 
panicle  ovoid  or  usually  oblong  or  cylindrical. 

There  are  7-8  si)ecies  found  in  the  vicinity  of  the  ^rediterranean 
Sea  and  in  Central  Asia. 

Kunth  referred  them  to  a  section  of  Cn/psis.  but  the  resem- 
blance is  superflcial.  The  axis  of  inflorescence  in  Crj/psis  is  a  flat 
disk;  in  Ifelenrhha  it  is  a  more  or  less  elongated  ra(!liis.  In  Cnip- 
siH  the  empty  glumes  are  above  the  articulation  and  fall  off  with  the 
spikelet,  and  the  glumes  are  quite  those  of  OryzciP  without  any  two- 
nerved  palea;  in  Heleochloa  the  emi)ty  glumes  persist  below  the 
articulation,  and  the  glumes  and  palea  are  entirely  those  of  Phleoi- 
dea?.  Beauvoisgave  the  same  name  Heleochloa  to  a  supposed  genus, 
apparently  made  up  of  a  Sporohohis  and  a  Phhum. 

a.  Spikes  mostly  exserted \ 

b.  Spikes  with  bases  included -> 


274 


POACE.E. 


1.  11.  ALOPKcruoiDKs  Host,  riiam.  1 :  -2;] /.  20  (1801).  Crypsis 
aIo/)('Cin-(ii(h'.-i  Schratl.  V\.  (ienii.  1:  Kil  (ISOO). 

Culms  <,'i'niculate,  T-'^O  cm.  h'v^h.  Sheaths  about  half  as  lou^  as 
tlu'  iutiTuodi's;  li^nile  a  fringe  of  hairs;  blades  scabrid  above,  soon 
involute.  ',*— t  em.  long,  3-:5  mm.  wide.  Spike  exserted,  1-4  cm, 
long,  4-5  mm.  diam.  Sjtikelets  oval  or  cuneate-ol)ovate.  about  2 
mm.  long,  empty  glumes  1-nerved;  floral  glunu-  longer,  incurved. 
1-nerved;  palea  deeply  '2-lol)ed. 

Sparingly  introduced  along  the  coast  on  ballast. 

'i.  II.  sciKKNoiKKs  ],.  Host,  (Jnim.  I:2:J.  /.  :5(»(1S01).  I'/iIrinii 
ftchu'itdides  1j.  Sp.  IM.  »;o  (175:5).  ('/•///i.sis  .sr/io-)ioi(les  Ijum.  Tab). 
Encycl.  1:100  (IMM). 

Culms  7-'rlO  cm.  high.  Sheaths  inflated,  less  than  lialf  the 
length  of  the  internodes;  ligule  a  fringe  of  hairs;  blades  scabrid 
above,  soon  involute,  '^-4  cm.  long,  ■^-:{  mm.  wide.  Spikes  termi- 
nal aiul  axillary,  wholly  or  with  bases  inchuled  in  the  sheaths, 
0.5-*^  mm.    long,  4-5  mm.  diam.     Spikelets  elliptical  or  obovate, 


Fio.  4Q.—IMfocIil()a  nchanoidfs.  A,  spikelets;a,  6,  empty  plumes.  (Richardson.) 
about  2.5  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  1-nerved,  about  2  mm.  long; 
floral  glume  and  paleasubequal,  the  latter  emargimite. 

Sparingly  introduced  along  the  coast  on  ballast.  Our  ])lants 
were  collected  on  waste  ground  ne.'ir  Philadeli)hia. 

50.  (122).  Phleum  I..  Sp.  PI.  59  (1753).  L.  Syst.  Ed.  1  (1735). 
S'fehpJiuros  Aduus.  Fam,  2:31  (1703).  Achnoilonton  lieauv. 
Agrost.  24,  t.  7,/.  5  (1812).      ChilochloaX.  c.  37,  t.  7,/.  3  (1812). 


AUHOSTIDK.E.  ^To 

Achufxhtn  Jiink,  Ilort.  IWrol,  1:05  (If^^T).  Plantinia  lUibaiii.  in 
Ntiov.  (iiorn.  liot.  Ital.  5:317  (isr;j). 

S|tikt'l('ts  l-flowiTcd,  Hat  and  tTowded  into  a  cvlindrieal  or  ovoid 
sjtiki'liki'  jianic'le,  racliilla  very  sliort.  articulation  above  tlu;  lower 
glumes  and  sometimes  extending  bevond  tlielloweras  a  sliort  s))iiu\ 
Outer  glumes  'J.  persistent,  nearly  e(|ual.  membranous,  com- 
pressed-keeled. l-;}-nerved.  subtniiu-ate,  tlie  keels  projecting  into  a 
point  or  very  slutrt  awn:  Moral  glume  very  tliin,  shorter,  broader, 
truncate  or  denticulate,  eiicbtsing  a  narrow  liyalinepalea  and  a  per- 
fect llower;  the  ])alea  sometimes  containinga  minute  bristle  on  tlie 
l)ackand  near  the  base.  Stamens  ;5.  Styles  distinct.  (Jrain  ovoid, 
enclosed  by  the  delicate  palea,  but  not  a<llierent. 

Kre(!t  annual  or  ])erennial  grasses;  bhides  flat;  s])ike  l)(»rne  on 
a  long  peduncle,  often  pubi'scent. 

A  snudl  genus  containing  about  U)  species  found  in  Kuroj)e, 
Central  ami  Western  vsia,  Northern  Africa,  and  the  northern  jiart 
of  Nortli  America,  lientham  says:  •'  It  has  l)een  proposed  to  se)»- 
arate  generically  Chihiclihid  Heauv.  {Arhnodon  Link)  for  the  few 
species  in  which  the  racliilla  is  produced  beyond  the  flower  into  a 
minute  bristle;  the  character  is,  however,  in  this  instance  very 
trifling  and  uncertain." 

1.  P.  alpinum  L.  Sp.  I'l.  r>!t  (1T5:}).     ^Moixtaix-timotht. 

An  erect  perennial,  30-riO  (;m.  high.  Sheaths  two-thirds  as 
long  as  the  internodes;  ligule  short,  truncate:  blades  smooth  or 
scabrid,  .^)-8  cm.  long.  Spike  ovoid  or  oblong,  usually  tinged  with 
])urple,  1.5-:}  cm.  long.  Spikelets  oblong,  3—1  mm.  long,  teeth 
lu'arly  1  mm.  long,  the  keels  strongly  fringed  with  hairs,  empty 
glumes  3-ncrved:  floret  about  2  mm.  long,  floral  glunu'  .'■)-nerved. 

Plants  from  the  White  Mountains.  N.  II. ;  Montana.  Mt.  Hood, 
and  Oregon  have  spikelets  3  mm.  long,  while  some  from  Colorado 
have  spikelets  4  mm.  long. 

Vermont.  Ifosfonl  for  TJ.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  341 ;  New 
Ilampsliire,  Clark  4304;  Colorado,  Camlihi;  Montana,  Anderson 
'23.  Utah,  Jones  1201;  Alaska,  Fitnsfon  for  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb. 
110:  British  Columbia,  Macottn;  Oregon,  lloiveU;  Behring  Sea, 
Mcrriam.  , 


276  POACE.E. 

Found  in  the  ulpino  regions  of  North  America.  P^urope.  Asia, 
and  in  Antarctie  America. 

i.  P.  pratense  L.  Sp.  Tl.  50  (1753).  Timotjiy.  IIkkd's 
Grass. 

Perennial;  scabrid  or  smooth,  30-100  cm.  higli,  one  or  more  of 
the  lower  internodes  swollen  into  ti  corm  or  solid  bulb.  Sheaths 
close,  shorter  than  the  internodes;  blades  smooth,  or  scabrid  if  grown 
in  u  dry  wai'm  climate,  lo-;iO  cm.  long,  T-lOmni.  wide.  S})ike 
cylindrical,  3-9-17  cm.  long,  G-8  mm.  diam.  Si)ikelets  oblong, 
nearly  3  mm.  long,  ciliate  on  the  keels,  the  teeth  1-1.5  mm.  long; 
empty  glumes  ecjual,  3-nerved;  iloral  glume  )l  mm.  long,  delicately 
H-!t-nerved.  Stamens  and  styles  protrude  from  the  top  of  the 
spikelets.     Fig.  (51*.  Vol.  I. 

Massachusetts,  Beal  50;  ^fichigan,  Agrl.  College,  7>m/  54; 
'i'exas,  (lillespic;  Iowa,  Ilikluovlc;  Montana,  Andi't'i<on  25;  Ari- 
zona. Tuiimeji  151. 

Tlic  well-known  meadow-grass,  much  cultivated.  Fouiul  in 
Euroiie,  Kussia.  Asia,  and  cultivated  in  North  America.  See  Vol. 
I.  for  a  more  eom})lete  account  of  its  value. 

57.  (107).  AloPECURUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  (50  (1753).  FoxTAiL. 
CoJobachne  Heauv.  Agrost.  'I'l  (1812).  Tazzettia  Savi,  Mem.  Ital. 
Soc.  Sci.  8:477  (1808). 

Spikelets  1-ilowered,  flat,  crowded  into  a  terminal  liead  or  cylin- 
drical si)ikelike  panicle,  articulate  on  the  apex  of  the  enlarged  pedicel, 
{{lunies  3  or  4,  the  2  outer  emi)ty,  conduplicate,  acute,  awnless.  or 
sliort-aAvned,  flat-keeled,  the  keel  ciliate  or  slightly  winged,  floral 
glume  shorter,  broad,  obtuse,  hyaline.  3-5-nerved.  with  a  short 
awn  on  the  back,  or  mncronate,  the  margins  joined  at  the  base  in- 
closing the  flower;  fourth  (or  jialea)  sometimes  present  next  to 
the  flower,  narrow,  hyaline,  keeled,  acute.  i)artly  iiu-ludcd  by 
the  third;  other  palea  or  lodicules  0.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct 
or  rarely  joined  at  the  base  or  to  the  middle,  stigmas  shortly  hairy. 
(J rain  enclosed  in  the  scarcely  hardened  glumes,  but  not  adherent. 
Annuals  or  perennials,  erect  or  decumbent  at  the  base,  leaf-blades 
either  flat  or  involute,  upper  sheaths  often  inflated. 

This  genus  has  much  the  habit  oi,PJileum;  the  structure  of  the 


AOROSTIDKvK  •  277 

8i)ikelots  that  of  Oryzeiv.     It  has  by  some  been  i)hiceil  in  the  tribe 
Orvzejv. 

There  about  '^0  species  found  in  temperate  and  cold  countries  of 
l)oth  the  Northern  and  the  Southern  Ilemispiiere. 

A.  Spike  2  cm.  h)n<^  or  h'ss (a) 

a.   Spike  T-i:}  mm.  diam 1 

a.  Spike  5  mm.  diam 2 

B.  Spike  "^.5  cm.  or  more  h>n_<r (b) 

b.  Empty  <;lunu'S  not  ciliate 3 

b.  Empty  jjlumes  ciliate (c) 

c.  Siieath  much  inlhited,  enclosing  the  base  of  the 
spike 4 

c.  Sheath  moderately  or  little  inflated,  mature  spikes 

not  included (d) 

d.  Erect,  spikes  4-8  mm.  diam o-fi 

d.   Erect,  sj)ikes  lO-I,")  nim.  diam 7 

d.   Base  procumbent,  spikes  about  0  mm.  diam.    .       S 

1.  A.  alpinus  .1.  E.  Sm.  Kngl.  Hot.  /.  1I-,MJ  (ITD.-J).  Alpixk 
Foxtail. 

A  rather  stout  perennial,  procumbent  at  base,  10-50  cm.  liigh. 
Sheaths  much  inflated,  longer  than  fhi'  blades:  ligulc  1  mm.  long, 
obtuse;  blades  flat.  )}-()  cm.  long,  4-.")  mm.  wide.  Spike  1--3 
cm.  long,  7-V>  mm.  diam.,  dense,  branches  with  4-()  spikelets. 
Emi)ty  glumes  slightly  uiu'(pud.  connate  at  l)ase,  about  3  mm.  long, 
ovate,  purplish,  silky  all  over  the  outer  side. 

Alaska,  Miirdai'k-;  Colorado,  ('(issitlij. 

l?ocky  Mountains. 

2.  A.  Howellii  Vasey.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  l.'):12r  (IS88). 
A.  Mariiiuiii  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  IT):  U  (ISHS). 

Annual:  culms  fi-fO  cm.  high,  erect  or  geniculate.  Ligule  2 
mm.  long;  lower  blades  narrow,  exceeding  tlus  culm,  the  upper 
one  short,  those  of  the  culm  usually  )*.  the  uj)per  inllated.  Spike 
oval-oblong,  \-l  cm.  long.  5  mm.  diam.,  often  partially  included. 
Empty  glumes  oblong,  nearly  3  mm.  long,  obtuse,  slightly  united 
below,  sti'ongly  ciliate  on  the  keel;  floral  glume  as  long  as  the 
empty  glumes,  smooth,  obtuse,  edges  united  to  the  middle  or  higher, 


278  POACK.E.  ,  * 

r»-iit'rv('(l,  iiwii   from  near  the  base  about  tlireo  tinics  as  loii<^  as  the 

Oregon,  lldtriU;  \'aiicouver  Island,  Mucouuj  Kocky  Mountains, 
Vase  If. 

\'ar.  Merrimani  nov.  var.  Sheaths  sli^'litly  inflated,  spikes  ex- 
serted.  cblong  or  eylinclrieal.  1-2  em.  long.  4-.')  imii.  wide;  spikes 
t*-"».l{  mm.  long;  em})ty  glumes  a  very  little  shorter  than  the  Ih.ral 
glume,  awn  from  the  middle  of  th.c  glume  barely  extending  to  its 
tip  or  a  little  higher. 

Pribyloir  Islands,  Hering  Sea,  J>r.  C.  II.  Mvn'iitiaii  in  1S91. 

;i.  A.  AouEsTis  L.  Sp.  PI.  Kd.  2:80  (ITO'i).  Slkxi)i:k  Pox- 
tail. 

An  annual,  30-(50  em.  high.  Sheatlis  long,  seareely  inflated; 
blades  Hat.  Spike  fl-S  em.  long,  slender,  eurved,  aeute,  often  pur- 
])lish.  Empty  glumes  7  nun.  long,  lancolate,  aeute.  incurved, 
connate  to  the  middle,  not  ciliate,  nerves  green  or  jyurplish,  wing- 
keeled  above  the  middle;  floral  glume  exserted,  glabrous,  awn  [U"o- 
truding  half  its  length. 

A  troublesome  weed  in  Europe,  northern  Africa,  Siberia;  intro- 
duced into  Nortii  America. 

New  Jersey,  Scribncr  IJaOTa,  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  222; 
Colorado,  ( 'assidi/. 

4.  A.  saccatus  Vasey,  Coult.  Hot.  fJaz.  0:200  (ISSl). 

Culms  12-25  cm.  high,  erect,  simple.  Sheaths  mueli  inflated, 
generally  including  the  base  of  the  spike:  blades  of  the  culm  al)out 
:{  in  number,  short.  Spike  oblong,  2-5  cm.  long,  ratiier  loosely 
flowered.  Sjjikelets  4  mm.  loiig,  clothed  with  silky  hairs;  empty 
ghnnes  shorter  than  the  floret,  3-5  mm.  long,  obtuse,  sligiitly  united 
at  the  base;  floral  glume  oblong,  obtuse,  glabrous,  the  margins 
united  half  their  length  or  more;  awn  one-fourth  the  distance  from 
the  base  and  protruding  two  or  three  times  the  length  of  the  glumes. 
This  has  much  the  general  appearance  of  J.  uiririihthis  Sch. 

Oregon,  J/ourU ;  California,  Jiolander  35 ;  Japan,  li.  Ohlliam. 

5.  A.   pitATKNSis  L.  Sp.  PI.  (U)  (1753).     Meadow  Foxtail. 

A  soft  erect  i)erennial,  30-00  cm.  high.  I'ppersheath  inflated, 
longer  than  its  blade;  ligule  oblong  truncate;  blades  flat.     Spikes 


A(»U(»STI|)K.K.  279 

6-8  cm.  long,  4-7  mm.  or  moro  broati,  dciirfi',  ohtu-so.  soft,  piilo 
grtrii.  Spikoluts  5-0  mm.  long;  t'in|tty  gliimtvs  nu-mln'anous,  i-iliatu 
on  the  kt'i'l  only,  ovate-lancicolate.  uuimatt'  iit  the  base;  lloral  glume 
ciliatf,  a.s  long  as  the  empty  glumes,  awn  near  the  base  and  projeet- 
ing  half  its  length.     Anthers  iJ.rjinm.  long. 

Massachusetts,  />(n'/i'i/ ;  Pennsylvania,  (lurk  V.H',  ;  Oregon, 
llnnrll :  Michigan,  livan)"!. 

Found  in  Kurope.  northern  Afri.-a,  western  Asia;  introduced 
into  America.  Much  cultivated  in  cool  moist  elinuites.  For  a 
popular  account  see  Vol.  I,  p.  15^.  Fig.  T",*. 

G.  A.  Californicus  \asey,  Mull,  'i'orr.  Club,  15:i:j  (ISSG). 

Culms  more  or  less  geniculate,  30-r>0  cm.  high.  Leaves  of  the 
culm  5-0.  sheaths  over  hall'  as  long  as  the  iuternotles,  the  upper  con- 
siderably inilated;  ligule  obtuse.  3  mm.  long,  blades  scabrid,  the 
upper  ;i-0  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  wide.  Spike  exsertcd.  'J-4  cm.  long, 
5-8  mm.  wide.  Spikelets  oval,  empty  glumes  ciliate,  very  slightly 
united  below,  cllii»tical  when  spread,  about  3..")  mm.  long;  lloral 
glume  elliptical  liefore  opening,  unitetl  for  half  its  length,  ;i.8  mm. 
long,  awn  attached  one-third  the  way  from  the  base,  and  iirojecting 
about  4  mm. 

California,   Dr.  J.  .1A.  liif/ehir,  Hohuuler,  Dr.  C.  L.  Anderson.-^ 

r.  A.  occidentalis  Scribn.  Coult.  Jiot.  Ciaz.  11:170  (1880).  A. 
prafi'iisis  aJpeHfris  Wald.  Fl.  Lapp.  21  (1812). 

A  glaucous  erect  grass,  30-00-1)0  cm.  higli.  Sheaths  much 
shorter  than  the  internodes,  loose,  but  not  inflated;  ligule  1-2  mm. 
long;  blades  flat,  except  near  the  tips,  5-15  cm.  long,  4-7  mm.  wide. 
Spikelike  panicle  2-3  cm.  long,  10-15  mm.  broad.  Spikelets  3.5-4 
mm.  long;  empty  glumes  subequal,  tinged  with  purple  and  reil, 
ciliate  on  all  the  nerves;  floral  glume  nearly  as  long  as  the  empty 
glumes,  the  margins  connate  to  near  the  middle,  delicately  5-7- 
uerved,  awn  about  G  mm.  long.     Anthers  2.5  mm.  long. 

Professor  Scribner  says:  "It  diifers  from  A.  pratcvsis  in  its 
shorter  and  more  ovoid  spikes,  more  l.eavy,  less  conspicuously 
nerved  and  shorter  empty  glumes,  in  the  shorter  and  more  obtuse 
flowering  glume.*'     This  closely  resembles  .(.  dnnulineceus  Poir. 

Montana,  Williams  835. 


280  POACE.K. 

Viiliiablo  for  pasture  in  the  regions  in  which  it  is  found. 

('olorudo  to  Montana. 

8.  A.  GENICULATL8  L.  Sp.  Pi.  CO  (1753).  Floatino  or 
Watku  Foxtail. 

A  perennial ;  culms  procumbent  at  base,  30-50  cm.  high.  Up- 
per siieaths  loose,  with  blade  4-20  em.  long,  1  cm.  wide  or  less. 
Spike  a. 5-5  cm.  long,  D  mm.  broad,  obtuse,  palo  green.  Spike- 
lets  4  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  scarcely  connate  at  base,  silky- 
ciliate,  on  the  lateral  and  mid-nerves,  obtuse;  floral  glume  slightly 
shorter  than  the  empty  glumes,  its  margins  united  one-third  their 
length;  the  awn  starting  one-fourth  of  ihe  way  from  the  base  and 
projecting  half  its  length. 

^Massachusetts.  Mann;  Pennsylvania,  Srrihner  for  U.  S.  Dept. 
Agricul.  )i'i^y;  Iowa,  Hitchcock^  Missouri,  O.  G.  Comstock; 
Montaiui,  MiUiaots. 

Wet  meadows  and  ditches;  found  in  Europe,  northern  Africa, 
western  Asia,  Australia;  introduced  into  North  America.. 

Yar.  fulvus  (J.  K.  Smith)  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:38 
(1894).  A.fnlvus  Smith,  Engl.  liot.  t.  U67  (1793).  A.  (iristu- 
latns  Michx.  Fl.  Ror.  Am.  1:43  (1803).  A.  genicuhtus  arisliila- 
tus  Torr.  Fl.  U.  S.  1:97  (1824). 

Blades  of  the  upper  leaves  sometiiwes  exceeding  the  spike. 
Spikes  5-8  cm.  long,  1  cm.  or  less  broud.  Spikelets  two-thirds  as 
long  as  those  of  the  species;  empty  glumes  slightly  shorter  than 
the  floral  glume;  awn  starting  very  little  below  the  middle  of  the 
glume  and  scaroely  projecting  at  the  apex. 

\'ermont,  Priugle;  Massachusetts,  Heal  58;  New  York,  Clark 
1682,  Heal  60;  Pennsylvania,  f^cribner  ^\\^^\  Michigan,  Heal  59, 
Clark  689.  Cooley,  Anstin;  Minnesota,  Ifolzi tiger  35;  Utah, 
Jotii'.s  1074;  Arizona,  Tourney  759;  Oregon,  Howell;  California, 
Parish,  Palmer  234:  Montana,  Williams,  Anderson  34;  Wash- 
ington.  Suksdorf  1066;    Wyoming,    Ihiffnm   c   146. 

Wet  places.  New  England  to  California. 

Var.  robusttts  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  15:13  (1886). 

Culms  thick,  sometimes  branching  below,  30-45  cm.  high, 
smooth.     Sheaths  loose,  smooth,  8-12  cm.  long,  the  lower  longer 


A<»U«»STIIU:.K 


281 


than  the  internodos;  ligiilc  unite,  4  inin.  lonp;  hhidcs  8-15  cm. 
long,  6  mill.  wiiK'.  Spike  exscrtetl  when  iiiuture,5-H  cm.  long, 
6-8  mm.  wide,  dense.  Spikelcts  ovail.  uhout  ','  mm.  long;  empty 
glumes  little  united  below,  the  keels  and  lateral  glumes  eiliate- 
pul.p-oent,  obtuse  and  truncate;  floral  glume  nt-arly  as  long  as  the 
empty  ones,  ovate,  oblong,  obtuse,  smooth,  edges  unitcil  to  the 
middle,  awn  startin;.'  from  the  middle,  little  exceetling  the  glume. 

Calit'ornia,  Lrtnninn  in  1HT4.  /'nffttn  in  IHS4. 

5H.  (1','4).  COLEAHTHUS  Seid.  K.  &  S.  Syst.  2:270  (1817). 
Srhiti'iffid  Trait.  Fl.  Austr.  1:  1'2,  t.  451  (1811).  II/V/W^A/ Sternb. 
in  Fl.  'iA\  (181!)). 

Spikelets  very  small,  with  one  perfect  flower,  pedicellate  in  um- 
bellate clusters.  Kiiipty glumes  0;  floral  glume  hyaline,  persistent. 
ovate.  keele<l.  slmrt-awned;  palea  shorter,  broader,  persistent, 
2-keeletl,  d'viled  or  3-4-toothed.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct. 
Grain  narrowly  oltlcmg,  slightly  <onii)res3ed,  deciduous.  I'anicle 
partly  exserted  from  the  upper  inllateil  sheaths.  Sihutiiltid  Tratt. 
is  now  applied  to  a  very  difTereut  genus  of  grasses.  There  is  oidy 
one  species  known. 

1.  C.  subtilis  Seid.  1.  c. 

Culms  slender,  forming  loose  tufts  in  tlio 
mud,  geniculate,  often  branching  below,  only 
2-7  v.\\\.  high.  Sheaths  loose  with  margins 
scabrous,  the  upper  much  inflated;  ligule  elon- 
gated; blades  smooth,  curved,  conduj)licato  or 
involute,  1-1. 5  cm.  long.  Panicle  usually  3imj)le, 
1-3  cm.  long,  bearing  :]-.5  umbels;  ))edicel8 
scabrous,  I-:.*  mm.  long.  Floral  glume  iuinv)w, 
1-nerved,  longer  than  the  ripened  grain,  which 
is  about  1  mm.  long. 

It  is  very  nearly  allied  to  Phipjma  and 
Sporobolus  ;  but  the  lower  glumes  are  wanting. 

Hohemia    and     Norway;    also   in    Oregon   Fig.  'tO.  —  Coleanthua 
(Sauvie's  Island),  where  it  was  discovered  by      (Uichardsou.r  ^*'' 
Thomas  Ilowell.     It  may  have  escaped  notice 
in  other  places,  owing  to  its  small  size. 


282 


roAt  i:.i:. 


69.  (135).  PhippbIA  K.    IW.  biippl.    Api).   Parry's  Voy.      'iH5 

Spikck'trt  l-ll()Wer(M|.  in  a  slioit  spikt'likc  (tr  iiilt'iTiiptod  piiiii- 
cle,  nicliillii  iirticiiliiti'  ubovu  tlic  lower  ^flumes  ami  imi  imHliici'd 
above  tlio  llorrt.  Knipty  gliiims  iiiiiiiitt'  scali's.  "v*  in  niinil)tT  ami 
iim'<|iial,  or  only  ont":  lloral  j;lunit'  liroad-oval.  kct'  ••!.  tliin,  ;{- 
ntrvcd,  l.T)  mm.  loii<f;  [tali-a  sliortcr,  oval,  hyaline,  trunraie, 
irre;;ularly  tootlietl,  the  two  keels  diver^dn;^'.  tStamen  I  or  rarely 
2-;{.     Styles  short,  distinct.     (Jrain  ohhjiig,  free. 

It  is  allied  to  Co/eaiif/ms  and  Sporo/xilus.  One  sjiecies  uiul  that 
ia  found  in  the  arctic  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

1.  P.  algida  (Soland.)  I{.  I'»r.  I.  e.  Anrosllnahjida,  Wold.  IMiipp's 
Voy.  ;.MtO  (1810  ?).  'J'n'r/tix/itiiii  (ilijiihini  W.  &  S,  Sy.^t.  3::.*83 
(IHIT). 

A  smooth  dwarf  tufted  annual.  5-7  cm.  high,  with  sliort  flat 
obtuse  leaf-blades.  I'aniclo  erect,  narrow,  scarcely  exceeding  the 
leaves:  chietly  distinguished  from  Sporubolus  by  the  minute  lower 
empty  glumes. 

Point  Barrow;  arctic  co'ist,  Dv.  .]fiir(/ork  iu 
1883.  See  Rot.  fJaz.  p.  25.  1886.  A  note  by 
Scribner,  to  the  etfeet  that  tlio  plant  was  col- 
lected in  wet  gravelly  places  in  Colorado,  at 
Chicago  Lake  and  Georgetown,  by  11.  N. 
T  ^\^^^  Patterson,  of  Illinois. 

Pio.  51.   —rhippna  00.    (I'^fi).   SPOROBOLUS  R.  Br.  Prodr.  1 :  109 

afS^4I;'';o■    ^^■''^'*)-      ''V/W  Hemn.  Agrost.  le  (ISl^).     Ag- 
rostirula    Kaddi,    Agrost.    Bras.     33    (1823). 
r/w//v;v/m  lloehst.  Flora  24:1  (1841). 

Spikelets  small,  1-3-flowered,  in  a  narrow  or  loose  and  pyram- 
idal panicle,  rachilla  very  short,  glabrous,  scarcely  articulate,  not 
continued  beyond  the  flower.  Empty  glumes  membranous.  ))er- 
sistent  or  se]iarately  deciduous,  unawned,  slightly  keeled  or  convex, 
obscurely  1-3-nerved,  or  the  first  nerveless;  floral  glume  as  long 
as  the  empty  glumes,  or  longer;  palea  as  long  as  its  glume  or 
shorter,  with  two  nerves  usually  j)rominent,  and  readily  splitting 


A(il«»STII)K.K.  283 

between  tlicm.  Stnniens  'i-'.\.  Stvlcs  very  sliort.  (Jrain  free, 
ivatlilv  fallin;;  away  I'roni  tlie  jjhinic.  tlio  pericur])  loosely  ciiclod- 
inj,'  the  see«l  or  very  tliin  and  I'vaiicseent. 

IVreiinialrt  or  rarely  appearing'  to  lie  aiiiiuuls,  ol'teii  slender,  the 
leal-liladea  Hat  or  iMnivolntc-lerete. 

There  are  ahoiit  SM  species  widely  sjtread  over  the  tropical, 
Miihtropieal,  and  ti'iuperate  re;rion8  of  botii  the  New  and  the  Old 
World,  mostly,  however.  Aineriean, 

S/)(iro/)tihi:<  was  iiiclnded  by  the  older  anthors  in  .if/rosfi'n.  R. 
Itrown  lirst  pointed  out  the  dilVerences  in  the  fruit  and  took  as  tlio 
principal  character  ilie  loose  nieniitranous  pericarp  readily  detach- 
al>le  from  the  seed,  but  this  is  not  apparent  in  the  dried  state  in  jiU 
species.  When  soaked  in  water  the  pericarp  is  easily  removed.  As 
a  whole.  Spovdiniliis  is  diielly  distin^Miished  \\'un\  .\(fi'ns/is  Ity  the 
total  absence  of  any  dorsal  awn,  and  by  the^rrain  so  loosely  enclosed 
in  llie  ^dunie  that  it  usually  protrudes  from  it  wiii-n  I'ipe.  and 
often  falls  away.  See  \'ol.  1.  }).  4'\.  The  palea  also  <:enerally  splits 
icadily  into  two.  a  character  which  (Jrisebach  took  f(»r  a  new^'enus. 
f>i(ir/ii/riin)i.  and  which  Nees  tl<rured  and  described  as  a  two-valvcd 
pericarp,  a  character  unknown  in  (iraminejv.  Two  species,  S. 
cottiprrssits  and  .S'.  scrofiiiits.  occasionally  have  two  llowers  to  a. 
spikelet. 

A.   IMant  slemlor,  oidy  2— t  em.  high,  spikelets  1  mm.  lon<i:.       1 

li.   Plants  taller  and  stouter (b) 

b.   Floral  <rlunie  ry-(\  mm.  long (c) 

c.   Panicde  terminal 2 

c.  Panicles  terminal  and  lateral 3 

b.  Floral  glume  '3-4.5  mm.  long (d) 

(1.  Empty  glumes  subequal (e) 

e.  Floral  glume  4-4.;')  mm.  long 4 

e.  Floral  glume  3-3.5  mm.   long 5,  G 

d.  Emi)ty  gUunes  unerpud (f) 

1".  Floral  glume  ;{.5  nmi.,  first  glume  1.6  mm., 

second  glume  2.5  mm.  long 7 

f.  Floral  glume  3-4  mm.,  first  glume  2-3  mm., 
second  glume  3.5-5.5  mm.  long 8 


284  POAC'E.E. 

f.  Flviral  glume  4  mm.,  first  frlumo  :5.5  mm.,  sec- 
ond <rliime  4-4.3  inm.  long 9 

f.  Floral  glume  3  mm.,  first  glume  1.5-2  mm., 

second  glume  3  mm.  long,  piuiide  l)r()wnish.  .     10 
1   Floral  glume  J  mm.,  first  glume  -i  mm.,  sec- 
ond glume  3-3.3  mm.  long,  light  lead  color.   .     11 

b.  Floral  glume  less  than  3  mm.  long (g) 

g.  Floral  glume  prominently  pubescent I'* 

g.  Floral  glume  ])ubescent  little  or  none (b) 

h.  Floral  glume  3-nervcd,  second  glume  1-nerved.     (i) 
i.  First  glume  nerveless,  about  0.5  mm.,  floral 

glume  1.5  mm.  long 13 

i.  First  glume  1-nerved (j) 

j.  Floral  glume  -^'-3.7  mm.  long.      .     .     .    (k) 
k.  Leaves   of   sterile   shoots   GO   cm.  or 

more  long 1-^ 

k.    Leaves  of   sterile    shoots    G-10   cm. 

long 15,  10 

k.  Leaves   of    sterile    sboots    1-3    cm. 

long 17, 18 

j.  Floral  glume  less  than  2  mm.  long.    .     .     (1) 
1.  Floral  glume  1  mm.  long  or  less.    .     .     1!> 
1.  Floral  glume  1.7  mm.  long.     .     .     .  (m) 
m.     Panicle    1-3  cm.,   floral    glume 

1.7-2  mm.  long 20 

m.  Panicle  2-5  cm.  long 21 

m.   Panicle  8-20  cm.  long 22 

1.  Floral  glume  1.5  mm.  long.       .     .     .    (n) 
n.  Lower  sheaths  flattened  over  flat 

culms (o) 

o.  Leaf-blades  4-12  cm.  long,  1-2 

mm.  wide 23 

o.  Leaf-blades  30  cm.  long,  3  mm. 

wide 24 

n.  Lower    sheaths    not    prominently 
flattened »     .     .     .    (p) 


ACJUOSTIDK.K  285 

p.  licaf- blades  of  culm  ubout  2  cm. 

lonj; 25 

p.   Ijeaf-bliiik'S  of  culm  3  or  more 

cm.  loiij; (<|) 

q.  Annual,  roots  ilbrous.     .     .     20 
q.   IVreunial,     with     creeping 

ro<)tst<»cks 27 

h.  Floral  glume  1-nerved  or  nerveless (r) 

r.  Empty  glumes  both  nerveless (s) 

s.  Pciuicle  terminal,  20-;i(»  cm.  long.  .  .  28 
8.  Panicle  terminal,  8-10  mm.  long,  .  .  29 
s.   Panii'les  terminal  and  lateral,  4-8   cm. 

long :50 

r.  Empty  glumes  one  or  both  1-nerved.     .     .    (t) 
t.  Panicle  spikelike,  1-4  cm.,  floral  glume 

2.7  mm.  long 31 

t.  Panicle  at  length  pyramidal,  3-5  cm., 

floral  glume  1.5  mm.  long.      .     .     .    32,  33 
t.  Panicle  ovoid,  4-G  cm.,  floral  glume  1.7- 

2.3  mm.  long 34 

t.  Panicle  spikelike,  3-7  cm.,  floral  glume 

2-3  mm.  long 35 

t.  Panicle  more  than  7  cm.  long.      .     .     .   (u) 
U.  Panicle    broadly     pyramidal,    10-10 
cm.   long,  rays  rigid,    first  glume  1 
mm.,  second  and  floral  glumes  2-2.3 

mm.  long 36 

u.  Panicle  slender,  pyramidal,  10-18  cm, 
long,  flrst  glume  0.5  mm,,  second 
glume  1  mm.,  floral  glume  1.5  mm. 

long 37 

u.  Panicle  slender,  15-25  cm.  long,  first 

glume  1  mm,,  second  glume  1.5  mm., 

floral  glume  1.7-2  mm.  long.  ...     38 

U.  Panicle  spikelike  or  pyramidal,  G-10 

cm.  long,  first  glume  0.6-0.7  mm.. 


286  POACE^. 

second   glume  3   mm.,  floral  glume 

2  mm.  long 39 

u.  Panicle  usually  narrow,  8-'i0  cm. 
long,  first  glume  0.5-O.T  mm.,  second 
glume  1  mm.,  floral  glume  l.T  mm. 
long '11 

u.  Panicle  usually  narrow,  12-20  cm. 
long,  first  glume  0.5-1  mm.,  second 
1.5  mm.,  floral  glume  1.5  mm.  long.     40 

u.  Panicle  usually  narrow,  30-4.J  cm. 
long,  first  glume  1  mm.,  second 
glume  1.5  mm.  long 41 

1.  S.  Wolfii  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  10:62  (188:5).  Vilfa 
minima  Vasey. 

A  very  slender  and  small  annual,  branching  at  the  base,  only 
2-4  cm.  high.  Lower  sheaths  inflated;  blades  mostly  radical,  flat 
or  involute,  3-12  mm.  long.  Panicles  spikelike,  very  simple,  the 
lateral  ones  partly  enclosed  by  the  sheaths.  Eini)ty  glumes  oval. 
subc(|ual,  0.7  mm.  long;  floral  glume  about  1  mm.  long;  palea  as 
long  as  its  glume. 

'IMie  plants  seen  were  from  the  herbarium  of  Prof.  Scribner, 
No.  T04,  collected  by  J,  Wolfe  in  1873,  on  wet  shores  of  Twin 
Lakes,  Colorado;  also  No.  1,  1077,  J.  Wolfe  in  the  Gray  herba- 
rium. 

2.  S.  interruptus  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  15:8  (188G).  S. 
Arizonicits  Thurb.  of  some  collectors. 

A  rather  stout  erect  tufted  pereimial,  culm  solid  as  in  Maize, 
about  40  cm.  high.  Sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes,  throat 
and  back  of  the  throat  ciliate:  ligule  very  short;  blades  of  sterile 
shoots  scabrid  above,  flat  or  conduplicate,  10-15  cm.  long,  2  mm. 
wide,  those  of  the  culm  2-3  in  number,  the  upper  3-5  cm.  long. 
Panicle  terminal,  barely  exserted,  interrupted,  10-18  cm.  long,  1-2 
cm.  wide;  rays  mostly  single,  rather  stout,  erect.  3-5  cm.  long, 
flower-bearing  along  the  upper  half.  Spikelets  often  crowded 
toward  the  ends  of  the  branches;  empty  glumes  broadly  lanceolate, 
acute,  1-uerved,  first  3-4  mm.  long,  second  5  mm.  long;    floral 


AUUOSTIDK.E. 


287 


Fig.    ii2.~Sporoboliis   interrnplni^. 
A,  sitikelt't;  b,  floret.  (S('ril)iu'r. ) 


jifhimo  oval,  acute,  I-irtvchI.  5  mm.  long:  palea  but  little  shorter, 
eniiirjriiiato,  infokled  on  the  back  between  the  nerves. 

Arizona,  .Ioiivk,  Coucs  d*  Pul- 
iiier  uO,  (J(). 

3.  S.  asper  (Miclix.).  Kunth, 
l{ev.  Gram  1 :  (58  (18-,>!»).  A(/ro,sfi.s 
uspcrn  Michx.  Fl.  ]5or.  Am.  L. 
5'2  (ISO;}).  ]'ilf)i  uspera  lieauv. 
Af,n-o.st.  IG  (1812).  Atjrosfis 
cUnulcstina  j\Iuhl.  (h'am.  73 
( 1 8 1 T ) .  A.  loiir/i'foh'a  Torr.  Flor. 
U.  S.  1 :  90  (1824).  Muhlenheniia 
vlandcxtina  'J'rin.  rnifl.  190 
(1824).  *S'.  itirolu/a  Muhl.  Gram. 
72  (1817). 

A  very  variable  tufted  perennial,  GO-lOO  cm.  liigh ;  culms  solid 
as  tliose  of  !Maize.  Leaves  of  sterile  shoots  as  long  as  the  culm, 
or  more  tlum  half  as  long,  Ijlades  involute,  tapering  to  a  long  thr  nid- 
like  point,  tliose  of  the  culm  5-7  in  number,  narrow  with  slender 
points,  all  blades  rougli  on  the  edges,  sheaths  often  distended  with 
lateral  paiiicles ;  ligule  very  short,  throat  ciliate.  Panicles  terminal 
and  lateral,  partly  or  almost  wholly  enclosed  in  the  sheatlis,  spike- 
like,  5-15-30  cm.  long,  the  rays  erect,  3-8  cm.  long.  Empty  glunu's 
ovate-lanceolate,  keeled,  1-nerved,  first  2-3  mm.,  second  3-4-5  mm. 
long;  fioral  glume  pubescent  or  smooth,  like  the  second  glume,  oidy 
1-2  mm.  longer;  palea  pubescent  or  smooth,  acute,  extending 
beyond  its  glume,  or  else  obtuse,  and  equalled  l)y  or  even  shorter 
than  its  glume.     Grain  broadly  elliptical,  1.5  mm.  long. 

Massachusetts,  Cooky;  Alabama,  McCarthy;  Texas,  Kealley\ 
Arkansas,  Harvey  22. 

Found  from  New  England  to  Texas. 

Yar.  Drummondii  Yasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3 :  60 
(1892).      Vilfa  Drvmmondii  Trin. 

Culms  very  slender;  panicles  mostly  terminal,  only  exserted  or 
partially  included ;  no  lateral  panicles,  or  very  small  ones. 

Texas,  lieverchon  1047. 


288  POACE.E. 

Var.  Hookeri  (Trin.)  Vascy.  T7//>«  llookeri  Trin.  Fund. 
Agrost.  1:84  (IS-,H)). 

Bladi'S  of  sterile  shoots  G-15  cm.  long,  first  glume  1.5  mm. 
long,  sccoml  '~J-l*.5  mm.  long,  llorul  glume  3.5—1  mm.  long. 

Mississi])])!,   r.  S.  Dcpt.  Ayrirul.  from  Jolmson. 

4.  S.  flliculmifl  (Thurb.)  Nusey,  Cat.  Grasses  U.  S.  44  (188')). 
Vilfa  jUicuhn is  Tiiurb. 

A  very  tjlonder  tufted  perennial,  15-20  cm.  high,  coming  froui 
stout  rootstocks.  Some  of  the  sheaths  sliorter  than  the  iuternodes; 
ligulo  about  1  mm.  long;  blades  of  sterile  shoots  strongly  involute, 
recurved,  1t-~  cm.  long,  those  of  the  culm  3-4  in  number,  mucro- 
nate.  Panicle  terminal,  much  exserted,  narrow,  spikelike,  inter- 
rupted, 3-5  cm.  long.  Empty  glumes  equal,  1-nerved,  ovate-lance- 
olate, 3  mm.  long;  floral  glume  thinly  pubescent  on  the  lower 
half,  lanceolate,  cuspidate,  3-nerved,  4-4.5  mm.  long;  palea  thju)} 
pubescent  on  the  lower  half,  linear,  nearly  as  long  as  its  glume. 

New  ^Mexico,  Scrihner,  from  Thurber,  collected  on  the  Whipple 
expedition  Sept.  1853.  A  note  by  Munro  with  specimen  reads: 
"  A  good  species,  very  close  to  V.  faxtitjiata,  principally  differing 
in  size  and  having  a  hairy  palea,  in  Avhicli  resjiccts  it  appi'oaches 
V.  vuspidata.^' 

Texas,  New  Mexico. 

5.  S.  brevifolius  (Nutt.)  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:105 
(1894).  Agrostis  Am'//b//«  Nutt.  Gen.  1:  44  (1818).  Vilfa  nis- 
pidata  Torr.;  Hook.  Flor.  Bor.  Am.  2:  238  (1840).  S.  cnspidatiis 
AVood,  Am.  Bot.  i!fc  Flor.  385  (1871). 

A  very  slender  nearly  smooth  branching  perennial,  30-40  cm. 
high,  often  with  stout  rootstocks.  Sheaths  two-thirds  as  long  as 
the  internodes;  ligule  very  short;  blades  not  over  3-4  cm.  long, 
those  of  the  culm  5-6  in  number,  erect,  involute,  filiform,  3-8  cm. 
long.  Panicle  terminal,  interrupted,  partially  included  by  the  upper 
slieath,  consisting  of  4-G  slightly  overlapping  spikelike  branches, 
2-5  cm.  long,  or  in  small  plants  reduced  to  a  slender  spike  3-5  cm. 
long.  Empty  glumes  subequal,  1-nerved,  ovate-lanceolate,  1-3 
mm.  long,  floret  with  a  callus;  floral  glume  dark  brown,  slightly 
pubescent  under  a  lens,  lanceolate,  3-nerved,  the  lateral  nerves  ob- 


A(iKosTii)E.ii;.  289 

scure,  3-3.5  mm.  long,  cuspidate  or  appearing  so  before  flattening 
tlie  involute  tip;  palea  nearly  as  long  as  its  glume,  often  terminat- 
ing in  two  points. 

Northern  Maine,  Prinyle;  Dakota,  U.  S.  Dcpt.  Agricul.,  from 
Dr.    I  'list'!/. 

Found  in  Maine,  Kansas,  Colorado,  and  northward. 

6.  S.  inflata  ^'asey  &  Deway,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1: 
2G5  (1893). 

Perennial,  with  knotted  rootstocks.  Culms  slender,  simple,  30- 
45  cm.  high.  Leaves  of  sterile  shoots  numerous,  blades  mostly  in- 
volute, 10-30  cm.  long,  2  nmi.  wide,  those  of  the  culm  2-3  in  num- 
ber, sheaths  equalling  or  exceeding  the  long  internodes,  the  upper 
often  extending  to  the  panicle;  ligulo  lacerate,  4-T  mm.  long.  Pan- 
icle narrow,  dark  green,  10-15  cm.  long,  bearing  spikdets  to  near 
the  base.  Si)ikelets  3-4  mm.  long,  subterete ;  empty  glumes  subequal, 
oval,  nerveless,  about  half  as  long  as  the  floret ;  floral  glume  lance-ob- 
long, 3-3.5-nerved;  palea  much  like  its  glume,  the  2-uerves  adjacent. 

Texas  (Presidio  County),  XcaUci/  127. 

Nearly  allied  to  S.  Jvnesii,  but  this  has  longer  leaves  and. 
spikelots. 

7.  S.  Bolanderi  Yasey,  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  11:337  (1880). 
Culms  slender,   smooth,  the  upper  half  naked,  about  30  cm. 

high.  Sheaths  smooth;  ligule  about  0.5  mm.  long;  blades  of 
sterile  shoots  flat,  flaccid.  10-15  cm.  long,  0.8-1.3  mm.  wide,  those 
on  the  culm  2-3  in  number.  3-5  cm.  long.  Panicle  open,  lax,  5-8 
cm.  long,  lower  rays  in  twos  and  threes,  filiform,  2-3.5  cm.  long, 
flower-bearing  above  the  middle.  Spikelets  on  pedicels  3  or  more 
mm.  long;  emi)ty  glumes  unequal,  ovate-lanceolate,  first  1-nerved, 
l.Gmm.  long,  second  3-nerved.  2.5  mm.  long;  floral  glume  oblong- 
lanceolate,  5-nerved,  softly  pubescent  on  the  nerves  below,  3.5  nmi. 
long;  palea  as  long  as  its  glume,  2-tootlied,  ciliate  on  the  keels, 
sterile  pedicel  1.5  mm.  long. 

Collected  at  Oregon,  BoJander  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  and 
now  at  ITarv.  Univ. 

8.  S.  heterolepis  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  1:576  (1848).  Vilfa 
keferolojm  A,  Gray,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  233  (1836). 


290  POACE.E. 

An  erect  perennial,  30-1  "20  cm.  high,  cuhn  solid  as  in  Maize. 
Li<?uIo  very  sliort:  bhuU's  sniootii  below,  scabrid  above,  all  cxct'pt- 
ing  'I  of  tboni  crowcU'd  at  the  Itase  of  the  culms,  involute,  rigid  with 
very  long  sleiuk'r  points,  the  lower  10-70  cm.  long.  Panicle>;  ter- 
minal, exscrted.  thin,  15-){0  cm.  long,  rays  scattered,  very  slender 
with  elongated  bases,  the  longest  3-5  em.  long.  Empty  glumes 
olive-green  or  brown,  1 -nerved,  lirst  lanceolate  or  awl-shaped,  '2-3 
mm.  long,  second  ovatu-lanceolate,  3.5-5.5  nnn.  long;  lloral  glume 
1-nerved,  acute.  15-4  mm.  long;  })alea  oval,  obtuse,  as  long  as  or 
nearly  as  long  as  its  glume.  Grain  spherical,  shining,  thick,  coria- 
ceous, nearly  2  mm.  diam. 

Arkansas,  /'.  S.  Dcpt.  Af/ricuL;  Minnesota,  llulziiifjcr. 

New  England,  New  York,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  and  south  to 
Texas. 

9.  S.  Floridanus  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  States,  550  (1860). 

An  erect  perennial,  00-lf.O  cm.  high.  Ligule  very  short;  blades 
flat  or  condui)licate,  sc.ibrous  on  the  margins,  those  of  sterile  shoots 
30-00  cm.  long,  those  on  the  culm  3  in  number,  8-20  cm.  long,  3-3 
mm.  wide,  holding  their  width  well  to  the  abrupt  tip.  Panicle 
slightly  exscrted,  dill'use,  30-50  cm.  long,  rays  ii'ostly  in  threes,  the 
longest  7-10  cm.  long.  Spikelets  purplish,  single  at  the  ends  of  the 
stiif  rough  hairlike  pedicels;  empty  glumes  obovate-lanceolate.  1- 
nerved,  first  3-5  mm.  long,  second  4-4.3  n^m.  long;  floral  glume  1- 
nerved,  oval,  scarcely  acute  when  spread,  4  mm.  long;  palea  oval, 
obtuse,  reaching  as  high  as  its  glume,  infolded  on  the  back  between 
the  2  nerves. 

Florida.  Curtiss  3378. 

Var.  Curtissii  Vasey,  ined. 

Leaf-blades  1-2  mm.  wide;  panicle  more  slender,  glumes  lanceo- 
late, first  and  second  4-5  mm.  long,  floral  glume  3-3.5  mm.  long. 

Florida,  Curtiss. 

10.  S.  junceus  (Michx.)  Knnth,  Rev.  Gram.  1:68  (1835). 
Agrostis  jnncea  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1 :  52  (1803).  Vilfa  juncea 
Trin.  Unifll.  157  (1824). 

An  erect  rather  slender,  smooth  perennial.  30-70  cm.  high. 
Sheaths  about  the  length   of   the   internodes;   ligule   very  short; 


AiJHOiSTIDKJi;.  291 

bliulos  of  sterile  shoots  nuiiu'roiis.  eivct,  narrow,  involute,  elonijiit- 
eil,  those  of  the  euliii  :»  in  number,  slender,  o-lO  em.  lonj;.  I'lin- 
iele  exserted  or  ineliuled  at  the  l)ase,  open,  oviite-huiee<>l;ite,  lO-i:{ 
em.  lonj;,  nivs  in  wliorls  of  5-10,  diver<,Mn_«:,  llower-hearin;,'  alonji; 
the  ui»})er  two-thirds.  Si)ikelets  reddish  t)rown ;  empty  glumeti  ovate 
ueute,  1-nerved,  lirst  1.5-3  nun.  lonj.',  soeond  about  3  mm.  long; 
lloral  glume  like  the  second  empty  glume;  paleaa  little  shorter  than 
its  glume,  broadly  oval  when  spread,  truncate,  folded  in  from  the 
baek  between  the  2  nerves.     CJrain  compressed,  obovoid. 

Florida,  Curfiss  3377 ;  Georgia.  Coulci/. 

Dry  soil,  Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin  and  southward  to  Florida. 

11.  S.  purpurascens  Hamilton,  Prod.  5  (1S25). 

Culms  simple,  (J0-!>0  em.  high.  Sheaths  smooth  or  hairy;  lig- 
ule  a  villous  ring;  blades  slightly  scabrous  above,  smooth  below, 
those  of  the  sterile  shoots  '^0-50  cm.  long,  fiat  or  involute.  3-5  mm. 
wide,  the  upper  one  of  the  culm  1—1  em.  long.  Panicle  race- 
mose, simple,  10-15  cm.  long;  rays  in  close  whorls  of  about  0.  the 
longest  3  cm.  long,  flower-bearing  for  nearly  its  whole  length. 
Spikelets  short-pedicelled,  smooth,  shining,  light  lead-color;  empty 
glumes  l-nerved,  first  ovate-lanceolate,  'Z  nun.  long,  second  ovate, 
barely  acute  when  spread,  3.3  mm.  long;  floral  glume  1-nerved, 
oval,  obtuse  or  refuse,  nearly  as  long  as  the  second  glume;  palea 
broad,  a  little  shorter  than  its  glume. 

Cuba,   Wright  3427;  Texas,  liurkley. 

Some  use  has  been  made  of  the  meagre  description  by  Chapman 
found  in  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  3:  18  (1878). 

Texas  and  South  Florida. 

VI.  S.  tricholepis  (Torr.)  Coult.  Man.  Rocky  Blount.  Rot.  411 
(1885).      Vilf a  tricholepis  Torr.  Pacif.  II.  M.  Uep.  4: 155  (1857). 

A  tufted  erect  perennial,  40-60  cm.  high;  culms  solid  as  in 
Maize.  Sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes;  ligule  short,  or  2.5 
mm.  long  on  the  Mexican  specimens  mentioned  below;  blades  glab- 
rous, strongly  involute  and  curved,  those  of  sterile  shoots  numer- 
ous, mostly  1.5-3  cm.  long,  those  of  the  culm  4  in  number,  8-15  em. 
long.  Panicle  barely  exserted,  linear,  or  becoming  ovate,  10-18  cm. 
long,  rays  mostly  single,  erect,  some  in  twos  or  threes,  the  longest 


292  I'OACK.Ti:. 

/)-7  cm.  long,  their  brunches  very  sleTulcr,  bearing  .singU'-iiedicellod 
Kpikelcts  which  sire  liglit  k'iul-color.  Kni[)ly  ghiines  elliptical  or 
ovate-liinceolate,  l-nerved,  llrst  about  "-.*  mm.  long,  second  *~'.5-;j 
mm.  long;  Uoret  clothed  with  Imirs  on  the  nerves,  0..")  mm.  long; 
llural  glume  ovale,  acute  or  obtuse.  ;{-nerved,  '2.7  mm.  long;  palou 
nearly  as  long,  though  mirrower. 

Arizona,  LeiiiitKin  :JT(),   .lones;    Mexi(!o,  Prinffle  H'l'ii. 

VI.   S.   rlACtilKMONTll  Kunth,  liev.  (Irani.  2:4'.';  (IS'.'O). 

A  tuTled  slender  erect  })erennial,  OU-JJO  cm.  high.  Sheaths  u 
little  over  hall'  the  length  of  the  internodes;  ligule  very  short; 
leaves  ol'  sterile  shoots  lew,  those  of  the  culm  4,  erect,  involute, 
seabrid  a])ove.  10-15  cm.  long,  ^  mm.  wide.  I'anicle  exserted, 
erect,  sjtreading,  at  length  contracted,  about  ^0  cm.  long,  rays 
slendei',  .scattered  or  in  twos  and  threes,  the  longest  ;J-4  cm.  long, 
bearing  scattered  appressed  spikelets  for  the  entire  length.  Spike- 
lets  light  brown,  empty  glunu'S  l)road,  first  a  little  less,  the  .second 
a  little  more  than  (1.5  mm.  long,  the  latter  l-nervc(l;  lloral  glumo 
ovate,  a(Uite,  obscurely  IJ-nerved.  1..5  mm.  long;  i)alea  oblong,  trun- 
eate-erosc,  1.')  mm.  long.     (Jrain  oblong,  1  mm.  long. 

U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.,  collected  in  Jamaica. 

A  good  pasture-grass  in  .Jamaica,  Haiti,  etc.,  where  it  is  found. 

14.  S.  tenacissimus  Ueauv.  Agrost.  2(1  (1812).  Vi/f(t  /c/Ktrisiii- 
nia,  II.  B.  K.  Nov.  (len.  et.  Sp.  1 :  DJS  (ISI,*)).     Likxdkii.i.a. 

An  en'ct  stout  grass.  '.tO-I4()  cm.  high  ;  culms  smooth.  Sheaths 
smooth;  ligule  less  than  1  mm.  long;  blades  smootli  except  the 
ujiper  side,  those  of  sterile  slioots  <i(*  cm.  or  more  long,  those  of  the 
culm  4  in  number,  iry-'.ib  cm.  long,  5-7  mm.  wide  at  the  base,  tajier- 
ing  into  fine  })oints.  Panicle  but  little  exserted,  erect,  ;}0-50  cm. 
long,  1-2  cm.  diam.,  some  of  the  lower  appressed,  rays  7-12  cm. 
long,  those  above  gradually  becoming  shorter.  Spikelets  very 
numerous  ami  crowded;  empty  glumes  almost  hyaline,  obtuse,  1- 
nerved,  first  0.7  mm.  long,  second  1-2  mm.  long;  lloral  glume  oval 
when  spread,  concave,  ;5-nerved,  2.3  mm.  long;  palea  nearly  as  long 
as  its  glume,  2-nerved.     Grain  broadly  obovoid,  pericarp  persistent. 

Mexico,  Palmer  205. 

Dr.  Palmer  reports  that  the  Mexicans  twist  these  grasses  into 


AiMtOSTlDE.M.  293 

roi>e8,  which,  howovor,  i\o  not  lust  Ion  .     Of  little  value  forgmzing 
except  when  young  und  lender. 

15.  8.  Jonesii  Vasey.  Coult.  Itot.  (iaz.  0:"2{>r  (18SI). 

A  densely  tufted,  erect  slender  j»erennial,  ;i()-40  cm.  Iiigli;  culm 
8olid  as  in  Maize.  Sheaths  seahroiis,  S-12  cm.  long;  ligulo  ',i~i  ?nni. 
long;  blades  of  sterile  siioots  numerous,  rigid,  involute,  excejjt  the 
lowest,  whieli  are  flat,  G-10  cm.  long,  those  of  the  culm  1  or  "Z  in 
number,  setaceous,  '^-.'5  cm.  long.  Panicle  much  e.xserted,  erect, 
thin,  elliptical,  5-8  cm.  long,  rays  solitary,  the  lowest  and  longest 
ti-;{  cm.  long.  Spikelets  streaked  with  light  purple:  empty  glunu'S 
broad,  sube(|ual,  1-iierveil,  about  I  mm.  long,  tirst  obtuse,  narrower 
and  a  litth;  shorter,  second  Iruncate-erose:  lloral  glume  scabrous 
and  slightly  pubescetit,  2.'.i-'-\.7  mm.  long,  ovate,  acute,  3-nerved, 
tlui  lateral  nerves  obscure:  palea  scabrous,  as  wide  and  nearly  as 
long  as  its  glume,  elliptical,  harilly  acute  when  spread. 

<'aIifoniia  (Soda  Springs),  Jones. 

10.  S.  vaginaeflorus  (Torr.)  Vasey,  Cat.  Cr.  V.  S.  V)  (1885). 
VUfa  raf/itta'l!(ini  Torr.,  A.  (iray,  (Jram.  et.  Cyp.  l:n.  15  (1834). 
Agrosds  Viryiniiti  Muiil.  (iram.  74  (1817)  iiot  li. 

A  slender  much-bninclied  ascending  annual,  15-IJO  cm.  liigh. 
Sheaths  one-half  to  one-third  as  long  as  the  internodes.  most  of 
them  swollen,  each  with  a  lateral  spikelike  panicle;  blades  involute, 
slender,  scabrid,  3-10  em.  long,  those  of  the  culm  about  7  in  num- 
ber. Pani(!les  entirely  or  partially  enclosed  by  the  sheaths,  1.5-4 
cm.  long.  Empty  glumes  keeled,  1-nerved,  acute,  subequal,  2-3  mm. 
long;  floral  glume  and  palea  (the  former  3-uerved,  lateral  nerves 
obscure),  pubescent  with  short  hairs  as  seen  under  a  lens,  acute,  2.7 
mm.  long.  The  spikelets  in  the  termiiuil  spikes  are  longest  and 
often  sterile.     Grain  oval,  about  2  mm.  long. 

Pennsylvania,  F.  S.  Dept.  AgricuJ.  374,  from  Scribner;  Michigan, 
Clark   2639;  Cooley,  Heal. 

Barren  soil  from  Maine  to  Texas. 

17.  S.  gracillimus  (Thurb.)  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  9:103 
(1882).   Vilfagranllinia  Thurb.  S.  Wats.  Bot.  Calif.  2:268(1880). 

A  densely  tufted  annual,  7-15-30  cm.  high.  Sheaths  about  as 
long  as  the  internodes,  loose,  witli  hyaline  margins;  ligule  obtuse, 


294  I'OACE.E. 

larorate,  (locnrrent,  about  2  mm.  long;  blados  flat,  involute  at  the 
uptsx,  rtcabrid  aljovo,  i-'i  cm.  Ion;;,  about  1  mm.  wido.  I'anirlo 
nuu'li  t'xsorted,  few-llowi'iTil,  spikcicts  scattered,  interrupted  Ijclow, 
anil  on  plants  of  medium  hei^xlil,  .j-7  cm.  Inn;,',  about  :!inm.  <liani. ; 
ray.><  erect,  mostly  in  })airs,  some  (»f  the  lower  '^-'.\  cm.  Ion;;,  llowcr- 
bearin;;  nearly  to  the  base.  Empty  ;,'lumes  subecpuil.  the  lower  a 
little  the  shorter,  meml)ranous,  l)roadly  ovale,  1 -nerved,  obtuse, 
erose  ormucronato,  a  little  less  than  1  mm.  Ion;;,  lioret  with  acallus 
at  the  base,  minutely  pubescent;  tl(»ral  ;;Ium(!  ovate,  acute,  mucro- 
natc,  :)-nerved,  H  mm.  ion;;:  palea  mend)ranous,  broadly  oval, 
scarcely  acute  when  si)read,  a  little  shorter  than  its  glume. 

California,  Jours  2401;  Oregon,  llowell. 

Oregon  and  Caliroriiia. 

18.  S.  auriculatus  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3:64 
(1S92).  S.  (fspt'n'/o/in.s  xar.  breri/oliits  Xiiscy,  Contrib.  U.  8.  Nat. 
Herb.  1:50  (l.S!M)). 

Culms  much  branched  below,  15-25  cm.  high,  with  short  creep- 
ing rootstocks,  nodes  of  the  branches  short  and  numerous.  Leaves 
glaucous;  sheaths  scabrous  or  smooth,  longer  than  the  short  inter- 
luxles;  ligule  lacerate,  1.5  mm.  long;  blades  of  the  sterile  shoots 
scabrous,  Hat,  subarticulate,  1-3  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide,  those  of 
the  culm  3-6  cm.  long.  Panicle  mostly  included  at  the  base,  thiu, 
ovoid,  7-10  cm.  long;  rays  single  or  in  pairs,  scabrous,  some  of  them 
rellexed,  bearing  single  spikelets  at  the  ends  of  the  stiff  slender 
bramdies.  Si)ikelets  purplish;  empty  glumes  1-nerved,  subequal, 
oval,  nearly  1  mm.  long;  floral  glume  broadly  oval,  obtuse,  3-nerved, 
2  mm.  long;  palea  oval,  as  long  as  its  glume.  Vasey  says:  "^S*. 
asperifoUns  var.  hrcvifoUus  of  contributors."  Perhaps  a  variety  of 
>S'.  asperifoUns. 

Texas,  NeaUey  for  Nat.  Museum. 

19.  S.  confusus  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  15:293  (1888).  *S'. 
ramulosus  of  authors,  not  of  Kunth. 

A  very  slender  tufted  annual,  much  branched  below,  8-20  cm. 
high.  Sheaths  loose,  longer  than  the  internodes;  ligule  thin,  1.5-2 
mm.  long;  blades  scabrid  above,  flat,  coiuluplicate  or  involute,  2-4 
cm.  long,  1-5  mm.  wide.     Panicle  exserted  or  partially  included, 


A(iU«»STIl>K.E.  295 

pyramitlal  or  ovoid,  S-15cm.  loiij;.  the  niyn  very  sIoikUt,  8olitary, 
8j)r(.'!ulin^',  Hiid  llu-ir  l)niMclies  iM-ariii;,'  iVw  llowi-rs  ul  tlinonds  (»r  tlio 
loii^  piMiicols.  S|iikelcts  purplish;  empty  j,'IunH'S  .suIk'(|IuiI  or  the 
lower  .HJiorter,  often  ciliate  at  tlie  aj)ex  and  on  tlu'  hack,  ovate, 
l-iiervetl,  0.5-0.7  inin.  lon<r;  Moral  {jliime  oval,  olweurely  U-iierved, 
1  nun.  or  lus»  in  len<^th :  palea  as  lon^  and  as  wide  as  its  ^lnin(>, 
2-nerved ;  lloral  ;,dunie  and  palea  Ixtth  thinly  jjiiheseent  on  the 
nerves. 

Texas,  XeaUcji  tor  Nat.  Mus. ;  Colorado.  John  Wolfv;  Arizona, 
Priiiiilr  in  1SS4. 

A  delicate  little  annual  found  in  moist  places;  Colorado.  New 
Mexieo,  Arizona,  'i'exas.  Mqxieo, 

20.  S.  Sacatilla  Griseb.  Sclied.  Fourn.  Mex.  PI.  Knum.  (Jram. 
101  (ISK(i). 

An  erect  leafy  and  branching  perennial.  20-40  em.  high,  with 
cree])ing  rootstocks.  Culms  with  10-12  nodes,  each  hearing  a  slen- 
der branch  12  cm.  long,  and  ea(;h  again  usually  branching.  Leaves 
very  numerous,  sheaths  mostly  about  the  length  of  the  internodea; 
ligule  al)ruptly  acute,  less  than  1  mm.  long;  blades  involute, 
S2)reading  or  recurved,  0.5-3  cm.  (mostly  1  cm.)  long,  0.5  diam. 
Panicle  very  sim])le.  spikelets  termimil  or  lateral.  I-.'{  cm.  long. 
Spikelets  l,T-2  mm.  long,  oval;  empty  glumes  sulie(|ual,  about  1 
mm.  long,  1-nervetl.  ovate;  lloral  glume  3-nerved;  palea  nearly  as 
long.     Anthers  1.2  mm.  long, 

'J'exas  (Del  Ifio).  Xctdhy  for  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 

Also  found  in  Mexico. 

21  S.  depauperatus  (Torr.).  Scribn.  ]Jull.  Torr.  Club.  !):103 
(18S2).  Vilfa  (U'lutupcmta  Torr.;  Hook.  Flor.  Bor.  Am.  2:257 
(1840).  Vilfii  iifuis  Torr.  Pacif.  K.  U.  Rep.  5:  305  (1853).  \iffa 
plunihea  Triu.  teste  Fourn.  Mex.  PI.  Elnum.  Cram.  101  (188G). 

A  very  slender  and  variable  tufted  decumbent  and  much- 
branched  perennial,  10-GO  cm.  high,  often  with  stout  rootstocks. 
Sheatlis  loose,  about  as  long  as  the  internodes,  which  are  from  4-12 
in  number,  margins  hyaline;  ligule  0.5-3  mm.  long,  obtuse  or 
acute;  blades  scabrid  above,  usually  involute,  recurved,  1-5  cm. 
long,  about  1  mm.  wide.     Panicle  but  little  exserted,  slightly  in- 


200  I'OACK.K. 

tcrnipfod.  2-li  ctii.  1<»ii^'.  I  iiini.  wide;  i'iivh  I.Tmh-Icsh  iu  Icii^'tli, 
rnvcrrd  with  HpikdctH.  Kmpty  ;:limn's  rolorlcss  or  li<,'lit  lojul-i-olor. 
I'fjual  or  sii1>('i|iial,  I -mrvi'd,  ovate,  almost  iiciitc,  I  nun.  Ion;.':  Iloiot 
with  II  cuIlnH,  Hniootii.  Ilorai  ^durnc  ovutr,  acute.  IJ-nerved,  l.T  turn, 
ion;;;  ])aU'ii  as  Ion;;  as  ita  ;;Iurne,  l»roadly  oval,  acnto. 

(h'c;:oti.   Iloirrll;    Mexico  (Cliilmaliua),  /*i'in(/h'  4\H. 

A  line  low  ^'rass  tilling  much  tho  place  in  grazing  of  .S'.  asprri- 
fob  us. 

Ko(!ky  Mountain  rcirion. 

Var,  flliformis  nov.  var.  Tulni  10-12  cm.  long,  cxsortcd  for 
nearly  half  its  length:   panicle  much  reduced,  2  I'ln.  long. 

Montana.    Williams:   I'tah.  .lours. 

i>2.  S.  IvDicis  (L.)  |{.  Hr.  I'rodr.  1  :  17(»  (ISIO).  Smit- 
ORAss.  .\f/ri)slis  Indu'ii  L.  Sj).  PI.  015  (1753).  A.  vliniijittn  Lam. 
111.  1:  lt;-i  (I :!))). 

An  eri'ct  rohust  grass,  .'JO-.OO  cm.  high.  Sheaths  long,  .some- 
times ciliato  at  tho  throat:  ligule  very  short:  blades  chielly  at  the 
base  of  tho  culms,  smooth  helow.  scahrid  above,  tho.se  of  sterile 
shoots  extending  to  the  base  of  the  ])anicle,  2-4  mm.  wide  at  tho 
base,  tapering  into  tine  pnint.s.  those  of  the  culm  2-3  in  number. 
Panichi  spikeliko,  but  little  exserted,  .sometimes  internii)ted,  8-20 
cm.  long  and  3-0  mm.  diam..  or  sometimes  with  diverging  rays  1 
cm.  long.  Si)ikelot3  very  numerou.s  and  crowded:  empty  glumes 
almost  hyaliiu',  obtuse,  1-nerved.  first  0.5-0.7  mm.  long,  second  1 
mm.  long:  floral  glume  oval,  concave.  1-3-nerved,  1.7  mm.  long; 
palea  nearly  as  long  as  its  glume,  2-nerved.  Grain  broadly  obo- 
void,  pericarp  often  evanescent. 

Hentham  in  Flora  Australiensis  has  been  followed  in  the  de- 
scrii)tion  to  some  extent. 

Florida.  Cvrtiss  3383. 

It  was  introduced  from  India,  and  has  become  naturalized  in 
many  warm  countries,  such  as  Florida,  tiie  Carolinas,  etc.  It  is 
called  Snnif-f/rass  in  the  South,  as  smut  very  often  develops  on  it. 
The  grass  is  esteemed  for  pasture  and  mowing  when  not  too  old. 
^  23.  S.  serotinus  (Torr.)  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  1:577  (1848). 
'\   Agrostis  serotina  Torr.  Flor.  U.  S.  1:88  (1824).      Vilfa  serotina 


AOKOSTIDK.K.    •  297 

T(.rr. ;  A.  (Jniy.  Gmru.  i-t  C.vp.  ii.  '■*  (\sM).  \,7/„  Iviifni  Tiiii. 
M.'iii.  Anid.  St.  IVtersl).  (VI.)  f*:.s;  (1H40).  Von  imile.sltt 
TuckiTm.  Am.  .lomii.  Sci.  (I)  14:4.'.  (IHi:!). 

A  .slender  tufted  erect  lu'rciiiiiiil.  20-40  ctii.  Iiij,'li;  ciilriw  cotn- 
prcHsod  utid  solid  ud  in  Miii/c  Slii-iitli.s  short:  li<;ule  L-2  iiiiii.  Ion;;: 
Itliidcs  Hut  or  coiidiipliciitt',  4-12  ciii.  loii^'.  1-2  nitii.  wide.  Panicle 
iiiucli  exserted,  thin,  .')-l(l  cm.  lonj^',  narrow iind  Tcw-lloworcd  when 
short,  ovate-lanceolate  when  hir^fe;  rays  single,  very  sleiuler.  Spike- 
lets  1-,  rarely  2-llowered.  dark  brown  or  purple;  empty  glumes 
oviite,  ohtusc,  1-nervcd,  lirslu  little  inorc!  than  0..')  nnu.  long:  second 
a  little  longer:  lloral  glume  ovate,  concave,  3-nerve(|,  1.5  tuni.  long; 
palea  broad-oval,  obtuse,  nearly  as  long  us  its  glume.  CJruin  oval, 
ilattencd,  1es.s  than  1  mm.  long. 

Maine.  V.  S.  Ihj)!.  A(/rini/.  :{71  from  Scribner;  New  Jersey, 
Scrihiicr  .'J.'>S2:  Delaware,  ('(iii/ti/. 

Maine  to  Delaware  and  Northern  Michigan  in  samly  wet  pla.;es. 

24.  8.  compressus  (Torr.)  Kunth,  Knum.  IM.  1:217(18:5:5). 
Af/rosfis  roiii/)trt<.siif<  Torr.  Cat.  PI.  N.  V.  01  (IHl'.i).  AfirostiH 
7orm/inin  Scliult.  Mant.  2:20)5  (1824).  I/Z/W  amipressa  Trin. 
Unitl.  1.58  (1S24). 

Culms  tufted,  erect,  stout,  flattened,  solid,  as  in  Maize,  ;50-G0 
cm.  high,  from  a  perennial  rootstoiik  with  short  joints  covere<l  with 
scales.  Sheaths  couduplicate,  much  longer  than  the  internodes; 
ligule  very  short;  blades  erect,  condupli(;ate,  al)0ut  .'{0  cm.  long, 
3  mm.  wide.  Panicle  exserted.  open,  ovate-lanceolate,  10-:S0  cm. 
long;  rays  spreading,  lilil'orm,  mostly  scattered  or  some  in  twos  and 
three.  Spikelets  brown,  often  2-llowen,'d  ;  empty  glumes  subequal, 
ovate-lanceolate,  1-nerved,  1.5  mtn.  long;  lloral  glume  ovate,  con- 
cave, 3-nerved,  as  long  as  the  empty  glumes,  though  overreaching 
them  by  one-third  as  united  in  the  spikelet;  palea  oval,  obtuse,  as 
long  as  its  glume.     Grain  oval,  flattened,  1  mm.  long. 

New  Jersey,  Scribner  3381;  U.  S.  Depl.  Agn'cul.  353  from 
Scribner. 

Bogs  in  the  pine-barrens  of  New  .Jersey. 

25.  S.  repens  Presl,  Keliq.  Hffink.  1:241(1830). 

A  slender  creeping  grass,  culms  0.5  mm.  diam.,  rising  1  cm. 


298  I'OACK.K. 

above  the  ground  I'roin  a  loiij;  prostrate  portion.  Slicaths  loose, 
half  as  long  a.s  the  iiitoniodos;  liirule  nearly  "i  nun.  long;  blades 
thin,  scabrid,  llator  'u.olute.  abont  2eni.  b»ng,  nearly  1  ninu  wide. 
Panicles  terminal  and  lateral,  all  more  or  less  included  by  the 
sheaths,  spikelike,  about  1  em.  long.  Kmply  glumes  sulu-qual.  1- 
nerved.  very  broad,  erose,  about  0.5  mm.  long:  lloret  olive-green 
tinged  with  red;  lloral  glume  ovate  when  spread.  .'J-nervcd.  1.5  mm. 
long;  i)alea  like  its  glume  excej)ting  the  nerves,  whieh  are  )i  in 
number. 

Mexico,  lUiio'nean  3'^85.   Tracy  from  Palmer,  rrimjlv  XWH. 

2*'..  S.  Shepherd!  Vasey,  Ihdl.  Torn  Club.  14:  S  (1887). 

Apjiarently  annual,  branching  at  the  base;  culms  smooth  or 
scabrid.  '^0—10  cm.  high.  Sheaths  loose,  about  the  length  of  tlie 
intornodes;  ligule  lacerate.  '2-;J  n)m.  long;  blades  of  sterile  shoots 
few  anil  short,  those  of  the  culm  IJ-4  in  number,  involute.  4-iS  cm. 
long.  '2  mm.  or  less  wide.  I'anicle  exserted,  open,  S-i".*  em.  long, 
rays  mostly  single,  the  longest  5  cm.  long.  Spikelets  often  nod- 
ding oil  extremely  slender  pedicels,  which  are  thickened  above; 
empty  glumes  obtuse  when  spread.  ol)scurely  1-nerved,  lirst  oidy  a 
little  shorter  than  the  secoiul.  which  is  1.5  mm.  long;  lloral  glume 
hairy,  oval,  ;5-nerved,  as  long  as  the  second  glume;  jtalea  hairy, 
broadly  oval,  obtuse,  as  long  as  its  glume. 

The  plants  examined  were  reddish  throughout. 

Mexico.  Pn'iit/Ic  14:24. 

'^:.  S.  asperifolius  (Nees)  Thurb. ;  S.  Wats.  Hot.  Calif.  2:'^(1!> 
(18S0).  \'i/f(i  (iKju'rifdJia  Meyen,  KVise  1  :  :54!t,  408.  Trin.  Mem. 
Acad.  St.  IVtersb.  (\'I.)  ('):!I5  (1840).  Sporobnlus  areiiacviix 
IJuckl.  IVoc.  IMiila.  Acail.  \>^iVl.  8!)  (18»j;5). 

Culms  branching,  '20-40  cm.  high,  asceiuling  from  stout  creep- 
ing rootstocks.  Sheaths  smooth,  loose,  longer  than  the  numerous 
short  intornodes;  ligule  very  short;  blades  llat.  scabrous,  l{-8  cm. 
long.  2  mm.  wide.  Panicle  included  at  the  base;  open,  pyramidal, 
10-17  cm.  long;  rays  single  or  in  pairs,  scabrous,  bjaring  single 
spikelets  at  the  ends  of  the  very  sleiuler  still"  branches.  S])ikelets 
lead-color,  tinged  with  purple;  empty  glumes  colorless,  lanceolate, 
scabrid  under  a  lens,  1-nerved,  lirst  0.;{-0.5  mm.  long,  second  but 


AliHOSTlDK.E.  299 

very  little  lonjjer;  floral  jrlunu'  broadly  oval,  obtuse,  sometimes 
witb  a  niuero,  obscurely  IJ-nerveil,  1-1.5  mm.  loii«f;  ])alea  obovato- 
oval,  as  loii^j  as  its  glume. 

'I'exas,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agrieul.  from  liVirrr/ion  :  Colorado.  Siri/i- 
iicr  IJIJSOa  Wolfe;  (.'alil'ornia,  J'an'sh  1030;  Southern  California, 
I'a/iiu'i-  2;J(). 

Two  plants  from  dilTercnt  places  in  Colorado  have  !i-;>  llorets  to 
i.iie  s])ikelet.  and  most  of  them  distended  with  smut. 

Hritish  America  to  Arizona.  California  and  Texas. 

A  wiry-stemmed  species  restricted  to  very  wet  places,  contribut- 
ing H  little  to  the  forage. 

28.  S.  airoides  'I'orr.  Pac.  1{.  M.  Kep.  7:  Part  !{.  21  (185(5). 
Jf/nistifi  airoides  Toir.  Ann.  Lye.  X.  Y.  /.•151  (1824).  \'i//(i. 
airoidexTv'm.  Steud.  Syn.  IM.  (;ram.  1G2(I855). 

An  erect  rather  stout  tufted  j)erennial,  40-lK)  cm.  high;  culms 
enclosed  below  with  prominent  wide  sheaths.  Sheaths  a  little 
shorter  than  the  internodes,  the  throat  ciliate;  ligule  very  short; 
blades  light  green,  soon  fading,  convolute,  tapering  to  a  filiform 
iipex,  those  of  sterile  sliects  2-5  cm.  long,  l?  mm.  in  width;  those 
of  the  culm  4-5  in  number,  the  upper  filiform,  2-;J  cm.  long. 
Panicle  termiiud,  ovoid,  often  partly  included  at  tlu^  base,  2()-;U> 
cm.  long,  rays  solitary  in  twos  or  threes,  again  branching  and  bear- 
ing scattered  spikelets  above  the  middle.  Spikelets  light  lead- 
color  or  brown;  empty  glumes  obovate,  without  nerves,  first  0.5-! 
mm.  long,  second  1.5-2  mm.  long,  floret  with  a  callus;  floral  glume 
concave,  broadly  oval,  1-nerved,  2  mm.  long;  palea  broader  than 
its  glume  and  a  little  shorter,  truncate,  infolded  between  the  nerves 
on  the  back. 

Kocky  iMountains,  IT.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  M5;  ^fontana.  Srrihicr. 

Kansas  and  Nebraska,  Montana,  California,  Texas,  and  New 
Mexico. 

29.  S.  minutiflorus  (Trin.)  Link.   TFort.   Berol.   1:88  (1827). 
Vilfa  miniilifloruH  Trin.  Unifl.  158  (1S2G). 

Culms  slender,  snn)oth,  20-40  cm.  high.  Sheaths  2,  ligule  very 
shortly  ciliate;  blades  flat.  3-10  cm.  long.  3  mm.  or  less  broad. 
Panicle  terminal,  exserted.  i)yramidal.  8-10  cm.  long;  rays  solitary 


300  .  POACE.E. 

or  rarely  in  pairs,  tlie  lower  4-6  cm.  long,  tlie  lower  two-fifths 
naked.  Si)ikelets  somewhat  crowded,  on  sJjort  unequal  pedicels,  1 
mm.  long;  second  glume  nerveless,  about  0.5  mm.  long,  obtuse, 
broader  and  a  little  longer  than  the  first ;  floral  glume  and  palea 
equal,  obtuse,  nerveless.  Nearly  allied  to  *S'.  atrovirens  Kunth. 
See  notes  by  Prof.  Scribuerin  Phil.  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  299.  1891. 

Mexico,  Prinffle  S130. 

Thin  soil  of  limestone  ledges,  San  Luis  Potosi,  Mexico. 

30.  S.  racemosus  Vasey,  Hull.  Torr.  Club,  15:9  (1888). 

A  slender  erect  or  decumbent  freely  branching  annual,  18-35 
cm.  high.  Sheatiis  loose,  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  less 
than  0.5  mm.  long;  blades  4-7  in  number,  thin,  flat  or  involute, 
2-4  cm.  long,  1mm.  wide  or  less.  Panicles  terminal  and  lateral, 
the  former  exserted,  the  latter  more  or  less  included,  open,  4-8 
cm.  long,  rays  mostly  single,  simple,  the  longest  2-3  cm.  loug  and 
few-flowered.  Spikelets  racemose  on  short,  slender,  glandular 
pedicels ;  empty  glumes  broad  and  obtuse,  usually  nearly  equal,  not 
over  0.5  mm.  long;  floral  glume  and  jialea  ovate,  smooth,  nerves 
obscure,  about  1  mm.  long.  Anthers  3,  red,  1.8  mm.  long,  1.8 
mm.  wide,  very  exceptional  in  the  genus.  So  far  as  observed,  the 
anthers  of  all  other  species  have  been  linear.  The  plants  through- 
out tinged  with  red. 

Mexico  (Chihuahua),  Pringle  1425. 

Cool,  gravelly  slopes,  near  water. 

;U.  S.  ovatus.  S.  mi  nor  Vasoy.  A.  Gray  Man.  Ed.  ('.  :  646 
(1890). 

A  slender  geniculate  scabrous  perennial,  10-30  cm.  high. 
Sheaths  half  as  long  as  the  internodes;  ligule  very  short  near  it 
and  above  and  below  are  scanty  hairs  with  warty  bases;  blades  in- 
volute, those  from  sterile  shoots  1-4  cm.  long,  those  of  the  culm  3-5 
in  number,  and  2-5  cm.  long,  1.5-2  mm.  wide.  Panicle  scarcely 
exserted,  very  simple,  1-4  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  wide;  empty  glumes 
nearly  equal,  ovate-lanceolate,  1-nerved,  keeled  toward  the  apex, 
about  3  mm.  long;  floret  clothed  with  very  short  hairs  as  seen  under 
a  lens;  floral  glume  ovate,  acute,  somewhat  compressed  toward  the 
apex,  1-nerved,  2.7  mm.  long;  palea  as  long  as  and  as  wide  as  its 


ACJUOSTIDK.E.  301 

glume,  folded  in  on  the  back.  Vivsey's  name  of  tlie  species  was 
occupied  by  Kunth,  Enum,  PI.  1:212  (1833),  hence  tlie  selection  of 
a  new  one. 

Texas,  Neallcy ;  Mississippi,  Tracy,  both  for  U.  S.  Dept. 
Agricul. 

\\2.  S.  argutus  (Nees)  Kuuth,  Enum.  PI.  1:215  (1S33).  Vilfa 
ar(jHfa  Neos,  Agrost.  Bras.  3:395(1820).  V.  Avkansan(i'\!v\n. 
Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  (VI.)  5:04  (18-10). 

Culms  spreading  or  erect,  20—40  cm.  high.  Slieaths  loose,  a 
little  shorter  than  the  internodos,  tliroat  ciliate;  ligiile  very 
short;  leaf-blades  of  sterile  shoots  numerous,  flat,  or  the  apex  invo- 
lute, 2-4  cm.  long,  glaucous,  scabrous,  the  margins  ciliatc-serrulate, 
2-4  cm.  long,  those  of  the  culm  3-4  in  number,  tbe  ui)j)er  one  3-10 
mm.  long.  Panicle  usually  exserted,  spikelike  or  pyramidal  on  tbe 
same  plant,  3-5  cm.  long;  rays  in  half-wborls  of  3-0  or  even  8, 
flower-bearing  on  tbe  upper  two-thirds,  tbe  half-whorls  1-2  cm. 
distiint.  Spii<elets  shining,  lead-color;  first  empty  glume  0.4-0.5 
mm.  long,  second  and  floral  glume  elli])tical-hnu'eolate,  1-nerved, 
1.5  mm.  long;  palea  bi'oader,  a  little  sborter,  sjditting  in  the  back 
by  the  maturing  grain,  Avhich  is  compressed  and  broad,  0.7-1  mm. 
long. 

Florida,  Palmer  294;  Texas,  Xealley  for  Nat.  Herb.,  RevcrcJioii; 
Lower  California,  Palmer  188;  Mexico  (Chihuahua),  Pringle  810, 

Texas  to  Arizoiui  and  Mexico. 

Very  variable;  number  224,  of  I)r.  Palmer  from  Lower  Cali- 
fornia has  thicker  rougher  leaves  and  broader  spikes. 

33.  S.  Nealleyi  Vasey,  Coult.  Bot.  Oaz.  16:48  (1891). 

A  slender  glaucous  perennial,  10-20  cm.  high,  from  strong 
rootstocks.  Slieaths  of  the  culm  about  5  in  number,  mostly  longer 
than  the  internodes;  ligule  a  ciliate  ring;  blades  involute,  rigid, 
pungent-pointed,  diverging  almost  at  right  angles  to  the  culm, 
0.5-3.5  cm.  long,  0.5  mm.  diam.  Panicle  slightly  exserted  on  a 
capillary  peduncle,  simple,  erect,  racemose,  oval  or  linear,  3-5  cm. 
long;  rays  6,  the  longest  about  1.5  cm.  long,  bearing  a  few  spike- 
lets  on  the  outer  two-tbirds.  Spikelets  pur[)lisli,  linear,  about  1.5 
mm.  long;  empty  glumes  lanceolate,  1-nerved,  first  glume  half  as 


302  POACEiE. 

long  as  the  floret,  second  as  long  as  the  floret;  ilorul  ghime  ovate- 
acute,  1-nerveil. 

Texas,  JS'eaUcij  in  18.S7  for  U.  8.  Dept.  Agricul. 

34.  S.  macrospermus  Scribii.  iued. 

A  slender  erect  branching  annual,  ^*0-40  cm.  high.  Sheaths 
subcompressed,  sparingly  villous  at  the  throat;  ligule  a  ciliate  ring, 
also  ciliate  above  and  below  to  a  varying  degree,  "^-4  cm.  long,  1-"^ 
mm.  wide,  upper  blades  narrow,  1  cm.  long.  Panicle  exserted, 
open,  narrowly  ovoid,  4-0  cm.  long,  lowest  rays  in  halt'-wh(n'l,s  of 
4-7,  the  longest  1.5  cm.  long,  bearing  two  s})ikelets  near  the  apex. 
First  glume  awl-shaped,  I  mm.  long,  second  and  floral  glume 
yellowi.sh,  1-nerved,  linear,  acute,  1.7-^.'^  mm.  long;  palea  broad, 
oval,  about  as  long  as  its  glume,  split  by  the  nuituring  ovary.  Seed 
oval,  flat,  brown,  translucent,  l.G  mm.  long. 

Mexico  (Jalisco),  Pringle  2447. 

35.  S.  Virginicus  (L.)  Kunth,  Rev.  (iram.  1:  67  (1835;.  Ayros- 
tis  Virfiitiica  L.  Sp.  PI.  O.*}  (175:3).  A.  barbnta  Wn^^.  Syn.  1:75 
(1805).  A.  lif/oralis  hiuu.  111.  101(1791).  Vilfa  Vircji iii en  Boauv. 
Agrost.  10  (1813). 

A  smooth  erect  or  decumbojit  perennial  branching  grass,  15-40 
cm.  high.  Ligido  very  short,  throat  ciliate  or  glabrous;  iHadcs  of 
the  culm  14-10  in  number,  convolute  or  involute  when  dry.  rather 
rigid,  ascending,  distichous,  the  longest  5-15  cm.  long.  3-5  mm. 
wide.  Panicle  spikelike,  dense,  3-7  cm.  long,  5-7  mm.  wide. 
Empty  glumes  1-nerved,  almost  keeled,  ovate  when  s])ri'ad.  first 
glume  1.5  mm.,  second  2.2  mm.  long;  floral  glume  1-uerved,  ovate, 
2.3  mm.  long;  palea  a])out  the  length  of  its  glume,  folded  in  from 
the  back  between  the  2  nerves.  (Jrain  broadly  obovoid,  the  very 
thin  ])ericarp  separable  when  softened,  but  indistinguishable  in  the 
dried  state. 

Florida,  Curfiss  3370;  Mexico,  Palmer  328. 

Virgina  to  Florida,  Texas  and  IMexico,  near  the  coast;  also  found 
in  the  West  Indies,  Brazil,  Africa  and  Australia. 

30.  S.  Texanus  Vasey,  Contrib.  II.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1:57  (1890). 

A  glaucous  tufted  perennial,  30-40  cm.  high.  Sheaths  of  the 
culm  4  in  nund)er,  longer  than  the  interuodes;  ligule  a  ciliate  ring; 


A(JHUST1I)K.E.  303 

blades  of  tho  culm  flat  or  involute,  5-15  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide; 
blades  and  sheaths  nu)ro  or  less  eiliate  with  tubercled  hairs.  I'ani- 
cle  enclosed  at  the  base  or  but  sliifhtly  exserted,  broadly  ])yraniidal, 
lU-10  cm.  long;  rays  diverging,  slender,  rigid,  the  longest  S-IU 
cm.  long,  bearing  a  few  spikelets  on  long  pedicels  on  the  outer 
half.  Spikelets  linear-lanceolate,  empty  glumes  1-nerved,  first 
about  1  mm.  long,  second  equalling  the  tloret,  2-Z.3  mm.  long; 
floral  glume  and  palea  equal,  the  former  1-nerved. 

Texas  (Presidio  County),   NeaUey  for  U.  8.  Dept.  Agricul.  in 
1800. 

Texas  and  Iiulian  Territory. 

3?.  S.  capillaris  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1:283 
(181(3). 

A  rather  sleiuler  erect  tufted  perennial  with  few  culms.  30-GO 
cm.  high.  Sheaths  slij'htly  compressed,  longer  than  the  iuternodes, 
throat  eiliate;  ligiile  very  short;  blades  of  sterile  shoots  numerous, 
3-30  cm.  long,  the  1)ase  flat  or  involute,  2-3  mm.  wide,  the  point 
longaiul  filiform,  those  of  the  culm  3  in  number,  the  upper  liliform, 
1-3  cm.  long.  Panicle  exserted,  often  ovate  or  ])yramidal.  10-18 
cm.  long;  rays  mostly  single,  some  in  ])airs,  the  longest  4-7  cm. 
long,  the  brandies  diverging,  very  slender.  Spikelets  dai'k  lead 
color  or  brown;  empty  glumes  broadly  oval,  first  about  O.o  mm. 
long,  second  1-nerved,  1  mm.  long;  tloral  glume  broadly  oval, 
l-nerv(!d,  sometimes  with  an  obscure  nerve  on  each  side,  obtuse 
when  spread.  1.5  mm.  long;  palea  emarginate,  as  broad  and  nearly 
as  long  as  its  glume. 

Mexico  (Jalisco),  Palmer  512;  Pringle  1426. 

Found  so  far  only  in  Mexico. 

3S.  S.  Buckleyi  Vasey,  r.ull.  Torr.  Club,  10:128  (1883). 

Culms  slender,  com])rcssed,  solid  as  in  Maize,  40-00  cm.  high. 
Sheaths  compressed;  those  of  the  culms  about  4  in  nuud)er,  with 
sheaths  nearly  as  long  as  the  internodes;  ligule  a  short  eiliate  fringe; 
blades  smooth,  those  of  sterile  shoots  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  culm, 
flat  or  conduplicate.  3-4  mm.  wide.  Panicle  but  little  exserted, 
open,  oblong,  lax,  15-25  cm.  long,  rays  single  or  in  twos,  cajiillary, 
the  lower  the  longer,  8-10  cm.  long,  flower-bearing  for  the  upper 


304  POACE.E. 

two-tliirda.  Spikelots  i)urple;  empty  glumes  ovate-lanceolate, 
1-iiervetl.  first  glume  about  1  mm.  long,  secoml  1.5  mm.  long; 
floral  glume  ovate,  acute  when  spread,  l-uerved,  1.7-2  mm.  long; 
palea  hut  little  shorter  than  its  glume. 

Texas,  Xvalley. 

A  small  i)lant  seen  from  the  IT.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  Discovered 
by  Dr.  S.  H.  Buckley,  i'or  whom  Dr.  Vasey  nauied  it. 

39.  S.  Domingensis  (Trin.)  Kunth,  Enuni.  1:3U  (1S3;5).  17/- 
fi(  DdnnnfjvHsi.s  Trin.  Spreng.  Meue  Entdeek.  2:50  (IMio). 
Aijroslis  DoniiiKjoisis  Schult.     Mant.  3:  570  (1S24). 

Culms  erect,  slightly  compressed  at  the  ])ase,  20-40  cm.  high. 
Sheaths  crowded,  compressed,  throat  ciliate;  lignle  very  short; 
blades  flat  or  becoming  involute,  7-10  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  wide, 
with  filiform  points,  those  of  the  culm  2-3  in  number,  the  upper 
1  cm.  long  or  less.  Panicle  but  little  oxserted,  erect,  sj)ikelike  or 
sjireading,  G-10  cm.  long,  rays  in  threes  to  lives,  the  longest  3-5 
cm.  long,  naked  for  a  third  of  its  length.  Spikelets  light  lead- 
color  or  straw-color;  emi)ty  glumes  scabrid,  membranous,  first 
glume  0.()-7  mm.  long,  second  ovate,  acute,  1-nerved,  2  mm.  long; 
floral  glume  like  the  second  glume,  only  a  little  shorter;  palea 
broad,  enuirginatiN  1.5  mm.  long,     (jrain  broadly  oval,  1  mm.  long. 

Florida,  Cnrtiss  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  259. 

40.  S.  cryptandrus  (Torr.)  A.  CJray,  Man.  Ed.  1:570  (1848). 
Af/rosfis  cnjpt(()ulra  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  1:151  (1824).  Vilfa, 
cvupttDulni  Torr.;  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  (VI.)  5:69 
(1840). 

An  erect  perennial,  60-90  cm.  high,  usually  branching  below, 
culm  solid  as  in  Maize.  Sheaths  smooth,  bearded  at  the  throat; 
the  lowest  shorter  than  the  internodes,  the  upper  02ies  longer;  lignle 
very  short;  blades  7-9  to  the  culm,  flat  or  involute,  scabrous  above, 
15-30  cm.  long,  3-6  mm.  wide.  Panicle  10-20  cm.  long,  narrow, 
more  or  less  enclosed  in  the  upper  sheath,  which  is  20-35  cm.  long; 
rays  mostly  in  pairs,  often  hairy  in  the  axils,  spreading,  3-8  cm. 
long,  flower-bearing  for  the  entire  length.  Spikelets  numerous, 
lead-color,  or  fading  to  a  straw  color;  empty  glumes  acute, 
1-nerved,  first  0.5-1  mm.  long,  second  1.5  mm.  long;  floral  glume 


AQROSTIDE^.  306 

much  like  the  second  empty  glume ;  palea  as  long  as  its  glume,  split 
in  the  back  by  the  enlarged  grain,  whicli  is  broad  oval  and  O.G  mm. 
long. 

New  York,  Beal  61;  Michigan,  Clark  1293,  1293;  Illinois, 
Patterson  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  354;  Texas,  XeaUey;  New- 
Mexico,  Jones  4161,  4126;  Montana.  Anderson  69;  Wyoming, 
Bvffuni  C.  13;  Washington,  Snksdorf  1019;  Lower  California, 
Palmer  65;  Mexico  (Chihualiua),  Pringle  419,  also  collected  by 
the  author  at  Chicago,  111.,  1869. 

In  sandy  soil,  New  England  to  Michigan,  British  America  and 
Oregon  to  Mexico. 

Var.  flexuosus  Thurb.  Vasey,  Wheeler's  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  6: 282 
(1878). 

Panicle  often  elliptical  or  lanceolate  in  outline,  rachis  very 
slender  and  flexuose,  the  exserted  portion  20-40  em.  long,  besides 
the  part  included  by  the  long  sheath,  which  is  10-30  cm.  long;  rays 
very  slender,  spikelets  darker;  second  empty  glume  2.6  mm.  long, 
floral  glume  2  mm.  long. 

Mexico  (Chihuahua),  Pringle  815;  New  Mexico,  Jones. 

New  Mexico,  Arizona. 

V^ar.  Btrictus  Scribn.  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  9:103  (1882). 

Culms  erect,  robust,  10-20  cm.  high.  Panicle  light-colored, 
enclosed  below  by  the  sheath  of  the  upper  leaf,  erect,  densely  flow- 
ered,spikelike,  40-50  cm.  long;  second  glumes  2.3  mm.  long. 

Banks  of  the  Rillita,  near  Camp  Lowell,  Arizona;  collected 
by  Pringle. 

This  species  and  some  of  the  varieties  in  Mexico  and  the  warmer 
dry  regions  north  of  there  contribute  a  little  to  the  support  of 
herds  roaming  over  the  plains.     In  quality  it  ranks  as  poor. 

41.  S.  Wrightii  Muuro,  MS.  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  9:103  (1882). 

An  erect  robust  perennial,  branching  below  from  creeping 
rootstooks;  culms  solid  as  in  Maize,  90-140  cm.  high.  Sheaths 
mostly  longer  than  the  internodes;  ligule  a  mere  ring  producing 
hairs  3  mm.  long;  blades  involute,  scabrous  above,  smooth  below, 
those  of  the  culm  6-7  in  number,  and  some  of  them  50-80  cm.  long, 
including  the  long  slender  point,  5  mm.  wide  at  tlie  base,  the  upper 


:J()6  POAfE.E. 

leaf  20-30  cm.  long.  Panicle  with  the  base  enclosed,  laneeolato^^ 
t{(»-45  cm.  long;  rays  very  numerous,  mostly  single,  or  some  in  half- 
wliurls  of  3--5,  the  longest  8-10  cm.  long,  Hower-bearinj^  for  nearly 
their  entire  length.  Spikelets  light  lead-color  tinged  with  red; 
empty  glumes  very  thin,  ovate-lanceolate,  tirst  1  mm.  or  less  long, 
second  1-nerved,  1.5  mm.  long;  floral  glume  a  little  longer  and 
wider,  otherwise  like  the  second  glume;  i)alea  with  a  groove  on  the 
back  between  the  nerves,  notched  at  the  tip,  wider  and  a  little 
shorter  than  its  glume. 

^e\v  Mexico,  Vasei/ ior  IT.  S.  Dept.  Agricul. ;  Arizona,  PriiKjIe. 

New  Mexico,  Texas,  and  Arizona. 

This  grows  along  watercourses,  principally  forming  great 
clumjjs  nearly  contiguous,  four  to  six  feet  high,  on  which  stock  browse 
down  to  within  a  foot  or  two  of  the  ground.  Though  the  leaves 
are  tough,  they  seem  to  be  acceptable  to  animals.  It  is  to  this 
species  mostly  that  the  Mexicans  apply  the  name  of  Zacaton.  The 
name  is  also  given  to  other  tall  grasses. 

(51.  (127).  Epicampes  Presl,  IJeliq.  Hsenk.  1 :  235,  /.  30  (1830). 
CrypsmnaYowYW.  Jieuth.  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  19:87  (1881). 

Spikelets  with  one  perfect  tlower,  collected  in  a  long  and  narrow 
or  spikelike  panicle  (diffuse  in  E.  Bourgiei),  rachilla  articulate 
above  the  persistent  lower  glumes,  but  not  extended  above  the  floret. 
Empty  glumes  more  or  less  unequal,  membranous,  convex  or  almost 
keeled,  delicately  1-3-nerved;  floral  glume  usually  about  the  length 
of  the  empty  glumes,  3-uerved.  obtuse  or  emarginate,  with  or  with- 
out a  slender  dorsal  awn  a  little  below  the  apex;  palea  hyaline, 
about  as  long  as  its  glume,  2-nerved  or  2-keeled.  Stamens  3. 
Styles  distinct,  short.  Grain  narrow,  included,  but  not  ndherent. 
The  panicles  of  our  species  are  usually  of  a  light  lead-colored  hue. 

There  are  about  IG  species  peculiar  to  California,  Mexico,  and 
western  South  America. 

Some  species  seem  nearest  to  Citma,  others  to  Muhlenberyiay 
others  to  Sporoholns  and  all  near  to  Ayrostis.  It  seems  to  connect 
Muhlenhergia  and  Sporobolus,  with  Ayrodis.  The  chief  general 
feature  is  the  long  narrow  dense  panicle  with  very  numerous  rather 
snudl  spikelets,  the  awn  of  the  floral  glume,  when  it  exists,  much 


A(Hi()STlDE.E.  807 

smullor  thau  in  Miilleuheryia  and  often  not  quite  terminal;  the  nn- 
awned  species  are  distin«;uislied  from  Sporohohis  by  the  fruiting 
glume  and  ^rain  which  are  nearly  those  of  Agroslis. 

A.  Empty  ghimes  7-8  mm,  long 1 

B.  Empty  glumes  sliorter (u) 

a.  Plant  softly  pubescent,  awn  1-0  mm.  long 3 

a.  Plant  not  pubescent (b) 

b.  Awn  2-10  mm.  long 3 

b.  Awn  10-18  em.  long 4 

a.   Plant  unawned (c) 

c.  Some  i)lants  of 2 

c.  Ligule  'Z()~'M)  mm.  long 5 

c.  Ligule  10  mm.  long 6 

c.  Ligule  shorter (d) 

d.  Panicle  7-0  mm.  broad 7 

d.  Panicle  broader (e) 

e.  Ligule  a  mere  ring 8 

e.   Ligule  \\  mm.  long 9 

1.  E.  stricta  (II.  H.  K.)  Presl,  1.  c.  Cri/psi's  strida  H.  B.  K. 
Nov.  Gen.  et.  Sp.  1 :  140  (1815).  Crypsinna  stricta  Fourn.  Ilemsl. 
Biol.  Centr.  Am.  liot.  3:54!)  (1880). 

An  erect  tufted  perennial,  50-80  cm.  high.  Sheaths  scabrid; 
ligule  1-1.5  cm.  long,  decurrent;  blade  involute,  about  1  mm. 
diam.,  those  of  the  sterile  shoots  30  cm.  long,  tliose  of  the  culm 
10-15  cm.  long.  Panicle  plumbous,  dense,  5-10  cm.  long,  nearly 
1  cm.  diam.;  empty  glumes  subequal,  1-nerved,  7-8  mm.  long; 
floral  glume  about  5  mm.  long,  3-nerved,  with  an  awn  below  the 
tip  1  mm.  long. 

Mexico,  Priuyle  A^W. 

Cool  slopes  under  pines,  11,000  feet  altitude. 

2.  E.  lanata  Presl,  Keliq.  IIa?nk.  1:235  (1830). 

A  tufted  erect  perennial,  clothed  throughout  with  soft  short 
pubescence.  Culms  compressed.  Sheaths  longer  than  the  inter- 
nodes;  blades  flat,  conduplicate  and  distichous,  scabrous  on  the 
margins  and  keel,  20-50  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  wide.  Panicle  ex- 
serted,  erect,  30-40  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  diam.;  rays  numerous,  erect 


308  POACE.E. 

or  ascending.  Spikelots  linear-limceolatt',  2.5-3  mm.  long,  the 
awn  i-G  mm.  long  (rarely  unawned),  thinly  dollied  witii  soft 
short  hairs,  empty  glumes  snbe<iua1,  longer  than  the  lloret,  elliptical, 
thin,  soft,  nerves  obscure;  lloret  pubescent,  linear,  about  2  mm.  long. 

.Mexico  (('hihuahua),  l^rinyle  391. 

This  grows  on  cool  mountain-slo])e3,  scattered  in  slight  clumps; 
a  beautiful  grass,  soft,  velvety,  with  purple  panicles  and  of  average 
quality  for  grazing  pur|)oscs. 

3.  E.  distichophylla  (l*resl)  Vasey,  Cat.  Gr.  U.  S.  45  (1885). 
PodimvniKin  (lishchopliijUuni  Presl,  IJeliti.  Ila-'nk.  1:231  (1830). 
Muhk'iihertjiti  (lislii-ltophyUa  Muiiro.  Vasey,  Cat.  (Jram.  U.  S.  45 
(188">).  not  Kunth.  E.  Emerslcyi  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Herb.  3:  (JO  (1802). 

A  stout  erect  perennial,  1-2  metres  higli,  culms  and  sheaths 
more  or  less  c()nii)ressc'd,  the  former  hard  and  solid  or  with  no 
hollow.  Ligule  thin,  5-15  mm,  long;  blades  hard,  scabrous,  con- 
duplicate  below,  above  variously  folded,  30-GO  cm.  long,  3-5  mm. 
wide,  with  long  narrow  points.  Panicle  contracted,  lanceolate, 
or  slightly  spreading,  purplish  or  phunbous,  lo-30-GO  cm.  long; 
rays  scattered,  numerous,  appressed,  branching,  llower-bearing 
along  the  upper  three-fourths,  the  longest  8-10  cm.  long.  Spike- 
lets  on  pedicels,  which  are  1-3  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  thin,  sub- 
equal,  oval,  obtuse  or  acute,  scabrid  on  the  back,  1-3-nerved,  2-2.7 
mm.  long;  floral  glume  obscurely  1-nerved,  as  long  as  the  empty 
glumes  or  a  little  longer  or  shorter;  floral  glume  shortly  pilose  on  the 
margins  below,  oval,  or  with  an  obscure  nerve  on  each  side,  apex 
split,  the  awn  5-10  mm.  long;  palea  oval  when  spread,  as  long  as 
its  glume.     Nearly  allied  to  E.  grandis  (Vasey). 

Arizona,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  379;  Mexico,  Parry  £  Palmer 
920,  928,  Pri)igh  2356. 

Arizona,  Mexico. 

Var.  mutica  Scribn. 

Emi)ty  glumes  a  trifle  longer  than  the  floral  glume;  floral  glume 
obscurely  3-nerved,  1.5  mm.  long,  awnless  or  with  a  mucro;  palea 
oval,  obtuse  or  as  long  as  its  glume. 


AUHOSTIDK.K.  3()9 

Arizona,  Toum'i/  740,  Jonch  4'^11);  Mexico,  Pringh  1427, '^:UG, 
2:^0(5. 

4.  E.  grandis  (Vascy).  Miihlenbvryia  grandiii  Vusey,  Contrili. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Ik'il).  1:-.'S:{  (l,s!t:j). 

All  eroct  stout  Ii>.'lit  <,'ri'en  iRTcnTiial,  120-lUO  cm.  hi;,'It.  Ciiliiis 
solid,  roiiiiire.sseil.  Slieaths  llattuneil;  ligulo  lirni,  11-5  nun.  loiii;-; 
bhuU'S  revolutc  or  involute  or  coiului)li('ato,  lianl,  scabrous,  40-70 
cm.  lout,',  .')-!()  mm.  wide.  Panicle  terminal,  linear-lanceolate, 
brownish-yellow  or  i)uri)le,  40-70  cm.  long;  rays  erect,  10-1  ;J  cm. 
lon^f,  numerous  and  freely  branching  and  with  the  spikulets  con- 
cealing the  main  axi:4,  llower-bearing  to  near  tlio  base.  Spikelets 
on  pedicels  1-4  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  ecpjal,  scabrid,  ovate- 
laiu-eolate,  nerveless  or  very  obscurely  1-nerved,  about  2  mm.  long; 
iloral  glume  ovate,  acute,  obscurely  3-nerved,  about  2  mm.  long, 
the  awn  10-18  mm.  long;  palea  as  long  as  its  glume.  (Jrain  linear, 
1.4  mm.  long.     Nearly  allied  to  E.  (listichojtlijilhi  \'asey. 

^lexico,    Palmer  ol'>,  515a,  Pritiglc  1700,  2?()5. 

5.  E.  macroura  (Kunth)  Henth.  Journ.  Linn.  Soo.  10:87 
(ISHl).  China  marroura  Kunth,  IJev.  (iram.  1 :  G7  (1829).  C. 
.strirfa  Kunth,  IJev.  (Jram.  1:07  (1829). 

Perennial;  culms  erect,  rigid,  simple,  smooth, 
90-120  cm.  high.  Sheaths  nearly  smooth;  ligule 
lanceolate,  split.  2-3  (;m.  (I)  long;  blade  long, 
scabrous  above,  involute,  with  long  tapering  points. 
Panicle  pluml)ous,  spikelike,  dense,  'JO  cm.  long, 
1  cm.  broad.  First  and  second  glumes  lance- 
linear,  equal  or  subequal,  4-4.5  mm.  long;  floret 
3.5-4  mm.  long,  linear,  abruptly  acute  when 
spread ;  palea  as  long  and  as  wide  as  its  glume,  pj^.,  ^^^—fijpicm- 
Anthers  5  mm.  long.  P«\  macroura. 

Central    ^lexico.    Parry    £•    Palmer  919   in      ner.) 
1878. 

Under  this  name  Ilemsley  in  Biol.  Cent.  Am.  includes  No.  940 
of  Parry  cS:  Palmer.  The  plant  with  the  latter  number  in  the  her- 
barium of  Harvard  University  is  very  different:  amo  the  differ- 
ences the  ligule  is   6  mm.  long,  spike   18-20  cm.  long;   empty 


'MO  I'OACK.K. 

^■lunies  ')-6  iimi.  l<»iig,  lloml  j^luiin'  7  nun.  lonpr  with  u  mucro; 
[Kilfu  .'>.5-(')  iiiiii.  l*)ii<;.  Like  ilio  latter  plaut  in  tliu  lieiliariiiiii  of 
lliirvunl  lire  oIIrts  from  Holivia.  No.  1,  Dr.  K.  I'lilinor,  Cliiiiiiu- 
liuii,  Mexico  (liSSf)),  id  imnn'il  A',  iinnronni  Meiith.  'I'liia  weenis  to 
lt(!  near  No.  (>1!>  of  I'arry  iS:  I'almer:  in  tliis  the  spike  is  doiisf, 
(»  tnm.  witle;  empty  j,'lume8  a  little  h)iif;iT  than  in  919,  ineliulin;; 
a  bristle  point,  apparently  not  more  than  a  variety. 

(i.  E.  Bourgeei  Kourn.  llemsl.  itidi.  Centr.  Am.  Hot.  .'J:. 548 
(liSSO).      Sjun'ohdhis  ruiujihiHohis  Scribn.  ined. 

A  rather  stout  ereet  perennial,  ISO  cm.  hi<,'h.  Culms  smooth, 
compressed  below.  Sheaths  smootii.  keeled,  lonj^er  than  the  inter- 
nodes;  li;,'ulc  hyaline,  10  mm.  lon^',  acute  or  laciTate;  blades  Hat, 
(JO  mm.  loiifj,  ;$-(•  mm.  wide,  iittenuate-pointed,  scabrous  on  both 
sides.  I'anicle  dilTuse.  45  cm.  lon«j;;  rays  irre«,ndarly  .scattered  on  the 
rachis,  capillary,  l)earin<,'  spikelets  on  the  outer  half,  the  lower  10- 
15  cm.  long.  Spikelets  nearly  terete,  l-llowered.  1.5-;.'  mm.  lonjj; 
empty  glumes  ovate  to  oblong,  obtuse,  sube(|ual,  1-nerved,  equalling 
the  lloret  or  a  little  shorter;  lloral  glume  broadly  obtuse,  occa- 
sionally mucroiuite;  palea  as  long  as  its  glume.  Grain  nearly  as 
long  as  the  lloral  glume.  Distributed  as  Sjuirobolus  coinphtnalKs 
Scribn.  n.  sp. 

Mexico,  Priitf/h'  '.iXio. 

Under  cool  eliU's,  near  Guadalajara,  State  of  Jalisco. 

Scribner  says:  "This  grass  diil'ers  from  yi);<VY///7^<'.s' as  described 
by  Bentbam  &  Hooker  in  the  widely  ditl'use  i>anicle  'IMie  irregu- 
lar disposition  of  the  branches,  the  firm  texture  of  the  floral  glume, 
large  palca  and  terminal  awn  or  mucro,  separate  it  from  AyrostiK. 
The  adherent  pericarp  alone  separates  it  from  Sporobuhii^.  l-'rom 
Mi(hh'iiberyi(i  it  is  distinguished  by  its  loosely  enclosed  caryopsis." 

7.  E.  rigens  Henth.  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  19:88  (1881).  Citnia 
macrotim  Thurb.  not  Kunth,  S.  Wats.  Hot.  Calif.  2:270  (1880). 

Perennial;  cuIjhs rigid,  erect,  smooth,  00-120 cm.  high.  Sheaths 
longer  than  the  internodes,  loose,  smootli  or  glabrous;  ligule  4-G 
mm.  long;  blades  scabrous,  rigid,  narrow,  strongly  involute,  a])ex 
attenuate,  10-30  cm.  long.  Panicle  exserted  or  with  the  base  in- 
cluded, erect,  dense,  spikelike,  interrupted  below,  20-50  cm.  long, 


AdIfosriDK.K  311 

7-0  (Mill,  iliiim.  Spikt'lot^  iiiinnwiy  ollipticiil,  niinuti'ly  .sculiroiirt; 
(•iii|»ty  iiiiiiiu's  wliiti",  till'  ti|»  of  tlu'  tlori't  yi'Howi.sli,  aliout  :i  mm. 
Iniiir,  tli'st  and  sofoiid  ;j:lmiios  sub('<|uul,  very  obscurely  iiorvcij.  alutiit 
2  mm.  loiiir:  llorct  nwiiK'ss.  mimiicly  piilK'scoiit,  with  a  small  hairy 
niUud  l>e!o\v.     Aiitlicrs  'i  mm.  lon^'. 

Mexico.  /'/•//////<•  417.  Pnlmvr 'l\. 

Calit'oriiia  t(»  Arizona  ami  Mexico. 

'I'his  forms,  in  .Mexico,  tall  Imnches  alonj;"  stronms,  and  incliar- 
ncter  and  qnalily  rescmhlis  S/ioro/io/ifs  Wriiihlii,  wliicit  ranks  as 
fairly  <rooil. 

H.  E.  mutica  l{ii|.r.  Mull.  Acad.  Unix,  '.i:  pari  •',  •.•:5(i  (lSI-2). 

A  stout  erect  tufted  ;;rass.  DO-I.')!)  em.  lii;:li.  culms  compressed, 
without  cavity,  very  hard.  Slu-atha  lon;;er  than  tlie  internodes: 
]i;j;ule  a  mere  rini;-;  blades  hard.  rou;.di.  conduplicatc,  the  lower 
0-15  cm.  lonir.  /i-d  mm.  wide;  those  of  tlip  culm  tiO  or  mure  cm. 
lonj;,  the  blade  aliruptly  narrowed  where  it  h'aves  the  sheath,  apex 
lon^',  attenuate.  Panicle  exserted,  erect,  ')()(>()  cm.  loii,i,',  '>\->i  ••m. 
wide,  compact  with  numerous  erect  branches,  some  of  which  arc  ].'> 
em.  long.  Spikelets  short-awned  or  awnless,  linear,  acute,  '2.'.'  mm. 
long;  empty  glumes  erpuil,  nearly  'I  mm.  long,  elliptical,  soft,  the 
nerves  very  obscure;  floral  glume  and  paloa  eipial,  clli|)tical,  acute, 
a  little  longer  than  the  empty  glumes,  containing  a  few  very  short 
hairs. 

There  are  some  spikijlets  apparently  sterile  and  about  3  mm. 
long,  with  a  lloret  half  as  long,  containing  a  very  .short  awn. 

Mexico  (Jalisco),  Ptthiicr  5 IS. 

0.  E.  anomala  S(;ril)n.  ined.;  distributed  as  Mvlini  (?)  nnoinahr 
Seribn.  n.  sp. 

A  tufted  grass,  OO-SO  cm.  higli.  Sheaths  longer  than  the  in- 
ternodes; ligule  firm  below,  white  and  very  thin  above,  :J  mm.  long; 
blades  4-5.  scabrous.  Hat,  the  ti})S  involute-liliform,".M)-;}Oem.  long, 
4-0  mm.  wide,  the  upjjcr  one  filiform,  5  em.  long.  Panicle  erect, 
exserted,  lanceolate,  interrupted  below,  IS-^.')  cm.  long,  rays  erect, 
in  threes  and  fours,  the  longest  5-7  cm.  long,  tlower-bearing  for 
most  of  its  length,  the  upper  1-3  cm.  long,  bearing  small  spikelets 
in  dense  clusters.    Spikelets  pur])le,  1-llowered,  with  no  rudiment  of 


312  POACE.E. 

a  second,  sessile  or  on  short  stiil  stniiglit  or  curved  pedicels,  linear, 
about  3  mm.  long;  the  three  glumes  softly  scabrid  with  small  warts; 
first  empty  glume  lanceolate,  1-2-3-nerved,  often  toothed,  '^.5  mm. 
long,  second  ovate-lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  3-5-nerved,  often 
toothed,  2-'^. 5  mm.  long;  lloral  glume  very  thin  below,  broadly 
oval,  obtuse  or  truncate,  often  with  very  short  teeth,  '^'-o-nerved,  3 
mm.  long;  palea  oval,  hyaline,  2-nerved,  2  mm.  long. 

Mexico  (Chihuahua),  Pritujie  14'23. 

63.  (131).  POLYPOGON  Desf.  Fl.  Atl.  1:0(3  (1798).  Stwtia 
Savi,  Mem.  Soc.  Ital.  8c.  (VIII.)  2:4:9  (1T9S).  liusjiaiUa  Mem. 
See.  Ital.  Mod.  8:  (2)  479  (1798).  Presl.  Keliq.  llt«nk.  1:238,  /. 
40  (1830).     ^'oimlti'orsk-jia  Presl,  IJel.  Ihvnk.  1:238  (1830). 

Spikelets  l-Uowered  in  a  dense  si)ikelike  or  slightly  interrupted 
and  spreading  panicle,  pedicels  articulate  with  a  tuft  of  short  hairs 
above  the  articulation;  empty  glumes  subequal  with  a  terminal 
straight  awn,  iloral  glume  smaller,  thinner,  usualh'  hyaline,  entire 
or  notched,  with  an  awn  in  the  notch  or  on  the  back,  either  twisted 
and  bent  at  the  base,  or  small  and  straight  or  reduced  to  a  minute 
point.  Palea  smaller.  Stamens  1-3.  Styles  short,  distinct.  CJrain 
enclosed  but  not  adherent. 

These  grasses  arc  mostly  annuals  with  decumbent  bases.  The 
panicle  is  terminal.  There  are  ten  species  widely  distributed  over 
the  globe.  Bentham  says:  "The  ger  end  structure  is  almost  pre- 
cisely that  of  Ganiotia  in  tribe  Trisu  ,:iUW,  from  which  indeed 
PoJjipogon  only  differs  in  the  inflorescence  being  dense  and  spikelike, 
not  loosely  paniculate." 

A.  Awns  nearly  concealing  the  spikelets 1,  3 

B.  Awns  not  concealing  the  spikelets (a) 

a.  Empty  glumes  linear-lanceolate 3 

a.  Empty  glumes  obtuse  when  spread  open 4 

1.    P.   MONSPKLIEXSIS  (L.)  Dcsf.  1.  C.       AXXUAL  BeARD-GRASS. 

Alnpecurus  nioihspeh'eiisis  L.  Sp.  PI.  89  (1753). 

An  erect  or  geniculate  annual,  30-3G  cm.  high.  Sheaths  nearly 
as  long  as  the  internodes,  the  upper  slightly  inflated;  ligule  4-6 
mm.  long;  blades  flat,  scabrid.  Spikelike  panicle  mostly  exserted, 
oval  or  cylindrical,  dense,  showing  branches  more  or  less,  often  of  a 


AOHOSTIDK.E. 


313 


yollowisli  sliiuing  green,  3-8  cm.  long,  1-3  cm.  diam.  Spikelets 
iiiirrow,  very  numerous,  nearly  concealed  by  the  slender  awns,  the 
hairs  at  the  base  few  and  very  short,  narrow,  about  3  mm.  long; 
em[)ty  glumes  })ubescent  or  elliate,  obtuse  or  retusc.  elliptical, 
1-nerved,  awns  4-7  mm.  long;  floral  glume  1  mm.  long,  broad  hya- 
line, truncate-jagged,  awu  as  long  as  the  lloret,  shorter  or  wanting; 
palca  L'-tocthed. 

(Jeorgia,  r'Afr/i;  3951;  Kansas,  Ilenri/;  Colorado,  rc/.v.v/r///;  ^Mon- 
tana,  AiulerHon  18;  Washington,  Ijtke,  Sanilln'ni  380;  Oregon, 
J/otri'U;  California,  Sones  100,  Farifih  8G8;  Arizona,  7'(iiniiri/  773. 

Introduced  on  the  coast  of  both  oceans;  also  in  Colorado,  Mon- 
tana, Nevada,  Ttah,  Kansas;  also  found  in  Australia  aiul  in  most 
tcini)crate  ami  subtropical  regions  of  the  Old  World.  It  is  considered 
a  weed,  though  it  is  sometimes  cultivated  for  ornament. 

3.  V.  51 A  urn  MI'S  Willd.  Ges.  Xaturf.  Fr.  ^eue  Schr.  3:443 
(1801).     AloperurHs  iiiarifiiiiifs  Toir.  Encyc.  8:780  (1804). 

An  erect  annual;  culms  sim- 
ple, 15-30  cm.  high.  Ligule  4 
mm.  long;  blades  Hat.  Spike 
dense,  3-4  cm.  long.  Ein{)ty 
glumes  equal,  villous  at  the  tips 
and  3-lobed,  awn  4-G  mm.  long; 
lloral  glume  7  mm.  long,  4- 
toothed. 

Introduced  on  the  sea  shore  of 
Xorth  and  South  Carolina,  Chap- 
man. 

3.  P.  elongatus  (Poir.)  11.  13. 
K.  Nov.  Gen.  et  Sp.  1 :  134  (1815). 
Alopecurus  elonf/a/iis  Poir.  En- 
cycl.  Suppl.  5:495  (1804). 

Erect,  geniculate  below,  GO- 
90  cm.   high.     Sheaths   smooth, 

about   the  length    of    the    inter-  f^j.    rA.-Pol>/pofjon  elongatm.     A, 
nodes;  upper  ligule  broad,  o])tuse,      s^pikclot;  «,  tloiei.    (Scrilmer.) 
4-G  mm.  long;  blades  Hat,  neurlv  smooth,  13-lG  cm.  long,  4.7  mm. 


314  POACE.E. 

wide.  I'aniclo  much  exserted,  erect  or  nodding,  interrupted, 
15-30  cm.  long,  pedicels  scabrous,  clavate,  -1-0  mm.  long. 
Spikelets  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  3—4  mm.  long;  emi)ty  glumes 
linear -lanceolate,  awn -pointed,  .scabrous  on  the  back,  1-nerved; 
lloral  glume  thin,  broad,  truncate.  4-5-toothed,  4-5-nerved,  with  a 
straight  awn  on  the  back  above  the  middle  l-'Z  mm.  long;  palea 
about  half  as  long  as  its  glume. 

Southern  California  ;  by  streams  of  Santa  IJita  Mountains  in 
Arizona;  ^Mexico. 

Karely  met  with  by  ]\Ir.  Pringle,  and  then  only  in  damp 
shaded  ledges. 

•4.  P.  iJTTOULis  Sm.  Comp.  Fl.  Brit.  Ed.  J>,  13  (1816).  Bot. 
Calif.  3:270  (1880). 

A  tufted  })ereniiial,  30-60  cm.  high,  ascending  from  rootstocks. 
Sheaths  nearly  as  long  as  the  internodes;  the  upjier  slightly  in- 
llated;  ligule  acute,  4-5  mm.  long;  blades  flat,  narrow,  scabrid. 
]*anicle  usually  exserted,  much  lobed,  often  tinged  with  purple, 
5-12  cm.  long.  Spikelets  narrow,  pointed,  2-2. '7  mm.  long,  S(!a- 
brid,  the  awns  as  long  as  the  ejni)ty  glumes,  which  are  elliptical 
when  spread,  appearing  acute  as  tlie  apex  is  involute;  floret  1  nnn, 
long,  bearing  an  exserted  awn  nearly  twice  its  length ;  floral  glume 
broadly  truncate,  jagged,  hyaline;  palea  2-toothed. 

Oregon,  IloiceU  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  414;  California, 
JoneK  2352,  Prinf/le. 

Apparently  introduced  in  wet  places. 

Texas  to  Oregon  and  Calfornia. 

03.  (48).  ThurbeKIA  Benth.  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  19:  58  (1881). 
(h-eenia  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  5:142  (1837),  not  Walk. 
»S:  Arn.  Srlerarhne  'I'orr.  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  (\'I) 
0:273  (1845). 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  narrow,  in  slender  panicles,  pedicel  articu- 
late. Glumes  3,  empty,  subequal,  awnless,  nerves  obscure,  the 
floral  glume  a  little  shorter,  slender,  usually  torn  so  as  to  api)ear 
bifid,  a  long  slender  geniculate  awn  a  little  below  the  point;  palea 
a  little  shorter,  narrow,  hyaline,  2-keeled.  Lodiculcs  2,  longer 
than  the  short  anthers.     Stamens  3.     Styles  ehort,  distinct,  stig- 


AdHOSTIDE.E. 


315 


iniis  with  sliort  liiiirs.     Grain  i)iirrow-ol)loug,   iucludod,   but   not 
adherent. 

Decumbent  grasses  witli  nuiny  cuhns  or  brandies,  the  culms 
slender,  ascending  or  erect,  with  narrow  flat  leaf-blades.  Panicle 
terminal,    narrow,  elongated,  with  short  slender  erect  branches. 


Fio,   55. — Thiivheria  Avkansana.     A,  spikelot;  a,  floret.     (Scribiu-r.) 


Spiivelets  few  or  numerous,  glabrous,  pubescent,  not  surrounded 
with  cilia. 

S))ecies  3,  Xorth  American. 

Bentham  observes:  '*  77/ ?/;7>r>vV/ was  substituted  for  the  names 
proposed  by  Nuttall  and  Torrey,  because  both  of  them  had  been 
preoccupied.     The  present  name  was  for  Dr.  Geo.  Thurber,   an 


:n6 


POACK.E. 


eminent  {igrostolo<,Mst,     Dr.  (Jniy  also  iledioated  a  genus  to  liim, 
but  it  afterwards  proved  not  to  be  distin(3t  from  (liisxiipinm.'' 

1.  T.  Arkansana  (Torr.)  Bentli.  1.  e.  Sderachnc  Arkunmna 
Torr.  1.  0.      (i  rem  id  Arhniaantt  Nutt.  1.  c. 

A  soft  delicate  slender  annual,  30-00  cm.  liigh.  Ligule  sbort; 
blades  5-8  cm.  long.  Panicle  1;2  cm.  long,  1.5  cm.  broad.  Spike- 
lets  oval-lanceolate,  4  mm.  long,  witb  an  awn  three  times  as  long; 
em))ty  glumes  and  floral  glume  ;J-nerved. 

'J'exas,  HevcMion   for  U.  S.   De])t.  Agricul.   147,    (lillcspic  for 
Nat.  Herb.,  Xcallci/  for  Tsat.  Herb. 
Florida  to  Arkansas  and  Soutlnvcst. 

G4.  (133).  Arctagrostis  Griseb.  Ledeb.  Fl.  Ross.  4:434 
(1853). 

S])ikelets  l-flo\vered,  panicle  narrow,  racliilla  articulate  above  the 
lower  glumes,  smooth,  not  produced  above  the  flower  or  very  rarely 
extending  as  a  minute  bristle.  Empty  glumes  slightly  unequal, 
moderately  acute,  membranous;  floral  glume  obtuse  or  3-toothed, 
5-nerved,  the  lateral  ones  obscure,  unawned;  palea  as  long  as  its 
glume  or  shorter,  3-nerved,  obtuse,  or  :.*-toothed.  Stamens  2-3. 
Styles  distinct,  very  short.  Grain  oblong,  included  but  not  ad- 
herent. 

A  tufted  perennial  grass.  Leaf-blades  flat.  Panicles  slightly 
branched,  often  compact.  Spikelets  in  most  respects  like  those  of 
Ayrostis.  Two  species  are  found  in  the  arctic  and  subarctic  re- 
gions of  Euroi)e,  Asia,  and  America.  A 
genus  according  to  lirown  related  to  Col- 
poilimn,  according  to  lientham  related  to 
Dei/eii:ria.  The  habit  and  size  of  the  spike- 
lets  are  more  nearly  like  those  of  J*0(t  than 
of  Af/roffis. 

1.  A.  latifolia   (H.   lir.)  Griosb.  1.   c. 
Colpodium  latifoUiim  R.  Br.  Sup])l.  Ap]i. 

^       _„      ,    ,        ,-  ,  ..    Parry's  Voy.   cclxxxvi  (1S24).      A(n-usii>i 
FiQ.  56. — Arctagrostis  lah-  "^  '  \, 

foli'ii.     A,    spikelei;    a,  paradoxa  R.  Br.   Ross'  A"oy.  App.  ed.    2^ 
^  2  :  108  (1810),  name  only. 

Culms  10-18-80  (I)  cm.   high.     Leaf-blades  of  the  culm  2-T 


A(iHOSTlDE/E.  'AH 

cm.  long,  acute,  sometimes  10-15  mm,  wide,  Pjuiielo  4-G-20  em. 
long,  niirrow.  S|»ii\elets  4-.")  mm.  long,  ovtite-lanceliite;  empty 
glumes  oboval,  tirst  a  little  over  :l  mm,  long,  1-nervetl,  second  about 
[i  mm,  long  with  3  obscure  nerves;  lloral  glume  oval,  compressed- 
keeled,  scabrid  on  the  back,  the  nuirgins  and  tip  scarious;  jialea 
oblong,  minutely  scabrid, 

'J'he  above  ut)tes  under  the  si)ecies  were  made  after  a  study  of 
specimens  collected  by  Lieut.  A.  W.  (Jreely  iu  188;:^  and  1883  in 
Grinuell, 

2,  A.  arundinacea  (Trin,).  Vilt\(  ariindinavea  Trin.  Unill. 
loT  (1824),  SjmrobolHsannulinaceufi  Vasey,  Cat.  Gr.  U.  S.  (18S5). 
Colpodium  arundiiiaceinn  Hook.  Fl.  lior.  Am.  2:238  (1840). 

A  stout  perennial,  30-ltO  cm,  high,  with  cree])ing  rootstocks; 
culms  simple.  Sheaths  about  half  as  long  as  the  internodes;  ligule 
lacerate,  3-4-7  mm.  long;  bla<les  of  sterile  shoots  few  and  short, 
the  middle  and  upper  ones  25  cm.  long,  1  cm.  wide.  Panicle  ex- 
serted,  lanceolate,  20-30  cm.  long;  rays  scabrous  in  half-whorls  of 
4-7,  which  are  distant  4-5  cm. ;  some  of  them  only  2-3  cm.  long 
and  flower-hearing  for  their  whole  length,  the  longest  10-12  cm., 
interrupted  and  naked  for  a  half  to  a  third  of  their  length.  Spike- 
lets  on  short  pedicels,  appressed,  light  green,  often  tinged  with 
purple;  empty  glumes  thin,  ovate-lanceolate,  compressed,  keeled, 
1-3-nerved.  first  3-4  mm.  long,  second  3-nerved,  4-5  mm.  long; 
floral  glume  scabrid,  compressed,  ovate-lanceolate,  5-nerved,  the 
lateral  nerves  obscure,  4.5  mm.  long;  palea  elliptical,  round  on 
the  back,  nerves  obscure,  4  mm.  long, 

Alaska,  Harrington  m  1871-2,  L.  M,  Turner  in  1884;  Bering 
Sea  (Pribylov  Islands),  Dr.  Mcrriam. 

Alaska  and  British  America. 

G5.  (134).  CiNNA  L.  Sp.  PI.  5  (1753).  Ahula  Adans.  Fam.  2: 
31  (17G3),     liUittUi  Fries,  Novit,  Fl,  Suec,  Maut,  2:2  (1831»), 

Spikelots  1-flowered,  compressed  in  an  open  spreading  panicle, 
rachilla  articulate  above  the  outer  glumes  and  often  produced  be- 
yond the  floret  in  a  small  pedicel,  Km})ty  glumes  persistent, 
lanceolate,  acute,  with  a  hispid  keel,  first  1 -nerved,  second  1-3- 
nervcd;  floral  glume  usually  stipitate  above  the  empty  glumes  and 


318  POACE.E. 

uhout  tlie  Siinie  liMifftli.  o-iiervcd.  sliort-awiiod  on  tlio  buck  noar  tlie 
apex;  jnilea  nearly  as  long  as  ils  gliinu',  'J-nerved  or  the  nerves  united 
as  one.  Stamen  1  (2-;5  in  C.  Bolanilvri).  Styles  short,  distinct. 
Grain  linear,  oblong,  inclnded,  but  not  adherent. 

Tall  perennial  grassi'S  with  Hat  leaf-blades. 

Bentham  says:-  *•  They  have  the  tall  reedlike  habit  of  the  large 
species  of  CalaiiKifjrosfis,  but  with  a  glabrous  rachilla  and  thepalea 
with  one  nerve;  the  latter  is  a  very  remarkable  character  for  the 
tribe.  They  have  but  one  stamen  to  the  ilower.  Several  other 
grasses  of  America  have  been  published  as  siiecies  of  China,  but  are 
now  referred  to  Kpintmpes  or  /)c>/eH.n'((." 

There  are  three  species,  two  of  which  are  common  to  Northern 
Europe  and  North  America. 

Spikelets  5-0  mm.  long 1 

Si)ikelet3  3-3.5  mm.  long ,     .     .     2 

Spikelets  about  3  mm.  long,  var.  glomerata  of  numlier     .     .     ;.* 
Spikelets  4.5-5  mm.  long,  floret  sessile .3 

1.  C.  arundinacea  L.  Sp.  PL  5  (1753).  Afjrosiis  cinna  Lam. 
111.  AiU'l  (1701).  MKhleitherriia  riiuin  Trin.  Diss.  1 :  191  (18;U). 
M.  pi'iiilul((  r>ong.  Vasey  Monog.  1.  c.  (1893).  Hhjttia  suavcolens 
Fries,  Mant.  2:2  (1839). 

Culms  smooth,  stout,  simple,  erect,  90-200  cm.  high.  Sheaths 
mostly  shorter  i  ;in  the  5-7  internodes;  blades  flat,  nearly  smooth, 
15-20  cm.  long,  10-13  mm.  wide.  Panicle  15-40  cm.  long,  rays 
smooth,  in  clusters  of  3-U,  flower-bearing  mostly  above  the  middle. 
Spikelets  green  or  purple,  5-6  mm.  long,  first  4-5  mm.  long,  sec- 
ond IJ-nerved,  5-0  mm.  long;  floral  glume  4.5-5  mm.  long,  awn 
obsolete  or  manifest. 

Northern  States  entirely  across  the  continent. 

Michigan,  Cooh'ij,  Clark  094,  Ikal  02,  03,  04;  Massachusetts, 
Slnrtevant. 

Swamps  and  moist  woods. 

3.  C.  latifolia  (Trev.)  Griseb.  Ledeb.  Fl.  Ross.  4:435  (1853). 
Agrosfis  JafifoUa  Trevir.  Goppert,  Besclir.  ]iot.  83  (1830)  ap. 
Griseb.  Mahlcnhergia  2)e»(/ah(  Bong.  Veg.  Sitch.  173  (1833). 
Cinna  penduUi  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  (VI.)  6:  380  (1841). 


A(iUOSTIDE.E. 


319 


Fi<!.  57. — Ciium  Idiifolki.    Spike- 
let.     (ScMibiier.) 


Culms  usually  more  slciuler  than  those  of  C.  arunih)uii-e<i; 
blades  rather  shorter.  Panicle 
less  robust,  the  rays  rougli,  more 
slender,  fiexuose  and  nodding. 
Spikelets  3-;5.5  mm.  long,  more 
delicate  in  texture,  less  scabrous, 
nerves  less  prominent  ;  empty 
glumes  equal  or  the  lower  0.5  mm. 
shorter,  second  glume  l-3-nerved, 
otherwise  like  the  preceding. 

New  IIami)shire,    Fu.rnn   22; 
Vermont,     Prinnlv    for     IVlton; 
^linnesota,  liuUeij  B  323;    Colo- 
rado,   CassiiUj;    Utah,    Jones    1219;    British   Columbia,    Macouw, 
Oregon,  Howell  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  421. 

For  notes  by  Scribner  comparing  the  two  species,  see  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Acad.  Xat.  Sci.  Phila.  p.  28!),  in  1.S8-4. 

Northern  States  across  the  continent. 

Var.  glomerata  S(;ribn.  ined.  Empty  glumes  equal,  1-nerved. 
very  narrow,  Hcumiuate-pointed  and  scarcely  more  than  2  mm. 
long;  spikelets  in  dense  clusters  or  glomerules  along  the  extremities 
of  the  branches  of  the  very  diffuse  panicle.  The  above  was  taken  or 
adapted  from  Scribner  in  Proceedings  of  the  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil, 
p.  290,  1884. 

British  Columbia,  Macoioi. 

3.  C.  Bolanderi  Scribn.  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  200  (1S84). 

Culms  stout,  smootli,  sometimes  20  cu).  high.  Lcaf-l)hide3  firm, 
prominently  striate  and  scabrous  on  both  sides,  those  of  tlie  middle 
})ortion  of  the  culm  30-()0  cm.  long,  2  cm.  wide,  all  tapering  to  a 
sharp  point.  Panicle  loose,  Avidely  spreading,  40-50  cm.  long. 
Spikelets  4-5  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  scabrous,  subequal,  broadly 
lanceolate,  second  glume  3-nerved;  lloret  extending  as  high  as  the 
second  glume,  3-nerved,  scarcely  it  at  all  sti])itate. 

Yasey  considered  it  only  a  var.  of  C.  poidiiht. 

California,  liohnuler  6090. 

60.  (129).  Agrostis  L.  Sp.  PI.  (ir5;5),  in  part.      ViJfa  Adans. 


320  POACEiE. 

Film.  ;>:  405(1 7(i;3).  AreiHi  Hall,  Stop,  hitrod.  74(1777).  7'rir/w- 
(/l(//n  .Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:41  (1S()3).  ncranduliu  liu^iL  ¥1. 
Maine-i't-Loiru,  :.'8  (180'.t).  Aiirmdus  l^eiuiv.  Agrost.  5  (IST^). 
Xesonema  Ifatlii.  Neogeiiyt.  4  (IS'^o).  PcreUenm  I'resl,  J[eli(|. 
llii'uk.  l:-^:)3,  /.  ;J7  (18;U)).  liromidinni  Xoos,  1*1.  Meyeu.  I'A 
(18:55). 

Spikolcts  1-4  mm.  \o\\\i,  l-lloworod,  iJcdicolhite  in  a  loose  spread- 
ing or  narrow  or  even  spikelike  panicle,  the  raehilla  articulate  above 
the  outer  glumes,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  not  |>roduced  beyond  the 
llower.  The  two  outer  glumes  persistent,  narrow,  keeled,  acute, 
uiuiwned;  iloral  glume  shorter,  broad,  delicately  hyaline,  unawned 
or  with  a  slender  twisted  dorsal  awn,  attached  below,  or  sonietiuies 
above  the  middle;  palea  very  thin,  not  over  Indt'  the  length  of  its 
glume,  often  very  minute  or  none.  Stamens  3.  Styles  very  short, 
distinct.     Grain  enclosed  but  atlheront. 

Elegant  tufted  or  creeping  annual  or  i)erennial  grasses,  the 
blades  flat  or  setaceous,  the  panicles  terminal,  often  slender  with 
many  filiform  branches,  spikelets  very  numerous. 

There  are  about  100  species,  very  widely  distributed  in  temper- 
ate and  in  cold  climates;  a  few  are  almost  cosmopolitan.  A  small 
number  are  i)rominent  for  meadows,  pastures,  and  lawns. 

It  is  very  difficult  to  separate  the  genus  into  sections;  the  pres- 
ence of  a  dorsal  awn  or  the  absence  of  an  awn  hos  l)c-en  used,  but 
this  has  been  shown  to  be  a  very  inconstant  and  unreliable  charac- 
ter, as  some  of  the  seedlings  from  the  same  plant  have  awns  on  tlie 
florets,  while  others  have  none. 

A.  Floret  awned (a) 

a.  Awn  exserted (d) 

d.  Awn  very  slender,  flexuose,  over  5  mm.  long.    .      1,  2 

d.   Awn  bent,  not  flexuose,  shorter (e) 

e.   Panicle  thin,  branches  thin,  flexuose.        ...      3 

e.   Panicle  stout,  branches  ascending 4 

e.   Panicle  slender,  open,  small 5,  G 

e.   Panicle  spikelike ([)) 

J).   Plants  dwarf,  4-10  cm.  high 7 

p.   Plants  much  taller 8 


AGUOSTIDE.E.  391 

a.  Awn  littli'  oi  .lot  exsurti-d. (b) 

f.  Piiiiiclc   siiii|ile,    hraiu'lics  rapilhiry,    awn    usually 

slightly  projoctiug,  culms  with  few  leaves      ...      0 
uiul  possibly  some  of 10,  11 

f.  Panicle  spikelike 10 

B.  Floret  awnless (b) 

b.  Si)ikelet  less  than  "Z  mm.  long  (rarely  "i  in  no.,  18)      .  (g) 

g.  Panicle  narrow,  thin,  purple,   emi»ty  glumes  and 
floral  glume  reaching  to  the  same  height.      .     .     .    15 

g.   Panicle  with  long  capillary  rays,  flower-bearing  only 

near  the  ends,  sometimes  plants  of 11 

g.   Panicle  dense,  usually  pale  green 17 

b.   Spikelet  2-4  (very  rarely  less  than  2)  mm.  long.     .     .  (h) 
h.  Panicle  dense,  somewhat  lobed,  nsually  pale  green, 

ligule  3-5  mm.  long 17 

h.   Panicle  not  dense,  though  sometimes  s^imple.     .     .    (i) 
1.   Panicle  3-8  cm.  long,  purple.     ......    (j) 

j.    lilades  involute IS 

J.   Blades  flat 20- 

i.  Panicle  of  well-grown  plants  more  than  8  cm. 

long (k) 

k.  Palea  1.3-2.3  mm.  long,  as  long  as  its  glume.  (1) 
1.  Ligule  3-5  mm.  long,  rays  8-15.  .  .  .21 
1.   Ligule  3-5  mm.  long,  rays  15-25,  panicle 

denser,  15-25  cm.  long. 22 

k.   Palea  0  or  minute (m) 

m.   I'anicle  light  green,  rays  erect,  spikelet 

2-2.5-3  mm 13,  14 

m.   Plant  30-60  cm.  high (n) 

n.   Panicle  pale  green,  10-18  cm.  long, 

flower-bearing  from  near  the  middle.     12 
n.   Panicle    simple,    thin,    rays    flower- 
bearing  near  the  tips (o) 

o.  Panicle  10-12  cm.  long.       .     .     .    23 
o.  Panicle  20-30  cm.  long,  possibly 
some  of 10 


322  I'OACE/K. 

111.    I'lanI  ()(»-!»()  cMi    lii<,'li (r) 

r.  Upper   ligulo  ;{-')   nini.  Ion;;,  puiiicle 

raist'd  '^0  cm.  uhovo  tlio  upper  leaf.      .    :ii 
r.    I'ppcr    ligiilo    5-!)   mm.   lon^',    culm 

G0-«()  cm.  Iii^rli (s) 

s.   Spikok'ts  2.5-1$  mm.  long,  densely 
flowering  on  the  upper  third  of  the 

briinches 25 

s.  Spikelets     3-4   mm.    long,     rays 
llowering  from  about  the  middle.     .    20 
1.  A.  Elliottiana  Schult.  .Mant.  2::}r2  (1.S24).     A.  amchnoidvs 
Ell.  Hot.   S.  C.  &,  (Ja.  1:  IIU  (IHIT).  not  I'oir. 
(1810). 

Culms  tufted,  weak  and  slender.  .'50-50  cm.  high.  Sheaths 
scabrous;  ligule  3  mm.  long:  blades  narrow,  thin,  2-8  cm.  long. 
Panicle  exserled,  weak  and  dilTuse  when  mature,  rave  scabrous, 
cai)illary  in  remote  half-whorls  of  3-0,  branching  above  the  middle, 
flower-bearing  at  and  near  the  tips.  Spikelets  nearly  2  mm.  long; 
enijjty  glumes  subequal,  scabrous  on  the  keel,  scarcely  acute  when 
spread;  floral  glume  1.5  mm.  long,  5-nerved,  with  2  minute  bristles 
at  the  truncate  apex,  and  a  very  slender  flexnose  awii  7  mm.  long, 
on  the  back  a  little  below  the  apex;  palea  smaller  than  its  glume 
or  Avantiug. 

The  panicles  of  this  species  much  resemble  those  of  A.  {acnhra) 
hii'inalis,  but  the  very  slender  awns  enable  us  very  readily  to  dis- 
tinguish one  from  the  other.  Possibly  it  is  an  awned  form  of  A. 
hivmalis. 

Tennessee  to  Texas.  April  to  May  and  June. 
2.  A.  exigua  Thurb.  S.  Wats.  Bot.  Calif.  2:  27.5  (1880). 
A  dwarf  annual,  3-10  cm.  high,  sometimes  branching  near  the 
base.  Sheaths  very  Ioofc;  ligule  about  2  mm.  long,  acute;  blades 
4-30  mm.  long,  mostly  convolute,  rough.  Panicle  half  the  length 
of  the  plant,  included,  at  length  open,  lower  rays  about  5,  others 
in  pairs,  the  longest  2.5  cm.  long,  bearing  1-5  spikelets  above  the 
middle.  Spikelets  1.5  mm.  long,  empty  glumes  obtuse,  purplish, 
clothed  with  minute  scattered  hairs ;  floral  glume  as  long  as  the 


A(il{()STII)K.K.  '.i2'.i 

empty  plumes,  ri-norvcd,  sciibroii.s,  with  few  minute  l)iiirs.  very 
acute,  tertuiiiutiug  in  'Z  setie,  iiwn  oiu'-liftli  Itclow  tiie  tips  uinl  pio- 
jectiu",'  5-0  luin.:  piileu  0  or  miiiuti'.      Not  seen  by  me. 

Ciilironiiii,  liiilamlfr. 

;).  A.  Howellii  S<iil)u.  Vasey,  Coiitril).  U.  S.  Nut.  Herb.  ;J:7(; 
(1802). 

I'erennii;!;  culms  weak,  ji^eiiieulate,  40-00  cm.  lii^Mi.  Sheallis 
smooth,  about  4  in  number,  near'y  as  lon^'  as  the  intornodes; 
li<jule  4-0  mnj.  Ion*;,  bhules  Hat,  slightly  scabrid,  '^O-IiO  cm.  long, 
4-5  mm.  wide.  I'anide  greenisli  white,  exserted,  dilTuse.  flexuose, 
18-20  cm.  long,  the  lower  rays  in  distant  hali'-whorls  of  5-7,  the 
upper  ones  in  pairs,  capillary,  brandling  at  and  above  the  mid- 
dle, some  of  them  8  cm.  long,  flower-bearing  near  the  tips.  Spike- 
lets  3-4  mm.  long,  scabrous  on  the  kei'ls,  llrst  glume  .'5.5  mm. 
long,  a  little  longer  than  the  second;  lloral  glume  2.5-;2.S  mm. 
long,  laeerate-tootbed,  4-nerved  above,  the  awn  attached  bi'low  tiie 
niiddle,  bent,  not  llexuose,  exceeding  its  glume  by  ii-4  mm.,  hairs 
0.5-O.T  mm.  long;  ])alea  0. 

Oregon,  Ifawr/1 108.    In  1882,  distributed  as  J.  Sconlcrii  Trin. 

Alaska  to  Californi'i. 

4.  A.  virescens  II.  R  K.  Xov.  Gen.  et  Sp.  1:  135  (1S15). 

A  stout  erect  ))erennial,  IJ()-80cm.  high.  Sheaths  nearly  smooth, 
the  secoiul  from  the  top  half  as  long  as  the  internodes;  ligule  trun- 
cate, about  4  mm.  long:  blades  erect,  flat,  scabrid,  12-16  cm.  long, 
5-9  mm.  wide.  Panicle  exserted,  i)ale  green  or  brownish,  tinged 
with  purple,  15-18  cm.  long,  IJ-4  cm.  broad,  the  rays  in  clusters 
of  5-15,  distant  about  3  cm.,  the  short  ones  flower-bearing  nearly  to 
the  base,  the  longest  flower-bearing  from  about  the  middle.  Spike- 
lets  with  empty  glumes  very  acute,  scabrid  throughout;  first  glume 
3.5  mm.  long  besides  a  bristle  1  mm.  long,  second  3  mm.  long 
besides  a  short  bristle;  floral  glume  over  2  mm.  long,  with  a  few 
very  short  hairs  at  the  base,  very  broad,  truncate,  5-nerved  below, 
the  lateral  nerves  terminating  in  minute  bristles,  the  awn  rather 
stout,  attached  near  the  middle,  projwting  4  mm. ;  palea  0. 

Tlie  plants  seen  belong  to  Scribner  and  were  collected  by  liolan- 
der  and  ticketed  ''A.  rin'dis,  fide  Muuro.  A.jmllida  fideThurber.'* 


n24  POACK.K. 

(!uliforniii  to  Mexico. 

A.  A.  canina  li.  S|».  IM.  (i2  {17!)'.]).  Trirhoilium  nniinuw  Schrail. 
Fl.  (icrm.  1 :  r.iS  (iSdC).  .tifnni/us  nniitms  Hciiuv.  A^Tont.  1  l«l 
(LSI*.').      Hkown  Hknt  (iiiAss.     A.  \iirtf-An{//iir  Vuscv,  in  part. 

Culms  sloiider.  itcoI  or  sprt'iKlinjf, '^()-<(0  ciii.  lii<,'li.  from  miittod 
perennial  I'ootstocks.  Shcatlis  smooth,  mostly  lon^rer  than  tlio  in- 
ternodt's;  lij,'tilo  obtuse,  'Z~'.\  mm.  lou<f;  Iiliides  of  sterile  shoots  in- 
volute, slender,  r)-l()  cm.  loii<;,  the  upper  lliil.  I*unicle  purple, 
hrowu  or  ;,'rcenish,  open.  .')-!, ^  cm.  lonj;;  niys  scubrid,  in  clusters  of 
;$-.'»  ]'!,  in  paii's  or  .solitary  above,  rou;,hened.  branchin<j  above  the 
middle.  S|)ikelets  '2  '.\  mm.  Ion;:;  eJupty  ^'lumes  sliirhlly  uiieipial. 
very  acuite;  lloral  ;;lum(!  truncate  with  .')  excurrent  nerves,  one-third 
shorter  than  tint  empty  ^dumes.  I>earin;,'on  the  back  at  or  below  tiie 
middle  a  twisted,  exsertecl  awn;  palea  absent  or  very  small.  Very 
varial)le.      Fi^'.  71,  Vol.  1. 

Vermont,  Prinf/lc  ;  New  Hampshire,  /•liii/  4:i»'».')  from  Con^don. 

Found  in  the  mountains  of  New  Knuland  to  the  Kocky  iMoun- 
tains;  also  in  South  Anwrica,  Europe,  Siberia,  western  Asia, 
Australia,  New  Zealand. 

Var.  alpina  Oakes.  (^at.  Vt.  IM.  [reprint  12]  (1842),  not  J. 
ttlpiiiii  Scop,  of  Europe.     I\'rhaps  hardly  a  variety. 

Culms  S-2(>  cm.  hi^h ;  blades  all  involute;  panicle  2-8  cm.  long, 
open;  spikelets  2  mm.  loti^'. 

Vermont,  Priiujle,  Clark  2!)50  from  Blake;  New  Hampshire, 
C.  I'J.  Faxon. 

Mountains  of  Maine,  Labrador,  to  New  York. 

Var.  stolonifera  N'asey,  Monog.  Grasses  U.  S.  &  Brit.  Am.  75 
(1800). 

Stobmiferous;  blades  flat,  tliin,  2-4  mm.  wide;  empty  glumes 
more  unequal;  floral  glume  but  little  shorter,  awn  straight. 

Oregon,  IleNdrrson,  IfoiirU. 

In  looking  over  specimens  from  all  parts  of  p]urope,  some  from 
India  and  elsewhere,  the  chief  peculiarity  seems  to  be  the  presence 
of  an  awn.  Almost  any  style  of  small  brown  slender  Agrosfis  is 
called  A.  canina,  provided  it  has  an  awn  sticking  ont  of  tlie  spike- 
let. 


AtJUOSTIDK.K.  S'iH 

In  carefully  raisiiij,'  seedlings  of  many  typioal  awnod  specimorH 
of  .(.  nniiiKi,  Dr.  .Jenkins,  of  Conneotieut,  foiintl  that  only  a  small 
per  ecjit  of  them  possessed  awns.  This  being  the  case,  what  hin- 
ders uniting  A.  rnfi/((ris  with  A.  vaninn't  I  leave  them  as  otiiors 
Inivu  left  them,  thinking  it  best  to  give  the  subject  further  atten- 
tion before  uniting  them. 

(i.  A.  setifolia  Fourn.   llomsl.   Hiol.   Ccntr.   Am.  liot.   3: 55 1 

(iSHO). 

A  tufted  erect  i)erennial,  -10-CO  cm.  high.  Leaves  of  sterile 
shoots  few,  those  of  the  culm  3,  ligule  decurrent,  1  ;.*  mm.  long; 
blades  stri(!t,  (iliform,  involute,  scabrous,  20-'45  cm.  long.  I'anicle 
thin,  ovoid,  pur[tlish,  10-14  cm.  long;  raya  in  twos,  threes,  and 
lives,  the  longest  5-0  cm.  long,  hearing  a  few  spikelets  on  the  outer 
two-fifths.  S[»ikelets  ;j  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  8ul)e(|ual,  ellip- 
tical-lan(!eolate  when  spread;  floral  glume  :.'.'i  mm.  long,  liuncate, 
with  .'lexcurrent  nerves,  the  twisted  atul  bent  awn  projecting  '.\  mm. 
above  its  glume;  i)alea  0.  Very  closely  related  to  A.  cuitina  and 
perhaps  merely  a  variety  of  that  species. 

Found  at  an  altitude  of  10,000  feet. 

Mexico  (Oaxaea),  Priiujle  4895. 

7.  A.  inflata  Scribn.  ined. 

A  dwarf  perennial,  4-10  cm.  high.  Siieaths  smootli,  the  upper 
inflated;  ligule  about  1  mm.  long;  blades  erect,  flat.  i)ungent- 
pointed,  2-5  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide.  Panicle  partially  included, 
spikelike,  1.5-5  cm.  long,  4-('tmm.  diam.  Spikelets  2.5  mm.  long; 
empty  glumes  e(pial  or  subcqiud,  each  bearing  a  short  bristle;  floral 
glume  l.O  mm.  long,  with  a  very  few  short  hairs  at  the  base,  broad, 
truiunite,  4-toothed,  5-nerved  below,  the  awu  attached  near  the 
middle  and  about  4  mm.  long;  palea  0. 

British  Columbia  (Vancouver  Islaiul).  }f(tconn  258  in  1893. 

8.  A.  microphylla  Stend.  Syn.  PI.  Gram.  164  (1855). 
Annual;   culms  erect,   30-TO  cm.    high.      Sheaths  smooth  or 

scabrid,  shorter  than  the  Internodes;  ligule  decurrent,  3-5  mm. 
long;  bladeserect,  flat  or  involute,  scabrous,  0-20  cm.  long,  3-4  mm. 
wide;  blades  of  sterile  shoots  shorter  and  narrower.  Panicle  much 
exserted,    erect,  dense,    iuterru[)ted,  pale   green   and  tinged   with 


•^'^<»  I'OACK.i:, 

l)iir|tlt',  lO-lT)  cui.  loiijir,  1-1. f)  cm.  broad;  niys  roii<,'li.  perliaps  40 
at  a  iiodo,  most  of  tlu'in  short  ami  llowcr-licariii;,'  to  tlic  base. 
Spikclets  aciitt",  s('al)roiis,  'i-'.\  iniii.  lon;,%  tormiiiati'd  in  addition  hy 
u  bristle  ol'len  1  mm.  ioM<,';  lloral  ;,'Iiiine  l.T)  1.7  mm.  lon^^  awn 
l)elo\v  tlie  apex  and  exten(lin<,f  beyond  its  <,'Iiinie  '^-4  mm.,  <,'liime 
rather  lirm,  lirittio  truncate,  toothed,  uiinntely  hairy  on  the;  back, 
ob.seurely  ^-nerved  below;  palea  0  or  present. 

()re<f()n,  ('alir«»rnia,  Nevathi. 

Var.  major  Vasey,  Contrib.  V.  S.  Xat.  Herb.  3:72  (1H0;>). 
Afirnstis  r.rtini/d  iiiirr()/)//i///(i  S.  Wats. 

(!ulms  :\{)  7')  em.  hi^di;  bhidos  hiri^er;  panicle  20-;$(»  cm.  lonj^,  more 
loosely  branched,  some  rays  8  ln^'  ion;;.  Tho  same  range  as  tho 
sp(!cies. 

9.  A.  geminata  Trin.  rnill.    20':  (IS-M). 

A  tufted  erect  perennial,  15-40  cm.  hi<,di.  Ligulo  1  mm.  long; 
l)lades  ol"  sterile  shoots  slightly  scabrid.  mostly  involute,  10-'*0  cm. 
long,  1-'^  mm.  wide,  tho  npper  node  near  the  middle  of  the  (!ulm. 
exclusive  of  the  panicle.  J*anicle  exserted,  purple,  narrow  or 
spreading.  S-10  cm.  long;  rays  capillary,  scabrous,  in  half-whorls 
of  t-(i,  some  of  the  longest  (}  cm.  long,  branching  al)ove  the  middle, 
llower-bearing  at  and  near  the  ends.  Spikelets  "i.r)--;5  mm.  long, 
.scabrous  on  the  kec^ls;  first  glume  a  little  longer,  awn  usually  pro- 
jecting slightly;  lloral  glume  l.(;  mm.  long,  broad,  thin,  obtusv\ 
toothed,  r)-nerved  below,  the  awn  attached  near  the  middle;  palea 
minute. 

Alaska,  Jhrritif/toii  in  is:'|-"^,  Dr.  /VrIIo(/(/  119. 

Plants  from  liritish  Columbia  by  Macoitu  arc  awnlcss. 

Alaska  to  Oregon. 

10.  A.  densiflora  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3:73 
(1892).      .(.  DiKi-roiiat,!  Thurb.,  not  Mresl. 

An  erect  tufted  rather  stout  annual,  7-23  cm.  high.  Sheaths 
smooth,  crowded  at  the  biise.  iather  loose,  longer  than  the  inter- 
nodes;  lignle  dciuirrent.  o])tus(s  about  .'5  mm.  long;  blades  usually 
Hat,  erect,  with  scaI)rous  nnirgins,  3-U  cm.  long,"  3-.'{  mm.  wide. 
I'anicle  dense,  exserted,  (irect,  2-5  cm.  long,  15-12  mm.  broad,  rays 
.s(!abrous,  aj)pressed,  ;3-5  in  each  half-whorl.     Spikelets.very  pale. 


A(il{OSTII»K.K.  :i27 

H.ti-'.l  mm.  lonj;;  cmply  <i;liimt>s  miifi-oiialc,  miiiU'ly  sciilinms.  his 
))i*i  on  tlio  ki'i'ls,  tirsi  scurccly  loiij,'*'!-  tliiiii  llu'  second;  lloral  "•lume 
miiiutoly  sciihroiis,  liitluT  lirni,  Iniiicatc-tootlioil,  n  miniih*  i(»ii;;h 
nitlicr  stout  iiwn  attacht'd  n  littli!  Ix'low  tlic  upox;  palea  very  thin, 
0.5-1  mm.  ionjf. 

Dirtlrihutod  as  .1.  nnirroiitiht  I'lvsl,  lint  it  (h)i!S  not  answer  l»» 
tlnil  (h'scription. 

('alirornia,  linhnnlrr  ^'AWu  lh\  ('.  A.  Aiiticrson. 

Oreijon  to  Calit'ornia. 

11.  A.  hyemalis  (Walt.)  M.  S.  P.  (^it.  N.  Y.  (ISSS).  Hair- 
cKAs.s.  ('(iniiirtij)i(r  /ii/HKi/i'WiiU.  Kl.  Carol.  To  (17SS).  .1.  sm/mt 
Willd.  Sp.  IM.  1  :;5'r(>  (rM»!>).  Trirli(i(lii(iii  hijilhinaii  Mij^'ol.  Miehx. 
V\.  1.  4•^  (1S0;J).  7'.  sctdn-iim  Muhl.  (iram.  (11  (ISII).  .1. 
Michaiixii  Trin.  Tnill.  '.'()()  (IS'^I). 

An  er(!ct  slender  tiil'led  hiennial  t»r  pi.'rennial,  .'JO  (10  cm.  hif^h. 
liif^ulo  of  the  upper  leaves  1  mm.  lon<i^;  blades  scahrons,  soon  invo- 
lute, I{-1()  cm.  Ion;,',  -i  mm.  wide.  I'anieh*  ex.sertetl  when  matnre, 
pnrpl(!  or  hrown,  Ihin.  20-:)<)  cm.  lon^',  branches  ron^h,  capillary, 
pnrplish,  \\-\'l  in  each  hall'-whorl,  4-7  cm.  distant  from  eaidi  oilier, 
spread inij,  10 -I H  cm.  lon^,  liranchin^  above  tlu!  middle,  llowcr- 
bearin^' only  at  and  near  the  tips.  SpiUelets  I. r>  '.'.."»  mm.  lon^, 
nsnally  about  2  mm.,  scahrons  on  the  ktuda,  flumes  very  acnte. 
the  lower  (tne  the  longer;  lloral  ^Inme  1.*^  I.Tmm.  lon^',  obtuse, 
r»-nerved,  sonu'times  short -awned  ;  palea  minute  or  obsolete.  Very 
variable. 

New  r>rnnswick,  Fo/r/cr:  Massacdiusetts.  S/iir/rrit/if,  lUuil  (ill; 
Vermont,  /'ri//(/lr:  New  .Jersey.  Sm'/uirr  for  l'.  S.  Dept.  A^n'icul. 
4o:{;  Mi(!hi;riiii,  C/nr/,-  (i!H>.  /Ira/  (i,"),  (W).  (,]',  Funiuil,  /•'.  A'.  Wood 
.■{:)>S(!;  Illinois.  Ural  (IS;  Iowa.  llUrlniuk;  Minnesota,  lUtUvji  W 
r^J);  Colorado,  rtitlrrsoii  '?JV,\\  Montana.  Amhrsoii  1(1,  tlO;  Wyo- 
miu^S  Hiijfinii  e  :lit,  c  SS,  c  !)();  Arizona,  Joiu's  401. '>,  '/'oitnifi/ 
';;{r,  738,  ■;:;,  1137  b;  Washin.^ton.  A''/r.-  (M-e^'on,  I/o/rc/l;  CnVi- 
fornia,  Fan's/i  l.'idO  A,  1,^)(10;  Southern  California,  /'ii/nivr  "i'.W, 
2;5!>;  Texas.   Xtvllri/:  Mexico.  /'riii;//r  !4-»0. 

Common  from  New  Mn,i;land  to  Alaska  and  southward;  also  in 


328  POACE.E. 

Siberia.     When  tniiture  the  panicles  breaiv  away  and  are  carried  for 
long  distances  by  the  wind. 

12.  A.  perennans  (Walt.)  Tuckerni.  Am.  .lourn.  Sci.  (II.)45: 
44(18413).  TmxGuAss.  (Joniucopicp  perennans  WnM.  Fl.  Carol. 
73  (1788).  Tnchodium  derunihens  Miciix.  V\.  Bor.  Am.  1:42 
(1803).     T.  perennans  Ell.  Hot.  S.  C.  i^  (la.  1 :  !l'.t  (1823). 

Culms  weak,  slender,  erect  from  a  decumbent  base,  30-00  cm. 
high.  Sheaths  smooth,  about  the  lengtli  of  the  internodes;  ligulo 
3-4  mm.  long;  bhides  flat,  thin,  scabrid,  the  upper  10-15  cm. 
long,  2-4  mm.  wide.  Panicle  often  included  at  the  liase,  dilTusc, 
pale  green,  10-18  cm.  long;  rays  ca[)illary  in  clusters  of  2-4-10, 
the  clusters  3-4  cm.  distant,  some  rays  G  cm.  long,  dividing  and 
flower-bearing  from  near  the  middle.  Spikelets  acuminate,  scabrid 
on  the  keels,  2-2.5  mm.  long;  first  glume  the  longer;  llond  glume 
thin,  awnless  or  rarely  short-awned,  1.7  mi!'.,  long,  truncate-toothed, 
5-nerved;  palea  0  or  minute.     Nearly  allied  to  A.  Iii/cnia/is. 

Damp  shade;  July,  August,  New  England,  Michigan,  to  Texas. 

13.  A.  Diegoensis  Vasey,  Hull.  Torr.  (Mub.  13  55  (ISSC).  A 
foUom  Wasey,   Bull.   Torr.   Club,   10:03  (1883).     A.    nxdtindniis 

Vasey  in  numerous  distributions. 

Culms  smootli  or  scabrid,  stout,  60-100  cm.  high,  sometimes 
with  rootstocks.  Ligule  acute.  4  mm.  long;  blades  of  the  culm 
about  5  in  nuinber,  erect,  scabrid,  flat,  or  involute,  10-18  cm.  long, 
2-4  mm.  wide.  Panicle  lanceolate,  15-20  cm.  long,  light  green  ;  rays 
erect  in  clusters  of  5-10,  the  lower  clusters  3-5  cm.  distant,  the 
longest  ray  5  mm.  long  and  flower-bearing  above  the  middle,  the 
shorter  bearing  si)ikelets  to  the  base.  Spikelets  2.5-3  mm.  long; 
flrst  glume  vscal)ri(l  on  the  keel,  ovate-acute,  second  smooth,  shorter, 
1-3-nerved;  floral  glume  broad-oval  when  ^itread,  ol)tuse,  minutely 
scabrid,  1.8-2  mm.  long,  4-nerved  above,  awn  near  the  middle, 
minnte  or  obsolete,  hairs  at  the  base  very  few  and  short:  palea  0. 

"The  panicle  resembles  that  of  A.  alba,  but  is  narrower, 
shorter,  and  more  closely  flowered."     Vasey. 

Washington,  JfoireU;  Oregon,  Bolander;  California,  Orrutt. 

14.  A.  Scouleri  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  (VI.)  0:329 
(1845).     A.  repens  Scribn.,  not  Sincl. 


AUKOS'l'lDIvK.  329 

An  erect  i^erennial,  30-75  cm.  high,  from  nimiinf?  rootstock-^. 
Sheaths  smooth,  longer  tlum  the  internodes;  ligiile  ohtuse,  2  mm. 
long;  blades  7-10  cm.  long,  the  upper  much  shorter,  flat  or  invo- 
lute, 3  mm.  wide.  Panicle  exserted,  lanceolate,  7-12  cm.  long; 
longest  rays  3  cm.  long,  bearing  a  few  spikelets  above  the  middle. 
Spikelets  2  mm.  long,  very  pale  or  tinged  with  purple;  empty 
glumes  acute,  the  lower  a  little  the  longer,  2.5-3  mm.  Ion"-;  floral 
glun>e  a  little  shorter,  5-nerved,  truncate,  sometimes  bearing  a 
slender  awn ;  palea  0  or  very  minute.     Xot  seen  by  me. 

(Jalilbrnia,  Bohnider,  Lemmon. 

Alaska  to  California. 

IT).  A.  ffiquivalvis  Trin.  Fund.  Agrost.  2:116  (1841).  A. 
mnimt  var.  wf/uit'ah'is  Trin.  Bong.  Fl.  Sitch.  Act,  Petrop.  171 
<1832). 

A  slender  tufted  pale  green  perennial,  20-60  cm.  high,  smooth 
or  nearly  smooth  throughout.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes; 
ligule  0.5-2  mm.  long;  blades  flat,  S-15  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide, 
the  upjier  1-2  cm.  long.  J»anielo  thin,  smooth,  very  narrow.  5-15 
cm.  long,  rays  in  distant  half-whorls  of  2-5  or  those  above  solitary, 
3-5  cm.  long,  mostly  flower-bearing  above  the  middle.  Spikelets 
usually  in  pairs,  reddish  purple  to  i)ale  greon,  about  1.7  mm.  long, 
empty  glumes  and  floral  glume  extending  to  the  same  hei"-ht; 
emniy  glunu's  oblong  when  spread,  acute,  flrst  1-nerved,  second 
dt  aU'ly  3-norved;  floral  glume  broad-oval,  toothed  at  the  apex, 
5-!icrved,  with  a  minute  hairy  callus  at  the  base;  palea  three- 
fourths  as  long  as  its  glume. 

Washington.  T.  S.  Ihpl.  A(jricuL  383,  from  SiiL-xdorf 'dm\  E.  C. 
Smith. 

Alaska  to  California. 

16.  A.  yerticillata  Vill.  Prosp.  16  (1785),  or  Fl.  Delph.  16 
(1785). 

Culms  decumbent  ami  rooting  at  the  lowest  nodes,  30-60  cm. 
high,  nodes  sometinjos  8-10  in  number.  Sheaths  smooth,  loose, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  internodes;  ligule  truncate,  decumbent,  2-3 
mm.  long;  blades  scabrous  or  very  rough,  especially  above  on  the 
maigins,  flat  or  Anally  involute,  2-5-8  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide. 


330  POAC'E^. 

Panicle  dense,  often  lobeil  or  interrupted,  5-10-25  cm.  long,  rays 
M'owded  and  flower-beari/ig  from  the  base.  Spikelets  pale  green  or 
purple,  minutely  pubescent,  about  1-5  mm,  long;  empty  glumes 
nearly  equal,  abruptly-pointed,  wlien  spread ;  floral  glume  broad, 
oval,  obtuse,  minutely  5-toothed,  5-nerved,  awnless,  but  little  over 
1  mm.  long;  palea  from  half  the  length  of  its  glume  to  nearly  its 
length. 

'  Utah,  Jones  1014;  Oregon,  Howell;  Mexico  (Jalisco),  Palmer 
341,  'ISO. 

Texas  to  California  and  Mexico  in  moist  places  ;  also  fouiul  in 
southern  Eurojjc  and  Asia. 

II.  A.  exarata  Trin.  Unif.  205  (1824).  A.  ronsfricfus  Yasex, 
in  numerous  distributions.  ^1.  areiian'ti  Scribn.,  not  CJouan.  nor 
Schur. 

Culms  erect,  30-GO,  sometimes  90-120  cm.  high,  from  perennial 
or  annual  roots.  Sheaths  smooth  or  scabrid,  the  lower  often  longer 
than  the  internodes;  ligule  decurrent,  3-5  mm.  long;  blades  usually 
erect,  flat,  slightly  scabrous  or  very  rough,  those  of  the  culm  G-15 
cm.  long,  2-5-8  mm.  wide;  leaves  of  sterile  shoots  shorter.  Pan- 
icle exserted,  erect,  dense,  somewhat  lobed,  pale  green  or  tinged 
with  purple,  varying  much  in  size,  6-20  cm.  long,  G-30  mm.  broad, 
often  interrupted  more  or  less  below;  rays  in  sets  of  3-G,  numerous, 
rough,  mostly  flower-bearing  to  the  base.  Spikelets  acute,  'Z.l-'-l 
mm.  long,  empty  glumes  very  nearly  equal,  though  the  lower 
usually  the  longer,  scabrous,  strongly  so  on  the  keel;  floral  glume 
awnless,  thin  to  rather  firm  and  brittle,  broad,  concave,  truncate- 
toothed,  grooved  on  the  back,  4-nerved  above,  5-nerved  below, 
1.3-1.8  mm.  long;  palea  0-0.5  mm.  long.     Stamens  3. 

Wisconsin  to  Oregon,  California,  and  Arizona. 

'•  It  occurs  in  various  forms  in  all  the  collections  made  in  the 
State  [California],  ranging  from  Sitka  to  California  and  eastward 
to  Colorado  and  New  Mexico.  No  other  grass  found  upon  the 
coast  presents  such  a  variety  of  puzzling  disguises  as  this.  Speci- 
mens from  wet  grounds  are  3-4  feet  high,  while  those  from  dry 
mountain-sides  are  only  as  many  inches.  The  panicle  varies  from 
a  few  inches  to  1  foot  in  length.     In  mountain  forms  the  leaves  are 


AGKOSTIDE.E.  381 

narrow  and  involute.  The  presence  of  awns  is  more  conspicuous 
in  tlie  dwarf  forms;  the  upper  jialet  does  not  api)ear  to  be  asso- 
ciated with  any  other  character.  Tlie  following  are  names  which 
have  been  given  to  forms  of  this  species:  J.  f/ntudis  Trin.,  spike- 
let  slender,  10-20  cm.  long,  A.  a.yx'rifoh'n  Trin.,  A.  palh'nx 
Trin.,  A.  Cdh'furnica  Trin.,  A.  mirrophiiJhi  Steud."  Dr.  (J. 
ThnrberS.  Wats.  liot.  Calif.  3:273  (ISSO). 

18.  A.  varians  Trin.  Fund.  Agrost.  3:60  (1841).  A.  hnimtUs 
Vasey,  liull.  Torr.  Club,  10:31  (1883).     .1.  lioxsm  Vasey. 

A  slender  erect  tufted  perennial,  10-40  cm.  high.  Sheaths 
striate,  smooth,  longer  than  the  intcrnodes;  ligulo  3-3  nun.  long; 
blades  scabrid  above,  often  involute,  1-3-8  cm.  long,  1  mm.  wide. 
Panicle  often  dark  purple,  3-7  cm.  long,  5-8  mm.  broati,  rays  1-3 
cm.  long.  Spikelets  2-3.5  mm.  long,  rough  on  the  keels;  floral 
glume  1.5-1.7  mm.  long,  awnless,  broad,  truncate,  toothed,  4- 
norved  above,  5-nerved  below;  i)alea  0. 

^lexico,  Pr ingle  143!;  Oregon,  Hoii'vU  4G31,  CusirTc  797; 
Califonua,  Pr!n<jJe  in  1883;  ]\rontanp    Anderson  at  Great  Falls. 

Montana,  Oregon,  California,  and  Mexico. 

19.  A.  tenuis  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  10:  31  (1883). 

An  erect  slender  tufted  perennial,  15-35  cm.  high.  Ligule 
about  2  mm.  long;  blades  about  3  to  the  culm,  flat,  nearly  smooth. 
3-G  cm.  long,  1-1.5  mm.  wide.  Panicle  pyramidal,  thin,  5-8  cm. 
long;  rays  capillary  in  half- whorls  of  3-8,  or  3  or  single  above,  the 
longest  3-5  cm.  long,  flower-bearing  above  the  middle.  Spikelets 
tinged  with  purple,  3-3.5  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  acute,  first 
toothed  on  the  keel,  a  little  the  longer;  floral  glume  awnless,  1.3- 
1.4  mm.  long,  thin,  oval,  obtuse,  5-nerved  [3-nerved  in  original 
description];  palea  0. 

Oregon  to  southern  California. 

30.  A.  fasciculata  (11.  B.  K.)  R.  &  S.  Syst.  3:3G3  (1817). 
Yilfa  fascicuJafa  II.  B.  K.  Nov.  fien.  et  Sp.  1:  139  (1815). 

Culms  ascending,  15-30  cm.  high,  froni  creeping  rootstocks. 
Sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes;  ligule  truncate,  3.5  mm.  long; 
blades  flat,  scabrous,  3-6  cm.  long,  3-2.5  mm.  wide.  Panicle 
linear  to  elliptical,  brown  and  purple,  4-7  cm.  long;  rays  in  half- 


332  POACE^E. 

whorls  of  4-G,  the  longesi.  2  cm.  long,  bearing  6-14  spikelets  below 
the  middle.  Empty  glumes  eqiud  or  siibequul,  ovate  when  spread, 
abruptly  acute,  scabrid  on  the  keel,  '-.'  mm.  long,  a  little  more  or 
less;  floral  glume  broadly  oval,  truncate,  a  little  shorter  than  the 
empty  glumes;  palea  broad,  0.7  mm.  long. 

Mexico,  Priugh  4^51,  near  brooks,  at  an  altitude  of  12,000  feet; 
also  found  in  Quito,  S.  A. 

21.  A.  ALUA  L.  Sp.  PI.  63  (1T53).  Red  Top.  Creepino 
Hent.     Fiorin. 

Culms  40-100  cm.  high,  often  decumbent  at  the  base  from 
perennial  rootstocks  making  a  close  turf.  Sheaths  smooth,  about 
as  long  as  the  internodes;  ligule  oblong  or  linear,  3-5  mm.  long; 
blades  5-7,  flat,  smooth  or  roughened,  8-18  cm.  long,  3-7  mm.  wide. 
Panicle  exserted,  oblong,  green,  purple  or  brown,  Vl-ZO  cm.  long, 
spreading  when  in  llower  and  contracting  afterwards;  rays  rough, 
tiie  lower  in  half-whorls  of  8-30,  some  very  short,  others  sometimes 
7  cm.  long,  flower-bearing  along  the  upi)er  two-thirds.  8])ikelets 
2-2.5  mm.  long;  first  glume  exceeding  the  second  but  very  little 
or  none;  floral  glume  truncate,  1.5-2  mm.  long  or  a  little  less,  3-5- 
iierved,  rarely  with  a  short  awn;  palea  one-third  to  two-thirds  as 
long  as  its  glume. 

Vermont,  Pritujlc;  Massachusetts,  C.  E.  Faxon,  Beat  72,  Stnr- 
tevavant;  Ontario,  Fowler;  Pennsylvania,  Scrihner  for.  V .  S.  De})t. 
Agricul.  411;  Michigan,  dhu/c  692,  693,  Coohn,  Beal  73,  74,  75, 
Fanoell,  Prentiss  130;  Minnesota,  Bailey  B  127,  llohinger;  Illi- 
nois, Sandberg  35;  Colorado,  Cassidg;  "Wyoming,  Buff  urn  C  51; 
Montana,  Anderson  72;  District  of  Columbia,  McdariJnj. 

No.  4485  of  Pringle's  Plants  of  Mexico  in  1893,  labelled  J. 
Schiedenna  Trin.,  seems  to  belong  here. 

A  very  variable  grass,  often  abundant  on  river  bottoms  and 
marshes.  In  Michigan  it  is  tlie  only  grass  known  among  farmers 
as  "  Red  Top."  In  Pennsylvania  it  is  known  as  *'  Herd's  Grass." 
It  is  a  native  of  Europe. 

"  Its  different  forms  have  given  grounds  for  over  30  nominal 
species.  A.  alba  has  an  elongated  acute  ligule,  and  the  panicle  con- 
tracted after  flowering;  the  form  once  known  as  the  si)ecie3  A.  vul- 


A(JI«)STIDE.E.  333 

garis  liasashort  truncate  ligulo,  and  the  panicle  after  flowering  more 
or  less  spreading."     S.  Wats.  Hot.  Calif.  5^71  (188(»). 

.1.  nihjaris  thrives  on  dry  land,  A.  alha  loves  marshes.  .1. 
titohnifvi'a  is  a  stoloniferous  state  of  this  species.  Michigan,  Clark 
•-J30T,  2300.     For  further  particulars  see  Vol.  1,  p.  148,  Fig.  70, 

2a.  A.  (iiGANTEA  Gaud.  Agrost.  Ilelv.  1;189  (1811)  not 
l?oth. 

Culms  robust,  GO-120  cm.  high,  more  or  less  creeping  at  the 
base.  Sheaths  scabrid  or  smooth;  ligule  lacerate,  3-5  cm.  long^ 
blades  flat,  scabrous  above  and  below,  pungent-pointed,  12-18  cm. 
long,  G-ll  mm.  wide.  Panicle  linear-lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late,  usually  brownish  or  reddish  green,  15-25  cm.  long;  rays  of 
lower  node  of  panicle  crowded,  scabrous,  15-25  in  number,  the 
longest  6-12  cm.  long,  branching  and  flower-bearing  on  the  up])er 
half;  some  of  the  rays  less  than  1  cm.  long,  second  whorl  3-5  cm. 
distant,  with  somewhat  fewer  ravs.  Spikelets  about  2  mm.  lont'.  in 
detail  varying,  and  apparently  much  like  those  of  .1.  alba  L.  j\Ias- 
sachusetts  (moist  land  near  lioston  Harbor),  (\  E.  Faxon  in  18TS, 
E.  A,  Startcvant ;  Sackott's  Harbor,  fjike  Ontario,  in  1833,  labelled 
A.  alba  L.  by  A.  Gray,  in  his  herbarium. 

In  the  herbarium  of  Harvard  University  are  several  pliaits  of 
this  appearance  from  various  parts  of  Europe,  and  variously  labelk-d, 
most  of  them  as  A.  alba  1j.,  tliough  often  with  another  name  below. 

23.  A.  Oregonensis  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  13:55  (188(;). 

Culms  smooth,  slender.  al)out  ('>0  cm.  high.  Sheaths  smootli; 
ligule  2  mm.  long;  blades  of  the  sterile  shoots  filiform,  tliose  of  the 
culm  soft,  3  in  number,  very  narrow,  involute,  6-10  cm.  long. 
I'anicle  thin,  dark  purple,  lanceolate,  nodding,  10-12  cm.  lon<', 
rays  smooth,  capillary,  in  clusters  of  3-5,  the  longest  4-5  cm.  long, 
flower-bearing  for  about  two-fifths  of  the  extremities.  Si)ikolets 
lanceolate,  slightly  scabrous  on  the  keels,  2-2.5  mm.  long,  the 
three  glumes  reaching  to  the  same  height;  first  glume  1-nerved,  sec- 
ond faintly  3-nerved  uelow;  floral  glume  broad-oval  when  spread,, 
5-nerved,  obtuse,  apex  lacerate-toothed,  unawned;  palea  0;  hairs 
at  the  base  very  few  and  short. 

"The  panicle  approaches  that  of  A.  hiemalis,  but  is  shorter, 


334  POACE.E. 

uiul  with  much  shorter  und  erect  brunches,  ami  a  flrmer  culm." 
Viisey. 

Oregon,  IIoivcll  in  1881;  Wushingtoii,  Sni'siforf. 

24.  A.  attenuata  Vasey.  Coult.  Hot.  (Jiiz.  ll:;}:5r  (1S80). 

Perennial;  cuhns  sniootii,  slender.  (»()-90  cm.  high.  Slieatlis 
smooth,  shorter  than  the  iuternodes;  ligule  3-5  mm.  long;  blades 
scabrous,  about  L'  mm.  wide,  tlie  lower  ones  5-10  cm.  long,  those 
above,  3  in  number,  8-18  cm.  long.  I'anicle  sometimes  exserted, 
25  cm.  long,  pyramidal  or  nai'rower,  tbin,  lO-'.'O  cm.  long;  rays 
capillary,  rough,  bearing  few  spikelets  above  the  middle,  the  lowest 
ones  on  long  peilicels  10-13  cm.  long,  and  10-15  in  a  cluster,  on 
smaller  panicles  in  threes,  fives,  or  sevens.  Spikelets  purplish,  2.5-;{ 
mm.  long,  oblong-lanceolate,  scabrous  on  the  keels,  first  glume  a 
little  longer  than  the  secoiul,  both  1-nerved;  floral  glume  broadly 
oval,  obtuse,  5-nerved,  1.5-3.3  mm.  long,  a  few  very  short  hairs  on 
the  callus  at  the  base,  uuawned;  palea  0.  Very  variable  as  received 
from  collectors. 

Washington,  Ifoiderson  1(511,  collected  near  the  ocean  in  moist 
fields;  Oregon,  JloivcUy  springy  places  along  the  Applegate,  also 
near  Mt.  Hood. 

35.  A.  altissima  (Walt.)  Tuckerm.  Am.  Journ.  Sci,  45:44 
(1843).  Coniiiropitp  alfissinntn  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  74  (1788).  Trichudiitm 
elatum.  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  1:01  (1814). 

Perennial;  culms  erect,  stout,  00-90  cm.  high.  Sheaths 
scarcely  smooth,  mostly  longer  than  the  iuternodes;  the  upper  lig- 
ule acute,  5-0  mm.  long;  blades  of  sterile  shoots  narrow  and  mostly 
involute,  the  upper  flat,  scabrous,  10-15  cm.  long,  3-0  mm,  wide. 
Panicle  exserted.  spreading,  green  or  purple,  15-35  cm.  long,  rays 
scabrous  in  rather  remote  clusters  of  5-10  below,  branching  above 
the  middle,  flower-bearing  in  dense  clusters  along  the  upper  third 
of  the  branches.  Spikelets  crowded,  3.5-3  mm.  long:  empty  glumes 
acuminate,  scabrous  on  the  keels,  first  a  little  tlie  longer;  floral 
glume  rather  firm,  broad,  awuless,  a  little  shorter  than  the  second 
empty  glume ;  palea  0. 

New  Jersey,  Scribner  iovV.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  31)0;  Mississi])pi, 
Trncy;  California,  Bulande r  (j103. 


A(JUOSTIl)E.E.  835 

In  swamps,  Massachusetts  to  Texas;  also  iu  California. 

)IG.  A.  Hallii  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3: 7-4  (1803). 

Perennial;  culms  slender,  erect,  (lO-SCt  cm.  lii<fli.  Sheaths 
scabrid,  a  little  shorter  than  the  internodes;  upper  ligule  acute, 
5-7  mm.  long,  tiie  lower  ones  shorter;  blades  flat,  scabrous 
above,  I'l-^O  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  wide.  Panicle  exsertcd,  whitisii, 
green  or  brown,  linear,  thin,  10-18  cm.  long,  the  rays  capillary  in 
half-whorls  of  5-20,  some  of  the  longest  5-T  cm.  long,  branching 
and  flower-bearing  above  the  middle.  Spikelets  lanceolate,  3— 4  mm. 
long;  empty  glumes  thin,  the  keels  toothed,  first  glume  scarcely 
longer  than  the  second  floral  glume,  about  2.4  mm.  long,  the  hairs 
at  the  base  about  1.5  mm.  long,  awnless,  obtuse,  toothed,  minutely 
scabrid,  5-nerved,  the  central  one  not  always  extending  to  the  tip; 
pa lea  0. 

Southern  Oregon,  Hentlerson  1G08;  California,  Priiujle  in 
1S82. 

or.   (135).     Gastridium  lieauv.  Agrost.  21,  t.  0./.  G  (1812). 

Spikelets  1 -flowered  in  a  close  tai)ering  spikelike  panicle;  rachilla 
articulate  above  the  persistent  lower  glumes  and  produced  beyond 
the  perfect  flower  as  a  short  bristle.  Einjity  glumes  very  acute,  the 
base  shining,  enlarged,  ventricose,  concave  below,  keeled  above, 
first  glume  longer  than  the  second;  floret  about  one-fourth  as  long 
as  the  second  glume,  having  a  tuft  of  very  minute  hairs  at  the 
base,  also  hairy  on  the  back,  apex  truncate-dentate,  usually  with 
a  sleiuier  twisted  awn  on  the  back  below  the  apex  exceeding  the 
spikelet;  palea  as  long  as  its  glume.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short, 
distinct.     Grain  subglobose  included,  but  not  adherent. 

Tufted  annuals  with  flat  leaf -blades.     Si)ike  exsertcd. 

]Jy  some  authors  this  genus  has  been  included  with  Agrostis. 
The  older  authors  included  it  iu  Milium  on  account  of  the  hardness 
in  the  glume. 

There  are  2  species  from  the  !^^editerranean  region,  one  of  which 
is  also  found  in  tropical  Africa  and  in  South  America. 

1.  G.  AUSTRALE  Beauv.  1.  c.  XiT-GRASs.  G.  lendigerum  Gaud. 
Fl.  llelv.  1:176  (1828).  G.  Jaxum  Boiss.  &  Rent.  Pugill.  PL 
Nov.  126.      G.  vestitum  Spreng.  Neue  Entdeck.  2:36  (1793). 


330 


POACE.E. 


Culms  erect,  branching  below,  1 5-00  cm.  high.     Sheaths  shorter 

tlmii  tilt'  intuniock's;  ligiile  -4-.')  mm. 
long;  bliules  Hut  or  involiito,  j>iiU' green, 
5-12  em.  long.  Spikelike  piinicle,  5-15 
cm.  long,  nearly  1  em.  broad,  shining 
with  a  lustre  like  satin. '  Spikelets  lan- 
ceolate, sliglitly  scabrous  on  the  keels, 
5-0  mm.  long,  first  glume  with  a  shiny 
enlargement  at  the  base. 

California  near  the  sea  coast,  also  in 
Chili,  anil  in  the  vicinity  of  tlie  Medi- 
terranean Sea. 

1'lie  grass  appears  to  be  unpalatable 
to  stock. 

G8.  (140).  CalamaOEOSTIS  Adans. 
Fam.  PI.  3:31  {\7ij-6).  Dci/vKxiu  Clar. 
Beauv.  Agrost.  43,  /.  9,  fujs.  9,  10 
(1812).  jMrhiKujrosfifi  Trin.  Fund. 
Agrost.  12H  (1812).  J^rk/iela  Steud. 
Syn.  PI.  (J ram.   101     (1S54). 

Spikelets  1 -(lowered,  iiedicellate  or 
rarely  sessile,  the  i)aniele  either  loose 
and  spreading  or  narrow  and  spikelike, 
the  raeliilla  articulate  above  the  outer 
glumes,  usually  bearing  a  tuft  of  hairs 
round  the  lloral  glume  and  produced 
beyond  it  in  a  snudl  ciliate  (rarely  glabrous)  bristle,  very  rarely 
bearing  an  empty  glume  or  imperfect  flower,  sometimes  very 
minute,  or  deticient.  The  two  outer  glumes  persistent,  keeled, 
iinawned;  floral  glume  shorter  and  very  thin,  about  as  long 
(rarely  longer  and  membranous),  broad,  5-nerved  below  the  awn, 
with  a  fine  dorsal  awn,  usually  bent  and  twisted,  rarely  short  and 
straight  or  sometimes  absent;  palea  thin,  more  than  half  as  long  as 
its  glume,  faintly  or  prominently  2-nerved.  Styles  distinct,  short. 
Grain  enclosed  and  sometimes  partially  adhering  to  floral  glume 
and  palea. 


Tin.  58. — Gdntridiumnusti'ale. 
A,  spikelct;  a,  tloict.  (ycrib- 
iier.) 


A(Ji{()STii)K.K.  8:i7 

There  are  about  120  apocioa  widely  spread  over  the  warmer  ami 
tenii>erate  regions  of  both  the  Eastern  and  the  Western  llemi- 
8j)heres,  hcin;,'  particularly  numerous  in  the  Andes  of  South  Arneriea. 

IJentham  says:  •'They  are  frefpiently  regarded  as  forming  a 
Bection  of  .ir/rox/is,  from  wliich  they  dilTer  ehirlly  in  the  more 
developed  jialoa  and  the  usual  presence  of  the  hristlo  contimiing 
tlie  rachis  of  the  spikelet,  whilst  fdliers  again  refer  /hi/fiuia  to 
the  supposed  distinct  tribe  Arvn<lliie(r,  on  account  of  the  hairs 
8urrou!iding  the  flowering  glume.  But  these  hairs  are  ])resent  in 
almost  all  sju'cies  of  Aymslis." 

The  northern  species  diller  from  Af/rosfis  in  the  prolongation 
of  the  rachilla  into  a  bristle  or  stipes,  usually,  but  not  always, 
hairy,  in  the  larger  spikelcts.  with  the  palea  nearly  as  long  as  the 
glume,  and  the  usually  hair\  racjliilla. 

Hentham  still  retains  the  genus  ('((hoinif/nis/is  Adans.  for 
some  5  speiries,  none  of  which  are  fouiul  in  North  Ai>ierica. 

Ilackel  places  /)('i/en.i'ia  as  a  setstion  of  ('((Utmiif/roslis, 

A.  Leaf-blades  involute,  setaceous  or  rigid (a,) 

a.    rani(;le  thin,  4-"  cm.  h»ng,  i)urple,  spikelcts  ;5.5  mm. 

long' I 

a.   Panicle  thin,  6-1".'  cm.  long,  whitish,  spikelcts  (J-i  mm. 
long o 

a.   Panicle  thin.  10-1,')  cm.  long,  spikelcts  4  mm.  long.    .     3 

a.   Panicle  thin,  10-14  cm.  long,  spikelcts  ,').5  mm.  long.    4 

a.   Panicle  rather  close,  8-10  cm.  long,  Ihu'  pubescence  at 

the  base  of  the  blade,  liglit  green,  spikelcts  3-4  mm. 

long 5 

a.  I'anicle  dense,  7-10  cm.  long,  fine  wool  at  the  base  of 

the  blades;  spikelcts  4  mm.  long (5 

a.  Panicle  dense,  blades  scabrous,  5-8  cm.  long;  spike- 

lets  4-4.7  mm.  long 7 

B.  Leaf-blades  Hat  or  sometimes  involute (b) 

b.  JJase  of  the  blades  softly  woolly;  panicle  open,  thin, 
whitish 8 

b.  No  soft  wool  at  the  base  of  the  blade;  a  ring  of  short 
hairs  in  11 (e) 


HAS 


VOM'K.K. 

c.  SpikcU'ts  '2  mm.  loiij;.  paiiiclo  itiiri)lisli,  opi'ii,  10- 
1''  ''"'•  '<>"^' 0 

c.  Spiki'li'ts  :{-4  mm.  loii^';  panicle  luDccoIiitc.  IT)  cm. 
•o"^' 10 

c.  Spikch'tH  4-«]  mm.  loii^',  glumes  ju'umiiiati'.  paiii- 
clo ojUMi,  purplish 1  ^ 

c.  Spikoli'ts  4.5  mm.  lon<,',  paiiido  Hpikt'Iiki'.  O-S  cm. 


lonjr 


1-^ 

c.  Spikdcta  4-.")  mm.  long,  acute,  paiiiclo  spikcliko, 

5-7  cm.  long jy 

c.  Spikck'ts  T)  mm.  long,  })aniclo  open,  silvery  green, 

(j-lii  cm.  long 1^ 

e.  S[)ikeletH  T)-*!  mm.  long,  panicle  thin,  H-VZ  em.  long.  15 
e.  Spikelets   5-G  mm.  long,  i)aniele  rather  loose,  !•*- 

25  cm.  long jq 

c.   Spikelets  5-7  mm.  long,  panicle  rather  dense,  8-15 

cm.  long 1 -< 

~  ij 

c.  Spikelets  6-7  mm.  long,  acuminate,  panicle  dense, 


6-10  mm.  long. 


p' 


18,  19 

c.  Spikelets  2.. '3-4  mm.  long l\\ 

d.  Unawued 20 

d.  Awn  starting  at  the  apex  of  the  notch  of  its 
glume,  iwniclo  open,  wliitish  green,  10-15  cm. 

long 21 

d.  Awn  starting  below  tlie  notcli  of  its  glume.     .  (e) 
e.  Panicle  rather  dense,  purple,  spikelets  4  mm. 

lo».^' 22 


} 


e.  Panicle  interrupted,  12-15  cm.  long,  spike- 
lets 4  mm.  long o 

e.  Panicle  open,  10-20  cm.  long,  spikelets  gap- 
ing, 2.5-3.5  mm.  long,  awn  very  slender, 
straight ^i 

e.  Panicle  lanceolate,  15  cm.  long,  spikelets  2- 
3  mm.  long 10 

e.  Panicle  loose,  4-20  cm.  long,  spikelets  4  mm. 
lo»g 25 


A(im»s'i'ii>i:.K.  'S.M 

0.   I'aiiick*  lolx'd,  nitliiT  tlciisc,  lo-lti  cm.  I(»ii;^'. 
Kpikch'ta  l{.r)-4  mm.  Ion;;,  iiwn  stnii;;lit.  .     .     'H) 

1.  C.  deachampsioidei  Triii.  Ir.  (iruin.  /.  'A.'A't-i  (is:u\).  Ih- 
livu.fin  drxrlitdiipxiitiih's  N'uscv.  Cut.  (Jr.  V.  S.  'id  (IS85). 

All  iTi'ct  slender  donscly  tuCteil  pereiiniiil.  I."i  ;{*>  cm.  Iiiirli. 
Slieatlis  cldSi'.  ludf  uk  loii^'  us  tlic  iiileniodes;  li;,nd«' acute,  deciir- 
rent.  ;{  mm.  lon^;  liladcn  involute,  setueeoiis.  tliose  helow  (i-lOem. 
long,  tliose  of  the  culm  2  in  miml)er.  ','-4  cm.  loii;r.  I'unide  tliiu. 
erect,  oblong  or  nanowly  pyramidal,  4-7  em.  long,  rays  in  .sets  of 
l-:j.  bearing  l-I)  spikelets  near  the  tips.  Spikelets  blackish  purple, 
elliptii'ul,  acute,  aliout  :{.')  mm.  long,  tlio  bent  awn  projecting  l-'-i 
mm.  Em))ty  glumes  eipial.  ovatedanccolate,  obscurely  nerved; 
lloral  glume  a  little  sliorter,  4-toothed,  the  awn  attached  near  the 
base,  tb(!  hairs  short,  in  two  bunches,  the  hairy  rudiment  1.5-'^ 
mm.  long,  aside  from  its  hairs;  i)alea  a  little  shorter  than  its 
glume. 

California,  lireirer  from  the  summit  of  Carson  Puss,  at  an  alti- 
tude of  SODO  feet. 

In  several  parts  of  California  at  high  altitudes. 

'Z.  C.  Howellii  Vasey,  Coult.  Jiot.  (Jaz.  G:  'i:i  (1881).  Dei/oi.n',/ 
HowelUi  N'asey,  Agric.  Grasses  U.  S.  To,  t.  (il  (1884). 

A  slender  erect  smooth  densely  tufted  perennial,  ;50-5()  cm. 
high.  Ligule  3  mm.  long;  blades  involute-setaceous,  the  lower  as 
long  as  tile  culms,  the  others  about  3  in  number,  lO-^'O  cm.  long, 
the  upper  often  exceeding  the  iianicle.  Panicle  scarcely  exserted. 
open,  thin,  pyramidal,  0-12  cm.  long;  rays  slender,  mostly  in  lives, 
llower-bearing  above  the  miildle.  Spikelets  whitish  green,  tinged 
with  purple,  lanceolate,  0-7  mm.  long,  bearing  a  twisted  and  bi'ut 
awn  projecting  0-10  mm.  Empty  glumes  sube(iual,  niembraiious. 
ellii)tical-lanceolate,  first  1-nerved,  second  a  little  shorter.  3-nervc(|; 
iloral  glume  about  5  mm.  long,  terminating  in  2-4  mucronate 
teeth,  the  awn  inserted  one-third  the  way  from  the  base  to  the 
ai)ex;  palea  slender,  but  little  shorter  than  its  glume,  bidentate, 
basal  hairs  over  half  the  length  of  the  floret,  hairv  rudiment  about 
1.5  mm.  long. 


340  POACE.E. 

Oregon,  [foKH'U.  Sm'bncr,  Ilvudvrxon. 
Wasliiiigton  iiiul  Oregon. 

3.  C.  OrizabsB  {\\\\\n\)  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gram.  193  (1855). 
Dci/nLn'a  Orizahw  \{\\\^v.  liull.  Aciul.  lirux.  1»,  part  2:233  (1842). 

A  slender  erect  tufted  perennial,  about  90  cm.  high.  Sterile 
shoots  numerous,  the  blades  conduplieate.  40-GO  cm.  long,  0.5  mm. 
diam.,  those  of  the  culm  2  in  number;  sheaths  smooth ;  ligule  very 
short;  blades  5-lOcm.  long.  Panicle  slender,  thin,  drooping,  10-15 
cm.  long,  rays  mostly  in  threes,  rather  distant,  the  longest  6-8  cm. 
long,  sparingly  branched  aiul  flower-bearing  on  the  outer  half. 
Spikelets  linear.  4  mm,  long:  empty  glumes  and  floral  glume 
ecpial,  flrst  glume  1-nerved,  second  3-nerved;  floral  glume  oval 
Avh(;n  spread,  obtuse,  tuft  of  hairs  very  short,  awn  one-third  the 
way  below  the  apex  and  projecting  about  1  mm.,  rudiment  1.5  mm. 
long;  palea  linear,  hyaline,  3  mm.  long. 

Mexico,  /'/-////y/f  4243;  found  12UOO-14000  feet  above  the  sea- 
level. 

4.  C.  erecta.  C.  phtniosu  (Fourn.)  Scribn.  ined.  Achivta 
jihinwm  Fourn.  Mex.  PI.  Enum.  Oram.  109  (1880). 

An  erect  tufted  perennial,  (10-80  cm.  high.  Sterile  shoots 
numerous,  the  blades  involute,  flliform,  30-40  cm.  long.  0.3-0.6 
mm.  diam.,  those  of  the  culri  3  in  nunil)er,  the  sheath  of  the  middle 
one  smooth,  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  internode;  ligule,  3  mm.  long; 
blades  10-15  cm.  long,  the  upper  blade  shorter.  Panicle  })urple. 
slender,  tliin,  slightly  drooping.  10-14  cm.  hmg,  rays  nu)stly  in 
])airs,  the  longest  3-5  cm.  long,  bearing  spikelets  on  the  outer  two- 
thirds.  Spikelets  linear-lanceolate,  5.5  mm.  long;  empty  glumes 
equal,  flrst  1-nerved,  second  3-nerved:  floral  glume  pubescent  when 
seen  uiuler  a  lens.  4.5-4.T  mm.  long.  truncate-toot!:ed:  awn  0.5-1 
nun.  long,  attached  but  little  below  the  apex  of  its  glume:  rudiment 
puberulent,  2.1  mm.  long;  palea  hyaliiu'.  ;{..")  n.m.  long. 

The  si)ecific  name  phtniom  under  CiiUiDHKjrosiix  had  been  used 
by  Spreng,  hence  the  new  name  here  given. 

Mexico,  Pringle  4T2G,  found  under  pines  at  an  altitude  of 
10,400  feet. 

5.  C.  Suksdorfii  Scribn.  Hull.  Torr.  Club,  15:9  (1888).     Ay/- 


AOHOSTIDEJi;.  341 

euj-ia    Sid-sdorfii    Scribii.    Vjisey,    Desc.     Cat.    Gr.    U.     8.     51 
(1885). 

A  sloiuler  tufted  perennial,  GO-00  cm.  liigli.  Slieatlis  shorter 
tliun  tlie  interiiodes:  ligule  ;J -5  mm.  long,  often  more  or  less 
woolly  ])ubescent  on  the  back  near  the  base  of  blade;  blades  of  sterile 
shoots  15-30  cm.  long,  ;j-5  mm.  broad,  taperiiig  into  very  long  and 
slender  ])oints,  scabrous  below  and  strigose  pubescent  above;  those 
of  the  culm  usually  three.  Panicle  pale  straw-color,  strict,  more 
or  less  interru])ted,  8-10  cm.  long,  1.5-2  cm.  wide;  rays  in  crowded 
clusters,  2-3  cm.  distant,  the  longest  4  cm.  long,  all  densely 
flowered.  Spikelets  3-4  mm.  long,  empty  glumes  subequal,  lan- 
ceolate, acute,  first  1-nerved,  second  3-nerved  at  the  base;  floral 
glume  oblong,  truncate-toothed.  2.7  mm.  long,  the  stout  twisted 
awn  starting  below  the  middle  and  extending  1-2  mm.  above  its 
glume,  hairs  less  than  1  mm.  long,  in  two  bunches  near  the  mar- 
gins of  the  base  of  the  glume;  palea  as  long  as  its  glume,  rudiment 
1  mm.  long,  with  hairs  making  it  appear  still  longer. 

In  the  JMontana  plants,  the  woolly  pubescence  at  the  base  of  the 
blade  is  wanting. 

Montana  (Great  Falls),  Anderson  54:  British  Columbia,  Macoun 
in  1885;  Oregon,  Cusick  1317. 

Montana,  British  America.  Washington.  Oregon,  and  California. 
G.  C.  rubescens  Buckl.  Proc.  Pliila.  Acad.  92  (1803).     nc//r/t.ria 
rnhesconti  N'asey.  Cat.  Gr.  V.  S.  51  (1885). 

Aslendererect  tufted  perennial,  more  or  less  j)urple  throughout, 
60-90  cm.  higli,  from  strong  rootstocks.  Sheaths  half  as  long  as 
the  internodes;  ligule  acute,  lacerate,  decurrcnt,  3-5  nun.  long; 
blades  of  sterile  shoots  numerous,  involute,  setaceous,  gliuicous.  sca- 
brous, 10-20  cm.  long,  3  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  culm  3-4  in  num- 
ber, 10-15  cm.  long,  the  upper  one  4  cm.  long,  short  woolly  hairs 
usually  appearing  on  the  lower  side  at  the  base  of  the  blade.  Pani- 
cle much  exserted.  strict,  dense,  interrupted,  7-10  cm.  long,  1.5 
cm.  broad,  the  short  rays  densely  flowered  to  the  base.  Spikelets 
rough,  elliptical,  acute,  nearly  4  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  equal 
or  slightly  unequal,  ovate-lanceolate,  first  1-nerved,  second  3- 
nerved  ;  tlord  glume  a  little  shorter,  narrowly  elliptical,  acute,  bifid. 


342  POACE.E. 

tlie  stiff  twisted  and  bent  awn  starting  a  little  below  the  middle 
and  extending  to  the  apex  of  its  glume  or  a  little  beyond,  hairs  in 
2  tufts,  one  on  eitlier  side,  less  tlian  half  as  long  as  the  glume;  rudi- 
ment 1  mm.  long,  with  a  few  short  hairs  rp'ichiug  beyond  the  apex. 

California  (Meiulocino),  Prinyh  in  1882. 

Oregon  to  California. 

7.  C.  Montanensis  (Scribn.).  Deyeuxiu  Montaucnsis  Scnbn. 
Soe.  Pro.  Agrifl.  Sci.  G  (1883). 

A  rigid  glaucous  perennial,  20-40  cm.  high,  with  slender  root- 
stocks.  Sheaths  3,  nearly  smooth,  the  u})per  extending  nearly  half 
way  to  tiie  top  of  tlie  plant,  or  almost  to  the  panicle;  ligule  firm, 
decurrent,  3  mm.  long;  blades  involute,  rigid,  i)ungent-j)ointed, 
t)-12cm.  long,  2-2.5  mm.  wiile,  scabrous  above  and  below.  Panicle 
linear,  dense  or  slightly  interru})ted,  5-8  cm.  long;  rays  in  half- 
whorls  of  3-7,  the  longest  2.5  cm.  long,  flower-bearing  on  the  outer 
three-fifths.  Spikelets  pedicellate,  linear-lanceolate,  4-4.7  mm. 
long;  em})ty  glumes  e(|ual  or  subequal,  scabrous,  first  1 -nerved, 
second  3-nerved,  the  lateral  nerves  obscure,  rudiment  1  mm.  long, 
the  hairs  extending  to  the  top  of  the  palea;  floral  glume  scabrid,^ 
oval,  truncate,  4-5-toothed,  about  3  mm.  long,  awn  from  near  the 
middle  reaching  to  its  apex;  palea  oval,  erose  or  toothed,  2.5  mm.. 
long.     Anthers  linear,  2.2  mm.  long. 

British  America.  E.  linufijcau  in  1858. 

Montana,  Canbi/  &  Scrtb>ier'^G',\  in  1883. 

8.  C.  Porteri  A.  Gray,  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  6:  79  (1802).  Dey- 
euxia  Porferi  Xnsvy,  Cat.  (Jr.  U.  S.  51  (1885). 

Perennial,  froni  creeping  rootstocks.  Culms  slender,  ei\./,  (iO- 
120  cm.  high.  Slieaths  close,  half  as  long  as  the  internod.s;  ligule 
2-3  mm.  long;  l)lades  flat,  scabrous,  with  a  woolly-bearded  ring  at 
the  base  on  the  outside,  12-20  cm.  long,  5-7  mm.  wide,  a[)ex 
attenuate,  base  narrow.  I^micle  exserted,  ojjen  or  thin,  7-14  cm. 
long,  1.5  cm.  wide;  rays  few  to  many,  the  clusters  2-3  cm.  distant, 
1-5  cm.  long.  Spikelets  rough,  pale  green,  elliptical,  acute,  3.5-4 
mm.  long;  empty  glumes  nearly  equal,  appearing  lanceolate,  owing 
to  the  upjier  part  having  involute  margins,  first  1-nerved,  second 
obscurely   3-nerve(l;  floral  glume  2.5  mm.   long,  ovate,   truncate- 


AGROSTIDE.E.  343 

toothed,  the  stout  twisted  awn  starting  below  tlie  middle  and  ex- 
tending 0.5  mm.  above  the  iloret.  hairs  few  and  weak,  half  as  long 
as  the  lloral  glume,  the  hairy  rudiment  0.5  mm.  long. 

Pennsylvania  (dry  woods  in  Huntington  County),  Porter;  New 
York,  I)}(dley. 

9,  C.  Macouniana  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Kat.  Herb.  ;};  SI 
(1892).  Deyeuxia  Macouniana  XnBey,  Coult.  Bot.  (jiaz.  10:  ;»!iT 
(1885). 

Culms  from  cree})ing  rootstocks,  slender,  ereet,  branching 
sparingly  along  the  middle,  00-90  cm.  high,  iiiternoiles  about  5  in 
number,  besides  the  very  short  ones  below.  Sheaths  nearly  smootii, 
longer  than  the  internodes;  ligule  lacerate,  thin,  'i  mm.  long;  bhides 
scabrous,  Hat  orinvohitc,  apex  attenuate,  the  blade  l5-*^'o  cm.  long, 
3-;)  mm.  wide.  Panicle  open,  10-12  cm.  long,  2—1  cm.  broad; 
rays  mostly  in  fives,  erect,  sleiuler,  clusters  1-1.5  nn.  distiint. 
Spikelcts  purple  below,  mostly  on  the  u})per  part  of  tne  branches, 
oval-lanceolate,  about  2  mm.  long;  first  glume  ovate-lanceolate,  1- 
nerved,  second  a  little  shorter,  3-nerved,  otherwise  like  the  first; 
floral  glume  ovate,  oblong,  2-lobed,  1.5  mm.  long,  awn  near  the 
middle  of  its  ghime,  straight,  reaching  a  little  beyond  its  ai)ex;  palea 
oval,  1  mm.  long,  apex  truneate-tootheil,  hairs  as  long  as  the  Iloret, 
hairy  rudiment  one-third  mm.  long. 

British  America,  Macon n  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  44. 

]?orders  of  marshes. 

10.  C.  Scribneri.  Deyeuxia  chihia  Scribn.  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz. 
11:114  (1880).  C'alamugrostis  (labia  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Herb.  3:  (1892). 

Perennial;  culms  rather  slender,  erect,  GO-90  cm.  high. 
Sheaths  scabrid,  much  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  3  mm. 
long,  (lecurrent;  blades  scabrous,  about  20  cm.  long,  4  mm.  wide. 
Panicle  lanceolate,  about  15  cm.  long;  rays  erect,  3-G,  the  longest 
4-0  cm.  long,  flower-bearing  on  the  outer  three-fifths.  S[)ik('K'ts 
subsessile  or  pedicellate,  linear-lanceolate,  3-4  mm.  long;  cnntty 
glumes  equal,  scabrid,  second  3-nerved.  bristle  0.5  mm,  long,  hairs 
twice  as  long;  floral  glume  oval,  truncate,  4-toothiMi,  2-.i  mm. 
long,  awn  rather  short,  attached  below  the  middle  and  exteiuliuEr 


844  POACE^. 

above  its  glume ;  palea  very  nearly  as  long  as  its  glume,  erose  or  2- 
toothod. 

Professor  Scribner  says :  "It differs  from  both  in  tlie less  spread- 
ing and  more  densely  flowering  brandies  of  the  panicle,  the  stouter 
brandies  at  each  joint  flower-bearing  to  the  base.  From  D.  Cana- 
densis it  is  at  once  distinguislied  by  the  longer  and  stouter  awn, 
shorter  hairs  surrounding  the  flowering  glume,  and  firmer  and  longer 
palea.  The  spikelets  are  smaller  than  in  D.  Lauffsdorffii,  the 
empty  glumes  are  much  smootiier  and  less  rigid  or  firm  in  texture, 
the  hairs  are  less  copious  as  well  as  shorter,  and  the  palea  is  propor- 
tionally longer."  The  specific  name  diibin  was  used  with  Calama- 
grosfis  by  Uunge,  Lehm.  Rel.  348  (1847),  lience  the  change  ahove 
to  Scribneri,  for  the  discoverer. 

Montana  (Yellowstone  Park),  Tweedy  365. 

Montana,  Washington,  Oregon. 

11.  C.  Langsdorffii  (Link)  Trin.  Unifl.  225,  t.  4,  fig.  10  (1824). 
Ariindo  Lan(isdorff{ili\xxk,  Ilort.  Bei'ol.  1:74  (1821).  Deyeuxia 
Langsdorffii  Kunth,  Rev.  Gram.  1:77  (1829). 

Much  the  same  as  6^.  Canadensis,  excepting  tlie  ligule  may  be 
8-12  mm.  long,  the  spikelets  4-6  mm.  long,  empty  glumes  atten- 
uate-acuminate, first  1-3-nerved,  second  a  little  shorter,  3-nerved ; 
floral  glume  3.5-4  mm.  long,  oval,  truncato-tootlied,  awn  straight, 
stouter,  attached  a  little  below  the  middle,  hairs  longer  than  the 
floret,  or  of  the  same  height  or  a  little  shorter;  rudiment  1-1.7  mm. 
long,  with  hairs  extending  to  the  tip  of  the  floret. 

New  Hampshire,  Pringle ;  Minnesota,  Geol.  Surv.,  B  519; 
Montana,   WiUiams. 

Canada,  New  Hampshire,  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  Alaska. 

12.  C.  Vaseyi.  Ariindo  pnrpvrascns  Schult.  Mant.  3:603 
(1824).  Degcnxia  jmrjmrascens  Kunth,  Rev.  Gram.  1:7  (1829), 
not  Calamagrnstis  purpvrascens  R.  Br.  Richards,  App.  Frank, 
which  is  D.  sylratica  Kunth. 

A  tufted,  rather  slender  perennial,  60-75  cm.  high.  Slieaths 
about  5  in  number,  mostly  half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  inter- 
nodes;  ligule  lacerate.  3-4  mm.  long;  blades  flat,  scabrous,  long- 
pointed,  15-20  cm.  long.  4-8  mm.  wide,  with  a  ring  of  short  hairs  at 


AGHOSTIDE.E.  345 

the  base.  Panicle  spikelike,  purple,  0-8  cm.  long,  1  cm.  broad, 
more  or  less  interrupted.  Spikelets  lanceolate,  about  4.5  mm.  long; 
first  glume  a  little  the  longer,  second  elliptical,  acute,  3-nerved; 
floral  glume  oblong  when  spread,  3  mm.  long,  toothed,  the  awn 
rather  stout,  straight,  3-4  mm.  long,  starting  1  mm.  from  the  base 
of  its  glume;  palea  nearly  as  long  as  its  glume,  hairs  of  the  callus 
few,  1  mm.  long,  rudiment  nearly  3  mm.  long,  including  the  hairs. 

Washington  (Cascade  Mou..  ains),   Vaf<ey. 

Alaska  to  Wasliington. 

13.  C.  kcelerioides  Vasey,  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  IG:  147  (1891). 
Perennial;  culms  rather  stout,  smooth,  90  cm.  high.     Ligule 

3-4  mm.  long;  blades  flat  or  involute,  10-13  cm.  long,  the  u])})er 
1-4  cm.  long.  4-5  mm.  wide,  apex  punctate.  Panicle  exserted, 
spike-like,  more  or  less  interrupted.  .5-7  cm.  long,  G-10  mm.  broad. 
S[)ikelets  linear-huK-eoiate,  scabi'id.  4-5  cm.  long,  empty  glumes 
subequal,  the  lower  the  .shorter,  linear,  acute,  flrst  1-uerved,  second 
3-nervcd;  floral  glume  3.5-4.5  mm.  long,  scabrous,  ovate  when 
spread,  with  a  few  hairs  one-fourth  its  length;  awn  bent,  stout, 
starting  one-third  the  way  from  the  base  of  its  glume,  which  it 
equals  or  slightly  exceeds;  rudiment  1.3  mm.  long,  bearing  a  few 
short  stiflf  hairs  at  the  apex. 

California  (San  Diego),  Orcntt  for  U.  S.  Nat.  Kerb. 

\'ar.  densa  (Vasey).  Cahimayrostis  deiisn  Vasey,  Coult.  Bot. 
Gaz.  1G:147  (1891). 

A  little  taller,  the  upper  blades  G-8  cm.  long,  ligule  a  little 
longer;  panicle  enclosed  at  the  base  when  young,  some  ot  the  rays 
3  cm.  long. 

Found  with  the  species. 

14.  C.  Pringlei  (Scribn.).     Dei/ei<.via  Pringlei  Scribn.  ined. 
Perennial;  culms  erect,  stout,  40-70  cm.  high.     Sheaths  mostly 

longer  tiian  the  internodes;  ligule  1-2  mm.  long,  decurrent;  blades 
about  5  to  the  culm,  flat,  few.  leaves  of  sterile  shoots  slightly 
scabrid,  15-30  cm.  long,  3  mm.  wide.  Panicle  exserted,  silvery 
green,  tinged  with  purple,  rather  thin,  G-13  cm.  long,  pyramidal 
or  narrow;  rays  capillary,  G-8  in  half- whorls,  3-3  cm.  distant,  the 
longest  3-5  cm.  long,    erect,  flower-bearing   on    the   upper   half. 


H46  POACE.E. 

Spikelets  with  t'ni})ty  gluiius  subcqual,  about  ')  nun.  loii<;.  lanct'o- 
lato,  acuto  wla'U  spread,  appoarin*:'  k^-cli'il.  lirst  l-iiervcd,  si'coiul 
obscurely  3-nervc(l,  rudiment  1.5  inni.  long  witli  a  ijencil-tul't  still 
longer;  hairs  in  '2  tul'ts,  1  mm.  long;  lloral  glume  seahi'id.  ovid. 
acute.  4  mm.  long,  the  rather  slender  twisted  and  bi'Ut  awn  attached 
just  below  the  middle  and  exceeding  the  empty  glumes  about  •^nini; 
l)alea  lanceolate,  nearly  as  long  as  its  glume. 

Mexico,  Pn'}i(/h'  U22  in  1887,  itOOO  feet  altitude. 

15.  C.  lactea  (Suksdorf),  Jhi/ciixid  htcleit  Huksdoril!  in  herb. 
(1890). 

Perennial;  culms  stout,  scabrous,  00  cm.  high.  Sterile  shoots 
few.  Leaves  scabrous;  sheaths  of  the  culm  half  or  two-thirds  us 
long  as  the  internodes;  ligule  2-;J  mm.  long,  decurrent;  blades 
20-130  cm.  long,  5-7  mm.  wide.  I'aniele  slightly  exserted,  silvery 
green,  rather  thin,  j)yramidal,  8-12  cm.  long,  rays  in  hall'-whorls  of 
4-0,  the  longest  3-5  cm.  long,  flower-bearing  on  the  u])per  half. 
Spikelets  with  empty  glumes  subecpud,  5-0  nun.  long,  lanceolate 
when  spread,  first  1-ncrved,  second  3-nerved;  hairs  surrouiuling 
the  base  of  the  floret  numerous,  3.5  mm.  long,  rudiment  0.5  mm. 
long,  pencil-tufted:  floral  glume  oval,  acute,  4.3  mm.  long,  the 
slender  awn  attached  1  mm.  above  the  base  and  extending  to  the 
tips  of  the  empty  glumes;  palea  3.5-3  mm.  long.  Anthers  2  mm. 
i  jng.     Nearly  allied  to  Ih  Pn'/if/Ici  Scribuer. 

Washington,  Suksdorf  1022;  banks  of  tlie  North  Fork  of 
Kooksack  IJiver.  near  ^loutit  Baker. 

10.  C.  Aleutica  IJong.  A'eg.  Ins.  Sitcha  171  (1S31).  Dcycnxia 
Ahutiea^Uuwo.     Hook.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  23:345  (1802). 

Perennial;  culms  stout,  erect,  G0-150cm.  high.  Sheaths  loose, 
shorter  than  the  long  internodes;  ligule  ovate  or  truncate.  4-7  mm. 
long;  blades  of  the  culm  rather  firm,  scabrous,  flat  or  involute, 
20-40  cm.  long,  those  of  sterile  shoots  longer,  5-8  mm.  wide. 
Panicle  much  or  little  exserted  on  a  scabrous  peduncle,  rather  loose, 
slightly  interrupted,  nearly  acute,  erect,  12-25  cm.  long,  2-3  cm. 
broad  ;  rays  in  crowded  i-lusters,  4-8  cm.  long,  the  branches  bearing 
spikelets  for  nearly  their  whole  length.  Spikelets  pale  or  brownish 
purple,  elliptical-lanceolate,  5-0  mm.  long,  usually  longer  than  their 


AOHOSTIDK.E.  347 

pedicels;  empty  jrluiiies  nearly  ef|iiiil.  t'Uiptical-laiieeoliite,  rougliish, 
first  l-nerved.  secoiul  ;J-nerve(l ;  llonil  yliiiiK'  nearly  sinootli,  oval- 
liuiceolate,  -l-tootlieil  or  laeerute,  5  nun.  lonu.  awn  attaclied  near 
tlie  middle  and  extending  to  the  tip  of  its  glnme,  hairs  al)out  half 
the  length  of  the  glume,  rudiment  minute;  palea  nearly  us  long  as 
its  glume,  truncate  or  obtuse,  eiliate  at  the  apex. 

A  very  robust  speeies  forming  dense  tufts  on  the  hillsides.  Ac- 
cording to  Dr.  Thurber,  the  lower  leaves  break  oil"  near  the  sheaths, 
leaving  these  erect  and  rigid.  The  length  of  the  2  empty  glumes 
is  (piitc  variable. 

Alaska,  r.  *S'.  T^epf.  Ji/n'cKl.  424;  Tnalaseka.  lf(irn'nf/f(i>i  in 
ls:i-'3,  E.  Hall  (j23;  Oregon,  IlowelU  E.  JJall  &i:];  California, 
Bditimler  4. 

Alaska  to  California. 

17.  C.  sylvatica  var.  Americana  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Herb.  3:83  (iy!»2). 

Perennial;  culms  erect,  20-00  cm.  high.  Sheaths  rather  loose, 
as  long  as  the  internodes,  or  in  tall  ])lants.  two-thirds  as  long;  ligule 
truncate,  1-2  mm.  long;  blades  scal)rid,  often  'with  many  dead 
sheaths  below,  those  of  sterile  shoots  reaching  nearly  to  the  panicle 
or  above  it,  those  of  the  culm  rigid,  7-18  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  wide, 
flat  or  involute,  point  attenuate.  Panicle  enclosed  at  the  base  or 
exserted,  strict,  si)ikelike,  dense,  sometimes  sliglitly  interrupted  be- 
low, 8-15  cm.  long,  1.5-2  cm.  broad,  the  color  ]iale,  light  to  dark 
puri)le;  rays  appressed.  scabrid,  1-2  cm.  long,  in  clusters  of  4-8. 
Spikelets  very  variable  even  in  the  same  panicle  or  on  dilT'i'rent 
panicles  of  the  same  plant,  5-7  mm.  long,  the  twisted  and  bent  awn 
extending  1-3  mm.  above  the  glumes:  empty  glumes  ovate-lanceo- 
late, mostly  appearing  very  acute  when  the  margins  of  the  upper 
])ortion  are  involute,  scabrous  on  the  keel,  first  l-nerved,  second  3- 
nerved  and  a  little  shorter:  floral  glume  scabrous,  ovate,  grooved 
on  the  back,  4-toothed,  4.5-5  mm.  long,  awn  attached  near  the 
base,  hairs  mostlv  in  two  clusters  at  the  sides,  one-third  the  lensfth 
of  the  floret:  palea  a  little  shorter,  the  rudiment  about  2  mm.  long, 
with  hairs  reaching  to  the  tip  of  the  palea. 

"The  plant  seems  to  be  much  more  leafy  at  the  coast  than 


348  POACH, K. 

upon  tlio  inouiitaiiis.  Tlie  color  of  tlio  imiiicio  is  very  vuriiil)lo,  run- 
niug  from  grounisli  straw-color,  throufjfh  various  degrees  of  purple 
to  deep  purple  all  over."     Dr.  Thurber  in    liot.  Calif.,  Vol.  2,  p. 

OU>» 

Montana.  Conhy  'MVl;  Washington,  SaiiiHifrij  ^'Ih,  10'^5. 
■     New  Kngland  to  the  IJociky  Mountains.  Oregon.  California. 

Var.  longifolia  Vasey,  Contrih.  U.  S.  Nat.    Herb.  3:  s;{  (ISli-^). 

Blades  of  sterile  shoots  as  long  as  the  eulni.  involute-setaceous; 
empty  glumes  8  mm.  long,  acuminate;  hairs  more  prominent,  the 
awn  projecting  10  mm.  above  the  floral  glume. 

Calfornia,  Jiohtuhr  0470. 

18.  C.  cinnoides  (Muhl.)  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  5:41 
(1894).  Ai'Hudn  cinnoi(le)<M\\\\\A\\'\.m\.  18r(18i:).  A.  roorrfafa 
Torr.  Fl.  U.S.  1:04  (lS-24).  ('aJdiiuifirosfis  ritinoit/cs  Spreng. 
Syst.  1:25;»  (1824).  (f.  XutfalUaiia  Stcud.  X<mi.  Ed.  ;.'.  1  :  ;.'r>l 
(1841).  PI.  (J ram.  100  (1855).  C.  Ca nmlensis  ^wii.  (Wn.  \-Af> 
(1818).  not  Beau  v. 

Perennial;  culms  stout,  smooth  or  scabrous  below,  90-150  cm, 
high.  Ligide  3-3  mm.  long;  blades  Hat,  scabrous.  2-4  cm.  long, 
4-'7  mm.  wide,  apex  not  attenuate.  Panicle  exserted,  G-10  cm. 
long,  1-2  cm.  broad,  and  then  very  dense  or  slightly  interrupted 
below,  or  larger,  10-20  cm.  long,  2-3  cm.  broad,  and  then  inter- 
rui)ted,  bearing  spikelike  interrupted  branches,  3-0  cm.  long. 
Spikelets  lanceolate,  scabrous,  0-7  mm.  long;  empty  glumes 
si)reading,  nearly  e<iual,  lanceolate,  with  awl-shaped  tij)s,  first  com- 
pressed-keeled, 1-nerved,  second  compressed-keeled  above,  3-nerved; 
floral  glume  4-5  mm.  long,  scabrous,  keeled,  acute,  with  a  few  hairs 
luilf  its  length  on  the  back,  on  the  margins  numerous,  longer  and 
rather  stout  ;  awn  straight,  stout,  starting  one-fourth  the  way  from 
tlie  tip  of  its  glume,  which  it  slightly  exceeds;  rudiment  1-1.5  mm. 
long,  bearing  copious  stiff  hairs  at  the  apex. 

Khode  Island,   Tweedy;    Massachusetts,   Sturtevant;  Delaware, 
Canhy;  District  of  Columbia,  .l/rTV?/'///?/. 

Moist  land,  New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  North  Carolina  and 
southward.     Flowering  in  August. 

19.  C.  Tweedyi  Scribn.    Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3:83 


A(JH<)ST1I)K.E.  349 

(1892).  Deyemia  Tweedyi  Scribu.  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  10 :  04 
(188;}). 

A  robust  pi'iviiniiil,  75-100  i-m.  hif^li.  Slieutlis  sniootli,  whortor 
than  tlie  interuodes;  ligule  deourrent,  3-5  mm.  long;  blmius  Ihit, 
{irni,  ratbor  abruptly  i)olntc(l,  10-20  cm.  long.  G-10  mm.  wide. 
Paniclo  spikoliko,  more  or  k>8S  interrupted,  about  10  cm.  long,  llie 
longest  rays  3  em.  long,  flower-bearing  on  the  upper  half.  Spike- 
lets  6-7  mm.  long,  empty  glumes  subecpial,  elliptical-lanceolate, 
first  1-Tierved,  second  3-nerved;  lloral  glume  slightly  shorter, 
toothed,  ami  bearing  2  seta3,  the  awn  stout,  twisted,  attached  about 
1.5  mm.  above  the  base,  extending  4-G  mm.  above  the  glumes; 
palea  a  little  shorter  ciian  its  glume,  hairs  of  callus  few,  less  than  1 
mm.  long,  the  bristle  'i  mm.  long,  with  hairs  projecting  1  mm. 

Washington  (Cascade  Mountains),  Tii^ci'di/,  Vasvij. 

20.  C.  poseformis  (Fourn.).  ChiHastruni  jmcformc  Fourn. 
Mex.  IM.  Enum.  Cram.  1)0  (1880). 

A  light  green  pereunial,  90-120  cm.  high.  Sheaths  scabrid, 
about  the  length  of  the  interuodes;  ligule  many-nerved,  lacerate, 
8-10  mm.  long;  blades  of  the  culm  4  in  nuntber,  flat,  nearly 
smooth,  taper-pointed,  20-30  cm.  long,  7-10  mm.  wide.  Panicle 
green,  thin,  llexuose  and  nodding,  20-30  cm.  long;  rays  slender, 
in  fours  and  fives,  the  sets  5-0  cm.  distant,  longest  ray  8-10  cm. 
long,  fiow(  r-bearing  on  the  upper  half.  S})ikelt'ts  green,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  2.5  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  scabrous,  3-nerved,  first 
ovate,  sub-acute  when  spread,  second  elliptical-lauccohite,  a  little 
the  longer;  floral  glume  uuawned,  destitute  of  hairs  at  the  base, 
ovate,  as  long  as  the  first  glume,  the  rudiment  1  mm.  long,  another 
bristle  near  it;  palea  nearly  as  long  as  its  glume.  Stamens  2. 
Ovary  ovate-laiu'eolate,  stigmas  luirrow.  In  color,  leaves,  and  ])an- 
icle  it  much  resembles  Cinna  pendula. 

Mexico,  Pringh  4184,  in  cool  moist  soil. 

31.  C.  blanda.  C.  pallida  Vasey  &  Scribn.,  Contrib.  V.  S. 
Nat.  Herb.  3:79  (1892),  not  C.  Muell.  (1808).  Walp.  Ann. 
6:986  (1808). 

Au  erect  ])erennial,  120-150  cm.  high.  Culms  smooth,  rather 
slender,   composed  of   5-T  lengthened  interuodes.     Sheaths  close. 


iioi)  1'UACE.E. 

two-thirds  us  loii{?  as  tlio  inteniodcs;  ligulo  liiocmte,  4  mm.  long; 
l)lii(U'S  flat,  scabrous,  .'{()-4U  mi.  Utiig,  AS  mm.  wide.  I'uiiido  v\- 
scrtcd,  pale,  wliiti.sli  ^^M'ct'ii,  open,  i)yri(midul,  10-15  cm.  long;  rays 
mostly  in  tivi's,  slender,  seabroiirt.  Ilowor-bcaring  above*  tlui  miildlc 
S|Mk('l»'ts  s|)roiidin,ij:.  open,  tlic  gltimcs  thin,  scabrid,  lanc(H)lat('-a('U- 
miiiatt',  lirst  ;J.5  mm.  long,  l-m.'rved,  second  3  mm.  long.  :{-nervcd 
below;  lloral  glume  'l.'-t  mm.  long,  billd,  tootlied,  the  twisted  awn 
attiiohed  at  the  noteh  and  projecting  above  its  glume  1  mm.,  hairs 
somewhat  in  two  sets,  as  long  as  the  lloret;  palea  1.1  mm.  long, 
rudiment  less  than  ()..")  nim.  long,  with  hairs  extending  in  all  •.'  mm. 

Washington,  Sidst/urf  in  1SS.'5  in  Herb.  Sciibner. 

•^2.  C.  breviseta  (A.  (Jray).  Seribn.  Mem.  Torr.  Clid),  41  (1804). 
C.  f<i/Ii'((iira  \av.  (itri'isiid  A.  CI  ray,  Man.  Ed.  1 :  5,S;i  (1S4H).  C. 
PirkeriHijii  A.  Oray,  Man.  Ed.  1:547  (I8r)(;). 

Perennial,  with  cri'oping  rootsto(!k.s.  Culms  slender,  rather  stout, 
30-50  cm.  high,  each  bearing  about  3  leaves.  Sheaths  longer  than 
the  internodes;  ligule  3-5  mm.  long,  decurrent;  blades  Hat,  slight- 
ly rough,  those  of  the  culm  8-14  cm.  long.  4-5  mm.  wide.  Panicle 
slightly  exserted  or  the  base  included,  purplisli,  pyramidal,  inter- 
rupted,  iS-l'-i  cm.  long:  rays  rather  stout,  .ij^pressed  or  diverging. 
Spikelets  narrowly  elli})tical,  acute,  rough,  hardly  4  mm.  long;  empty 
glumes  rather  firm,  nearly  equal,  oblong,  j)()inted  when  flattened, 
first  1-nerved,  second  3-nerved;  floral  gh  me  rough,  ovate,  pointed 
when  spread,  nerves  obscure,  2.5-3.5  mm.  long,  the  stout  straight 
or  l)ent  awn  starting  below  the  middle  and  exceeding  its  glume  a 
very  little,  hairs  very  few  and  short,  rudiment,  including  its  hairs, 
but  little  over  1  mm.  long. 

New  Hampshire  (Mt.  Washington),  E.  Faxon. 

New  P'ngland  and  Canada. 

23.  C.  Cusickii  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3 :  SI  (1892). 
Deyeu.via  Cusickii  Vasey,  Coult.  liot.  Caz.  10:224  (1885). 

Culms  from  creeping  rootstocks,  erect,  smooth,  90-120  cm. 
high,  internodes  about  4  in  number,  besides  the  short  ones  near  the 
base.  Sheaths  nearly  smooth,  about  half  as  long  as  the  internodes; 
ligule  4  mm.  long,  decurrent;  blades  of  sterile  shoots  numerous, 
flat,  flexible,  scabrid,  30  cm.  or  more  long,  4  mm.  wide,  those  of  the 


A(H{(»s'i'ii)i:.i':.  ani 

ciilrii  10-1)0  cm.  lon;j,  5  mm.  wide.  Paiiii'lc  oroot,  ititorniptod, 
l'-i-l."t  cm.  loii;,', '.'-.'J  cm.  limiul ;  niys  mimcroiis  in  dense  dusters, 
)l-'.\  cm.  distant.  Spikcluts  cro\vde(|  from  the  iipex  to  near  the  base 
of  the  hranclies,  naiTow,  smt)()th,  acntc,  ahout  4  mm.  h)n.ir:  OMi|ity 
^'Inmes  snhefjual,  oval-hinecohite,  4  mm.  lon^',  lirst  l-nerved,  second 
u  little  till!  shorter,  ;)-ncrved;  hairs  thin,  uhoul  lialf  as-lon;;  as  tlie 
llort't,  the  hairy  rudiment  about  d'-i  mm.  lun;^:  lloral  <rlume  tlnn, 
bilid,  as  wide  as  tiie  empty  glumes,  al)Out  15. 0  mm.  Ioiilt,  awn 
straight,  inserted  a  little  below  the  middle  ami  but  little  longer 
than  its  glume;    palea  hyaline, 

r.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  1I5!»  from  Cmtirk,  collected  on  Eaglo 
Creek.     Eastern  (Mvgon  on  mountains  at  the  altitude  of  5000  feet. 

Washington  and  Oregon. 

'^4.  C.  Canadensis  (Mich  X.)  Meauv.  Agrost.  !:>;  (isr.»).  \\\.\v.- 
.FoiNT.  AniiHli)  ('(niit</ni.sis  ilichx.  Fl.  iior.  Am.  1:7:!  (IS((;»). 
Annn/ii  inp'ostoldes  I'ursh.  Fl.  Am.  80  (lSl4j.  (J.  Me,rinii((i  Nutt. 
Gen.  1:4(;  (iSlS). 

A  perennial  with  creeping  rootstocks.  ("ultns  erect,  snidotli, 
usually  bearing  sterile  branches  near  the  middle  or  above.  !I0-1.')() 
cm.  high.  Sheaths  close,  but  little  shorter  than  the  iiiternodes; 
ligule  lacerate.  4  mm.  long;  blades  glaucous,  flat,  scabrid,  \i)-\)0 
cm.  long,  0-  S  mm.  wide,  tapering  toward  the  base,  apex  attenuate. 
Panicle  exserted,  loose,  ojien,  oblong,  mostly  tinged  with  purple, 
l0-'>0  cm.  long';  axis  and  rays  mostly  scal)rous,  some  branches 
flower-bearing  above  the  middle  only,  others  for  the  whole  length. 
Spikelets  scal)rid.  open  in  llower  and  in  fruit,  2,r)-3..')  mm.  long; 
empty  glumes  ovate-lanceolate,  lirst  l-nerved,  second  ]-;}-nerved; 
floral  glume  *^-3  mm.  long,  ovate,  acute,  bifid,  bt'aring  a  very 
slender  straight  awii  attached  near  the  middle,  reaching  the  tij)  of 
its  glume  or  shorter  or  longer,  the  hairs  from  two  thirds  us  long  as 
the  floret  to  a  little  exceeding  it;  rudiment  minute. 

Vermont,  Pniif/Jc  ;  New  York,  Thurhcr  ;  Massachusetts,  /^er?/ 
70;  Michigan,  Ow/t'//,  Chirh  701,  32;5r>;  Farmll,  /Mil  77,  78;  Illi- 
nois, IjcxI  ;  Minnesota,  /itiifci/  H  10,  H  250,  H  529,  Sandberg  30. 
013,  795;  Colorado,  ('((ssi>h/;  Wyoming,  najfuni  C  80.  C  91;  Utah, 
Jones  1274;  Washington,  Sxi-sdorf  1023,  2127  ;  Oregon,  Howell. 


883  roAf'K.K. 

Moist  itluct's  ill  tlic  north,  Ciiiuulii,  Now  Kii;,'luii(l  to  California; 
wUle-siMVutl  and  <|iiil»!  variahle.     Seo  Vol.  1,  p.  ITU.     Fi;;.  Si). 

35.  C.  Bolanderi  'riiml>.  S.  Wats.  I^ot  Calif.  2:  •.>8()  (ISSO). 
Dn/t'N.n'ii  hohintlvn    N'aHcy.  Dcsc.  Cat.  dr.  U.  S.  .*»()  (1SS:»). 

iVronnial;  more  or  Icsm  Hcabrous  tiirou^'liout.  Ciilnis  with 
about  ;{  intiTiKMlt's,  gcniculati',  unhranclii'd,  G(»-l'-iO  cm.  \\\)i}\. 
Slit'atlis  riitluT  loose,  .scarcely  half  as  Ion;,'  as  the  internodea;  li^nili'4 
mm.  long,  truncate;  hlados  pale  ;,'reen,  Hat,  15-".*r)  cm.  long,  4-7 
mm.  wide.  Panicle  dark  ])ur[)l('  loose,  pvramidal,  4-iiO  cm.  long; 
the  rays  in  threes  to  lives,  capillary,  the  halt'-wliorls  ,'j  ,5  cm.  dis- 
tant. Spikoletsoii  clavate  pedicels  ahove  the  middle  of  the  branches, 
lanceolate,  4  mm.  long,  awn  exserted,  1-3  mm.  long;  empty  glumes 
Ofpuil,  ovate-lan(!eolate,  4  mm.  long,  scabrous  on  the  keel,  first 
1-nerved,  second  obscurely  ;J-nerved;  floral  glume  rough,  ovate,  3 
mm.  long  with  4  cufps  at  tin;  apex,  awn  attaclieil  near  the  huso, 
hairs  at  base  few.  short,  in  two  clustei-s,  hairy  rudiment  about  I 
mm.  long;  ])alea  juirrower  but  little  shorter  than  its  glume. 

California  (.Mendocino  County),  Holttndcr  (i4Tl,  PriiKjh ;  in 
moist  woods. 

I'O.  C.  neglecta  (Klirh).  rian-tn.  Mey.  &  Schrob.  Fl.  Wett.  1  :  94 
(171)0).  Annulo  t/r;/Irr/n  Khrh.  Heitr.  (1:137  (17!)1).  Cahtnm- 
fffos/is  sh'irfd  Ueauv.  Agrost.  IT)  (IST^).  Annii/o  sfricla  'rinim. 
Siem.  Meckl.  Mag.  2:^3(1.  ex  Kuntli. 

Culms  'iO-fjO  cm.  high,  erect,  scabrous,  ctoming  from  ci'ooping 
rootstocks.  Sheaths  smooth,  nearly  as  long  as  the  intei'nodcs;  lig- 
iile  decurrent,  3  mm.  long;  blades  of  the  cnlm  2-3  in  number, 
usually  involute,  erect,  scabrous  abov(>  and  sometimes  below,  1,5-20 
cm.  long.  3-5  mm.  wide.  Panicle  exserted,  erect,  10-lG  cm.  long, 
l.r)-2..5  cm.  broad,  somewhat  lobed;  rays  crowded,  rather  stout, 
rough.  Spikelets  rough,  crowded,  extending  nearly  to  the  base  of  the 
branches,  elliptical,  acute,  varying  from  straw-color  to  dark  ])urj>le, 
3.5-4  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  ecjual  or  slightly  unequal,  first 
1-ncrved,  second  3-norved;  floral  glume  but  little  shorter,  rough, 
ovate,  truncate-toothed,  the  straight  awn  starting  a  little  below  the 
middle  and  extending  to  the  tip  or  a  little  above  its  glume,  the  hairs 
two-thirds  the  length  of  the  floret,  rudiment  about  1  mm.  long. 


AtiKoSTIDK.K.  808 

Vonnont,  (\  /•:.  Fn.ron  11,  l-»;  Miclii<,'iiii,  /Iral  Hi),  (1nr^- ^O'i, 
fiWi',  Ciiiiiulii,  Mtimux:  MiiiTiosotii,  l/i)/:iiit/rt'  :  Moiitanii.  Atiilirsan 
yi,  4-.».  W  illiiiiiiti;  Wvomiii",',  /liijl'iim  ('  l(».*t;  Dakota,  /hijf'ri/;  I'tiih, 
Jdtirs  114.5;  \\  iisliington,  StiinHtvru  '.Vi.b,  'o',\b,  Suk/idn-f  \i)'i\\ 
Ort'j.'<)ii.  Hiiiirll. 

Coiict'i'iiin^  tlif  aliovf  Hiiccii'.s  uiid  its  rtynoiiyins,  see  liot.  (laz. 
li:lT')  (iSSC).  for  notes  by  F.  \..  Scrihncr. 

C'uiuulu,  New  Kn^iand  to  Oregon  ami  Calironiia. 

\m.  crassiglumis  ('riiurb.).  ('(i/dnHii/msfis  rnis.«i(/J nun's 'riiurh. 
S.  Wats.  Mot.  Calif.  2: '.'81  (1880).  Jh'i/ni.n'n  (■ni.s.sif//iiNiis  Vasey, 
Cut.  (in  r.  S.  50  (188r)). 

Leaves  of  sterile  slioots  as  long  as  the  culm,  wiiicli  is '.'O-IJO,  em. 
liigli;  blades  ol"  the  culm  7-10  em.  long,  rigid,  reaching  to  the 
imnicle.      I'anicle  dense,  4-G  cm.  long. 

California  (Mendocino  County),  lUthimlcr  4T(!(). 

\i\\\  confinis  (Willd.).  Anoido  conjinis  \\"\W\,  Vawww.  \:Vn 
(ISOii).  ( 'alaiiKKjrosfis  niiijinis  Nutt.  (ieu.  1:4;  (1818).  J)e//ciixiu{?) 
ciDiJinls  Kuntli,  Rev.  Gram.  1:70  (1835). 

Culms  more  slender  than  the  species;  panicle  less  compact;  hairs 
exceeding  the  lloret  a  little. 

New  York  to  Minnesota. 

Vur.  gracilis  Scribn.  Coult.  Rot.  Craz.  11: 175  (188(5). 

Cidms  2-3  cm.  high;  rudiment  0.4  cm.  long,  hairs  as  long  as 
the  lloret. 

Yellowstone  Park.  Tirvvdji  58,  teste  Scrihncr. 

(i!».  (141).  Ammophila  Host.  Cram.  Austr.  4:34,  t.  Jfl  (1809). 
Pmmuia  Heauv.  vVgrost.  143  (1812). 

Si)ikelets  1-llowered  in  large  spikelike  panicles,  tlio  rachilla 
articulate  above  the  outer  glumes,  bearing  a  tuft  of  liairs  around 
the  floral  glume,  produced  beyond  it  in  a  small  bristlelike  rudi- 
ment. Empty  glumes  persistent,  chartaceous,  thick,  lanceolate, 
acute,  compressed-keeled;  floral  glume  5-nerved,  similar  in  texture 
and  about  the  same  length,  the  apex  dentate  or  sometimes  mucro- 
nate;  palea  about  as  long  as,  its  glume,  of  like  texture,  2-keeled, 
2-toothed,  sulcate  between  the  keels.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct. 
Grain  obovoid,  enclosed  but  not  adherent. 


854 


POACE.E 


A  ''Oiirseporenuial  with  creeping  rootstoeks,  blades  rigid,  narrow 
and  involute. 

Very  nearly  related  to  Calaniovilfa  Hack. 

1.  A.  arenaria  (L.)  Link,  Ilort.   Herol.  1:105  (1827).  Beach- 
OUASS.     Sand-gkass.     Antiido  arcHdi-ia  L.  8p,   P].  83.   (irs;]). 

P.^(inim((  in f oralis  Bcauv.  Agrost.  i7(!,  /.  a,  /. 
i  (ISr.').  ('((ha>ui(/ro.s/is  aroiaria  lloth.  Fl. 
Germ.  l-.U  (KSS). 

Culms  stout,  (iO-OO  em.  higli.  Leaves 
erect.  Panicle  dense,  cylindrical,  13-25  cm. 
long,  1-2  cm.  broad.  Si)ikelets  compressed, 
10-12  mm.  long.  Lmpty  glumes  com- 
pressed, liju'ar  or  lanceolate,  scabrous  on 
the  keel,  first  1-nerved,  second  3-nerved; 
floral  glume  scabrous,  compressed,  lanceolate, 
emarginate,  often  slightly  mucronate;  i)alea 
4-nerved,  hairs  and  rudiment  less  than  half 
as  long  as  the  spikelet. 

Atlantic  coast  and  along  the  Great  Lakes; 
seacoast  of  the  British  Isles. 

Owing  to  the  abumlant  hard  rootstocks,  sometimes  40  feet  long, 
it  is  excellent  for  i)reventi.ig  the  drifting  of  sands  along  the  shore.' 

70.  (14Ia).   Calamovilfa  Hack.  True  (rrasses,  1];{  (1890). 

Spikelets  1-flowered.  in  panicles  more  or  less  diffuse,  rachilla 
articulate  above  the  outer  glumes,  bearing  a  tuft  o<"  hairs  arouiul  the 
floral  glume,  not  produced  beyond  it.  The  empty  glumes  i)er- 
sistciit.  unequal,  chartaceous,  thick,  compressed-keeled;  floral  glume 
and  palea  of  like  texture,  the  former  1-nerved,  awnless,  thelatter 
2-keeled,  2-toothed. 

^'ery  nearly  allied  to  AmmophUa  and  Calamagrostis. 

There  are  thi'ee  species,  all  Korth  American. 

a.  Spikelets  3.5-4.5  mm.  lon^.     .  i 

o X 

D.   Spikele.3  4-5  mm.  long o 

c.   Si)ikelets  5-f5  mm.  long '.".'.''■' 

1.   C.   brevipilis    (Torr.)  Hack.  1.  c.  Arundo   hre'vipilu   Tovv 
Flor.  U.  S.  1:  95  (1824).      Calamagrostis  brevipilis  A.  Gray;  Man. 


Fir,.  ^)9.—A7)ivio]t7u'la 
oi'i  tiiirid.    A,  s])ike 
l<'t;  11,  Horct.  (Scrib- 
iicr.) 


AUKOSTIDE.E.  355 

Ed.  1:582  (1S48).  AmniojiJu'Ia  brevipih's  Bcnth.  Vase}!,  ..t.  Or. 
U.  S.  52  (IS85). 

Culms  nitliur  slender,  '.»()-l','0  cm.  lii,L!:li.  Slioutlis  shorter  tluiii 
the  iiiteniodes;  bltidos  very  narrow,  nearly  Hat  or  involute,  attenu- 
ate. Panicle  pyramidal,  jjurple.  S])ikelet!:5  3.5-4.5  mm.  lon^: 
emi)tyglumori  ovate,  mueronate,  first  3-".*. 5  mm.  lonir;  lloral  iilume 
a  little  shorter  than  the  second:  palea  e(|ual  to  its  glume  or  a  little 
longer,  hairs  about  1  mm.  long. 

I'ennsylvauia  (Philadelphia),  ./.  B.  Jh'inton, 

Sandy  swamps,  pine-barrens  of  New  Jersey. 

2.  C.  Curtissii  N'asey,  Contrib.  I'.  S.  ^at.  Herb.  3:85  (1802). 
AmiiiDpltiht  CV/;7/.s-.s'// Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  ("lub.  11:7  (1884). 

Culms  single  or  in  tul'ts.  1)0-180  em.  high,  base  of  cnlmselotlied 
with  the  rigid  imbricated  sheaths.  Sheaths  3-4  in  number,  distant, 
shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  obscure,  a  ciliate  ring;  blades 
very  smooth,  firm,  10-30  cm.  long,  the  ai)ex  setaceous.  Taniclo 
12-30  cm.  long;  rays  close,  single  or  in  pairs,  the  lower  4-10  cm. 
long.  3-5  cm.  distant,  thiidy  ilowered.  Spikelets  on  sliort  jiedicels 
4-5  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  ovate,  acute  or  ovate-lanceolate,  first 
3-4  mm.  long,  second  4.5-5  mm.  long;  fioral  glume  ovate-lanceo- 
late, 5  mm.  long,  thitdy  clothed  with  sliort  hairs  1-2  mm.  long; 
palea  about  4  mm.  long,  contaiiiiug  a  ft!W  short  hairs;  basal  hairs 
few,  one- third  as  long  as  the  fioret. 

Dr.  Vasey  says:  "It  ditVers  froni  .1.  hrevipUis  Ik'nth.  in  its 
greater  size,  its  longer  involute  leaves,  and  its  much  longer  and 
mirrower  panicle,  with  branches  subdivided  and  llowering  nearly  to 
the  base;  the  latter  has  a  ring  of  very  short  hairs  at  the  base  of  the 
outer  glumes  besides  those  at  the  base  of  the  flowers." 

Florida,  A.  11.  Cnrtiss. 

3.  C.  longifolia  (Hook.).  Hack.  True  Crasses,  113  (180O). 
Ammnphihi  loin/ifoh'a  Vasey,  Cat.  (Jr.  V.  S.  71  (1885).  (kdama- 
(/ro-sfis  loiu/ifoJia  Hook.  Fl.  lior.  Am.  2:241  (i,40). 

Culms  stout,  GO-180  cm.  high.  Sheaths  longer  than  the  inter- 
nodes, smooth  or  more  or  less  clothed  with  soft  wool;  blades  vciv 
long  and  i  -row,  involute,  ])oints  attenuate.  I'iinicle  variahU'. 
10-40  cm.  long,  at  first  rather  narrow  and  close,  but  later  spread- 


356 


POACE.E. 


iug,  rays  smooth,  rather  distant,  bearing  spikelots  above  the  middle. 

Spikelets  com])ressed,  5-(j  mm.  long;  first 
glume  c'uneate,  4-5  mm.  long,  second 
lance-linear;  floral  glume  as  long  as  the 
'  second  glume,  cuneate-lancoolate,  hairs 
copious,  straight,  two- thirds  as  long  as  the 
l)alea. 

Sands  about  the  (Jreat  Lakes  and  in 
the  interior  i)art  of  British  America  to 
Colorado  and  Arizona.  Of  some  use  as  a 
fodder-plant. 

71.  (138).  Apeea  Adans.  Fam.  2: 
495  (i:(>3).  Anemayt'osti.^  Trin.  Fund. 
Agrost.  138  (l8-»()). 

Annual;  s])ikclets  l-flowered,  small, 
in  an  elegant  loose  ])anicle  with  numer- 
ous slender  branches,  the  raehilla  articu- 
late above  the  emi)ty  glumes  and  pi-o- 
duced  beyond  the  perfect  flower  as  a  sliort 
bristle.  Empty  glumes  persistent,  deli- 
cately membi-anous,  keeled,  i)ointed,  but 
awidess,  the  second  one  lai-gei-,  o-nerved ; 
Fro.  m.-C,d<,monlfn  longi-    ^^^'""^  «'*^^"'^  '^  'it^'e  «hoi-ter,  membranous 

•SSl^,T'"'""  "•  '"^"^-   "'^^''  ''  ^'^"•'^•-  ''«^»«^^  ^loi-^Hl  awn  below 
,,         .        ,  ^''^  ^^-tootlied  apex;   palea  thin,  shorter 

than   ,ts  ghune,  ^-keeled,  ri-toothed.     Stan.ens  3.     Stvles  distinct, 
snort,     (.rain  narrow,  enclosed,  but  not  adherent. 

Blades  flat,  narrow;  panicle  terminal,  diffuse  or  contracted 
Species   or  perhaps  varieties,   two,   fou.id  in   Europe,  western 
Asia  and  northern  Africa. 

The  characters  come  very  near  those  of  Calamaqrusti.,  while 
tho  elegant  panicle  and  numerous  glal,rous  spikelets  resemble 
i^mny  species  of  Agrostis,  where  the  species  has  often  been 
placed. 

1.  A.  Spica-venti  (L.)  Beauv.  Agrost.  151  (1812)  SriKv 
Agkostis.     Agrosth  Spica-vcnfi  h.   Sp.    I>I.  Gi    (i:.5;{).     ,],  ^,,,,.. 


A({l{()STinE.E. 


357 


puren  Guud.  Agrost.    Ilelv.  1:70  (1811).     A.  effma  S.  F.   (fray, 
Nat.  Arr.  Brit.  PI.  ^:  148  (18^1). 

Culms  Jonsoly  tuftod,  ;U)-(JO  cm.  high.  Ligule  5-7  mm.  long; 
blades  on  largo  plants  15  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  wide.  Panicle  \\h\x 
its  base  included  or  barely  exserted  above  the  ui)i)er  sheath,  usually 
si)readiug,  ;i0-30  cm.  long,  the  scabrid  rays  in  half-whorls  of  5-9. 


Fig.    61.  —  Apera   Spica-venti. 
Spikelct,  (iestituto  of  stamens 
and  pistil.     (Ricliunlson.) 


Fig.  63. 

Lagnriis  ova- 
tus.  Spikclft. 
(Kichardsoii.) 


Spikclets  narrow,  first  glumo  1.5-2.5  mm.  long,  second  2.3-3.:3  mm. 
long;  fertile  Horet  linear-liniceolate,  2-3.5  mm.  long,  the  awn 
5-10  mm.  long;  palea  bearing  2  minute  tui'ts  of  hairs  at  the  base. 

Introduced  with  cultivated  gra.sscs  and  in  ballast. 

Var.  iXTERuri'TA  (L.).  A//rosfis  inlerrupfa  L.  8p.  PI.  Ed.  2, 
1:91  (17(13).       Apcra  infornipfa  lieauv.  Agrost.  31  (1S13). 

This  may  be  looked  for.  Plant  slender,  about  20  cm.  high, 
panicle  interrupted,  narrow.  10-15  cm.  long. 

72.  (145).  LagurUS  L.  Sp.  PL  1:81  (1753). 

Spikelets  1-ilowered,  in  a  very  soft  dense  ovoid  or  oblong  spike- 


368 


POAf'E.E. 


like  panicle  or  hoail,  rachilla  articulate  above  the  lower  glumes, 
sleiidor,  ])ro(lucotl  above  the  perfecit  floret.  Empty  glumes  2, 
linnar,  clothed  with  ttne  hairs;  iloral  glume  unvvosv,  smooth,' 
delicately  membranous,  termimitiug  iu  2  sleiuler  awns,  and  bearing 
a  long  bent  and  twisted  awn  below  the  ai)ex;  palea  luirrow,  liyaline, 
'.'-keeled.  Stamens  ;5.  Styles  short,  tlistinct.  Grain  narrow', 
scarcely  eiu-losed  by  the  glume  and  palea. 

A  soft  annual  grass  with  short  Hat  blades. 

Species  1.  found  in  western  and  southwestern  Europe  and 
northern  Africa. 

1.  L.   ovATfs   L.  1,  c.     IIauk's-tail  Grass. 

Culms  15--35  cm.  high,  pubescent,  branching  below.  Sheaths 
soft,  inflated;  ligule  pubescent,  1-1.5  mm.  long.  Spikes  whitish, 
2-4:  cm.  long.  Em])ty  glumes  threadlike,  plumose,  S-10  mm.  long- 
floral  glume  3.5  mm.  long,  bristles  of  the  same  length;  the  awn 
2-4  times  as  long  as  its  glume. 

Often  cultivated  for  ornament. 


Teibe  IX.— AVENEJE. 

Spik.'lets  2-  to  several-flowered  (1-flowered  in  Ammpoqon), 
flowers  pei-fect  or  one  of  them  staminate,  in  open  or  spikelike" pan- 
icles. Empty  glumes  often  persistent,  usually  longer  than  the 
florets;  rachilla  bearing  tufts  of  hairs  under  the  floral  glumes  and 
usually  produced  above  the  upper  one;  awn  of  the  floral  glume  dor- 
sal, or  near  the  apex  between  the  lobes,  more  or  less  twisted  and 
bent;  palea  2-keeled.  Style  short  or  none;  stigmas  feathery. 
Gram  furrowed  with  embi-yo  small,  enclosed  iu  the  floral  glume 
and  palea,  adluirent  to  the  i)alea  or  free. 

This  ti-ibe  has  been  very  generally  recognized  and  very  little 
modifled  for  a  long  time  past. 

A.  Spikelets  2-flowercd.  rachilla  not  prolonged 74 

B.  Spikelets  2-  to  several-flowered,  rachilla  prolonged  above 

the  u])per  flower ,s 

a.  Spikelets  deciduous  as  a  whole,  2-flowered,  lower  one 

perfe(;t,  awnless,  ui)per  one  awned,  usually  staminate.     73 


AVION  E.E.  359 

a.  Florets  deciiluoiis.  oTiipty  ^ij:1iiiiu's  persistent.     .     .     .  (c) 

c.   Awii  of  llonil  gluino  on  the  hiii'k.   ......  (d) 

d.  Spikelets  1  cm.  or  less  loii;^- ,     .  (e) 

e.   Flowers  all  perfect  or  the  upper  oues  staiiii- 

uute  or  neuter (j\ 

i.  Floral  glume  obtuse  or  denticulate.  .  .  (k) 
k.  Awns  taiier-pointed,  not  articulate.  .  I  (J 
k.  Awns  cylindrical,  articulate   near  the 

middle,  apex  clavate 75 

i.  Floral     glume     '^-toothed,     lower    floret 

awned 77 

e.  Florets    2,    the    lower    one    staminate  and 
strongly  awned.  the  upper  one  perfect  and 

more  or  less  awned 79 

d.  Spikelets  more  than  10  nun.  long 78 

C.  Awn  of  floral  glume  between  2  teeth  or  lobes.  .     .  (m) 
m.  S[)ikelets  2-flowered,  the  uj)per  one  perfect  or 
l)i,stillate,    the    lower    staminate,  spikelets    in 

threes.      , 8q 

m.  Si)ikelets  3-  to  several-flowered,  all  perfect  or 

the  upper  imperfect. 81 

73.  (157).  HOLCUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  1047  (1753). 
Spikelets  deciduous  as  a  whole,  ^-flowered,  numerous  and 
crowded  in  an  open  panicle,  the  lower  flower  perfect,  the  upper 
staminate;  rachilla  articulate  above  the  outer  glumes.  Empty 
glumes  2,  nearly  equal,  conduplicate,  acute,  the  second  broader,  3- 
nerved,  acute  or  extended  into  an  awn;  floral  glume  shorter,  mem- 
branous, the  lower  awtdess,  the  upper  with  a  sliort  dorsal  l)ent 
awn;  palea2-kecled.  Stamens  3.  Stvles  distinct,  Grain  oblouf. 
nu;luded  but  not  adherent. 

Soft  annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  blades  flat  or  rarely  con- 
duplicate. 

Sp.'cies  S,  found  in  Europe,  Africa,  ami  one  or  more  spread  by 
the  agency  of  man. 

The   genus    //olrxs  was   made  by  LinnuMis  and   continued  by 
Robert  lirown  to  include  species  now  separated  aiul  placed  in  Sor- 


^^'^  POAt'E.Ti:. 

Illn,m,  IX  snl)cronus  i,i  Androponimcv'.  JIolcus  is  neurly  allied  to 
Ihsrhampsia,  but  the  ui)i.i.r  floret  of  ouch  spikelet  is  nuilo  with  uu 
uwiu'd  .<rliinie,  the  lower  uuawueil  jukI  pcM-fcct. 

A.  Spikek'ts  iibout  4  rnm.  long,  uwii  KOiircdy  protruding.     .       1 
H.   Spikelets  5  nun.  long,  jiwn  protruding 2 

1.    H.   LANATISL.    Sp.   ]M.   1048  (1:5:5).       VKLVKT-(iUA,SS.       //. 

glaums  WxWk.    WiUk.  &  Lunge.  Prod.  Fl.  Hisp.  1 :  ;i(i7  (KSfil). 

Perenniul  with  creeping  rootstocks;  culms  uscending.  iJO-do  cm. 
high,  clothed  throughout  more  or  less  with  u  very  short  pubescence,' 
giving  the  plant  u  soft  light  color.  Puniole  5-10  cm.  long.  2.5  cm! 
broud,  of  u  pule  or  reddish  color.  Spikelets  ovul.  (.])long.  neurly  4 
mm.  long,  the  uwn  scarcely  protruding;  lower  floret'  nurrowiy- 
ovoid.  )l  mm.  long,  with  5  obscure  nerves;  puleu  as  long  as  its 
glum,',  obtuse;  upper  floret  narrower  und  shorter  than  the  lower; 
floral  glume  obscurely  nerved,  awn  us  long  us  its  glume,  sturting  a 
third  the  way  below  the  apex;  ])uleu  obtuse,  two-thirds  as  1011^^18 
its  glume. 

r.  S.  Dept.  Agrirul  465,  distrilmted  in  ISSl. 

Found  in  moist  meadows  ami  pastures  of  Furope.  i)robably  in 
Russian  Asia;  introduced  into  Austria,  Tasmania,  northern  und 
southern  Africa,  and  many  parts  of  North  America. 

It  grows  well  on  poor  lands,  but  the  quality  is  not  good  under 
any  cii-cumstunces.   For  further  remarks  see  Vol.  1,  p.  1!).'},  Fig.  80 

•i.  U.  MOLLIS  L.  Syst.  Fd.  10: 1305  (1750).     //.  densns  vZvm 
Flora.  ;?r:3,33  (1844). 

A  smooth  perennial  grass,  rootstocks  creeping  extensively;  culms 
30-70  cm.  high,  villous  at  the  nodes.  Leuf-blades  shorter  thun 
those  of  the  former  species,  the  upper  2-6  cm.  long.  I'unicle  nmch 
as  in  //.  lanotus.  Spikelets  lance-elliptical,  5  mm.  long,  uwn  pro- 
truding half  the  length  of  the  spikelet;  ruchillu  bearing  tufts  of 
hairs  below  each  floret;  lower  floret  mirrowly  ovoid.  2.5  mm.  long; 
pulea  as  long  us  its  glume,  obtuse;  upper  floret  nari-ow,  neurly^S 
mm.  long,  awn  starting  from  below  the  tip,  4  mm.  long;  paleii  a 
little  shorter. 

Found   in   nearly  the   same    countries    and    locations    as  //. 
lanahis,  though  nmch  less  common. 


AVKNH.K. 


301 


lutrodiutcd  on  hullitst  ;,nv)ini(l,  IMiilii(k'Ii))iia. 

r4.  (15-).  AiRA  L.  S,,.  I'l.  03  (175:5).     A.yuis  Aduns.  Fam.  2: 
i'Mi  (1703).    /.rp/u/>/a,/ja  Klirli.  liuitr.  4:  U(j  (irso).     J'ruineid]   c 
14!)  (118!)).     J//////r>/m  I'iirl.  Fl.   I'ulenn.   1 :  9x;  (1.S15).     /aW,,m 
l''i'-l.  Fl.  Itul.  l:->;5;'  (1848).       Moliutria  1.  c.  23U  (1S48).       /',/■/- 
ballia  Tvui.  Fund.  Ayrost.  133  (1848).     Fu,,ia  Scl.iir.  Euuni    I'l 
'I'mnss.  :o4  (18()(j). 

Spikelets  2-fl()werod,  small,  in  a  loose  or  nirdy  contracted  pani- 
cle  with  capillary  rays;  rachilla  articulate,  minutely  hairy  and  not 
ut  all  or  scarcely  produced  lieyond  the  perfect  flowers.  Empty 
^dumes  thinly  scarious,  nearly  equal,  acute;  lloral-lume  close  above 
tliem,  shorter,  thin  and  hyaline,  linely  j.ointed  „r  shortly  hilld, 
with  a  fine  dorsal  twLsted  awn  below  the  middle;  palea  ;3-nerved,' 
hyaline,  about  as  Ion-  as  its  glume.  Styles  short,  distinct.  Grain 
enclosed  and  more  or  less  adnate  to  the  glume  and  i)alea. 

Delicate  slender  grasses,  usually  aniiuals  with  narrow  blades. 

A  sn)all  genus  with   4-5  species,  all  of  which  are   Kuropean, 
though  some  of  them  are  now  widely  disseminated  in  otlior  temper- 


Fio.  QB.—Aira  cari/op7ii/lUa.     Spikelet.     (Ricliardson.) 

ate  regions.     The  genus  formerly  was  made  to  include  Deschamp- 
sia,   Airopsis,    Cornncphorus,  and    others.     It  is  nearly  allied  to 
ivena,  Imchnc,  Miciriira,  Cwlachne. 


H62  poACK.lv 

A.   raniflu  loo.st'ly  sprcudiii^^s  almost  triclioloiiious.     ...       1 
\^.    I'iiuicle  narrow  uiid  delist',  spikcliko 'i 

1.  A.  CAHYoiMivi.LK.N  L.  Sp.  I'l.  (Ki  (IT."):;).  .1.  nijiilhiris 
Salzni.  Stcud.  Noni.  Ed.  '.I,  1: 44  (1S4(I-41).  'riiciv  arc  at  least 
17  other  syiioiiyiMS. 

A  .^lelidi'f  and  eK'jfaiit  tiil'ted  aiiiiual.  l()-"*()  nn.  Iii,i;li.  Liiiidi- 
2-4  mm.  long;  blades  l-'.>  em.  loiiir,  sdl't,  narrow,  soon  in  volute 
ami  twisted.  I'anieU'  l(j<»se  and  sprt'adinjj:.  I'ays  in  pairs  or  threes. 
.Si)ikelets  orect,  silvur-shinin^^;  empty  glumes  about  •^'.;i  mm.  lon<,% 
ovate,  aeute,  sub-searious,  1-nerved:  lloral  jj;liime  shorter,  'I  mm. 
long,  dorsal  awn  projecting  over  I  mm.  above. 

(Jenerally  distributeil  over  the  aresi  of  the  genus.  Introduced 
and  naturalized  in  various  portions  of  the  United  States  from  Del- 
aware to  California. 

2.  A.  PH.KCOX  L.  Sp.  PI.  G5  (1T53).  A.  pii,sil/a  Sehur,  Enum. 
PL  Transs.  ;r)4  (IHCf.). 

A  slender  annual,  4-l"i  cm.  or  rarely  more  in  height.  Ligulo 
ahout  "l  mm.  long;  hlades  5  in  number,  0.5-'^  om.  long,  soft, 
narrow.  .«» 'ii  involute  and  twisted.  Panicle  contracted,  1-2  cm. 
long.  Spikelets  erect,  seldom  over  10-20  in  numljer;  empty  glumes 
scarious,  shining,  ovate,  acute,  2.5  nun.  long,  1-nerved;  iloral 
glume  2  mm.  long. 

A  west  l']uro]iean  and  Mediterranean  grass,  introduced  into 
Delaware,  Peiinsylvaniii.  and  elsewhere. 

75.  (15:?).  WeingaERTNERIA  r.ernh.  Syst.  Verz.  Erf.  2:?:  51 
(1800).  Name  used  earlier.  Cortpicphdrus  IJeauv.  Agrost.  00,  /. 
18,  f.  J  (1812). 

Spikelets  2-ilowered.  in  a  loose  ]ianicle,  rachilla  articulate helow 
the  floral  glumes  and  produced  beyond  them.  Glumes  thinly 
s(!arious,  2  empty  ones  suhecpnd,  acute,  awnless;  floral  glume 
shorter,  hyaline,  entire,  with  a  tine  awn  dorsidly  attached  below  the 
middle,  articulate  near  the  middle,  where  there  is  a  tuft  of  short 
hairs,  lower  part  firm  and  twisted,  the  upper  part  more  slender  with 
a  clavate  apex;  palea  shorter  than  its  glume,  narrow,  2- toothed. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  short,  distinct.  (J rain  included,  more  or  less 
adherent  to  the  glume  and  i)alea. 


AVEXK.K. 


363 


Delioiito  iiiimuils  with  tlio  habit  of  .lira,  liiivin<f  iiurrow  ca'sj)!- 
toso  bUidos.  I'liiiicle  slciidtT,  coiitriictod,  with  ca|iiliiiry  nivs. 
SjM'cios  2,  I'ouiul  ill  till"  vicinity  of  tlio  Muditernmouu  tst'iuiiul  north- 
Wiiril  and  introduced  intootiior  countries. 

Tlic  rachillii  is  continuous  aa  in  J)<'srhiiin/>si((,  hut  tlu'  ji^cnus  is 
readily  distinguished  by  the  peculiar  club-shaped  awn  of  the  lloral 
glume. 

1.  \V.  CANMSCENS  Beruh.  1.  c.  Coryncphnrus  canesccns  lieauv. 
Agrost.  159  (ISia). 

Tufted  glaucous  or  slight iy  purplish.  20-150  cm.  high,  with 
tine  still"  convolute  blades,  the  lower  5- 
10  cm.,  those  on  the  culm  about  1  cm. 
long.  I'anicle  4-0  cm.  long.  Spike- 
lots  about  :{  mm.  long:  cm[)ty  glumes 
pointed,  coiu'ealing  the  florets,  awn 
scarcely  protruding;  lloral  glmne  l.a 
mm.  long. 

In  saiuly  soil.     Tntroduced  into  the 
Unite(l  States  with  grass-seed. 

70.   (154).    DeschaMPSIA       Heauv. 
Agrost.  01 .  /.  S.  /'.  :5  (lcSl2).     A iridimn 
Steud.  Syn.    PI.  f  J  ram.    423   (1S54).     There  arc  at  least   10  other 
synonyms. 

S[)ikelets  2-flowered.  in  a  loose  or  rarely  contracted  panicle  with 
sleiuler  rays,  rachilla  articulate,  hairy,  more  or  less  produced 
between  the  floral  glumes  and  beyond  the  upper  one  as  a  hairy 
bristle,  or  rarely  bearing  an  empty  glume,  Km})ty  glumes  keeled, 
rather  acute,  the  sides  thinly  scarious;  lloral  glume  membranous  or 
nearly  hyaline,  ibtuse  or  truncate,  2-to  several-toothed,  with  aline 
dorsal  awn  attached  near  tlu^  middle,  the  lower  lloret  sessile,  the 
ui))H'r  raised  on  a  stipe;  palea  narrow,  prominently  2-nerved,  often 
'.'-^oothed.  Stamens  3.  Stylos  short,  distinct.  (Jrain  enclosed, 
but  u'uallv  not  adherent.  Perennial  grasses  with  the  shinin<r 
spikolett,  of  Tb'isi'fum  and  Ai'ra,  usually  smaller  than  the  former, 
larger  th  in  those  of  the  latter  genus.  There  are  about  20  s])ocies, 
gonerjilly  distributed  over  the  temperate  regions  of  the  northern 


Fio.  64. —  Weittgai'tneria 

citnesc('.)is.  Spikelct. 

(ScriliiuT. ) 


'^^'^  I'OACE.K. 

liumiHpluM-e.  also  ivpivHuntcd  outsi.l,.  tlio  in.j)i,.s  in  the  8(.iitli(.ni 
licinispliore.  I).  civ.s2,il„m  niiigcs  ..mt  the  entire  urea  hIjovo 
specilicd. 

Des.'liunipsiu  l.cars  the  sanu-  ivliitioii  lo  Mra  flint  ('nhn,„i;iruslis 
does  to  J^mv//,v;  phirits  usually  piTonnial  and  stoulcr  lliau  .l/w. 
spikolets  lon^^er,  radiilja  produced  beyond  the  iipp..r  llorct  int..  a 
briHtl..  or  sonu'tinics  an  empty  n.],,,,,,,  or  even  u  ataniinate  lloucr; 
floral  .rliinu"  ol'te.i  more  or  less  denticulate.  Six  of  the  species  Imvc 
been  proposed  as  .listinct  ^n-uera.  The  above  comments  concern- 
ing the  position  of  the  genus  are  niaiidy  the  views  of  Hentham. 

A.  First  emi)ty  glume  1 -nerved a^\ 

a.  Florets  overlappin.y-.  about  four-firths  of  their  length,  (b) 
b.  Awn  straight,  short,  a  dwarf  arctic  grass.  .  .  .  1 
b.   Awn  bent,  protruding,  jjaniclo  spikelike.       ...      3 

b.  Awn  bent,  protruding,  panicle  thin,  spreading.      .      3 
a.  Florets  overlapping  (me-third  to  half  of  their  length,  (c) 

e.  Empty  glunuw    extending   above  the    florets,   uwn 

near  or  above  the  middle  of  the  glume (d) 

d.    IMades  flat,  3-G  mm.  wide 4 

d.   liladcs  3-4  mm.  wide,  involute,  floret  conspicu- 
ously hairy g 

c.  Empty  glumes  usually  not  extending  to  the  tip  of 
the  upper  floret /p\ 

e.   Awn   twisted,  starting  below  the  middle  of  its 

glume Q 

e.  Aavii  straigli  t,  starting  at  the  middle  of  its  glume.     7 

B.  First  empty  glume  3-nerved /],n 

h.  Emi)ty  glumes  5-r  mm.  long § 

h.  Empty  glumes  ,3-4  mm.  long n\ 

i.  IJays  of  panicle  mostly  in  twos 9 

i.  Eays  of  i)anicle  mostly  in  threes 10 

1.  D.  brevifoliaK.  l?r.,  Parry's  Voy.  Suppl.  191  (1823).  Aim 
arctica  Spreng.  Syst.  2:33  (1835.) 

A  smooth  perennial,  6-30  cm.  higli.  Lignle  oblong;  blades  of 
sterile  shoots  6-13  cm.  long,  those  of  the  cuim  1-3  cm.  long,  2-3 
mm.    wide,    involute,    reaching  nearly   to   the   panicle.      Panicle 


AVKNK.R  305 

sitnplo,  ovoid  or  irroj^'uliirly  oI)1om^,  '^-3-10  nun.  lon^'.  Spiki'lcts  3- 
ll(»\vort'tl,  l)r()\vii  above,  ruil  or  piirplo  below;  etuply  j,'liimi's  Hourly 
('<|iiiil,  iibout  '^.5  mm.  lon>,',  first  l-nervL'd,  sucoiitl  iJ-iicrvud,  tlio 
luleral  nervL'S  oitscuru;  llorets  l*.')  mm.  loii<^,  overlappiii;,'  lor  Tuur- 
lirilis  of  their  length,  very  spariiiuly  i^lotlied  at  thu  base  with  short 
weak  hairs,  raehilla  aiiioolli.  rinliiiu-iit  al)ove  the  see()ii(l  llower 
twice  us  h)iig  us  tho  joint  of  racliilla  lietweeii  tlie  llorets,  boai'lng  a 
small  gliimu  or  rarely  u  third  tloret;  lloral  gliuiio  Ijroudly  oval, 
truncate,  irregularly  toothed,  thinner  than  the  empty  glume,  deli- 
cately 5-uerved;  u  straight  awn  a  littlo  bulow  the  middle,  scarcely 
reaching  to  the  t\[t  of  its  glume;  palea  broad,  not  keeled,  a  litllo 
shorter  than  its  glume,  irregularly  -l-tootlied  ;  the  two  obscure  nerves 
diviTiiing.      I'eriiaps  this  should  bo  included  in  /K  (■(is/ii/osir  Heaiiv. 

(Jrinnell  Land,  /.iriif.  llreelij  in  188:^;  (Jolorado,  I'un'i)  IJUT; 
Alaska,  llitrriiKjIoH,  /hill. 

'^.  D.  Pringlei  Scribn.  Proc.  Acud.  Phila.  :}00  (1S91). 

Culms  erect,  i)auiclc  simple,  GO-'JO  cm.  high.  Sheaths  scabrid, 
smooth,  shorter  thau  the  iutornodes,  oblique  ut  the  throat;  ligule 
truu(;ato,  friugcd,  decurrent,  about  'i  mm.  long;  blades  scabrous, 
involute,  rigid,  10-15  cm.  long,  2— i  mm.  wide.  Panicle  dense, 
sitikelike,  somewhat  interrupted  below,  7-17  cm.  long,  the  lowest 
rays  branching,  spikelike,  uppressed,  2-5  cm.  long.  Spikelets  linear- 
lanceolate;  empty  glumes  equal,  4.3-5.3  mm.  long,  1-nerved,  keel 
scabrous,  joint  of  rachilla  between  florets  about  0.3  mm.  long; 
floral  glume  linear,  about  3-4  mm.  long,  with  2  blunt  lobes,  awn 
one-third  the  way  i'rom  the  base  and  projecting  above  its  glume  3-4 
mm. ;  ])alea  thin,  2-keeled,  2-toothed,  a  little  shorter  than  its  glume. 
Anthers  linear,  1.2  mm.  long. 

This  has  much  tho  aspect  of  Trisefum. 

Mexico,  PrlnfjJe  1429. 

3.  D.  flexuosa  (L.)  Trin.  Bidl.  Sci.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  \'.m 
(183()).  Aim  Jlexuosa  L.  Sp.  PI.  05  (1753).  There  are  nuniy 
other  synonyms. 

A  tufted  perennial,  40-00  cm.  high,  culms  nearly  naked.  Lig- 
ule short;  blades  very  narrow,  those  at  tho  base  3-12  cm.  long, 
those  of  the  culm  2-5  cm.  long.     Panicle  spreading,  8-12  cm.  long. 


366  POACEiE. 

rays  capillary  in  twos,  bearing  the  spikelets  near  tlie  tips.  Spike- 
lets  with  the  awns  usiuilly  protruding  one-third  of  their  length; 
empty  glumes  thinner  than  the  floral  glume,  ovate-lanceolate,  first 
3.5  mm.  long,  1-nervod,  second  4.5  mm.  long,  3-nerved,  the  lateral 
nerves  short  and  sometimes  obscure  or  wanting;  florets  4  or  more 
mm.  long,  overlapping  for  five-sixths  of  their  length,  sparingly 
sili<y-hairy  at  the  base;  floral  gUime  ovate,  5-nerved,  eroded  or 
toothed,  awn  starting  about  I  mm.  above  the  base;  palea  as  long  as 
its  ghinie,  or  longer  or  shorter.     Grain  not  grooved,  free. 

Mt.  Washington,  D.  C.  Eaton;  Massachusetts,  Heal  81;  New 
Jersey,  Scribtier  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  400;  Xew  York,  Clark 
1302  from  Clinton;  Michigan  Isle  Koyale,  Uobbitis  75"*;  Colorado, 
BramU'nee. 

New  El'  .ji  id,  Michigan,  to  the  south  and  west;  northern 
Europe  and  Asia. 

4.  D.  atropurpurea  (Wahl.)  Scheele,  Flora  (27)  1:  56  (1844). 
Aira  att-upurpurea  Wahl.  Fl.  Lapp.  37  (1812).  D.  htlifoUa 
Vasey,  Cat.  Gr.  U.  S.  53  (1885). 

A  smootli  perennial,  20-40  cm.  high.  Leaves  3-4;  slieaths 
as  long  as  the  internodcs,  shorter  or  longer;  oblique  at  tlie  throat; 
ligule  obtuse,  3-3  mm.  long;  blades  flat,  those  of  the  sterile 
shoots  4-15  cm.  long,  those  of  the  culms  2-0  cm.  long,  3-G  mm. 
wide.  Panicle  simple,  open,  more  or  less  exserted,  5-11  cm.  long, 
rays  in  pairs,  spreading,  the  longest  4-8  cm.  long,  bearing  5-10 
spikelets  near  the  apex.  Spikelets  mostly  pedicellate,  a  few  subses- 
sile,  often  purple;  empty  glumes  compressed.  sube(|Uiil,  first  shorter, 
linear-lanceolate,  1-nerved.  4.7-0  mm.  long,  second  ovate-lanceo- 
late, ;5-nerved,  5-6  mm.  long;  florets  overlapping  for  one-third  to 
one-half  their  length;  rachilla  above  the  upjutr  floret  about  0.6  mm. 
long;  floral  glume  2.3-2.7  mm.  long,  the  silky  hairs  reaching  to 
the  middle  or  above,  the  stout  awn  attached  a  little  above  the  mid- 
dle, 2.5-4.5  mm.  long,  broadly  oval,  truncate,  silky,  irregularly  3-4- 
tootlied,  obscurely  5-nerved;  palea  as  long  as  its  glume,  or  a  little 
shorter,  truncate  or  irregularly  toothed. 

Labrador,  A.  A.  Allen;  White  Mountains,  Tuckerman,  Oakes, 
C.  E.  Faxon;  British  Columbia,  Macoun. 


AVENE.E.  367 

Alpine  summits  of  New  lIami)8hiro,  New  York,  to  California 
and  northward. 

After  some  hours  in  comparing  the  original  description  of  D. 
atropurpurea  and  D.  latifolia  Vasey,  in  seeing  the  figures  of  tiie 
latter  in  Hooker's  Flora  of  N.  A.,  comparing  step  by  step  authentic 
plants  from  both  the  east  and  the  west  sides  of  the  continent,  I  con- 
clude that  if  we  make  two  species,  they  will  both  be  found  on  each 
side  of  the  continent.  It  seems  to  me  that  the  distinctions  are  not 
broad  enough  to  warrant  at  most  more  than  two  varieties,  and  to  show 
this,  even,  I  should  need  to  see  more  good  plants.  From  the  Grand 
Gulf,  Mount  Washington,  is  a  plant  from  C.  E.  Faxon;  from  the 
Rocky  Mountains  Hooker  sends  a  plant  collected  by  Drutnmond, 
the  type  for  D.  latifolia.  These  two  plants  are  of  equal  height; 
the  western  plant  has  leaves  possibly  not  quite  so  long-pointed,  those 
of  the  culm  about  1  cm.  longer  aiul  1  mm.  wider,  the  panicle  i-o 
cm.  longer,  the  longest  ray  3  cm.  longer,  bearing  some  20  more  spike- 
lets,  second  empty  glume  I  mm.  longer;  floral  glume  0.1-0.3  mm. 
longer,  awns  the  same.  Hooker  in  Fl.  Hor.  Am.  3:24:5  (1840) 
says  in  regard  lo  D.  latifolia:  "  It  is  remarkable  for  the  breadth  of 
the  leaves  and  for  the  large  opaque  (not  glossy),  purple-green  (!olor 
of  the  glumes." 

5.  D.  danthonioides  (Trin.)  Vasey.  Aira  danthonioides  Trin. 
Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  (VI.)  1:57  (1830). 

A  slender  erect  smooth  annual,  2-i  cm.  high.  Sheaths  about  3 
in  number,  longer  than  the  internodes,  the  upper  one  reaching  about 
half  way  to  the  top  of  the  plant;  ligule  lanceolate,  decurrent,  4  mm. 
long;  blades  thin,  involute,  filiform,  erect,  5-8  cm.  long,  0.3  mm. 
broad.  Panicle  thin,  purple,  linear  or  spreading,  10-15  cm.  long, 
rays  in  pairs,  2-3  cm.  distant,  the  longest  5  cm.  long,  narrow, 
flower-bearing  on  the  outer  three-fifths.  Spikelets  pedicellate; 
empty  glumes  i>ubequal,  linear-lanceolate,  3.5-4  mm.  long,  first  1- 
nerved,  second  3-nerved,  rachilla  hairy,  florets  overlapping  for 
one-third  their  length,  1.4  mm.  long,  oval  before  opening,  trun- 
cate, irregularly  4-5-toothed,  awn  near  the  middle  4.5  mm.  long; 
palea  as  long  as  its  glume,  apex  truncate,  ciliate. 

California,  Pringle  in  1882. 


868 


POACE^. 


This  has  been  confounded  with  I),  calycina  Presl,  which  see. 
6.  D.   osespitosa  (L.)  Beiuiv.  Agrost.   Itl,  /.  JS,  f.  3  (1812). 
Aira  ccpspitosa  \j.  Sp.  PI.  64  (1753).     There  is  a  very  large  num- 
ber of  other  synonyms. 

A  tul'tcd  perennial,  60-120  cm.  liigh.     Ligule  sliort.  or  long  and 
acute;  blades  rather  stilf,  the  lower  30-50  cm.  long,  3  mm.  or  less 

in  width,  often  Hat,  deeply  grooved  on 
the  upper  side,  scabrid.  Panicle  i)yram- 
idal  or  oblong,  1-3  cm.  long,  rays  slen- 
der, bearing  spikelets  above  the  middle. 
Spikelets  'I-  (rarely  3-)  ilowered,  com- 
pressed, shining,  brownish,  lead-colored 
or  i)ur})lisli,  first  emi)ty  glume  linear, 
acute  or  obtuse  or  linear-lanceolate,  1-3- 
nerved,  3-6  mm.  long,  second  glume 
oval,  acute,  a  little  longer,  3-nerved,  the 
lateral  nerves  obscure;  Horets  2.7—1  mm. 
long,  overlapi»ing  about  half  their  length, 
tlie  base  sparingly  hairy,  awn  starting  1 
mm.  or  less  from  the  base,  equalling  the 
glume  or  longer  or  shorter;  iloral  glume 
usually  thinner  than  the  empty  glumes, 
oval,  truncate.  -1-5-toothed  or  jagged,  5- 
(rarely  7-)  nerved ;  palea  broad,  as  long 
as  its  glume  or  shorter,  2-toothed. 

Vermont,  Pringle;  Michigan,  Beal 
82,  Clark  ^b,  30;  Minnesota,  Bailey  M 
424;  Montana,  Anderson  59,  Buff  urn  C 
43,  C  53,  C  03,  C  73 ;  Colorado,  CassUly; 
Alaska,  Merriain  iov '^oX.  Herb.  Ill,  133;  California,  Jowe^  2579, 
Parish  1543. 

Very  variable  and  widely  distributed  in  the  north  and  south 
temperate  aiul  arctic  aiul  mountain  regions.     Found  in  New  Eng- 
land and  across  the  continent  to  Alaska.     The  European  form  is 
often  viviparous.     See  Vol.  1,  p.  37. 
Var.  alpina  Vasey  ined. 


FiQ.  65.—  Deschampaia  eas- 
pitosa.  A,  spikelet;  a, 
tiorets.     (Scribiier.) 


AVENK^.  369 

Culms  20-30  cm.  liigli;  blades  soft,  often  flat;  empty  glumes 
about  5  mm.  long;  lloral  glume  4.5  mm.  long. 

Aliisku,  Elliott;  Colorado.  Letterman. 

Var.  Bottnica  (Wahl.)  Vasey  ined.  Aira  liottnica  Wuld.  Fl. 
Lapp.  1:36, /.  4  (1813).  D.  JJoftnica  Triu.  Fund.  Agrost.  158 
(1830). 

A  i)lant  with  a  long  panicle  and  projecting  awns.  Empty  glunu'S 
3-nerved,  6  mm.  long;  lloral  glume  oval,  truncate,  irregularly 
toothed,  often  T-nerved. 

Alaska,  Harrington  in  1871-2;  Oregon,  Ilowetl,  Cimch. 

A  note  in  Dr.  J.  T.  liothrock's  Sketch  of  the  Flora  of  Alaska, 
in  Smithsoiiian  rej)ort  458  (18G7),  speaks  of  specimens  which  he 
had  (!()lleeted  in  that  territory,  as  follows: 

"In  looking  over  the  specimens  of  A.  ca>xpitosa  in  Herb.  Gray 
I  find  one  from  the  Sandwich  Islands  and  another  from  Ft.  Viin- 
couver,  both  of  which  appear  identical  with  our  forms  from  Sitka. 
They  having  been  authoritatively  named  l)y  Colonel  Muuro  as 
Aira  ca^spitosa  var  Bottnica,  I  have  labelled  the  Sitkan  specimens 
in  accordance  with  his  determination.  I  find  a  specimen  in  Herb. 
Gray  similar  to  the  Sitkan  ones  marked  (but  from  Onnalaska)  as  A. 
ccmpitosa  var.  lonr/i flora." 

Var.  brevifolia  (Hieb.)  Vasey  ined.  Aira  brevifolia  Hieb.  Fl. 
Taur.  Cauc.  3:  03  (1819).    Blades  soft,  rather  firm,6-10  mm.  long. 

Var.  Confinis.  Vasey  ined.  Ligule  8-10  mm.  long;  spikelets 
about  5  mm.  long. 

California,  Palmer  231. 

Var.  longiflora. 

Panicle  ample;  spikelets  3-flowered,  awns  projecting;  empty 
glumes  nearly  equal,  3-nerved ;  floral  glume  5-nerved. 

Vancouver  Island,  John  Macoun  1887. 

Var.  montana  (Schur.)  Vasey.  D,  montana  Schur,  Enum.  PI. 
Transs.  T53  (18GG). 

Leaf  blades  thick  and  coarse,  involute,  and  awns  projecting. 

Arizona.  Rothrock  23. 

Kocky  Mountains. 

Var.  maritima  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  15:  48  (1888). 


370  POACE.E. 

Smooth,  12-20  cm.  higli;  panicle  slender,  few- flowered ;  spike- 
let  about  5  mm.  lon<^. 

James  Hay,  Mat  on n  144;  C'olonuio.  Jones  475. 

7.  D.  holciformis  I'resI,  Ueliq.  Ihvnk.  1:251  (1830).  Aim 
hohifnrm is  Stcwd.  Syn.  IM.  (Jram.  221  (1855). 

A  smooth  perennial  <^rass,  60-70  cm.  hi<i;h,  the  upper  nodes 
above  tlio  sheaths:  ligule  acute,  IJ  mm.  long;  blades  scarcely  2  mm. 
wide,  the  lower  40  cm.  long,  the  upper  4-0  cm.  long.  ]*aniclo 
erect,  interrupted,  ratiier  compact,  12-15  cm.  long,  about  2  cm. 
broad,  rays  in  fives  or  sixes,  tlower-bearing  nearly  to  the  base. 
Si>ikelets  4.5-5.5  mm.  long,  florets  overlap])ing  for  one-third  their 
length,  awns  protruding  about  1  mm.,  rachilla  villous,  rudiment 
about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  floret:  emi)ty  glumes  sube(]ual,  his- 
pid «»n  the  nerves,  al)out  5  mm.  long,  first  linear,  acute,  1-nerved, 
second  acute,  narrowly  obovate,  3-nerved;  floral  glume  oblong, 
.'t-iierved,  4  mm.  long,  4-t()()tlu'd.  faintly  hispid  toward  the  apex, 
awn  nearly  straight,  starting  at  the  middle  of  its  glume;  palea 
oblong,  as  long  as  its  glume,  4-toothed. 

California,  Hnlatuln-  0071. 

8.  D.  calycina  I'resl,  Heli(i.  Ilivnk.  1:251  (18^0).  D.  dantho- 
nioliloH  Munro,  Henth.  1*1.  llartw.  342  (1857).  Aim  clanthoiniodes 
Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  (VI.)  1:51  (1830). 

Annual;  glabrous,  culms  slender,  10-100  cm.  high.  Ligule 
2-3  mm.  long,  acute;  blades  1-5-10  cm.  long,  very  nari'ow,  often 
exceeding  the  internodes.  Panicle  simple,  spreading  or  narrow, 
erect,  rays  2-4,  in  half-whorls,  naked  below.  Empty  glumes  oblong- 
acute  to  linear-lanc^eolate.  3-nerved,  first  r).5-7.5  mm.  long,  second 
but  little  shorter,  extending  beyond  the  florets.  The  lower  floret 
reaching  one-third  onto  the  second;  floral  glume  ovate,  2-2.5  mm. 
long,  minutely  4-toothed.  5-nerved,  awn  mostly  extending  beyond 
the  empty  glumes;  palea  nearly  as  long  as  its  glume,  curved  on  the 
back.  Grain  flattened,  not  grooved,  straight  next  the  floral  glume, 
curved  next  to  the  palea. 

Arizona,  Lemmon;  Washington,  Brandegee  1175;  Oregon,  E. 
Hall  664. 

This  has  been  confounded  with  D.  danthonioides  V'asey,  which 
see. 


AVENE.E.  371 

Texas,  Colorado,  California  to  Alaska. 

9.  D.  gracilis  Vasey,  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  10:324  (1885). 
Culms   smooth,    slender,   3U-T0   cm.    high.     Ligulu   4-5  mm. 

long,  a(!uminat(S  blades  smooth,  filiform,  G-10  cm.  long.  Pani- 
cle 15-'^'0  cm.  h>ng,  lax  and  o])en,  rays  mostly  in  twos,  the  lower 
ones  G-lO  cm.  long,  slender,  llower-bearing  to  or  below  the  middle. 
Em[)ty  glumes  e<iual,  linear-lanceolate,  tinged  with  purple  and 
brown,  3-nerved,  and  about  3.5  mm.  long;  llorets  overla])})ing  for 
o:ie-third  their  length,  an  awn  stjirting  near  the  middle  of  eaeh 
iloret,  o-G  mm.  long,  rachilla  villous;  floral  glume  1.5  mm.  or 
more  long,  1  mm.  wide,  4-toothed,  faintly  nerved;  palea  as  long  as 
its  glume,  narrow,  incurved,  ciliato  above,  2-toothed.  Grain  com- 
pressed, half  oval,  1  mm.  long. 
California,  Orcutf  in  1884. 

10.  D.  elongata  (Hook.)  Munro.  Benth.  PI.  Ilartw.  342 
(185T).     Aim  elomjata  Hook.  Fl.  Hor.  Am.  2:243  (1840). 

Culms  very  slender,  often  tufted,  20-GO  cm.  high.  Lignle 
acute,  4  mm.  long;  blades  very  narrow,  4-15  cm.  long,  mostly 
smooth.  PaTiicle  narrow,  simple  or  branching,  about  one-third  as 
long  as  its  culm,  rays  capillary,  scabrous,  appressed,  bearing  spike- 
lets  above  the  middle.  Empty  glumes  equal,  oval-lanceolate  or 
linear-lanct'olate,  3-4  mm.  long,  3-nerved,  longer  than  the  florets, 
green  and  scabrous  on  the  keel;  florets  2  mm.  long,  shining,  over- 
lapping for  one-third  or  more  of  their  length,  silky  hairs  reaching 
to  the  middle;  floral  glume  broad,  nerves  very  obscure  or  none,  apex 
api)arently  5-toothed  or  lacerate,  the  slender  awn  starting  near  or 
below  the  middle  and  twice  the  length  of  its  glume;  terminal  part 
of  the  rachilla  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  upper  floret:  palea 
about  as  long  as  its  glume,  2-toothed,  curved.  Grain  1.5  mm. 
long,  flattened,  straight  on  the  outside,  grooved. 

Jones  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  4591. 

British  America  to  California. 

Var.  ciliata  Vasey,  ined. 

Culms  GO-80  cm.  high;  ligule  8  mm.  long;  blades  less  involute 
and  softer;  panicle  often  30  cm.  long;  awns  longer. 

Oregon,  Howell;  California,  Dr.  Anderson. 


372  PUACE.E. 

Var.  tenuis  Vnsoy. 

A  very  snmll  plunt.  8-10  cm.  high. 

Ciilil'orniji.  .hiuvs  'Z'iOl. 

'ill.  (15S).  Trisetum  Pors.  Syn.  PI.  1:97  (1808).  Trichwta 
Ik'iiuv.  Agrost.  8t»  (1812).  Acrospelioti  Pess.  Triu.  Mem.  Acad. 
St.  Petcrsb.  (VI.)  1:59  (1831).  Rostraria  Triu.  Fuiul.  Agrost. 
U9  (18'.»0). 

Spikelets  2-  rarely  3-6-flowered,  in  a  narrow  and  dense  or  loose 
panicle,  rachilla  articulate,  hairy  or  smooth,  more  or  less  j)roduci'd 
between  the  lloral  ^dunies  and  beyond  the  upper  one  as  a  hairy 
bristle  or  bearing  a  terminal  empty  glume  or  male  tlower.  Empty 
glumes  keeled,  thiidy  scarious  on  the  sides,  first  1-5-uerved,  second 
3-nerved;  lloral  glume  more  hyaline,  keeled,  acute  or  shortly  bitid, 
with  a  dorsal  awn  attached  above  the  middle,  usually  twisted  at 
the  base  and  more  or  less  bent;  palea  narrow,  hyaline,  promi- 
nently 2-nerved.  usually  2-toothed.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct, 
stigmatic  from  near  the  base.  Grain  oblong,  not  furrowed,  glabrous 
or  ])ubescent  at  the  apex,  enclosed  but  not  adherent. 

Tufted  perennial,  or  rarely  annual,  grasses  with  Hat  blades. 

There  are  about  50  species;  and  the  genus  is  generally  distrib- 
uted over  the  temperate  and  cooler  or  mountain  regions  of  both  the 
northern  and  the  southern  hemisj)heres. 

Pentham  observes:  "They  are  all  very  near  to  the  section 
Avenmtnim  of  A  vena,  but  the  floral  giume  is  decidedly  toothed  at 
at  the  apex,  the  two  teeth  often  produced  into  straight  awns;  grain 
glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent  at  the  apex,  with  the  longitudinal 
furrow  of  A  vena,  Tlie  inflorescence  is  also  more  dense,  the  spike- 
lets  smaller  and  shining." 

A.  Lower  floret  unawned (b) 

b.  First  glume  1-nerved 1 

b.  First  glume  3-nerved 2 

B.  Lower  floret  awned (c) 

c.  Empty  glumes  both  1-nerved,  6-7  mm.  long.     ...     3 
Empty  glumes  both  1-nerved,  3.5-4  mm.  long.       .     .     4 

c.  One  or  both  empty  glumes  3-nerved (d) 

d.  First  empty  glume  3-nerved (e) 


AVEXK.E.  373 

e.  Pjiiiiele  slender,  awn  on  tlio  tloral  gluino  very 
sliort  and  straight 4 

e.  Panicle  very  slender,  awn  of  lowest  lloral  glume 
longer  and  bent  wiien  dry 0 

e.  Panicle  dense 7 

d.  First glinne  1-nerved (i) 

f.  Panicle  usually  spikelike 7,  8.  9 

f.   I'anicle  not  spikelike (g) 

g.  Spikelets  'Mlowered 11,  l::i 

g.  Spikelets  ;i-4-tlowored.       ...    13,  13,  U,  15 

1.  T.  palustre  (Michx.)  Torr.  Fl.  U.  S.  1: 126  (1834).  Arena 
Pennsiflfani'iv  Jj.  Hih  PI.  TO  (1753)?  Jivna  Carolinian  a  Walt. 
Fl.  Car.  81  (1788)?  Arena  jialtisfri.^  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:73 
(1803).     T.  Pennxylraniruni  li.  S.  P.   Prel.  Cat.  N.  Y.  67  (1888). 

A    smooth    and    slender    erect    perennial,    50-90    cm.    high. 
Ijcaf-blades  flat,  8  cm.   long,  5  mm. 
wide.      Panicle  narrow,   loose,   10-30 
cm.  long,  rays  capillary.     Spikelets  2- 
flowered,  compressed,  lower  floret  awn- 
less,  the  upper  awned  and  raised  on  a      ijjjhii    ., 
slightly  hairy  rachilla  nearly  2  mm.    *'■""'"' '■'■^ 
long  and  continued   beyond  as  much 
fanlier;  first  empty  glume  lanceolate,     ^u  WB/ijit 
1-nerved,  4-5  mm.  long,  second  about     *«*  mm 
one-fifth   longer,   elliptical-lanceolate, 
3-nerved;    floral  glume  of   the   lower 
floret    5    mm.    long,    awnless,  nearly 
smooth  at  the  base,  3-nerved.  closely 
resembling  the  second  emptv  glume; 

lloral  glume  of  the  upper  flor;t  shorter    ^X^^eU^'c^CJrT' 
and   narrower   than    the    lower    one, 

bearing  a  slender  spreading  or  bent  awn  next  the  short  bifid  tip; 
paleae  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  their  glumes,  bifid,  nerves  diverg- 
ing.    Anthers  over  1  mm.  long. 

For  an  account  of  a  supposed  hybrid  between  this  species  and 
Eatonia  Pennsylranica,  see  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  13:118  (1886). 


874  POACE.B. 

Low  grounds,  Now  York,  to  Illinois  and  souUiwurd. 

2.  T.  Ludovicianum  Viiany.  lUiU.  Torr.  Club,  1!»:«)  (1S85). 
Ciilnia  GO-SO  uni.  Iiigli.  sniootli,  loafv      Some  of  the  lower  I)liide8 

15-;.*.")  (;ni.  long,  the  upper  larger,  with  smooth  Hhealha.  I'unicle 
15-^5  em.  long,  ahout  \i  cm.  wide,  nearly  erect,  rather  loose,  rays 
mostly  in  lives.  Spikelets  "-i-y-llowered,  the  lower  floret  unawncd, 
rachilla  stout,  very  sparsely  hairy,  raising  the  lower  floret  two-thirds 
of  1  mm.,  second  2  mm.  higher,  the  rudiment  sometimes  hearing  a 
glume  or  a  floret.  Knipty  glumes  smooth,  e(puil,  ahout  5  mm. 
long,  3-nerved,  acute,  first  ellijitical-lanccolate,  second  ohovate; 
floral  glume  scabrous,  y-nerved,  not  bifid,  th  t  ot"  the  lower  floret 
nearly  (J  mm.  long,  elliptical-lanceolate,  umiwned;  second  floral 
glume  snuiller,  with  a  bent  awn  sis  long  as  itscilf,  arising  1  mm. 
below  the  acuminate  apex;  })aleiM  broad,  one-third  shorter  than 
their  glumes,  bifid,  the  two  nerves  widely  diverging. 

Nearly  allied  to  T.  paltislrc.  E.  llackel  considers  it  a  species 
of  Vfutetiala. 

Louisiana.  AV/-.  .1.  li,  fjfii(/Iois. 

3.  T.  deyeuxioides  (H.  B.  K.)  Knnth,  Kev.  T.ram.  1:102 
(1820).  Arnia  <In/i'ii.rioiih-s  H.  K  K.  Nov.  fJen.  et  Sp.  1  :14:.  /. 
687  (1815).     Deffeiixia  frijiora  Noes,  in  Linniwi  19:  691  (1847). 

Culms  00-90  cm.  high.  Leal-blades  of  the  culm  12-18  cm. 
long.  3  mm.  wide.  Panicle  15-25  cm.  long,  2-4  cm.  broad,  loose 
with  s])ikelike  rays.  Spikelets  purjilish,  2-3-flowered,  rachilla 
clothed  with  numerous  long  bristly  hairs,  some  of  which  extend  to 
the  tip  of  the  florets;  empty  glumes  lanceolate,  erpnd,  G-7  mm. 
long,  1-nerved;  floral  glumes  narrow.  3.5-4.5  mm.  long,  5-nerved, 
bearing  an  awn  near  the  middle,  reaching  about  4  mm.  above  the 
nerveless  tips  of  the  glumes;  palea  hyaline,  lanceolate,  three-fourths 
as  long  as  its  glume.  Grain  linear,  2.5  mm.  long,  acute  at  the 
base. 

The  plant  is  evidently  intermediate  between  Deyetixia  and 
Trisetnm. 

Mexico,  Pringh  821.  Palmer  210. 

Var.  pubescens  Scribn.  ined.  Leaves  and  branches  of  the  pan- 
icle pubescent. 


AVKNEJ5.  875 

Moxieo.  Prlnijh  3050. 

4.  T.  filifolium   Scribii.  incd. 

A  (leuni'ly  luftiMl  iKToiiniuI,  about  60  cm.  high.  Culms  few, 
pinipio,  ert'ct.  Leuvcs  of  sterile  shoots  numorous,  scahro'is.  <,'liiu- 
«M)ns,  iiivnluto.  filiform,  S-l'i  cm,  long,  0,5  mm,  broiul.  Siii'iillis 
of  the  culm  'I,  much  shorter  than  the  iutoruodes,  the  u|»i)er  rciicli- 
ing  to  the  middle  of  the  culm;  ligule  1  mm.  long;  blades  liiilorm, 
5-S  cm.  long.  I'juiicle  riithcr  dense,  contructed,  liiiKrohite,  7-10 
em.  long,  tho  lowest  rays  in  half-whorls  of  4-S,  the  longest  4-5  em. 
long,  llower-bearing  beyond  the  middle.  Spikclets  sul)sessile  or  the 
terminal  ones  on  short  pedicels,  linear,  '^-IJ-tlowercd  ;  empty  glumes 
acute,  1-nerved,  first  linear-lanceolate,  3.5  mm.  long,  second  oval- 
luiK'colate,  3.T-4  mm.  long,  tho  hairy  joint  of  racliilla  1.2  mm.  long; 
floral  glume  ohs(!urely  keeled  below,  lateral  nerves  obstiurely  2- 
nervcd,  S(;abrous,  oval,  3-3.5  mm.  long,  truncate,  ii-lobed,  with  a 
very  short  straight  awn  in  the  notch;  pulea  linear  before  spreading, 

3  mm,  long,  with  two  scabrous  keels. 

Mexico  (Chihuahua),  Prinylc  1431. 

(vool  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Madre,  at  the  altitude  of  9000  feet. 

Var.  aristatum  Scribn,  ined. 

Leaves  of  sterile  shoots  30-40  cm,  long;  panicle  thin,  narrow, 
lQ-50  cm,  long,  half- whorls  of  rays  3,5-4,5  mm,  distant,  the  long- 
est filiform  ray  4-6  cm,  long,  Spikelets  tijiped,  pedicellate;  empty 
glumes  with  a  bristle  0.5  mm.  long;  floral  glume  thin,  keeled,  oval, 

4  mm,  long,  obscurely  5-nerved,  the  apex  with  1-2  bristling  teeth 
on  each  lol)e  extending  one-third  the  way  down,  awn  in  the  notch 
twisted  and  reaching  three-fourths  of  1  mm,  beyond  the  apex  of 
its  glume,     A  very  marked  variety  at  least,  perhaps  a  si)ecies. 

Mexico.  Pringle  1430,  on  cool  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Madre,  at  an 
altitude  of  9000  feet, 

5,  T.  Hallii  Scribn,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  11:  G  (1884). 

Culms  smooth,  slender,  15-45  cm.  high.  Leaf-blades  flat,  invo- 
lute near  the  apex,  those  of  the  culm  2-7  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  wide, 
minutely  scabrous.  Panicle  contracted.  5-10  cm,  long,  the  erect 
densely  flowered  rays  2  or  more  cm,  long.  Spikeiets  2-3-flowered, 
racliilla  nearly  smooth,  prolonged   above   the   upper  floret,  often 


876  POACE.H. 

houriiij,'  Ix'twoi'ii  tlicin  u  liairliki*  iiwn;  empty  glumes  (hiuuI  or  sub- 
equal,  mucroniito  or  obtuse.  3.5-4  niiu.  lon^',  bispid  on  tbo  keels, 
lirat  narrowly  oblong,  H-nervcd,  second  oboviito.  .'j-nerveil;  florul 
glume  of  tirst  lloret  narrowly  oval,  tubereulute-roughened,  3.5  mm. 
long.  3-norved,  termimiting  in  two  aeute  teetb  and  bearing  astniiglit 
scabrous  awn  a  little  below  tlic  tip.  'i  mm.  long,  teetb  of  second 
and  tbird  florets  prolonged  into  slender  setie,  awn  twisted  a  d  bent 
one-third  the  way  from  tbe  ti|)  and  3-4  mm.  long;  palea  about 
two-tliirdu  as  long  as  its  glume,     (irain  smooth. 

Named  for  the  late  Klihu  Hall,  in  whose  Texan  collection 
(IHT*^)  it  was  distributed  under  No.  TOO,  mi.xed  with  Trinvfinin'/ou' 
gal  inn  Kth.  ( 7'.  interruption  Huckl.),  No.  WhU)*  of  (*urtiss's  distri- 
bution of  1S.S3,  to  which  it  is  closely  allied  and  which  it  much  re- 
sembles in  habit,  but  frotu  wbieb  it  dilTers  essentially  in  its  broader 
and  obtuse  outer  glumes,  and  in  having  the  lowest  awn  straight  and 
shorter  than  the  others. 

'i'exas  (Brazos  County),  XenUey  in  1883. 
C.  T.  elongatum  (II.  H,  K.)  Kuuth,  Uev.  Gram.  1:  101  (1820). 
AiriiK  rloiif/dfd  II.  a  K.  Nov.  Gen.  et  Sp.  1 :  148  (181,-)).      7'.  ///- 
tirmptum  Buckl.  I'roc.  Acad.  Phila.  100  (ISOi*).     T.  CaJifornicum 
V'asey. 

Culms  slender,  brandling,  20-50  om.  high.  Sbeatlis  frequent- 
ly in(;luding  tbe  base  of  tbo  panicles;  blades  flat  aiul  narrow,  those 
of  the  culm  2-7  em.  long,  often  puberuloiis.  Panicle  simple,  4-10 
cm.  long,  1  cm.  broad,  dense  or  interrupted  with  spikelike  branches. 
Many  of  the  spikelets  2-3-flowered,  sessile  on  the  brancdies.  where 
there  are  5-7,  one  at  a  node,  on  alternate  sides  of  the  slender  rachis. 
Empty  glumes  subequal,  mucronate  or  acute,  ovate-lanceolate.  3.5- 
4.5  mm.  long,  first  3-nerved,  second  5-nerved,  nerves  j)ron)inent; 
floral  glume  scabrous,  elliptical-lanceolate,  4-5  mm.  long,  5-  (some- 
times 3-4-)  nerved,  bearing  a  bent  awn  one- third  or  two-fifths  the 
way  below  the  acuminate  or  cuspidate  points;  palea  narrow,  hya- 
line, bifid,  about  half  the  length  of  its  glume.  Grain  smooth,  3 
mm.  long. 

Arizona,  PringU;  Lower  California,  Ormitt. 

Texas,  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  southern  California. 


AVKNK.K  377 

r.  T.  ipicatum  (L.)  Uichtor,  IM.  Kiir.  1 :  59  (IH'.iO).  Aira  spintfa 
li.  Sp.  L.  •(3  (1 ;;'):]).  J//7/  sitLopirafd  L.  Svst.  \'t'g.  Ktl.  lU:(iT3 
(l?;)!t).      y.  .'< uhfijn'nif inn  of  liulhitrn. 

A  variiiblo  tul'tcd  iHTfiinial,  lO-OO  cm.  lii;;li.  Slicutlis  juiIr's- 
(!ont.  ;J  cm.  lon^,  4  mm.  wklu;  li^'ulo  Viiriul)lt',  scurioiis;  bladerf 
Hat,  ;;lal)r()ii8  or  scuIji'ous.  I'aiiicio  3-10  (!m.  long,  ()..'>•.'  cm.  diam., 
(li'iisc  and  spikdikc  or  inlcrruplud,  silvcry-rthiiiiiig,  ot'lcii  i»iir|ilc. 
Spikclcts  llattctiod,  2-3-llowcn'd,  ruchillu  producod  bcvoiid  iuto  u 
slender  briritlc  or  terminal  glume;  empty  glum.'s  4-(i  mm.  long, 
linear-lauceolate  or  oval-lanceolate,  lirst  l-IJ-nervcd,  second  3- 
nervc'il;  lloral  glume  ob.scurely  3-5-norved,  3-(5  mm.  long  to  the 
tips  of  the  teetb,  awn  very  short  or  usually  extending  more  than 
imlf  its  length  above  its  glume;  palea  '-i-toothed.     Anthers  short. 

Vliih,  ,/oiirs  Woi'r,  Montana,  Tivi'vihi  Gill;  Wyoming,  /iiijfiDii 
V  30;  Washington,  Samlbvnj,  J/oirrfl  4*^;};  Oregon,  Ilotcel/;  Cali- 
fornia, J'n'iii/ii'. 

Var.  moUe  (.Midix.).  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  2:  sr-i  (ISr.O).  Airnn 
m>ni,s  Michx.  I'M.  Hor.  Am.  1:73  (1803).  T.  molh'  Kiinth,  Ifev. 
Gram.  1:  101  (lS^>!»-35). 

Culms  and  leaves  minutely  soft  downy. 

Xen  Hampshire,  Fa.ron  17;  Vermont.  PriHfilv:  Micliigan,  For- 
well;  Utali, -/o//<'.s' for  Srrihnei'  354.');  l'.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  of  40th 
Par.,  S.  Wiitsiiti  i:)43;  Oregon,  llmrrlL 

'I'his  polymorphous  species  is  widely  distributcMJ  in  tlic  mouJi- 
tainous  regions  of  Europe,  Australia,  Ni'W  England.  Lake  Superior, 
Ikocky  Mountains,  California  to  Alaska,  Canada  ami  Hritisli 
America.  The  (juality  for  feeding  is  probaly  not  very  good,  but  in 
some  portions  of  the  country  it  funushes  a  good  deal  of  pasture. 

8.  T.  Toluccense  U,  H.  K.  Kunth,  Gram.  1:101,297.  /.On 
(1835).  Avena  Toluccense  II.  H.  K.  Nov.  Gen.  et.  So.  1:14K 
(1815). 

A  perennial  25-35  cm.  Idgh.  with  rootstocks  and  numerous 
sterile  shoots;  culms  clothed  with  sliort  i)ubescen(!e.  Leaves  slightly 
scabrous,  sheaths  loose,  covering  the  nodes;  ligule lacerate,  2-3  mm. 
long;  blades  Hat,  3-S  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  wide.  Panicle  4-(i  cm. 
long,  8-12  mm.  diam.,  dense  and  spikelike  or  interrupted  below, 


378  POAlK.K. 

bliiuing,  greoii  and  purple.  Siiikolots  slightly  tlatti'neil.  ti-llowt-ivtl. 
nu'liillii  slii,'litly  liuirv.  proilucetl  bovoiul  into  ii  bristlo.  soini'iiuu's 
bearini;  ii  rudinn-nt  »)f  ;i  third  spikolot;  oinpty  ^dniui's  oval.  acwU'. 
lirst  t-r»  nun.  lonj::.  1-nervod.  S'.  .iind  5-.'».rt  nun.  lonjr,  It-niTvotl ; 
lloral  ^'hnno  (»\al,  acute.  4.0-.")..')  mm.  lonj:,  includin;;  tlit*  ."iliort 
toetli.  obscnroly  5-nervi>d.  the  upper  third  hrown-.soariou.s.  tlio  hrnl 
awn  oxli-ntlinj;  11-5  nun.  ln'yoi\d  its  glunic;  palea  nearly  ;U5  ion*:  as 
its  <;lumi';  anthers  l.',\  mm.  lonj;. 

Nearly  allieil  to  7'.  fi/iinifinii. 

Mexico.  rriiKjlc  A'W,).  on  the  mountains. 

!i.  T.  sesquiflorum   Triu.    liull.    Se.    Acad.   St.    I'etersb.   I:  GO 

(iH;Jti). 

IVrennial;  culms  15-'.'')  cm.  high,  and  glabrous  throu_<:hout. 
Leat'-bhules  of  sterile  shoots  often  reaching  to  the  toj)of  tlu»  painclc, 
those  of  the  culm  shorter,  the  upper  one  1  cm.  long.  Panicle 
dense,  linear-ohlong,  ;>  -t  cm.  long.  Spikelets  narrow,  purple;  some 
of  them  consisting  of  four  empty  glumes,  first  and  second  1-nerveil, 
third  bifid,  awned,  ;5-nervi'il.  fourth  '^-nerved;  the  other  spikylets 
l-','-tlowercd,  empty  glumes  lanceolate,  c«)ui|)ressed-keeled,  verv 
nearly  ecpnil,  (1-7  nun.  long,  first  1 -nerved,  secoiul  o-nerved,  raeliillsi 
consistijig  of  a  few  short  hairs;  lloral  ghuue  thin.  .">  mm.  long,  'i 
mm.  witle,  obscurely  5-nerved,  the  tips  lacerate,  awn  starting  but 
little  below  the  middle,  and  reuching  4  mm.  above  its  glume;  palea 
obtuse,  lacerate,  a  little  shorter  tlum  its  glume,  1.5  mm.  wide. 
Anthers  linear,  ',\  mm.  long,  which  is  three  times  tlie  length  of 
those  in  T.  siihspicalKiii.  collected  in  the  same  locality.  The  plants 
have  mui'li  the  aspect  of  tiiose  last  named. 

Alaska,  lliirrinulon  with  the  U.  S.  Coast  Survey. 

Alaska  and  Kamtchatka. 

10,  T.  Sandbergii  n.  sj). 

Panicle  pur|>le,  lax,  llexuose  or  nodding.  15-:20  cm,  long,  rays 
in  distant  half-whorls  of  15-4,  the  longest  4-(!  cm.  long,  bearing  a 
few  spikelets  on  the  outer  third,  Sjukelets  '^-flowered,  the  hairy 
pi'dicel  nearly  15  mm.  long;  first  glume  laiux>olate,  3-4  mm.  long. 
1-nerved,  second  oval  when  spread,  about  5  mm.  long,  3-nerved; 
lirst  lloral  glume  ellijitioal,  acute  when  spread,  with  a  few  very  short 


AVKNK.K.  879 

liaira  at  the  basi*.  6  mm.  loiij;,  tlio  iiwn  (J-S  imn.  loiijr.  8trtrtiii<j  two- 
tliinls  till'  way  fnnii  tlio  l»aso;  palea  5  mm.  lonj;;  upper  lloret  1  mm. 
shorter,  the  awn  als«)  shorter. 

Wasliinjjton  (Mt.  Stuart,  altitude  7000-8000  feet).  SamilwriJ 
and  l.tihiij. 

11.  T.  montanum  Vase.v,  Hull.  Torr.  Club.  i;5:  118(1SS»1). 

Culms  40  70  em.  hij;h.  smoDtli.  Leaves  of  sterile  shoots  ITi-'^o 
cm.  Ions;,  the  upper  sometimes  e(pialliiiu[  the  pauiele.  slii^htly 
seahrous.  raiii«-le  10-15  em.  lonj;,  loose.  0[>eu.  rays  in  clusters  of 
thn-i"  to  live.  1-4  cm.  louir,  llower-bearing  nearly  to  the  base. 
SpikcU'ts  'i-llowere*!  besides  a  hairy  pedicel  !.."»  mm.  Ions;,  lirst 
Illume  lam-eolate.  4  mm.  loni;,  1-norved;  second  ovate-lanceolate, 
(>vt'r  ."»  mm.  I«>nir.  ■.>-uerved:  lloral  ,i,dume  liiu>ar-lani'eolatc.  bearii\{:f 
short  hairs  at  the  base,  over  5  mm.  loui;:.  obscurely  a-nervcd,  tcr- 
iuinatin>;  in  two  sleutler  seta',  the  awn  diverjjinjx  when  dry,  3-5  mm. 
lonir.  startini;  two-thirds  of  the  distance  from  the  base;  palea  linear, 
4.')  mm.  loui;.  •^-tt)othc»l. 

This  has  been  mistaken  for  an  opcn-[)anicled  form  of  T.  xuh- 
spi  I'll  him. 

Colorado.   I'liseif  for  V.  S.  Dept.  Agricul. 

Coloratlo  to  \ew  Mexico. 

I-,'.  T.  cernuum  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  IVtcrsb.  (VI)  1 :  61  (1831). 
Art'iiii  irnma  Kunth,  Knum.  PI.  1:306  (1S33). 

Culms  slcn«ler,  30-!U)  cm.  high,  blades  Hat,  I't-'^O  cm.  loni?. 
Sheaths  snu)oth  or  pubescent;  blades  tlat.  Ift-'^Dcm.  lon<j,  5-10  mm. 
wide.  I'anicle  very  open,  sleiuler,  luiddiuj;,  l*-2-"J4  cm.  lonj;. 
rays  in  distant  clusters,  capillary.  S{)ikclets  '->-3-  (rarely  4-)  llow- 
ered.  <5  mm.  lonjj  or  l«»n,irer,  rachilla  bristly  hairy;  empty  j,dunu's 
much  shorter  than  the  llorets,  lirst  laiu'eolato-subulalc,  l-iu'rved, 
about  ;>  mm.  lonir.  second  oval,  abruptly  pointed,  over  4  mm.  long: 
lloral  glume  lirni.  scabrous,  with  a  few  liairs  at  thvi  base,  oval- 
lanceolate,  obscurely  o-nerved,  bearing  a  bent  awn  once  or  twice  ita 
length;  palea  short  with  two  hispid  keels.  Grain  3  mm.  long  witii 
a  spongy  hairy  ajH?x. 

Washington,  Luke,  SnLtdorf  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  425, 
Sanilficnf. 


380  POACE.E. 

Vur.  canescens  (Buckl.)  T.  canescens  Buckl.  Proc.  Acad.  Phila. 
100  (1862).     Gray  in  same  3:57, 

Sl'.eatlis  soft,  pubescent,  first  empty  glume  lanceolate,  5  mm. 
long,  about  one-fourth  shorter  than  the  second. 

Oregon,  Suksdorf  15-i  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  475. 

Alaska  to  California. 

13.  T.  Virletii  Fourn.  Ilemsl.  Biol.  Centr.  Am.  Bot.  3:550 
(1880). 

Culms  hard,  robust,  often  2-3  m.  high.  Leaves  scabrous, 
upper  ligule  lacerate-pilose,  5-7  mm.  long,  blades  involute,  long- 
pointed,  the  upper  often  extending  to  the  top  of  the  panicle. 
Panicle  oblong,  lax  or  closer,  30-40  cm.  long,  rays  in  fives  to 
sevens,  glabrous.  Spikelets  3-4-flo\vered.  7-8  mm.  long,  oblong, 
the  hairs  half  as  long  as  the  florets,  first  empty  glume  4  mm.  long, 
second  5  mm.  long;  floral  glume  oblong  when  spread,  about  5  mm. 
long,  crosely  subacute,  not  toothed  [4-toothed.  Fourn.],  the  awn  of 
all  florets  attached  three-fourths  the  distance  fiom  base  to  ai)cx,  re- 
curved, 3-4  mm.  long;  i)alea  linear,  nearly  as  long  as  its  glume,  with 
two  sharp  teeth  or  entire. 

Mexico  (Michoacan),  PrimjU  3979,  "Virl.  1384,  MiiU.  651, 
Bourg.  1149,  Sch a ff n. '' Yowrw. 

Cool  slopes  of  mountains  near  Potzcuaro. 

14.  T.   PRATEXSE  Pers.   Syn.  1:07(1805).     A.  flavescens  L. 

Sp.  PI.  80  (1753).       YeJ  LOW  OAT-(iUASS. 

An  erect  smooth  glabrous  perennial,  30-60  cm.  high.  Sheaths 
hairy;  ligule  truncate,  ciliate;  blades  flat,  narrow.  Panicle  open, 
oblong,  8-12  cm.  long,  with  slender  rays  in  half-whorls.  Spike- 
lets  comjn-essed,  shining,  often  yellowish,  3-5-flowere(l,  5-7  mm. 
long;  first  empty  glume  1-nerved,  4  mm.  long,  second  3-nerved, 
4-7  mm.  long;  floral  glume  keeled,  2-cleft,  5-nerved,  4-G  mm.  long, 
awn  twisted,  divergent,  4-7  mm.  long,  starting  two-thirds  the  way 
from  the  base;  palea  a  little  shorter  than  its  glume. 

Found  in  Europe,  northern  Africa,  some  parts  of  Asia,  and 
sparingly  introduced  into  North  America.  In  Great  Britain  it  is 
cultivated  in  meadows  and  lawns.  See  Vol.  1,  p.  191,  Fig.  85, 
under  Avenn  flnrescens. 

Vermont,  Hotiford  23,  Prinyle;  Michigan,  Beul  83. 


AVENE.E.  381 

15.  T.  paniculatum  Foiiru.  Ilemsl.  Biol.  Ceutr.  Am.  Hot. 
3  :  556  (1880). 

Culms  erect,  00-120  cm.  high.  Hlades  of  sterile  shoots  sca- 
brous, involute,  10-20  cm.  loug,  3  mm.  wide.  Leaves  of  the  culm 
scabrous,  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  1-2  mm.  loug; 
blades  flat  or  involute,  20-30  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  wide.  Panicle 
linear  or  oblong,  rather  thin,  10-25  cm.  long,  rays  in  fives,  the 
longest  5-10  cm.  long,  flower-bearing  on  the  outer  iialf.  Spikelets 
2-tlowered,  5-6  mm.  long,  hairs  on  rachilla  and  florets  1  mm.  or 
less  in  length,  first  empty  glume  3.5-4.5  mm.  long,  second  a  little 
longer;  floral  glume  oblong  when  si)rea'l,  4.3  mm.  long,  4-toothed, 
the  awns  attached  near  the  middle,  4-5  mm.  long;  palea  as  long  as 
its  glume. 

Mexico,  Pringle  4919,  distributed  as  T.  paniculatum  Fourn.  ? 

Cool  i)ine  woods,  at  an  altitude  of  9500  feet. 

78.  (100).  AVENA  L.  Sp.  PI.  79  (1753).  EUctotrichon  Hess. 
Andrz.  Kys.  Hotan.  1:9  (1823).  IleUcofrirliium  liess.  Heichb., 
Fl.  Germ.  Excurs.  140«  n.  352  (1832).  Ihuffdia  Schur.  Enum. 
PI.  Transs.  700  (1800). 

Spikelcts  few-flowered,  rarely  1-flowered,  in  a  loose  panicle; 
rachilla  articulate  above  the  2  outer  glumes,  hairy  under  the  floral 
glumes.  Empty  glumes  scarious,  at  least  at  the  apex,  nearly  equal, 
lanceoIatL';  floral  glumes  smaller,  rounded  on  the  back,  5-11- 
nerved,  2-cleft  at  the  top,  bearing  a  long  dorsal  twisted  awn,  the 
terminal  glume  often  small  and  empty;  palea  narrow,  2-toothed. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  short,  distinct.  Grain  pubescent  or  hairy, 
rarely  smooth,  frequently  adhering  to  the  palea,  ileoply  grooved. 

There  are  40  species  of  annuals  or  perennials,  widely  spread  over 
the  temperate  and  cooler  regions  of  the  world. 

The  genus  has  been  divided  into  two  sections  which  are  quite 
clearly  marked.  By  cultivation,  probably,  the  dorsal  awn  of  the 
common  oat  has  been  lost  or  much  reduced. 

A.  Avenastrum.  Perennial;  spikelets  erect  or  spreading. 
Panicle  small,  narrow,  spikelets  with  more  than  two  per- 
fect flowers;  empty  glumes  3-r)-nerved (a) 

a.  Exotic;  awn  as  long  as  its  glume  starting  one-third 


3b2  POACE.E. 

the  way  down  tlie  back ;  may  be  looked  for  here.    See 
Trinefnm  jUivesreiis. 
a.  Native;  awn  as  long  as  its  glume,  starting  near  the 
Inise  of  the  tt'otli 1 

a.  Native;  awn  starting  near  the  middle  and  projecting 
above  its  ghime 3 

B.  Critlie.  Annual;  si)ikol('ts  heavy,  hanging,  each  con- 
taining no  more  than  two  fertile  llowers,  and  often  only 
one,  and  the  empty  glumes  T-9-nerved. 

b.  Not  cultivated  for  grain  or  forage (c) 

c.  Floral  glume  having  two  or  more  bristles.     .     .     .  3,  4 

c.  Floral  glume  not  bristly-pointed 5 

b.  Cultivatctl  for  grain (d) 

d.  Floral  glume  firm,  enclosing  the  grain (e) 

e.   Panicle  spreading  in  all  directions.     .     .     .   G,  7,  8 
e.   I'anicle  1-sided 9 

d.  Floral  glume  thin,  not  enclosing  the  grain;  empty 
glumes  much  shorter  than  the  spikelet 10 

1.  A.  striata  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:73  (1803).    Tn'tietum  jmr- 
purascens  Torr.  Fl.  U.  S.  1: 137  (1834). 

A  smooth  glabrous  slender  tufted  perennial.  30-100  cm.  liigh. 
Ligule  short;  blades  narrow,  not  numerous.  Panicle  simple,  loose, 
10-30  cm.  long.  Spikelets  1-1.5  cm.  long,  3-G-flowered;  empty 
glumes  purple,  lateral  nerves  obscure,  first  3-nerved,  3-4  mm.  long, 
second  5-nerved,  about  7  mm.  long;  rachilla  smooth,  except  the 
beards  at  the  base  of  the  florets;  floral  glume  oval-lanceolate  when 
spread,  7-nerved,  G-10  mm.  long;  awn  slightly  twisted  and  bent, 
springing  from  near  the  base  of  the  teeth,  as  long  as  its  glume; 
palea  rather  firm,  5-G  mm.  long,  3-toothed,  keels  short-ciliate. 

New  Hampshire  (White  Mountains),  D.  C.  Eaton,  Faxon  15, 
Oakes ;  Vermont,  Pringle ;  Canada,  Fowler,  J.  Macoun  3341; 
Alichigan,  Faricell,  Wood,  liobhins.  Beat,  Clark  3G2G;  Minnesota, 
Sandherg;  Rocky  Mountains,  Hall  &,  Harhoiir  G23;  Yellowstone 
Park,  Tweedy;  Montana,  Williams,  Canby  &  Scribner  371; 
Oregon,  Howell. 

New  England,  New  York,  Michigan  and  northwestward. 


AVKNEiK,  383 

2.  A.  Hookeri  Scribn.  Hack.  True  CJrasses  123  (1890).  A.  ver- 
sirnliir  Hook.  Fl.  IJor.  Am.  2 :  (1840),  not  \'ill.  A.  pralensis  L.  var. 
AiiK't-irana^cYihw.  Coult.  liot.  Gaz.  11:177  (188(1). 

An  erect  smooth  perennial,  30-40  en.  high.  Ligule  ovate, 
acute;  blades  narrow,  5-20  em.  long.  Panicle  simple,  8  em.  long, 
2  cm.  broad.  Spikelets  erect,  shining,  4-5-tlo\vered;  empty  glumes 
lanceolate,  subequal,  3-nerved,  scarious  above,  about  as  long  as  the 
spikelet;  floral  glume  lanceolate  or  oval-lanceolate,  12  cm.  long, 
lower  part  scabrid,  the  up])er  scarious,  5-nerved,  awn  near  the  mid- 
dle, reaching  1  cm.  above  its  glume;  upper  florets  gradually  shorter; 
palea  oblanccolate,  two-thirds  as  long  as  its  glume,  keels  ciliate. 

Mo)\tana,  Scribner,  Williaiiis  581;  Yellowstone  Park,  Tiret>(hj; 
Saskatchewan,  Bourfjeaii;  N.  Trans.  Cont.  8urv.,  Canby  tk,  Scrib- 
ner  3T2. 

Montana  and  British  America. 

3.  A.  lURHATA  Brot.  Flor.  Lusit.  1: 108  (1804).  A.  hirsnta 
Roth.  Cat.  3: 19  (180G).  A.  athemnthera  Presl.  Cyp.  et  Gram.  Sic. 
30  (182G).  yl.>//^r^  Viv.  Fl.  Lib.  Spec.  0(1824).  A.  seyotaJ'iH 
liianca,  Nym.  Consp.  810  (18T8).  A.  sesquiteria  llort.  Steud.  Noni. 
Ed.  1:95  (1821). 

An  erect  glabrous  annual,  60-100  cm.  high.  Leaf-blades  sca- 
brous, flat.  4-25  cm.  long,  3-7  mm.  wide.  Panicle  loose,  20-30 
cm.  long,  with  unequal  filiform  pedicels,  Spikelets  2-flowered, 
narrow,  droo[)ing;  empty  glumes  oval-lanceolate,  subequal,  about 
2.5  cm.  long,  9-nerved;  floral  glume  membranous,  lanceolate,  2.3 
cm.  long  (including  2  slender  teeth),  5  mm.  wide,  7-nerved,  hairy 
below,  some  of  them  5  mm.  long,  awn  starting  near  the  middle,  2-4 
cm.  long,  with  several  firm  twists,  abruptly  bent  near  the  middle; 
palea  oblanccolate,  13  mm.  long,  2  mm.  wide,  the  nerves  clothed 
with  very  short  diverging  hairs.  Much  like  A.  fafua,  from  which 
it  differs  in  having  a  floral  glume  thinner,  narrower,  a  little  shorter, 
7-nerved,  with  two  shorter  teeth,  hairs  on  the  back  longer  and 
more  numerous. 

Lower  California,  Pahner  668. 

Introduced  into  Southern  California. 

4.  A.  STERiLis  L.  Sp.  Ed.  2: 118  (1762).   Animated  Oats.    A. 


384  POACK/E. 

nffinis  Ikrnh.  Steud.  Norn.  Ed.  2,  I  :  ITl,  ITS  (1840-1).  A. 
hi(/()n'ri(ina  Dur.  Hull.  Soc  Linn.  liord.  20:41  (1855).  .1.  marro- 
rar/ia  Moench,  Metli.  19G  (i:!)4).  A./afnn  Schreb.  lieiclw.  (Jnios. 
lOf),  /.  15  (ITC)'*).  A.  nutnus  St.  Lag.  Hecli.  Hist.  Cl".  liiill.  Soe. 
Hot.  Fr.  31:  Hibl.  201  (1884).  A.  Hijriuca  Hoiss.  &  Hal.  Hoiss.  Fl. 
Ork-nt.  5:542  (18G7). 

A  slender  annual,  60-120  cm.  liigli,  bearing  a  luirrow  panicle  of 
a  few  nodding  spikelots.  Si)ikelets  2-  or  niore-Howered,  2.5-3  em. 
long;  empty  glumes  9-  anti  11-nerved  respectively;  floral  glume 
of  the  lower  floret  2.5  em.  long,  extending  into  2-3  slender  teetli, 
glume  clothed  on  the  lower  half  with  numerous  long  bristles,  awn 
6  cm.  long,  stout,  lower  half  brown  aiul  twisted.  There  arc  varie- 
ties differing  from  the  above  description  in  several  respects. 

A  native  of  Harbary,  sometimes  cultivated  as  a  curiosity.  When 
moistened,  the  lo!ig  awns  slowly  turn  around  till  straight;  in  this 
way  the  spikelets  move  about.  Said  also  to  be  used  as  an  artificial 
fly  as  a  bait  for  fish. 

5.  A.  STUKJOSA  Schreb  Siiio.  52.  A.  nf/raria  Hrot.  Fl.  Lusit. 
1:105  (1804).  A.  (((jmria-mufica  1.  c.  lOfi  (1804).  A.  (tf/raria- 
sesquiallem  1.  c.  A.  alta  Cav.  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:G9l  (1817).  A. 
ardiiensis  Lej.  Steud.  Xom.  Ed.  2,  i:  171  (1840-i).  A . /lisjxniini 
llort.  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:G91  (1817).  A.  iicrrosn  Lam.  111.  n.  1115 
(1791). 

Spikelets  2-flowered;  empty  glumes  7-9-nerved;  floral  glume 
and  pedicels  glabrous.  Snuiller  and  niore  slender  tlian  A.  fafna; 
leaves  sometimes  liairy;  panicle  unilateral,  rays  fewer;  iloral  glume 
more  deeply  bifid,  segment  awned. 

Found  in  similar  places  with  A.  fa  fun.  Descrijition  mainly 
taken  from  Hooker's  Flora  of  the  Rritish  Islands.  Hy  Hooker  and 
some  others  it  is  considered  a  mere  variety  of  A.  faina. 

Not  yet  known  in  North  America,  but  may  be  looked  for. 
Here  mentioned  because  some  consider  it  the  parent  form  of  our 
cultivated  oats. 

6.  A.  FATUA  L.  Sp.  80  (1753).  Wild  Oats.  A.  amhigua 
Schoenb.  Nym.  Consp.  810  (1878).  A.  hyhrkla  Peterm.  Reichb. 
Fl.  Saxon.  17  (1846-49).     A.  intermedia  Lindgren,  Hot.  Notiser. 


AVKNK.E.  385 

161  (1S41).  J.  Jainif/iiinm  (lilib.  Exorcit.  '3:  H.^O  (1700).  A. 
sferilis  Dulilc.  lioiss.  Fl.  Orient.  5:543  (1807). 

An  erect  glabrous  annuiil,  00-100  cm.  lii^'li.  Leuf-bliwlos  flat, 
long  and  broad,  s(!al)rou8.  Panicle  20-35  cm.  long,  loose,  with  fili- 
form unequal  |)e(licels.  Spikelels  2-3-tlowered,  drooping:  empty 
glumes  ovate-laiuieolate,  about  2.5  cm.  long,  with  9  prominent 
nerves;  floral  glume  0-nerved,  firm,  rough,  brown,  thinly  bairy,  tlic 
longest  glume  less  than  2  cm.  long,  7  mm.  wide,  awn  from  near  the 
middle  3—4  cm.  long,  with  several  firm  twists,  abruptly  bent  near 
the  middle;  palea  14  mm.  long,  3  mm.  wide,  the  nerves  clothed 
with  very  short  diverging  hairs.  Grain  hairy,  much  like  that  of 
A.  barhata,  which  see. 

We  have  this  species  from  Minnesota,  Oregon,  California,  where 
it  has  been  introduced.  It  is  probably  native  to  the  eastern  Afedi- 
terranean  region  and  is  a  weed  in  cultivated  fields  of  Euroi)e, 
Australia,  South  America.  In  ('alifornia  it  is  often  cut  while 
young  for  making  hay.  The  late  Professor  J.  Huckman  of  Eng- 
land continued  experiments  from  1851  to  1800  and  succeeded  in 
inducing  this  species  to  so  change,  that  he  obtained  what  were 
called  good  samples  of  two  sorts  of  oats,  the  Potato  and  the  Tar- 
tarian. 

V\im\  this  we  conclude  that  our  cultivated  races  of  oats  have 
descended  from  A.  fafna. 

7.  A.  SATiVA  L.  Sp.  PI.  79  (1753).  CoMMo>f  Oats.  A. 
aiif/Iira  Ilort.  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:009  (1817).  A.  dispeniiis  M\]]. 
(Junl.  Diet.  Ed.  8,  n.  1  (1708).  A.fiism  Ard.  Saggi  Ace.  Padov. 
3:/.  4  (1:89).  .1.  llcorfiiaiia  W.  &  S.  Syst.  3 :  009  (1817).  A. 
f/enrffira  Zuccag.  l?oem.  Collect.  120.  A.  trixperma  Auct.  T?.  &  S. 
Syst.  2:  009  (1817).  A.  cinerea  Auct.  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:009  (1817). 
A.  Jhtra  Hort.  IJ.  it  S.  Syst.  2:009  (1817).  A.  rubra  Zuccagni, 
Rocm.  Collect.  120. 

A  stout  annual,  00-120  cm.  high.  Panicle  20-30  cm.  long, 
erect,  spreading  equally  in  all  directions.  Spikelets  2-3-flowered, 
nodding,  empty  glumes  9-11-nerved,  2-2.5  cm.  long;  floral  glumo 
7-nerved,  about  2  cm.  long,  nearly  destitute  of  hairs,  light  or  dark 
colored,  awn  short  or  none. 


386  POACE/Til. 

Tliia  form  is  found  only  in  eultiviition  in  tlie  teniiMTiite  regions 
of  tlio  world.  See  A. /(ifiui  for  a  reference  to  experiments  showing 
tluit  (!0inmon  oats  have  been  or  may  be  derived  from  that  sjieoies. 
\\y  cultivation  and  selection  tlie  grain  has  become  larger,  the  awns 
removed  or  much  reduced,  the  hairs  have  left  the  llorets,  which  are 
often  light  in  color. 

8.  A.  miKvis  Roth,  Tent.  Fl.  Germ.  1:40  (17S8). 

A  smaller  species  or  race,  with  short  spikelets,  alumt  13  mm. 
long,  cultivated  in  mountainous  districts  of  Eurojic,  where  the 
seasons  are  cool  and  short. 

9.  A.  OKiENTALis  Schreb.  Spicil.  52.  Tahtarian  Oats.  A. 
tarlarica  Ard.  Snggi  Ace  Padov,  2:  t.  1,  101  (1789).  A.  vnUate- 
rnlis  Hrouss.  ex  \\.  &.  S.  Syst.  2:(;G9  (IH17). 

This  name  is  often  applied  to  cultivated  oats  in  which  the  pani- 
cle is  narrow  and  the  s{)ikelet8  turned  to  one  side. 

10.  A.  NUDA  L.  Amoen.  Acad.  3:40  (1759).  A.  Cliincnsis 
Fisch.  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:669  (1817).  Bohemian  Oats.  Naked 
Oats.     Pilcok\. 

A  smooth  annual  about  GO  cm.  high.  Panicle  20-40  cm.  long, 
erect,  spreading  mainly  in  one  direction.  Spikelets  2-5-flowered, 
the  2  lower  florets  sei)arated  5-6  mm.  by  a  long  smooth  internode 
of  the  rachilla;  empty  glumes  about  2  cm.  long,  9-  and  11 -nerved 
respectively,  much  shorter  than  the  spikelet;  floral  glume  mem- 
branous (not  firm),  13-nerved,  over  2  cm.  long,  often  leaving  the 
ripened  grain,  awnless  or  with  a  short  awn;  palea  1.3  nmi.  long,  2- 
toothed,  finely  ciliate  on  the  nerves.  Grain  liairy,  easily  escaping 
from  the  ripe  floral  glume  and  })alea. 

This  is  cultivated  in  China,  and  was  at  one  time  occasionally 
raised  in  gardens  as  a  curiosity.  Numerous  cases  of  swindling  were 
]n-acticed  by  selling  these  oats  to  farmers  of  the  northern  United 
States  about  1885-8. 

79.  (163).  Abbhenatheettm  Reauv.  Agrost.  55,  t.  11,  f.  5 
(1812). 

Spikelets  2-flowered,  in  loose  panicles,  the  lower  floret  stami- 
nate,  the  upper  perfect  or  pistillate,  rachilla  hairy,  articulate  below 
the  lower  flower  and  produced  into  a  short  point  or  bristle  above 


AVENE.E.  387 

the  upper  one.  Empty  glumes  unequal,  persistent,  acute,  keeled, 
thinly  scarious  on  the  margins;  tloral  glume  lliinly  scarious,  5-7- 
nerved,  ayiQx  slightly  dentate,  the  lower  enclosing  u  staminate 
flower,  with  a  dorsal  twisted  awn  attached  near  the  base,  the  u])per 
unawned  or  with  u  minute  awn  near  the  apex  of  the  glume,  or 
with  a  dorsal,  twisted  awn;  palea  hyaline,  prominently  ;2-iierved. 
Stamens  3.  Stigmas  sessile.  (}rain  ovoid,  enclosed  in  the  glume 
and  j)alea,  but  not  adhering.    Seed  not  furrowed. 

Tall  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaf-blades.    Panicle  erect,  often 
1-sided. 

Species   3,  found   in  Europe,  northern  Africa,  and  the  cooler 
parts  of  Asia. 

This  genus  is  often  included  in  Avena,  but  difTers  from  it  in 
having  the  lower  flower  staminate  and  the  upper  fertile. 

1.  A.  ELATiOR  (L.)  lieauv. ;  M.  &  K.  Doutsch.  Fl.  1:540 
(1833).  Tall  Oat-orass.  Avena  elalior  L.  Sp.  PI.  ?9  (1753). 
Avena  tuherosa  Gilib.  Exercit.  2:538  (1700).  Arena  xecnnda 
Salisb.  Prod.  22  (1790).  Avena  hulbosa  Willd,  Ges.  Naturf.  Fr. 
Berl.  Neue  Schr.  2:110  (1799).  ArrJienatherum  avcnaccuni 
Heauv.  Agrost.  152  (1812),  name  only.  An-henalhcruni  prerafo- 
rium  Beauv.  Agrost.  50  (1812).  Arrhenatlicrum  hulbosvm  Presl, 
Cyp.  et.  Gram.  Sic.  29  (1S2G).  ArrhenatJierum  pal(¥sfinvm  Boiss. 
Diagn.  (I.)  13 :  51  (1842-59).  Arrhenathernm  hiarititatum  Peterm. 
Fl.  Lips.  Excurs.  106  (1840).  Arrhcnatherum  a.sperian  Opiz, 
in  Lotos,  3 :  65  (1853).  Arrhenathenim  cechicnm  Opiz,  in  Lotos, 
3:  06  (1853).  Arrhenathernm  exserens  1.  c.  65  (1853).  Arrhen- 
athenim zavadilianum  Opiz.  Lotos,  3:  60  (1853). 

An  erect  tufted  grass,  60-120  cm.  or  more  high.  Leaf-blades 
few  and  flaccid.  Panicle  narrow  and  loose,  15-20  cm.  long,  3  cm. 
broad.  Spikelets  8-10  mm.  long,  second  glume  nearly  as  long  as 
the  floral  ones,  the  outer  one  shorter;  lower  floral  glume  5-7- 
nerved,  awn  about  twice  as  long  as  its  glume,  floral  glume  of  the 
upper  floret  usually  7-nerved.     Grain  pubescent. 

For  a  full  account  of  its  economic  value  consult  Vol,  1,  p.  121, 
Fig.  04. 

In  the  forms  introduced  into  this  country  the  bulb  (or  corm 


388 


POACE.E. 


more  properly)  is  muoli  roducod.  llerbiirium  spociiiiens  from  Eu- 
rope, when  dry,  sliow  ;{  corriH,  in  ull  '-i.5-3  cm.  lon^f,  1-1.5  cm. 
wick'. 

HO.  (104).  Tristachya  Neea.  A^'rost.  Brus.  458.  (1829).  Mum- 
j)(>;/o/i  Presl.  Ucl.  llu'iik.  1 :  :J24  (KS;30). 

Spikeli'ts  '.'-llowered,  collected  in  threes,  sessile  or  raised  on 
short  subeciuid  pcclicels  at  the  enils  of  the  branches  of  the  panicles; 
ra(.'hilla  iiairy,  not  extending  above  the  upper  flower,  the  lower  ouo 
mall',  the  upi)er  perfect  or  female.  Km|»tv  <;himes  !i,  slightly  un- 
e<iual,  persistent,  membranous,  awnless,  glabrous  or  the  outer  cili- 
ate,  lloral  glunu'  of  the  lower  spikelet  membranous,  awidess,  that  of 
the  upper  bilid  Ijearing  a  long  twisted  awn  i)etween  the  teeth  of  the 
apex;  paU's'  enclosed  by  the  tloral  glume,  membranous.  2-nerved. 
Lodicules  2.  Stamens  ",*  or  3.  Styles  distinist,  very  slender.  (Jraiu 
oblong  or  linear,  enclosed,  but  TU)t  adherent. 

Perennials  or  rarely  annuals,  usually  11  rm,  ])ladcs  Hat  or  convo- 
lute. I'anicle  loose,  spikelets  few  and 
large,    erect   or   nodding  or   smaller   and 


more  numerous. 

'IM 


There  are  eight  species,  two  American; 
the  others  are  found  in  tro])ical  Africa, 
Australia,  or  western  Asia. 

Here  the  lower  flower  is  staminate  as 
in  Arrheiiatherum;  spikelets  always  3  to- 
gether, sessile  or  e(|ually  i)ediccllate.  the 
long  twisted  awn  of  the  floral  glume  ter- 
minal and  between  two  lobes  or  the  awns 
straight. 

1.  T.  leiostachya  Nees.  Agrost.  liras. 

45!»  (18'^'9).      T.  Mej-irann  Knnth,  Enum. 
Fig.  67. — Tristnchya  Mexi-   ,„    ,    ono  /io'>'}\        m 
eana.    A.     spikdet;      a,   '  1-  1  =  ^08  (183.i).      Moiiopof/on  iu'enareiis 

floret,    (llichuidsou.)         pj.Q^\^    ll^^l    Ha3nk.    1 :  3-,»5,   /.  44  (1830). 

An  erect  glabrous   perennial,   30-40   cm.    high.       Leaf-blades 

flat,  5  mm.  wide,  the  upper  blade  8  cm.  long.     Panicle   simple, 

narrow,  20  cm.  long.     Emi)ty  glumes  with  three  prominent  nerves, 

tips  scarious,  first  2.5  cm.  long,  second  3  cm.  long,  3  mm.  wide; 


AVKNK/K  389 

floriil  ^'Inriio  of  lower  llorct  iibout  '.]  cm.  long,  '.\  cm.  wide,  sinootli, 
with  ;5  jn'omint'iit  and  2  ol)8curo  iicrvos;  jmloii  less  tliiui  l.T)  cm. 
loiifj;  llonil  glume  of  upper  llorct  about  1  cm.  long,  with  an  awn  8 
cm.  long,  the  lower  half  of  which  is  twisted;  puleu  shorter  tlmu  its 
glumo,  lirm,  !i-ncrved. 

A  careful  compari.son  of  the  original  descrijjtion  of  both  species, 
and  the  cuts  in  I'resl,  shows  this  to  be  correctly  identified  us 
above. 

Mexico,  Pahtier  204. 

SI.  (KiT).  Danthonia  DC.  Fl.  Fr.  3:32  (ISOn)  in  part. 
Peiitdiiivris  Hcauv.  Agrost.  02  (1S12).  Meralhirjila  Halln.  Ser. 
Bull.  Mot.  1:221  (1830).  ('Iiu'lohromns  Necs.  Lindl.,  Introd. 
Nat.  Syst.  cd.  2,  440  (lS3t)).  Shrhhirliwle  lIo(!hst.  PI.  Schim|). 
Abyss,  n.  412  (183-)  ?).  Triraphis  Necs,  PI.  Afr.  Austr.  2?0 
(1841).  Mniiavliather  Steuil.  Syn.  (iram.  247  (IS,').'')).  PUntlian- 
thexis  Steud.  1.  c.  14  (^1855).  Criuipes  lloclist.  Flora,  38:279 
(18;-.5). 

Spikelets  soveral-lloworcd,  pedicellate  or  rarely  almost  sessile, 
in  a  jjaniclc  I'ither  loose  or  reduced  to  a  single  raceme,  racliilla 
articulate  above  the  outer  glume,  hairy,  extending  above  the  flow- 
ers. Kmpty  glumes  2,  narrow,  keeled,  acute,  umiwned,  jjcrsistent, 
;}-7-nerved,  rarely  1-nerved,  usually  as  long  as  the  spikelet;  lloral 
glume  convex  on  the  bai'k.  7-!)-nerved,  with  two  lirm  or  scarious 
terminal  lobes  more  or  less  1-  or  3-nerved,  at  least  at  the  base,  and 
a  twisted  and  bent  awn  between  them;  palea  broad,  as  long  as 
the  entire  part  of  the  glume  or  usually  longer,  obtuse  or  2-pointed. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Graiu  varying  in  shape,  enclosed, 
glabrous,  but  not  adherent. 

Perennials  or  rarely  annuals,  varying  in  liabit. 

Species  about  100,  widely  dispersed  in  temperate  regions  of  both 
hemispheres,  with  a  few  tropical  species,  especially  abundant  in 
south  Africa. 

This  large  genus  is  polymorphous,  but  all  species  are  character- 
ized by  the  s])ikelets  containing  three  or  more  perfect  flowers;  the 
terminal  awn  of  the  floral  glume  more  or  less  twisted,  usually  flat- 
tened at  the  base,  often  1-2  teeth  each  side  of  the  awn.     No  good 


300  POACK.E. 

natural  Bcctions  have  yt-t  lucn  i»i(H)()so«l.  Anutug  tho  ByiioiiytiiM 
ubov(t  aru  Huvurul  wlii(;li  hoiiiu  oiio  or  iiioro  itcrsotiH  have  luujioscd 
U8  j,'('H(!ri<!  luimcs  for  oin'  (»r  iiioro  HpiM'iL'K  (»('  hanlhnnia, 

A.   Floral  j^liiiiio  I'lotlied  with  nuiiu'roiis  lon^' Hilky  liairH.    .     .    1 

|{.   Kioral  ;;liiriio  with  few  silky  liairH (a) 

u.   Knipty  j,'liini(!s  S-l-ncrvetl •.• 

n.   Mmpty  ^dimiort  H-!»-iiervi'(l ;{ 

a.    Kiiipty  ;,'liim('s  It-ri-iuM-vctJ (h) 

1).   licaf-hlailcs  short,  tho  lower  curly 4 

b.   L('ar-l)la(los  loiijj,  not  curly r>,  G 

1.  D.  sericea  Nutt.  den.  1:71  (181H), 

(/'ulnis  not  tufted.  HO-lOO  cm.  Ion;,'.  Sheaths  silky  hairy; 
blades  narrow,  often  lU)  cm.  Ion;;,  i'aniclc  narrow,  4-13  cm.  lon^j. 
Spikelets  7-tlowered,  ompty  glumes  nearly  cfjual,  17  mm.  long. 
ft-H-nerved.  much  exceeding  the  florets;  lloral  glume  0  mm.  long 
to  the  base  of  the  teeth,  which  are  over  half  as  long,  conspii-tiously 
hairy,  especially  near  the  margins;  awns  about  14  mm.  long,  flat 
and  brown  at  the  base,  twisted  two  to  three  times;  paloa  shorter, 
4-')  mm.  long. 

Massachusetts,  J.  W.  liohbitis;  New  Jersey,  Parh-or  for  Scrib- 
iier  ;ir»4',* ;  South  Carolina,  danhji;   l<Morida,  Cyrtiss  \\h\'Z. 

Dry  soil,  New  Kngland  to  Florida.  Colorado  and  California. 

2.  D.  Californica  IJcdand.  Proc.  Calif,  Acad.  3:  1S2  (ISO;}). 
Cuhns  sometimes    decumbent,    30-100   cm.     high.      Sheaths 

sparingly  hairy;  blades  smooth,  narrow,  involute,  3-10  cm.  long. 
Uaoeme  simple,  of  3-10  spikelets.  Spikelets  broad.  5-10-flowered, 
on  pedicels  of  their  own  length;  emjity  glumes  nearly  equal,  1.5-3.5 
cm.  long,  reaching  as  far  as  the  florets,  5-7-nerved,  cross-veins  con- 
spicuous under  a  lens;  floral  glume  broad,  firm,  shining,  hairy  near 
the  nuirgins.  about  9  mm.  long  to  base  of  the  teeth,  which  are  one- 
third  as  long,  9-nerved;  awn  brown  at  tlio  base,  about  1  cm.  long, 
and  twisted  once  around;  palea  reaching  nearly  to  the  base  of  the 
teeth  on  the  floral  glumes,  obtnse.  with  many  short  spreading  hairs 
on  the  nerves.     Crain  oblong,  flattened,  concave,  4  mm.  long. 

Montana.  Watxini  453;  California,  Bolander  10,  Howell  363, 
Hall  mo,  Ki'llogy  HOG. 


AVKNK.K. 


3D1 


Rorkv  ^[oiiiitaiiiK,  Wiisliiiifyion.  ('alifnrniii. 

\  III',  uniipicata  (Miinnt).  It.  imiApiniltt  Munro,  Viwcy,  Cut. 
fJr.  :.!»  (lH.s:>). 

Ciiliiirt  lO-'^O  ctn.  Iiigli,  <l('iMel,v  tufted.  Lciivos  nilky  liuirv,  tlio 
hiiii's  on  till'  Hlicatlis  cuiiiiiig  fruin  while  itiipillic.  Spikclcts  iistiiillv 
Bulitury  aiitl  teriiiiiial. 

I)r.  'riiurlMir  in  Hot.  Calif,  say  thin  occurs  with  tho  apotiL'.s 
suinrtiiiies  coniiii;^'  from  tho  uaiiio  tiift.s. 

( 'all fori) iu,  Tivnuhf  r>'.M»;  lloirrll,  Liniiiion  4(57,  J'ari.sh  1785,  N. 
Trans.  Coiil.  Siirv.  Cnii/n/  d'  Snuhiwr  lUT. 

:{.  D.  Mexicana  Scrihii.  Proc  IMiihi.  Acad.  301  (IS!»1). 

Culms  (](>-!»()  cm.  high,  crc(!t,  firm,  Hcahorulous.  liigule  acute, 
3  mm.  long;  hladcs  of  stcrih;  shoots  numerous,  lirm,  urcct,  .scsahcr- 
iilous,  convolute,  tJO-IJO  cm.  long,  tho.se  of  the  culm  13,  the  upper 
lO-l'i  cm.  long.  I*ani(!le  spikclike,  .«trict.  l.'j-'^'^  cm.  long,  the 
lowest  rays  rather  nimote,  l>earing  l-;i  spikelets.  Spikelets  .'{-4- 
llowered.  pur})lc,  ahoiit  IT)  mm.  long;  empty  ghunes  elliptical- 
lanceolate,  H  D-norved,  first  9  mm.  long,  second  a  little  longer; 
floral  glumo  7-9-nerved,  silky  hairy  below,  .')  mm.  long  to  base  of 
tooth,  which  are  5  mm.  long,  awn  1-1.4  cm.  long;  pulca  extending 
to  the  middle  of  the  teeth  of  its  glumo. 
Ovary  W  mm.  long,  with  a  pube8(!ent 
cu.shion-like  summit. 

Mexico,  PriiKjle  3270,  limestone 
ledges  in  September. 

4.  D.  gpicata  W.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  690 
(1817).  A.  (jh(i)iosa  Heauv.  Agrost.  93 
(1812). 

(^dms  tufted,  30-GO  cm,  high. 
Leaf-blades  short,  narrow,  involute,  the 
lower  ones  curly,  sparingly  silky  hairy.  p,„    m-Dt,nthoni,i  spknfa. 

Simple  panicle  or  raceme  2-0  cm.  long.     -'•,  spikclei;    c,    gmin  mui 

'       '  paioti.     (bcnbner.) 

Spikelets   4-7-flowered,  empty  glume.s 

3-nerved  (or  Avith  4-5  obscure  nerves),  first  10-12  cm.  long,  second 

a  little  shorter;  lloral  glume  about  3  mm.  long  to  the  teeth,  which 

are  half  as  long  or  longer,  lower  floral  glume  7-uerved,  awn  flat, 


392  POACE.E. 

brown,  5-8  mm.  long,  twisted  two  to  three  times  around:  palea 
broad,  less  than  3  mm.  long.  Flowers  sometimes  eleistogamous, 
as  discovered  by  C.  G.   Pringle.     See  Am.  Jour.  Sei.  p.  71,  Jan. 

N'erniont,  Prinylc;  Massachus'.-tts,  Beat  85;  New  York, 
(,'U)it(jn  for  Clark  14 IT;  Pennsylvania,  Scribner  for  U.  S.  Dept. 
Agricul.  403;  Michigan,  Cooley,  Beal  84,  Wooil,  Wheeler,  Far- 
well;  Miniicsuta,  Jidilci/  \2. 

New  Eiighmd  to  Minnesota  and  Texas,  dry  sterile  soil. 

5.  D.  compressa  Austin.  J'eck  in  22d  Kept.  Reg.  N.  V.  State 
Univ. 54  (18G!»).     A  Alleiii  Anst'm,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  3:  21  (1872). 

Culms  tufted,  slender.  10-20  cm.  high.  Sheaths  nake<l,  with 
silky  liuirs  at  the  throat;  blades  narrow,  long,  the  lower  ones  often 
rcaehing  to  the  panicle.  Si)ikelets  about  10,  in  a  narrow  panicle, 
5-7-llowered,  empty  glumes  equal,  reaching  to  the  top  of  the  florets, 
10-11  mill,  long,  o-nerved ;  floral  glume  broad.  7 -nerved,  over  3 
mm.  long,  silky  hairy  on  the  back  and  near  the  base  and  margins, 
teeth  ;)-4  mm.  long  with  an  awn  twice  its  length,  making  two 
turns:  jialea  broad,  reaching  to  the  biise  of  the  teeth  of  its  glume, 
obtuse,  with  numerous  tine  short  hairs  on  the  nerves. 

N'ermont,  FruKjle;  North  Carolina  (Koan  Mt.),  Scribn.,  490, 
CnrtisH  3541*. 

Found  with  D.  Kpicala  in  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina, 

New  England,  New  York,  IVnnsylvania,  mountains  o<"  I\orth 
Carolina. 

\'ery  likely  this  has  been  confused  with  the  foi*mer  species  in 
other  localities. 

0.  D.  intermedia  Vasey.  Bull.  Torr.  Club.  10:  52  (1883). 

Culms  30-50  cm.  high,  leafy  below;  ligule  a  hairy  ring:  blades 
of  sterile  shoots  15-25  cm.  long,  narrow.  Panicle  narrow,  dense, 
about  4  cm.  long.  Spikelcts  5-fiowered;  empty  glumes  broad, 
nearly  equal,  12  cm.  long,  5-nerved.  with  cross  veins:  floral  glume 
7-nerved.  5-G  mm.  to  base  of  teeth,  which  are  1-1.5  mm.  long, 
smooth  on  the  back,  silky  hairy  near  the  margins;  palea  reaching 
to  near  the  middle  of  the  teeth  of  its  glume,  2-toothcd.  GraiL  V-.S 
mm.  long,  flattened,  obovate. 


CIlLORIDEiE.  393 

U.  S.  Dept.  Agriail.  401;  Nor.  Truus.  Surv.,  Canhy  &.  Scrib- 
ner;  Brundeyee  375,  1179;  Yellowstoue  Park,  Tivmbj  597,  1070 
in  part. 

Lower  Canada  to  Kocky  Mountains,  British  America  to 
Oregon,  California. 

Tribe  X.— CHLORIDEiE. 

Spikclets  1-  to  sevovjii-flcnvereil,  sessile  or  nearly  so  in  two  rows  on 
the  outer  side  of  a  rachis  that  is  neitlier  liOtched  nor  articulate. 
Spikes  usually  several  and  often  digitate.  '^Dio  inflorescence  re- 
sembles that  of  Paspaluin;  the  spikelets  those  of  Festuccw.  The 
awns  when  present  arc  terminal  and  straight;  palca  2-uerved; 
grain  not  adherent,  unfurrowed. 

A.   One  or  more  perfect  llowers  in  each  spikelet (a) 

a.  One  perfect  tlower  (very  rarely  two)  in  each  spikelet.   .   (1)) 
b.  No  sterile  glumes,  and  only  rarely  a  prolongation 
of  the  racliilla  above  the  single  ilower (c) 

c.  Hpikc  single,  terminal,  floral  glume  shorter  than 

the  1-nerved  empty  glumes;  jierennial.     ...     83 

c.  Spikes  "-i-O.  digitate;  perennial 83 

c.   Spikes  3-10,  recurved,  floral  glume  longer  than 

the  1-ncrved  empty  glumes 89 

e.   Spikes  3-30,  racemose,  straight,  spikelets  fall- 
ing from  the  rachis  entire  when  mature.        .     .    84 
b.  One  or  more  sterile  glumes  (very  rarely  a  sterile 
flower)  above  the  perfect  flower (d) 

d.  Spikes  l-*2,  terminal,  usually  curved,  pectinate.    85 
d.  Spikes  1-20,  digitate,  nearly  straight,  not  pecti- 
nate, floral  glume  with  1  awn  or  awnless.   ...     86 

d.  Spikes  l.')-30  in  approximate  whorls  or  digitate, 
straight,  floral  glumes  with  3  awns 87 

d.  Spikes  10-30,  remote,  racemose,  straight,  slen- 
der, spikelets  remote 88 

d.  Spikes  few  to  many,  racemes  remote,  straight 
or  curved,  often  pectinate,  spikelets  crowded.    .    90 


394  POACE.E. 

d.  Spikes  uumerous,  erect,  racemose;  spikelets  de- 
ciduous as  a  whole,  empty  glumes  2,  iiiHated.   .    91 
a.  Two  to  three  perfect  flowers  in  each  spikelct.     .     .     .(e) 
e.   Spikes  digitate,  rarely  somewhat  scattered,   spike- 
lets   crowded U'i 

e.   Spikes  remote,  paniculate,  spikelets  remote.  .     .     .03 
e.   Spikes  numerous,  erect,  racemose;  spikelets  decid- 
uous as  a  whole,  empty  glumes  '2,  inflated ;  exotic 
plants  have  more  than  1  flower  to  the  sjiikelet,  our 
variety  has  only  one 91 

B.  Plants  dia3cious,  rarely  monoecious,   the  two  sorts  of 

spikelets  very  unlike (m) 

m.   Staminate  si)ikelets  3-3-flowered 94 

m.   Staminate  spikelets  1-flowered 95 

C.  Plants  monrocious,  spikelets  1-'^  in  each  spike,  accom- 
panied by  1-4  awnlike  rudiments,  3-flowered,  resembling 
some  species  of  Boufehua 96 

82.  (1G8).  MiCROCHLOA  11.  Br.  Prod.  1:208  (1810). 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  awnless,  sessile  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of 
a  simple  slender  spike,  the  rachilla  articulate  above  the  outer  glumes, 
and  not  produced  beyond  the  floret.  Empty  glumes  2,  linear, 
membranous,  nearly  equal,  persistent,  the  lower  flat  Avith  a  promi- 
nent nerve,  the  second  keeled ;  floral  glume  shorter,  broader,  hya- 
line; palea  nearly  as  long,  narrow,  with  approximate  keels,  often 
ciliate.  Stamens  3  (or  2  ?).  Styles  distinct.  Grain  smooth, 
enclosed,  but  not  adherent.  Slender  tufted  grasses,  with  firm  nar- 
now  convoiu'e  leaf-blades.  The  very  thin  and  reduced  floral 
glume  and  palea  connect  it  with  Andropogonea\  but  the  articula- 
tion of  thy  spikelet  is  above,  not  below,  the  outer  glumes. 

Tliree  species  are  known  in  tropical  and  subtropical  regions  of 
the  eastern  and  western  hemispheres. 

1.  M.  setacea  B.  Br.  1.  c. 

A  slender  tufted  perennial,  10-18  cm.  high.  Leaf-blades  fili- 
form, ciliate  at  the  throat,  the  upper  1  cm.  long,  more  or  less. 
Spike  3-8  cm.  long,  very  slender,  with  the  rachis  curved  towards 
tlie  spikelets.      Si)ikelets  about  2.5  mm.   long,  appressed  to  the 


CHLOHIDE.E. 


395 


rachis,  overlapping  for  about  one-half  their  length ;  empty  glumes 

luirrow,  each  with   one  broad  nerve;   floral 

ghune  liyalino,  oval,  silky  hairy,   about  1.5 

nun.  long,   3-nerved;   palea  as   long  as   its 

ghinie,  hairy  on   the  keels.     Grain  oblong, 

smooth. 

Mexico,  Pringle  425,  Dr.  Palmer  198, 
61 G,  .SchaffnerWO. 

It  has  also  the  range  of  the  genus. 

A  tiny  perennial  tuft,  not  rare  on  plains 
in  Mexico,  enjoying  the  attention  of  close- 
nibbling  goats. 

83.  (170).  Capriola  Adans.  Fam.  2:31 
(1763.)  DiirUhn,  Vill.  Hist.  Pi.  Dauph. 
2:  69  (1787).  FihirJita  Kw\.  Gram.  (Jail,  et 
Germ.  308  (1S02).  Cynodon  IJich. ;  Pers. 
Syn.  1:85  (1805). 

Sjjikelets    1 -flowered,      awnless,     singly 

sessile   in    2    rows    on   one   side   of   slender 

spikes,  digitate  at  the  end  of  the  peduncle, 

rachilla    articulate    immediately   above    the 

outer  glumes,  and  either  not  i)roduccd  bevond       ^'^*  ^^■—Microchloa 

^  ■  setncea      A,  spikelct;  a, 

the  floret  or  continued  into  a  minute  point    Hoial  frlumc;  b,  piileii. 

beliind  the  palea.  Empty  glumes  keeled,  ^'  *''  ""^  '' 
persistent,  or  deciduous:  floral  glume  broader,  boat-shaped,  with  a 
promiiu'nt  keel :  palea  narrow  or  I'ather  broad,  the  nerves  prom- 
inent, distinct  or  closely  contiguous.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct, 
stigmas  clotlied  with  short  hairs.  Grain  oblong,  smooth,  enclosed 
by  the  glume  and  i)alea,  but  not  adherent. 

Perennials:  tufted,  creeping  or  stoloniferous,  with  short  or 
rarely  long,  narrow,  flat  leaf-blades. 

There  are  four  species  found  in  warm  regions. 

The  genus  has  the  sleiuler  spikes  and  small  spikelets  of  Micro- 
cldna,  but  the  spikes  are  several  and  digitate  and  the  rachilla  is 
produced  beyond  the  rachis  into  a  small  joint  or  bristle. 

1.  C.    Dactylon*  (L.)    Kuntze,   Kev.    Gen.    PI.   764  (1891). 


31)6  POACE.E. 

IJermud  Grass,  Pankum  Dadylon  L.  Sp.  I'l.  58  (1753).  C'y- 
nodon  Dadylon  Pers.  Sjii.  1:85(180.")).  Cynodon  rcpens  T)\\\m. 
Fl.  lliiutos-Pyr.  TU.      Cyiiodon  Hivllatus  Wilkl.  Ilort.  Berol.  90. 

Culms  10-30  cm.  liigli,  from  hard  rootstocks.  Ligule  and 
sometimes  slieaths  eiliato;  blades  3-8  em.  long.  Spikes  3-5  in 
number,  3-4  cm.  long.  Spikelets  closely  imbricated;  empty 
glumes  ovate-lanceolate,  nearly  equal,  about  1.5  mm.  long,  mem- 
branous except  the  single  nerve;  lloret  narrowly  oval,  ^  mm.  long; 
floral  glume  comjiressed,  1-ncrved;  palea  longer  than  its  glume, 
0.7  mm.  wide  when  spread,  with  the  nerves  close  together.  Stig- 
mas 1.5  mm.  long,  the  upper  half  feathery,  liachilla  produced 
into  a  point  or  bristle,  often  minute. 

New  Jersey,  Scn'bner  for  V.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  405;  Philadelphia, 
Ca N by  !or  Dv.  Clark;  Xorth  Carolina,  McCarthy;  Florida,  ChiHiss 
344G;  Michigan,  Beal  SG;  California,  Jones. 

Naturalized  and  cultivated,  seldom  seeding.  For  a  further 
account  see  Vol.  1,  p.  1G3,  Fig.  75. 

84.  (19).  Spartina  Schreb.  Gen.  PL  43  (1789).  Cord-  or 
Marsh-grass.     Tracli y not ia  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:03  (1803). 

S])ikelcts  1-flowered,  flattened,  subsessile,  articulate  with  the 
pedicels,  arranged  in  rows  on  two  sides  of  a  triangular  rachis. 
Empty  glumes  compressed-keeled,  unequal,  acute  or  bristle-pointed ; 
floral  glume  as  long  as  the  second  empty  glume  or  shorter,  or  longer 
and  wider;  palea  slender,  longer  than  its  glume,  or  equal  to  it, 
almost  hyaline.  Stamens  3.  Styles  long,  more  or  less  united. 
Grain  included,  but  not  adherent. 

Perennials,  often  maritime,  with  creeping  rootstocks,  and  simj)lc 
culms.  Sheaths  smooth;  blades  long  and  tough,  soon  involute; 
si)ikes  forming  an  erect  racemose  panicle,  racliis  extending  beyond 
the  base  of  the  upper  si)ikelet. 

There  are  5  or  6  species  and  many  varieties  widely  dispersed 
in  America,  Europe,  and  Africa. 

Spartina  has  usually  been  placed  among  Chloridea3.  Bentham 
places  it  in  Paniceae,  saying:  "  The  spikelets,  themselves  containing 
a  single  terminal  flower,  and  the  articulation  of  their  pedicels,  are 
quite  those  of  Paniceae,  not  of  Chloridew." 


CHL(3HIDE.E. 


397 


Prof.  Scribner  protests  against  this  transfer  of  Spartina,  giving 
his  reasons  in  Bull.  Terr.  Club,  10:85  (1883). 

a.  Spikes  1-3  cm.  long,  25-30,  in  a  dense  spike.  .  .  . 
a.  Spikes  2-4  cm.  long,  30-50,  closely  imbricated.  .  .  . 
a.  Spikes  2-7  cm.  long,  3-8  in  an  uninterrupted  spike.  .  . 
a.  Spikes  3-5  cm.  long,  blades  narrow,  10-30  cm.  long.  .  . 
b.  Spikes  l-S,  slightly  imbricated,  glumes  hispid-serru- 
late          ... 

b.  Spikes  4-10,  slightly  imbricated,  glumes  ciliate-hispid. 
a.  Spikes  5-10  cm.  long,  5-20  in  a  loose  raceme,  blades  ilO- 


1 

0 
5 

(b) 

3 
4 


100  cm.  long. 


a.  Spikes  5-10  cm.  long,  20-50  in  a  close  raceme,  var.  of     .       2 

1.  S.  densiflora  Brongn.  Duperrey,  Itin.  Bot.  14.     .V.  Goiiini 
Fourn.  Ilemsl.  Biol.  Centr.  Am.  Bot.  3:  50!)  (18S0). 

A  glabrous  perennial;  culms  nearly  solid,  i)0  em.  high.  Sterile 
shoots  numerous,  blades  rigid,  involute,  pungent-pointed,  30-45 
cm.  long,  1-1.5  mm.  diam.;  leaves  of  the  culm  3;  ligule  a  mere 
ring;  the  u})per  blade  3-6  cm.  long.  Spikes  1-3  cm.  long;  25-30 
in  a  close  sjiikelike  raceme.  Spikelets  linear,  hispid  on  the  keels, 
first  glume  linear,  1-nerved,  3.5  mm.  long,  second  linear-lanceolate 
wlien  spread,  1-nerved,  about  5  mm.  long,  mucronate;  fit *id glume 
linear,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  1- 
nerved,  5.5  mm.  long;  palea  a  little 
longer  than  its  glume. 

Mexico  (San  Luis  Potosi),  Prin- 
gle  37G0. 

Alkaline  meadows. 

2.  S.  cynosuroides  (L.)   Willd 
Enum.  80  (1809).     Dactylis  cyno- 
suroides   L.    Sp.   PI.    71    (1753). 

Fig.    70.  —  Spartina   cynonuroide.s. 
I  RIvSII-WATER  COKD-GUASS.  A,  spikelct ;  a,  floret.     (Ricl.anl- 

Culms   rather  slender,    60-180     «»») 
cm.  high.     Leaf-blades  rough  on  the  margins,  involute,  tlie  apex 
long  pointed,  60-120  cm.  long,  T-15  mm.  wide.     Spikes  5-20,  in  a 
loose  raceme,  rachis  hispid  on  2  angles.     Spikelets  elliptical-lanceo- 
late, hispid  on  the  keels,  first  glume  elliptical-lanceolate,  1-nerved, 


398  POACEiE. 

about  10  mm.  long,  besides  the  short  awn,  second  incurved,  lanceo- 
late, 4-6  mm.  long;  floral  glume  incurved,  1-nerved,  hispid  on 
the  keel,  obtuse,  retuse  or  bifid,  G-8  mm.  long;  palea  ovate-lunceo- 
late,  obtuse,  2-nerved. 

"  Certainly  distinct  from  the  next  (<S'.  pohjstachija),  to  which  in 
strictness  the  Linnajun  name  belongs."  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  1:  586 
(1848).  "The  characters  based  u])on  the  spikelets  alone  are  not 
suflicient  to  separate  them."  Scribn.  liuU.  Torr.  Club,  10:  85 
(1883).  See  illustrated  article  in  which  Scribn  gives  reasons  for 
his  conclusions.  Prof.  S.  considers  ^S*.  2)oIy.sf(trI/>/(f  only  a  variety  of 
this  si^ecies,  and  in  my  opinion  his  reasons  are  good. 

Vermont,  Pringle;  Kliode  Island,  Tireetlji  for  V.  S.  Deitt.  Agri- 
cul.,  24;  Canada,  Foider;  Michigan,  CUtrh  12!»4,  1:370;  Illinois, 
BcalS^',  yioutanii,  Anderf^onj  Colorado,  Cassi/fi/;  Orvgon,  Ifoirell. 

Found  along  banks  of  rivers  and  lakes,  from  New  England  to 
the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  hard  leaves  have  been  manufactured 
into  paper. 

Var.  polystachya  (Michx.)  Scribn.  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  10:86 
(1883).  Trachymtia  pohjstachya  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:64 
(1803).     Salt  REEn-oRASS. 

Culms  stout,  120-250  om.  high.  Blades  00  cm.  or  more  long, 
15-25  mm.  wide.  Spikes  20-50  in  number,  5-10  cm.  long. 
Otherwise  like  aS*.  cynosuroides  Willd.,  of  which  it  is  likely  only  a 
variety.     See  notes  on  the  species. 

Salt  or  brackish  marshes,  near  the  eastern  coast. 

Delaware,  Canhy  for  Clark  1912;  North  Carolina,  McCarthy; 
Florida,  6V/7/.s\s  3433;  Mississippi,  Tracy. 

3.  S.  patens  (Ait.)  Muhl.  Gram.  55  (1817).  Dactylis  2^afc)is 
Ait.  Ilort.  Kew.  1:104  (1789).  S.  juncea  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga. 
1:94  (1817).  Trachynotia  juncea  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:64 
(1803).     llusii  Salt-grass. 

Culms  slender,  30-00  cm.  high.  Leaf -blades  smooth,  narrow, 
rushlike,  0-16  cm.  long.  Spikes  usually  4-5  in  number,  3-5  cm. 
long,  slightly  imbricated,  erect  or  spreading,  on  peduncles  3  mm. 
long  or  nearly  sessile,  rachis  smooth,  or  hispidulous  towards  the  apex. 
Spikelets  oblong-linear,  6-8  mm.  long,  empty  glumes  hispid-serru- 


CIILOHIDE.E.  399 

late  on  the  keel,  first  recurved,  linear,  mucronate,  3-3.5  mm.  long, 
second  linear-lanceolate  with  2  nerves  on  one  side  of  the  keel,  6-9 
mm.  long;  floral  glume  nearly  smooth  on  the  1-nerved  keel,  emar- 
ginate  5-5.5  mm.  long;  palea  oval,  0.5-0.7  mm.  longer  than  its 
glume. 

Very  variable  and  often  much  like  S.  gracilis.  The  glumes 
arc  not  so  hispid  on  the  keels;  there  is  a  greater  difference  between 
the  length  of  the  first  and  second  glumes,  and  the  palea  when  de- 
tached is  still  longer  than  its  glume;  culms  more  slender,  and 
blades  smaller  and  harder. 

Vermont,  Pr ingle;  Massachusetts,  Stiirtevant,  Bcal  87;  New 
Jersey,  Brinton  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  126;  Delaware,  Canbij 
for  Clark  1913;  North  Carolina,  McCarthy;  Mississippi,  Tracy. 

Abundant  on  the  sidt  marshes  of  the  Atlantic  coast,  where  it  is 
cut  and  cured  as  "salt  hay." 

U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  126  from  Brinton  in  1881. 

4.  S.  gracilis  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Pctersb.  (6)  5  (1840).  S. 
junciformis  Kngelm.  tS-  Gray,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Ilirft.  5:  238  (1845). 

Culms  30-flO  cm.  high.  Leaf-blades  rough  above,  very  smooth 
below,  6-30  cm.  long.  Spikes  4-10  in  number,  nearly  sessile,  2-5 
cm.  long,  appressod,  slightly  imbricate.  Spikelets  elliptical  or  lin- 
ear-oblong, 6.5-9  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  ciliate-hispid  on  the  keel, 
first  linear,  acuminate.  3.5-4  mm.  long,  second  linear-lanceolate  with 
2  nerves  on  one  side  of  the  keel,  6-9  mm.  long;  floral  glume  oval, 
1-nerved,  obtuse,  5-8  mm.  long,  ciliate  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
keel ;  palea  oval,  emarginate,  and  when  removed  just  as  long  as  its 
glume. 

Very  variable;  compare  with  S.  juncea. 

Mississippi,  Tracy;  Utah,  Jones  1089;  Colorado,  Cassidy;  Ore- 
gon. Ho  well. 

Dakota  to  Oregon,  south  to  Texas  and  Arizona. 

5.  S.  stricta  (Ait.)  Rotli,  Xeue  Beytr.  1:101.  Dactylis  stricta 
Ait.  Ilort.  Kew.  1 :  104  (1789).     Salt  Marsh-grass. 

Rootstocks  long-branched,  extensively  creeping.  Culms  erect, 
strict,  smooth,  leafy  to  the  top,  30-60  cm.  high.  Sheaths  longer 
than  the  internodes;  ligule  short,  silky;  blades  firm,  soon  convo- 


400  POACE.E. 

lute,  strict,  pungent,  gliiucous  above,  5-8  mm.  wide  at  the  base, 
more  or  less  deciduous  from  tlie  slietitlis.  Panicle  strict,  7-18  cm. 
long;  spikes  3-8  in  number,  2-7  cm.  long,  point  of  racliis  often 
twice  as  long  as  tlie  upper  si)ikelet.  Spikclets  linear,  ytfllowish 
freen,  12-18  mm.  long;  smootli,  except  tlie  scabrous  keels  oi'  tiio 
glumes,  first  glume  luirrow,  acuminate,  second  1-3-uerved,  2- 
tootlied,  and  tipped  with  a  stif!  awn. 

Texas,  yfallcy  for  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  105. 

Marshes  near  the  coast  on  both  sides  of  the  continent.  Eaten 
by  stock  when  young. 

Var.  maritima  (Curt.)  Scribn.  Dudijlis  maritima  Curt.  Enum. 
Brit.  (ir.  4  (1785).  S.  li(u'i(jnfa  Willd.  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Potersb. 
(VI.)  G:113  (1840).  *S'.  (jlahra  Muhl.  (Jnim.  U  (1817).  -V.  stricta 
glabra  Muhl.;  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  2:552  (1850). 

Culms  and  blades  longer,  si)ikes  more  slender,  G-12  cm.  long. 
Spikelets  crowded  or  remote,  12-18  mm.  long,  first  glume  7-8  mm. 
long,  second  5-nerved. 

Vermont,  PrunjJe;  Massachusetts,  Deal  ^S,  89,  Stiirtemnt; 
Pliode  Island,  Tweedy  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agriciil.  130;  southern 
California,  Palmer  274. 

Common  on  the  Atlantic  coast;  also  along  Onondaga  Lake  in 
New  York,  and  in  California. 

0.  S.  junciformis  Eugelm.  &  Gray,  Bost.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.  5: 
238  (1845).     *S'.  (iouini  Fourn.  ? 

Culms  stout,  very  smooth,  60-180  cm.  high,  Lower  sheaths 
mostly  shorter  than  tlie  internodes,  the  upper  longer;  liguleahairy 
fringe;  blades  of  sterile  shoots  30-GO  cm.  long,  those  of  the 
culm  5-6.  smooth,  involute,  rigid.  Panicle  truly  spikelike,  10- 
22  cm.  long,  tapering  to  the  apex ;  spikes  30-50,  sessile,  imbricate, 
2-4  cm.  long,  the  lower  ones  longer.  Spikelets  linear,  6-8  mm. 
long;  empty  glumes  subequal,  ciliate-hispid  on  the  keel,  first  linear, 
obtuse  or  acute  when  spread,  4-6  mm.  long,  second  broadly  linear, 
truncate-toothed  or  emarginate;  tioral  glume  a  little  longer  and 
broader;  palea  narrowly  ovate,  about  as  long  as  its  glume. 

Nearly  allied  to  *S\  ,9yaf?/7/.s',  and  possibly  to  (9.  denslflora  Brongm. 

Florida,  Nat.  Mus.  from  J.  II.  Simpson,  distributed  as  S.  mul- 


CHLOUIDE^  401 

tiflora  Vasey,  MS,,  but  corrected  us  above  in  Coult.  Bot.  Guz.  16: 

)il)2  (1891). 
*  Mississippi  (Ocean  Si)rin<(s),  Trnry;  Texas  Acullei/. 

85.  (172).  Campulosus  Desv.  Hull.  Soc.  Philom.  2: 189  (1810). 
Cfeuiutii  Panz.  Deukschr.  Acad.  Muench.  1813,  288,  /.  13  (1814). 
MoHOcera  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  1:  170  (1817).  Cainpuloa  Desv. 
Journ.  Bot.  1:69  (1813).  Monathcra  lialiii.  Am.  Monthly  Ma-,'. 
190(1819). 

Spikelets  1-3-flowered,  slender,  sessile,  crowded,  pectinate  in  2 
rows  on  one  side  of  a  curved  rachis,  rachilla  articulate  above  the 
lower  glumes,  lower  flower  perfect,  the  upjjcr  slaminatc  or  neutral. 
First  empty  glume  small,  slender,  almost  hyaline,  keeled,  awnloss, 
second  larger,  membranous  or  firm,  2-3-uerved,  acute  or  briefly  bi- 
fid, tlie  middle  nerve  spreading  horizontally  from  the  back  as  a  stout 
recurved  awn  or  reduced  to  a  tubercle,  third  and  fourth  glumes 
em{)ty  or  including  narrow  palea^  often  long-ciliate,  with  an  erect 
awn  below  the  apex,  shorter  and  more  slender  tlum  the  second;  fifth 
or  floral  glume  shorter  and  more  slender  than  the  empty  ones, 
clothed  with  long  hairs  with  a  slender  awn  below  the  apex.  The 
1-2  upi)er  glumes  narrow,  empty  or  enclosing  narrow  palea>.  Sta- 
mens 3.  Styles  distinct,  stigmas  feathery.  Grain  oblong,  without 
a  groove,  loosely  included  by  the  glume,  but  not  adherent;  pericarp 
easily  removed  from  the  seed. 

Blades  broad  or  narrow,  flat  or  convolute. 

Spikes  solitary,  rarely  2-3  in  number,  terminal,  erect,  sessile, 
often  curved. 

There  are  seven  species  known,  of 
which  4  are  American  and  3  African. 

The  spikelets  are  elegantly  pectinate, 
but  when  carefully  examined  are  very 
distinct  from  Ilarpcchloa  or  Bouteloua. 

1.  C.    aromaticus   (Walt.)    Scribn. 

Mem.   Torr.    Bot.   Club,  5:45  (1894). 

iir  ,.    Til     r.        cnr\    -^^o.  71.  —  ('ampulosus    nro- 
^Ff/ilops  aromatica  \Valt.  1^1.  tar.  ^49       maiicus.    Spikelet.    (Kich- 

(1788).       Chloris  monosfachya  Michx.       nidsou.) 

Fl.    Bor.   Am.    1:59    (1803).     Campulosus  monostachyos   Beauv. 


402 


POACE.T?. 


A<irost.  G4,  /.  I'i,  f.  1  (1H12).  Ctenium  raroIiin'tDunn  I'anz. 
Doiiksclir.  Aciul.  Mucricli.  ;>11  (1S14).  Motiorvru  croinafint  Kll. 
Hot.   S.  (*.  iV  CJii,   1:77    (1817).      Ctvnhim  AmerUanuin   Sprong 

Svst.    1  :  '-J74  (IS'^r)),       'roOTIIACIIK-GKASS. 

IVrt'iiiiiiil;  culms  50-100  cm.  high,  rough,  with  u  tuft  of  old 
(k'lul  slu'iiths  at  the  haso.  HlacU-s  narrow,  involute,  5-12  vaw.  long, 
those  of  sterile  .slioots  longer.  S|)ike  1  (rarely  ;.'),  4-10  cm. 
l(»ng.  I'Mrst  empty  glunu;  l-nerved,  hyaline.  '^  mm.  long,  includ- 
ing the  short  point,  second  A  mm.  long,  the  nerves  warty-glandular, 
awn  ahove  the  middle,  about  4  mm.  long,  third  4  mm.  long,  ciliate, 
;}-nerved,  short-awncd,  divided  at  the  apex,  fourth  or  lloral  glume 
much  like  the  third,  ciliate.  i\.h  mm.  long,  enclosing  a  small  hya- 
line palea.  The  fifth  glume  (a  lloral  glume)  4.5  mm.  long,  ciliate, 
IJ-nerved,  a  short  awn  hack  of  theai)ex;  palea  longer  than  its  glume. 
Next  lloret  snniller  neutral,  with  a  snndl  glume  ahove.  Taste  of 
the  plant  very  ])ungent. 

North  Carolina,   Mi-Ctirf/ti/;  Alabama,   .}fi)/n' ;   l-'lorida.  Ptihiirr 
018,  (Iurlis>tiovV .>>.  Dept.  Agri(!ul.,  also  :54:i7:   Mississi[)pi,  Tnnii. 
Low  pin»'-l»arreiis,  southern  \'irginia  and  southward. 

S(i.  (114).  ChloRIS  Swartz.  I'rodr.  :?5  (17SS). 
EusturhiisDv^w  Hull.  Soc.  riuloni.  ;i:  IHS  (ISOO). 
SrhuUcsia  Spreng.  I'ugill.  2:  17  (1815).  PharvUitria 
Willd.  Steud.  ^'onl.  Kd.  '.>,  1 :  ;}5;i  (1840):  2:;n;} 
(1841).  M((rn>.sfttr/ii/u  Ilochst.  A.  \lwh.  Tent.  Fl. 
Abyss.  2:408  (1851).  Chhroides  Fisch.  Kegol-  in 
Iiul.  Sem.  Ilort.  Petroj).  28  (I8(i;{).  llrtcrulepis 
Ehrenb.  Hoiss.    Fl.  Orient.  5:554  (1881). 

8pikelcts  1-flowered  |or  2-'.5- flowered],  sessile, 
crowded  in  2  rows  on  one  siile  of  a  rachis,  rachilla 
arti(!ulate  above  the  lower  glumes,  extending  beyond 
the  flower,  bearing  a  glume  (or  male  flower).  The 
tw'o  lower  glumes  empty,  jjersistent,  unequal,  keeled, 
narrow  or  very  narrow,  acute,  mueronate,  rarely 
Spikt'U't.  (Scril)-  obtuse  or  truncate,  or  the  second  one  with  a  short 
"*^''^  awn;    floral   glume   narrow   or    broad.    l-IJ-nerved, 

acute,  obtuse,  emarginate,  or  with  two  short  points,  the  mid-nerve 


Fiu.73. 
('/iloris  adiata. 


CIILOUIDK.K.  403 

extending;  into  a  alpiidcr  iiwii  or  rarely  awnlcss.  Tlio  1  to  sovi'ral 
eni[ity  iriiiincs  towiinlrt  tlio  aju-x  of  tlie  rjicliilla  short,  liroad  and 
lriincat(!  or  narrow,  often  awned  or  bristle-pointcil,  rarely  awnlcsa; 
palea  scarcely  shorter  than  its  f;;liiine,  folded,  nerves  prominent. 
Stamens  ;{.  Styii-s  ('istinet,  sti^'nias  feathery.  (Jraiii  included  hy 
the  <,dnme,  but  not  adherent,  ohlonj^-lanccolate  or  almost  linear, 
subterete  or  nearly  :J-sided,  rarely  grooved.  I'ericarp  very  thin 
and  loose  as  in  Spnrolmlns.  Mostly  perennials,  eulina  compressed, 
bhuU'8  Hat,  often  with  cross-veins.  Spikes  solitary  or  in  pairs,  erect, 
or  many  and  digitate  at  the  apox  of  the  terminal  peduncle.  Tlie 
iloral  glume  often  clothed  with  hairs. 

It  is  a  natural  though  somewhat  polymorphous  genus.  In  u 
number  of  rij)ccies  the  upper  empty  glumes  are  broad  and  truncate 
at  the  apex. 

There  are  forty  species,  widely  dispersed  in  tho  warmer  regions 
of  the  world. 

A.  Floral  glume  with  liairs  2-2.5  mm.  long 1,  3 

B.  No  conspicuous  hairs  on  the  floral  glume (a) 

a.  Awns  prominent,  si)ikelets  rather  remote,  no  spikelets  on 

rootstocks 3 

a.   Awns  prominent.    S|)ikelets  of  the  panicle  rather  remote; 

spikelets  on  the  rootstocks  also 4 

a.  Awns  very  short,  spikelets  crowded (b) 

b.  Empty  glumes  longer  than  the  floral  glumes.     .     .     5 

b.    Empty  glumes  as  long  as  the  Iloral  glumes.   .     .     .     G 

b.  Empty  glumes  shorter  than  the  Iloral  glumes.    .     .  (c) 

c.  Spikes  about  li  cm.  long,  light-colored.     ...     7 

c.   Spikes  over  5  cm.  long,  brown  when  mature.     .  (d) 

d.   Spikes  1-3 S 

d.   Spikes  ;5-8 !> 

(1.   Spikes  8-30 10 

1.  C.  elegans  H.  W.  K.  Nov.  Gen.  et  Sp.  I :  IGO,  (1815).  C.  alba 
Presl.  Kel.  lla'nk.  1 :  289  (18:]0). 

Culms  30-00  cm.  high.  Sheatlis  sliglitly  intlatetl ;  blades  lan- 
ceolate, 3-15  cm.  long,  slightly  scabrous.  Spikes  8-13,  umbellate, 
4-G  cm.  long,  sometimes  included,  with   internodes  1   nnn.  long. 


404  poACKi*:. 

Kmiity  jiliinios  niemhruiioiis,  l-ncrvcHl,  lirst  ovutc,  1.7  nun.  long, 
Hi'oojul  lunceoluto,  2.5  nun.  lon^',  with  ii  Hhortuwn;  ilorot  oviite-cUip- 
tical.  •^5  nun.  loii^',  with  short  stilT  Imirs  iit  the  hasc;  flonil  <rhuno 
ohscuri'Iy  :{-ticrvt'il,  gibbous  in  the  iniildic,  cilitito  on  I  lit-  iiiiil  nerve 
1111(1  niiirgiiiri  wit!)  hairs  towiinlu  the  snininit  '.'  inni.  htng,  apex  '.2- 
toothed.  iiwn  5  inni.  long;  piileu  as  long  as  its  gliiiinc  cnipty  glnnio 
above  the  flower  truncate,  with  an  awn  4  nini.  long,  radiilla  tt-rmi- 
nated  by  a  second  rudimentary  gliiine.     (Jrain  elliptical. 

Now  Mexico,  I7^sr//  for  V.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  4!)S;  Arizona, 
Tiniiiu'i/ ;  Calil'oruiu,  Orentt ;  Moxieo,    Palmer  118,  133,  Sehaffir 

io:3. 

Texas,  Arizona,  and  Mexico. 

"Naturally  selecting  moist  places  of  plains  and  mesas,  this  annual 
falls  into  line  with  the  needs  of  tillage.  Its  rather  succMilent  stems 
and  leaves  are  acceptable  to  grazing  animals.  Owing  to  its  s|»read- 
ing  hal)il,  it  would  hardly  servo  as  a  grass  for  mowing.  I-laten  by 
all  kinds  of  stock.  It  is  not  so  abundant  iu  ("hihuahua,  a  regi<»n 
of  elevated  tablelands  and  mountains,  as  on  tiie  dry  mesas  and 
desert  hills  of  southern  Arizona  and  western  Sonora.  'IMiere  tlie 
Indians  bring  it  during  winter  and  spring  long  distances  into  tlie 
towns  to  sell,  the  men  tying  the  bundles  behind  and  beside  them  on 
their  ponies  and  the  women  carrying  them  on  their  backs  or  heads 
and  trudging  painfully  behind  the  ponies,  ilow  many  times  I 
have  contended  with  the  horrid  musquite  bushes,  to  gather  an 
armful  of  this  grass  to  carry  joyfully  to  my  hungry  and  jaded 
horsesi*'     C.  G.  Puix(JLE. 

2.  C.  polydactyla  (L.)  Sw.  Prod.  20  (1788).  Andropofinv  pohj- 
dwtiihni  L.  Amoen.  Acad.  5:412  (1759) ;  Sp.  PI.  Kd.  2,  1483  (17(J3). 

Culms  erect,  simple,  glabrous,  45-100  cm.  high.  Sterile  shoots 
few,  leaves  of  the  culm  7,  sheaths  nearly  smooth,  strongly  ciliate  at 
the  throat;  lignle  very  short,  blades  mostly  involute,  15-20  era. 
long,  7-10  mm.  wide,  pungont-pointed,  the  upper  much  shorter. 
Spikes  umbellate,  13-20,  sessile,  9-12  cm.  long,  the  rach is  scabrous. 
Spikelets  crowded ;  empty  glumes  linear-lanceolate.  1-nerved.  first 
2  mm.  long,  second  2.5  mm.  long;  floral  glume  2.2  mm.  long,  3- 
uerved,  broadly  oval,  ciliate  on  the  keel,  the  hairs  on  the  marginal 


CIILOWIDK.K,  405 

norvpa  2.5  mm.  loiiju:,  tlio  awn  2-11.5  mm.  \nu^\  rudimoiitary  floivt 
\.'.\  mm.  lon<,',  bcuriii;,'  uti  awti  alxxit  itn  own  K>n;rtli. 

Kloritlii  (rfoiitlicni  piirt),  ,/.  Jl.  Sifu/i.siin  for  V.  S.  Nut.  Ilcrl). ; 
also  foiitid  in  WvM  Indies  and  Hni/il. 

:{.  C.  verticillata  Nutt.  'rians.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  (II.)  r*-.  l.'to 
(is:}:j-:jr). 

Culms  *.'0-:J()  cm.  liijrli.  Li^ndo  a  fritifjo  of  short  hairs;  Idades 
niii^di,  ahrnptly  pointi'd,  condiipliiuitts  :{-!>  cm.  lon;^',  the  ii[»|ier 
.shorter,  :{-4  mm.  wide.  Spikes  9-12  in  inunher,  t-H  cjii.  Ion?,',  the 
lowertt  in  whorls,  purple,  a  middle  internode  of  a  spike  about  15  mm. 
loii<;.  Kmpty  ;,diimes  luirrow,  meml)raiious,  1 -nerved,  toothed,  first 
y  mm.  Ion;,',  including'  the  8ln)rt  awn,  second  over  ".'  mm.  long  besides 
the  short  uwii;  tloret  ^.U-^i.!  mm.  long;  lloral  glumi'  coiiipri'.ssed, 
broadly  oval  when  open,  short-ciliato  on  the  margins,  ('inarginate, 
awn  ;J-4  mm.  long;  palea  narrowly  elliptical,  emarginate.  ciliate  on 
the  keels;  empty  glumes  above  the  lloret  mostly  excluded  from  the 
lloral  glume,  obovate,  truuc.ite,  l}-nerved,  \Jt  mm. long,  awned,sonio- 
tinies  a  second  rudiment  above.     (Jrain  elli|)tioal,  Hat.  tri<|Uetrous. 

Texas,  A'.  /A^// 773,  Rererr/ioii,  Xea/ln/,  Ciir/iss  "?,:],  ;',44().* 

4.  C.  longifolia  (Kourn.)  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1: 
'<284  (1S1»3).  (ii/iinio(/oijoH  hiiif/ifoh'iis  Fourn. ;  llemsl.  Hiol.  Contr. 
Am.  Hot.  ;3:  5G0  (ISSO). 

A  rather  stout  ctespitose  grass,  60-100  cm.  higli,  bearing  fertile 
spikelots  on  panicles  of  two  sorts,  one  in  the  soil  among  the  roots  or 
just  above  the  surface,  the  other  at  the  apex  of  the  culms  or  in  the 
axils  of  the  ui)[)er  leaves.  Sheaths  mostly  longer  than  the  inter- 
luxles;  ligule  very  short,  ciliato;  blades  smooth  excepting  near 
the  auriculute  base,  flat,  15-25  cm.  long,  5-8  mm.  wide.  The 
up[)er  panicle  10-20  cm.  long  of  5-10  racemose  spikes.  Spikes 
mostly  in  three  sets  of  three  each,  8-lG  cm.  long,  llower-bearing 
for  the  whole  length.  Spikelets  1-2-flowered;  first  empty  glume 
O.T  mm.  long,  second  twice  as  long;  floral  glume  linear  with  a  short 
hairy  callus  at  the  base.  5-7  mm.  long,  scabrid  on  the  3  nerves 
ami  margins,  2-toothed,  awn  back  of  the  teeth,  6-10  mm.  long; 
palea  as  long  as  its  glume,  terminating  in  2  slender  teeth ;  second 
floret   imperfect,  borne   on  a  pedicel   2  mm.  long,  its  awn  about 


406  POACE.E. 

3  mm.  long.  Grain  linear.  The  lower  panicles  numerous,  5-15 
cm.  long,  bninching  irregularly.  Spikelets  4-G  mm.  long,  ovoid, 
abruptly  pointed.  Empty  glumes  subequal  and  ovate,  but  little 
shorter  than  the  spikelets,  many-nerved ;  floral  glume  oval,  rather 
thick,  many-nerved;  palea  nearly  as  long  and  as  wide  as  its  glume. 
Grain  oblong,  abruptly  pointed,  about  4  mm.  long,  much  larger 
than  those  borne  on  the  upper  panicles ;  hilum  half  as  long  as  the 
grain. 

Mexico  (Ymala  Simaloa),  Dr.  Palmer  1763. 

Dr.  Vasey  had  a  little  doubt  regarding  the  identity  of  this  grass 
with  G.  longifolius  Fourn. 

5.  C.  sttbmutica  II.  B.  K.  Nov.  Gen.  et.  Sp.  1:167.  t.  50 
(1815). 

A  slender  perennial,  30-100  cm.  high.  Ligule  a  fringe  of 
hairs;  upper  blades  3-6  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  obtuse,  rough, 
condujjlicate,  reaching  to  or  above  the  spikes.  Spikes  6-12,  each 
4-12  cm.  long,  umbellate  or  in  close  whorls,  an  internode  about  1 
mm.  long.  Empty  glumes  narrow,  acute,  meml)ranous,  1-nerved, 
the  lower  nearly  2  mm.  long,  second  over  3  mm.  long;  floret  3.5 
mm.  long,  with  fine  bristles  at  the  base;  floral  glume  membranous, 
3-nerved,  cuneate-oval  when  spread,  margins  ciliate,  apex  emargi- 
uate,  awn  very  short;  paloaoblanceolate,  emarginate,  ciliate;  upper 
empty  glumes  at  the  apex  of  the  rachilla  extojiding  nearly  to  the 
apex  of  the  floret,  1.7  mm.  long,  3-nerveu^  "^  uncate  with  a  very 
short  awn.     Grain  oblong,  2  mm.  long,  3-sided. 

Mexico,  Bourgcaii,  Palmer  242,  Pringle  424,  Schaffner  1074. 

Northern  Mexico  and  vicinity. 

This  is  similar  to  C.  elegans  in  character  and  quality,  but  rather 
more  erect  in  habit. 

6.  C.  ciliata  Sw.  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  1:  25  (1797). 

An  erect  annual,  30-60  cm.  high.  Sheaths  about  the  length  of 
the  internodes;  ligule  very  short;  blades  flat,  smooth,  acuminate, 
15  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  wide.  Spikes  3-6,  digitate,  purplish,  the  apex 
curved,  4-6  cm.  long.  Spikelets  3-flowered,  crowded,  subsessile, 
flattened,  cuneate,  truncate,  2.5  mm.  long,  awns  projecting  about  1 
mm. ;  floral  glume  of  the  perfect  floret  elliptical,  long-ciliate  on  the 


CHLOUlDEiB.  407 

margins  and  keel,  second  floret  truncate,  subincluded  in  the  first, 
tiiird  floret  included  in  the  second. 

There  is  some  doubt  as  to  whether  this  is  the  same  as  the  Euro- 
pean plant  passing  by  this  name. 

Texas,  XeaUey  in  1888-89. 

Texas,  Mexico,  West  Indies. 

7.  C.  cucullata  Bisch.     Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  (III.)  19:  357  (1853). 
Culms  slender,  30—10  cm.   high.     Blades  narrow,  rough,  5-10 

cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide,. the  upper  one  obsolete.  Spikes  8-13,  um- 
bellate, light-colored,  3  cm.  long  with  internodes  0.5-0.7  mm.  long. 
Empty  glumes  hyaline,  1-nerved,  broadly  oval,  first  obtuse,  0.7  mm. 
long,  second  one-third  longer,  cuspidate;  floret  white,  3-8ided, 
oval,  floral  glume  3-nerved,  ciliate  on  keel  and  margins,  emargi- 
uate,  mucronate,  l.T  mm.  long;  terminal  empty  glume  mostly  ex- 
cluded from  the  floral  glume,  triangular  when  spread,  1  mm.  long, 

2  mm.  wide;  apex  truncate,  involute,  emarginate,  mucronate,  lat- 
eral nerves  forked,  making  in  all  5  nerves  above.  Grain  ovoid,  3- 
sided. 

Texas,  Wright  761,  Palmer,  Pr ingle  2405,  lieverchon. 
Texas  to  Arkansas. 

8.  C.  Floridana  (Chapm.)  Vasey,  Cat.  Grass.  U.  S.  61  (1885). 
Eustachiji^  Floridana  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  States,  557  (1860). 

A  smooth  slender  glaucous  perennial,  30-60  cm.  high.  Blades 
5-25  cm.  long,  5-7  mm.  wide,  the  upper  abortive  or  very  short, 
cross-veins  apparent.  Spikes  single  or  in  pairs,  6-8  cm.  long,  each 
internode  1  mm.  long.  Spikelets  2-flowered;  empty  glumes  1- 
iierved,  first  ovate,  acute,  2  mm.  long,  second  oval,  apex  truncate, 
2.5  mm.  long,  awn  1  mm.  long;  floral  glume  liglit-brown,  firm, 
compressed  at  the  back,  oval  when  closed,  3-nerved,  3  mm.  long, 
liispid  on  the  back  and  margins,  short-awned;  palea  oval,  floral 
glume  of  the  terminal  floret  truncate,  short-awned,  enclosing  a  })aloa, 

3  stamens,  and  a  terminal  empty  glume.  Grain  1.5  mm.  long,  el- 
liptical, 3-sided. 

Florida,  Blodgett,  Curtiss  3445. 
Dry  pine-barrens,  Florida. 


408  POACE.E. 

y.  C.  Swartziana  Doell.  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  2:  Part  3,  G8  (1818). 
a  ])etnBa  Sw.  Prod.  35  (1788). 

A  tufted  glaucous  pereunial,  30-60  cm,  high.  Blades  obtuso, 
5-10  mm.  long,  4-C  mm.  wide,  cross-veins  ai)])arent,  the  uj)i)er 
0.5-2  mm.  long.  Si)ikes  3-8  in  number,  4-i  em.  long.  Empty 
glumes  not  extending  to  the  apex  of  the  lloret,  white,  hisi)id,  1- 
nerved,  first  incurved,  ovate,  acute,  1  mm.  long,  second  a  fourth 
longer,  oblong,  emarginate,  with  a  short  i)oint,  lloi'et  oval,  bearded 
ut  the  base,  brown,  flat-compressed  at  the  back,  1.7  mm.  long; 
floral  glume  coriaceous,  3-ucrved,  hispid  on  tlie  back  and  margins, 
entire,  mucromite  below  the  apex;  palea brown,  oval,  1.5  mm.  long. 
Grain  ovoid.  3-sided,  1  mm.  long.  Terminal  empty  glume  brown, 
truncate,  half  included  by  the  lloral  glume. 

Florida,  Curtiss  34-43,  Palmer  G17,  Hall  775. 

10.  C.  glauca  (Chapm.)  Vasey,  Cat.  Grass.  U.  S.  Gl  (1885). 
Eustachys  glauca  Chapm.  Fl.   S.  States,  557  (18G0). 

A  smooth  glaucous  annual,  1-1.5  m.  high,  lilades  7-8  mm. 
wide,  obtuse,  some  of  the  lower  30-'200  cm.  long,  the  ui)per  less 
than  1  em.  long.  Spikes  8-20,  umbellate,  5-10  cm.  long.  Spike- 
lets  2  to  each  mm.  of  the  spike;  empty  glumes  curved,  reaching  to 
the  top  of  the  Horet,  1 -nerved,  flrst  obtuse,  about  1  mm.  long,  sec- 
ond truncate,  cuspidate,  1.5  mm.  long;  floret  ovoid,  1.7  mm. 
long,  floral  glume  brown,  3-nerved,  coriaceous  when  nuiture,  mid- 
nerve  hispid  above  the  middle,  obtuse,  awnless;  palea  brown,  oval, 
iis  long  as  its  glifme,  terminal  empty  glume  brown,  truncate,  mostly 
ubove  the  floral  glume.     Grain  oval,  3-sided,  1  mm.  long. 

Florida,  Cnrtiss  3444. 

Brackish  marshes.  West  Florida. 

87.  (176).  Chloropsis  Hack.  Engl.  &  Prantl.  Pfl.  3:59(1887- 
93).     Trirhloris  Fourn.  Benth.  Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  19:102  (1881). 

Spikelets  1,  rarely  2-4-flowered,  sessile,  crowded  in  two  rows  on 
one  side  the  rachis,  rachilla  articulate  above  the  lower  glumes,  ex- 
tending beyond  the  flowers,  terminating  in  a  glume.  Empty  glumes 
small,  membranous,  subhyaline,  first  often  very  narrow,  acute,  awn- 
less or  short-awned,  second  short-awned;  floral  glume  membranous, 
faintly  3-uerved,  3-awned,  the  awns   long,  straight,  subuquul,  or 


CHLORIDE.E. 


409 


broader  and  much  shorter;  cmi)ty  ghiriios  sometimes  2-3,  the  low- 
est mueli  like  the  floral  ghime,  tliose  above  smaller,  l-awned  or  awn- 
less  or  sometimes  only  one;  pulea  included  by  its  glume,  hyaline, 
2-keeled  near  the  margins.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  stigma-s 
feathery.  Grain  narrow,  oblong,  subterete,  pericar])  easily  removed 
from  the  seed. 

Tall  grasses  with  flat  blades.  Spikes  many,  slender,  sessile, 
erect  or  spreading  on  the  peduncle,  formiug  a  dense  oblong  panicle, 
softly  echiuulate  with  many  long  bristles.     Si)ikelets  slender,  erect.' 


Fig.  1^  —Chloropsis  pluriflora.     Spikelet  dissected.     (Scribner.) 
There  are  four  or  five  species  known,  of  which  3  are  found  from 
Texas  to  Arizona  and  two  in  South  America.     Nearly  allied  to 
Trisetaria  and  to  Chloris. 

Spikelets  3-5-flowercd ^ 

Spikelets  mostlv  2-flowered o 


410  POACEiE. 

1.  C.  pluriflora  (Fourn.)  Kuntze,  Kev.  Gen.  PI.  2:  771  (18!il). 
T.  pluriflora  Fourn.  Hemsl.  Biol.  Centr.  Am.  Bot.  3:5G0  (1880). 

Culms  40-50  cm.  high.  Lesives  G-7,  sheaths  subcomi)resse(l, 
sliorter  than  the  iuternodes,  eiliate  at  the  throat;  ligule  a  ciliiite 
ring;  blades  flat,  scabrous,  narrowed  at  both  extremities,  12-15  cm. 
long,  5-7  mm.  wide.  Spikes  10-23  in  number,  5-7  cm.  long,  in 
2-4  whorls.  Spikelets  3-5-flowered ;  empty  glumes  hyaline,  bristle- 
pointed,  1-nerved,  first  about  1.5  mm.  long,  second  about  2.5  mm. 
long;  lower  floral  glume  linear,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  lateral 
awns  1-2  mm.  long,  central  T-11  mm.  long;  palea  as  long  as  its 
glume,  scabrid  on  the  keels.     Grain  triquetrous,  2.2  mm.  long. 

Texas,  NeaUey  for  Nat.  Mus. ;  Mexico,  Priiiffle  2512. 

2.  C.  fasciculata  (Fourn. )  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  2:771  (1891). 
Trichlorin  fdscicttlata  Fourn.  Benth.  Journ.  Linn.  8oc.  19:102 
(1881). 

Culms  smooth,  about  60  cm.  high.  Blades  20-.30  cm.  long, 
7-10  mm,  wide,  upper  sheath  often  partially  including  the  panicle. 
Panicle  12-16  cm.  long,  with  15-30  rays  in  close  whorls.  Spikelets 
1-3-flowered,  the  florets  much  shorter  towards  the  top  of  tiie  spike- 
let;  first  empty  glume  awl-shaped,  about  2  mm.  long  including  the 
awn,  1-nervetl,  second  ovate-lanceolate,  1-nerved,  not  toothed,  2 
mm.  long,  with  an  awn  half  its  length;  floral  glume  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, hairy  on  the  margins  and  at  the  base,  over  3  mm.  long, 
bearing  a  central  awn  5-10  mm.  long,  and  two  lateral  ones  1-2  mm. 
long;  palea  as  long  as  its  glume.     Grain  1.5  mm.  long. 

a  Wright  263,  2025. 

Texas  to  Arizona. 

88.  (177).  GymnopOGON  Beauv.  Agrost.  41,  t.  0.  f.  3  (1812). 
Anthopofjon  Nutt.  Gen.  1:81  (1818).  Biafhcrium  Desv.  Opusc. 
72  (1831).     Diclia'taria  Nees,  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gram.  145  (1855). 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  subsessile,  remotely  alternate  on  two  sides 
of  a  slender  triquetrous  rachis,  rachilla  jointed  above  the  lower 
glumes,  extending  above  the  floret  and  bearing  a  glume.  Empty 
glumes  2,  more  or  less  unequal,  narrow,  1-3-nerved,  acute  or  the 
second  bearing  a  short  awn;  floral  glume  a  little  broader,  3-nerved, 
the  ml^j^0ve«^-fex]t?}ndiug  into  a  straight  awn;    terminal   glume 


CnLOHIl)E.E. 


411 


empty,  bearing  an  awn;  palea  narrow,  2-keele(l.  Stylos  distinct. 
Oruin  linear,  subtorete,  enclosed  by  a  firm  glume,  but  not  adherent. 
Tall  grasses  witli  short  firm  or  long  and  flaccid  loaves.  Spikes 
numerous,  slender  or  filiform,  at  first  erect,  finally  spreading, 
scattered,  or  those  below  in  whorls. 

Species  5  or  G,  belonging  to  America  or  the  Old  World. 

A  genus  nearly  allied  to  Chloris.  Our  species  are  perennial 
from  short  rootstocks,  with  short  firm  blades,  1-uerved  empty 
glumes,  the  floret  bearing  short  hairs  at  tlie  base. 

Gymnopogon  differs  from  Trichloris  in  not  having  the  spikelets 
closely  crowded,  although  sessile  in  two  unilateral  rows,  the  spikes 
scattered  or  verticillate. 

1.  G.  ambiguus  (Michx.)  B.  S.  P.  Prel.  Cat.  N.  Y.  69  (1888). 
Andropogon  anibigims  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1 :  58  (1803).  (i.  rare- 
mosns  Beauv.  Agrost.  104  (1813),  G.  svoparius  Trin.  Uuifl.  337 
(1834). 

Culms  wiry,  leafy,  clustered,  30  cm.  high. 
Ligule  a  fringe  of  hairs;  blades  flat,  lance- 
olate, 3-8  cm.  long.  Spikes  15-30  in  number, 
7-17  cm.  long,  each  bearing  7-30  spikelets, 
remote  at  tlie  base.  Empty  glumes  1-nerved, 
first  5  mm.  long,  second  G  mm.  long,  includ- 
ing a  short  awn;  floral  glume  cylindrical, 
involute,  4  mm.  long,  with  an  awn  as  long; 
empty  terminal  glume  raised  on  a  rachis  over 
3  mm.  long,  bcariiig  an  awn  of  equal  length, 
(irain  narrowly  oblong,  3  mm.  long. 

Maryland,  Bebb;   Florida,    Curfiss  3441. 

Sandy  pine-bai-rens.  New  Jersey  to  Texas. 

3.  G.  brevifolius  Trin.  Unifl.  338  (1834). 
Agrost.  Bras.  430  (1839). 

Culms  slender,  wiry,  leafy,  30-(IO  cm.  high.  Ligule  obsolete, 
destitute  of  hairs;  blades  2-5  cm.  long.  Spikes  15-20,  very  slender, 
8-30  cm,  long,  containing  8-30  spikelets,  sometimes  borne  on  the 
upper  half  or  two-thirds.  Empty  glumes  pointed,  slightly  unequal, 
3-3.5  mm.  long;  floral  glume  3.5  mm.  long,  with  an  awn  1   mm. 


Fig.  74.  — Gymnomgon 
ambiguus.  Spike-let. 
(Riclmrdson.) 

G.  f(t!<tigiatus  Noes, 


412 


POACE.E. 


long;  terminal  empty  glume  on  a  raeliilla  1.5  mm.  long,  bearing  a 
very  sliort  awn.     drain  less  than  2  mm.  long. 
Florida,  Cio'/iKs  3442. 
Delaware  and  southward. 

89.  (179).  SCHEDONNARDUS  Stcud.  Flora,  33:;2-28,  229  (1850) 
name;  Syn.  PI.  (J ram.  140  (1855). 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  acuminate,  sessile  in  the  excavations  on  2 
sides  of  a  3-sided  rachis,  rachilla  very  short,  articulate  above  the 
lower  glumes,  not  bearing  a  llower,  flower  perfect.  Empty  glumes 
2,  unequal,  1-nerved,  narrow,  membranous,  acuminate;  floral  glume 
longer,  firm,  membranous,  3-nerved,  pointed,  enclosing  the  palea 
and  the  flower.  Styles  distinct.  Grain  linear,  included  by  the 
glume  and  palea.  but  not  adherent. 

A  tufted  annual.  Spikes  3-10  in  number,  simple,  slender, 
spreading  on  the  curved  axis. 

Species  1,  belonging  to  North  America.  The  genus  is  more 
nearly  allied  to  (ri/intiuj>o(/on  than  to  Lepturus  Nutt. 

1.  S.  paniculatus  (Nutt.)  'IVelease,  Branner  t!t  Coville,  IJep. 
Geol.  Surv.  Ark.  1888,  Part  4,  23G  (1891).  Lepturus  paniruJalufi 
Nutt.  Gen.  1:81  (1818).  RoitkeUia  panicuhia  Spreug,  Syst.  1 
300  (1825).     Schedoniutnlus  Texanus  Steud.  1.  c. 

Culms  20-60  cm.  high,  naked  above.  Lig- 
ule  ovate,  over  1  mm.  long;  blades  numerous 
below,  narrow,  keeled,  conduplicate,  twisted, 
3-5  cm.  long.  Spikes  3-10  in  number,  re- 
curved, secund,  distant,  3-9  cm.  long.  First 
empty  glume  ovate,  1  mm.  long,  with  an  awn 
half  its  length,  second  ovate-lanceolate,  2 
mm.  long,  with  a  very  short  awn;  floret 
cylindrical, acuminate,  over  3  mm.  long;  floral 
glume   elliptical-lanceolate,    the  lower    part 

sparsely  hairy;  palea  with  2  nerves  near  each 
Fig.    To. — ScJud'iinardus    ,i  .       t        •    ,       ,i  -n       i     • 

pamcdatius.   ^1,  Spike- o"ier  extending  into   the  cusps,  silky  hairy 

let;  b,  floral  glume;  c,  qh   .^mj   i)etween   the  nerves.     Grain  cvliu- 
l>aleii;  d,  flower. 

drical. 

Illinois,  J/ea(/;  Kansas,  CV/^ifty;  Colorado,  J.  WoJfe  1178:  Mon- 


CI1L0KI1)E.E.  413 

tana.  Unmnl,  CanUj   cf-   Svrihnrr  37G;    Texas,    DrummomJ  3(j0, 
liuUdider;  Mexico,  Fendhr  HOI. 

From  Illinois  to  Texas,  Kansas,  Colorado,  Montaua,  and  Cali- 
fornia. 

!»0.  (181).  BOUTELOUA  Lag.  Var.  Cienc.  3:  Part  4,  i;54  (ISOo). 
GiiAMA-cRASs.  MrsgiiT-iJKAss.  Athci'opoyon  Mulil.  Willd. 
Sp.  IM.  4:937  (180.-,).  Ileterosteca  Desv.  Nov.  IJull.  So.-. 
Philom.  2:188  (1810).  Triafhcm  Dosv.  1.  c.  Corethnim  Vahl, 
Skr.  Xaturk.  Solsk.  Kiobonh.  0:85  (1810).  Chondrosium  Desv. 
Joiirn.  Hot.  3:G8  (1813).  Buiebra  DC.  Cat.  Hort.  Mons.  104 
(1813)  in  part.  Truciin  II.  H.  K.  Xov.  Gen.  et  Sp.  1  178 
(1815.)  Poli/ndoti  1.  c.  174  (1815).  Ifeferosfef/a  Knntli,  Mom. 
Mas.  Par.  2:73  (1815).  Actiiiuvhha  Willd.  H.  Ot  S.  Syst.  2:22, 
417  (1817).  Eutviana  Trin.  Fund.  Agrost.  101  (1820).  Aris- 
fiditnn  Endl.  (ien.  94  (183G).  rripJalhem  Eudl.  1.  c.  Xesflem 
Willd.  Steiul.  Norn.  Ed.  2,  2:192  (1841). 

Under  each  synonym  above  gi\en  may  be  found  synonyms  for 
species. 

Spikelets  1-2  flowered,  complanate,  sessile  and  densely  crowded 
in  2  rows  on  one  side  of  a  flattened  rachis,  rachilla  continuous  or 
articulate  above  the  lower  glumes,  bearing  1-3  glumes  or  bristles  or 
rai'oly  staminate  flowers  above  the  single  })erfect  flower.  Empty 
glumes  2,  narrow,  acute,  keeled,  equal  or  unequal;  floral  glume 
broader,  usually  firmer,  3-toothed  or  3-cleft  at  the  aj^ex:  empty 
glumes  at  the  apex  of  the  rachilla  3-5-awned  or  deeply  divided ; 
palca  of  the  perfect  floret  narrow,  hyaline,  entire  or  2-toothed. 
Stamens  3,  usually  orange-colored  or  red.  Lodicules  2,  fleshy. 
Styles  distinct.  Grain  oblong,  included,  but  not  adherent.  Slen- 
der annuals  or  perennials,  low  or  tall,  blades  narrow,  flat  or  convo- 
lute. Spikes  single  and  terminal,  or  several  on  the  side  of  the  axis, 
first  erect,  finally  drooping. 

There  are  about  25  species,  all  American.  Bentham  divided  tho 
genus  into  3  sections,  founded  mainly  on  the  inflorescence.  Plants 
of  this  genus  are  most  abundant  in  the  warmer  and  dryer  portions 
of  Xorth  America,  especially  in  western  Texas,  in  Arizona  and 


414  POACE.E. 

northern  Mexico.     Often  culled  "  CJrunia-grass,''  and  some  of  them 
called  "  HulTalo-grass." 

The  following  division  into  tribes  sliows  the  variation  of  this 
genus  very  well. 

A.  Chondrosimn  Dcsv.  as  a  genus.  Spikes  one  to  several, 
linear  or  ohlonfj,  more  or  less  falcate,  the  usiialli/  verij 
numerous  spikelets  pectinatehj  cromiedon  one  side  of  the 
rach  is;  terminal  enij)ti/ fflnmes  nsaalli/ J-aivned.      .     .     .(a) 

a.  Spike  always  solitary (b) 

b.  Empty  glumes  glabrous.* (e) 

c.   Floral  glume  2.5-3  nun.  long 1 

c.  Floral  glume  o-G  nmi.  long 3 

b.  Empty  glumes  villous.    Plant  20-40 cm.  high;  empty 

glumes  2-3  mm.  long 3 

a.  Spikes  usually  2  or  more (e) 

e.  Spikes  very  dense,  oblong,  linear;  empty  glumes  vil- 
lous  (f) 

f.  Rachilla  above  fertile  lloret  glabrous,  spikes  2  cm. 

long 4 

f.  Kachilla  above  fertile  floret  bearded 5 

e.  Spikes  dense,  narrowly  linear;  empty  glumes  usually 

glabrous (h) 

h.  Floral  glume  1.5  mm.  long 6 

h.  Floral  glume    2   mm.  long,  besides  the  teeth, 

hairy 7 

h.  Floral  glume  2.5-3  nun.  long,  spikes  1.5-2.5  cm. 

long 8 

h.  Floral  glume  3  mm.  long,  spikes  2-3  cm.  long.   .     9 
h.  Floral  glume  about  3  mm.  long;   spikes  5-7  in 

number,  2.5-3  cm.  long 10 

e.  Spikes  looser  and  more  slender;  lower  glumes  gla- 
brous  (i) 

i.   Peduncles  villous;  floral  glume  1-awned.       .     .     11 

*  B.  tenuis  Griesb.  in  piirt.    A  densely  tufted  perennial  20-40  cm.  high. 
This  may  be  exj)ected  from  Mexico. 


CHLOIUDE.E.  4,  1 

i.  Peduncle  smooth;  floral  glume  S-awned.     .     .    (j) 

j.  Floral  glume  2  mm.  long 12 

j.  Floral  glume  1  mm.  long 13 

B.  AfheropogoH  Mulil.  us  a  genus.  Spikes  several  or  nu- 
merous, nsualbf  short,  sfraiy/if,  not  pectinate,  the  few  (J- 
P2)  spikelets  often  fascicled;  the  terminal  empty  fjlume 
S-awned,or  more  or  less  reduced  ami  rudimentary,  .  .  (k) 
k.  Spikes  30-GO,  axis  scabrous,  each  bearing  4-10  spike- 
lets 14 

k.  Spikes  5-11,  axis  glabrous,  each  bearing  3-G  spike- 
lets 15 

k.  Spikes   4-6,   axis   silky  villous,  each   bearing   7-10 

spikelets IG 

k.  Spikes  3-5,  each  axis  bearing  3-4  spikelets.  ...     IT 
C   Triathera  Desv.  as  a  genus.     Spikes  several,  short  and 
narrow,  the  1-3  slender  spikelets  closely  appressed  to  the 
rachis;  terminal  glume  reduced  to  a  triple  awn  or  having 

a  jwlea (m) 

m.  Spikes  5-10,  each  bearing  2-3  spikelets 18 

m.  Spikes  35-50,  each  bearing  1  spikelet 19,  30 

D.  Polyodon  11.  B.  K.  as  a  genus.     Spikes  few,  short,  of 
few  spikelets;  floral  glume  3-awncd,   the  2-3  terminal 
empty  ones  crowded  together  and  each  3-,5-awned.  ...     21 
1.  B.    prostrata    Lag.     Varied.    Cienc.    2:141     (1805).      B. 
pnsilla  Vasey,  liull.   Torr.'Club,  11  :G  (1884).     Atheropogon  hu- 
viilis  Spreng.  Syst.  l:2>j.:  (1824).     B.  tenuis  Griseb.  (loett.  Ablu 
24:  303  (1879),  as  ticketed  by  Vasey. 

A  loosely  tufted  slender  annual.  Culms  many,  geniculate,  10- 
20  cm.  high.  Leaf-blades  1-4  mm.  long,  1  mm.  wide,  flat  or  con- 
volute. Spike  solitary,  much  curved,  })edicel  velvety,  bent,  bract 
about  as  long  as  i)edicel  or  shorter.  Empty  glumes  lance-elliptical, 
1-nerved;  first  1.5-2  mm.  long,  second  3.5  mm.  long;  floral  glume 
firm,  hairy  on  the  outside,  oval  when  closed,  nerves  obscure,  2.5-2.8 
mm.  long,  lateral  setjv  about  1  mm.  long,  central  one  a  little  longer; 
palea  as  long  and  as  wide  as  its  glume.  (J rain  compressed,  2  juin. 
long,  embryo  on  one  thin  edge.     Kachilla  above  the  floret  about  1 


410  POACE.E. 

nun.  lonjj,  luiirv  ul)ovo,  bi'iirin;;  ;{  iiwl-sliapetl  auta,',  2  mm.  loiifj,  tlio 
lateral  ones  bt-urinjjf  a  tliin  inar<?iiial  appcndaf^o;  racbilla  U'lminat- 
in<,'  in  a  iniiuite  truiicati'  empty  awnh'ss  <,'Inme. 

New  McxIl-o,  J*)-i)i(/h;  Vaxvij;  Mexico,  Priiif/Ic  WM,  Poliiicr 
3400,  Sr/iajf'tier  lOlG. 

('oI(ti'ad(),  Arizona  to  New  ^[exico. 

'Z.  B.  stolonifera  Scril)n.  I'roe.  Aoad.  Pliila.  .'502  (1891).  //. 
seorjn'oidi's  S.  Wats,  in  I'rof.  Am.  Aead.  IS:  110  (ISSIj)  not  Laj^. 

Culms  slender,  li-lO  em.  lii;j;ii,  hearinrj  racemes.  Leal'-lilsides 
narrow,  glabrous,  1-!J  em.  long.  Spikes  solitary,  racbis  l,.')-3  cm. 
long.  S])ikelets  not  crowded,  empty  glumes  1 -nerved,  lirst  lanceo- 
late, 3  nun.  long,  witb  an  awn  1  nun.  or  more  long,  second 
broader,  about  (5  mm.  long,  short  awned,  tliiidy  pubescent  on  the 
keel;  lloral  glume  5-G  mm.  long,  3-lobed  for  about  one-fourth  of 
its  length,  central  seta  5-7  nun.  long,  lateral  ones  a  third  shorter; 
])alea  about  G  nun.  long;  rachilla  nearly  smooth,  3  nun.  long, 
bearing  some  setiB  15  mm.  long. 

^lexico,  /'n'tif/h'  317-4,  on  the  jdains,  [ja  Ilouda  Station. 

3.  B.  ramosa  Scribn.  Vasey,  (Jrasses  Southwest  l:i.  44  (1890). 
Ji.  oh'f/i>fifac/tj/(i  var.  ranuisa  Scril)n. 

A  densely  tufted  slender  light  green  perennial,  20-40  cm.  high. 
Culms  branching  below,  nodes  smooth.  Lower  sheaths  'Z  cm.  long, 
ciliate  at  the  throat,  those  of  the  culm  5-7,  the  lower  nearly  as  long 
as  the  internodes;  ligule  a  ciliate  ring;  blades  of  sterile  shoots  and 
culms  3-8  cm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide,  involute,  apex  filiform, 
curved.  Spikes  1-2  in  number.  1.2-1.7  cm.  long,  linear,  very 
slightly  falcate,  pubescent,  pedicels  2  mm.  long.  Empty  glumes 
villous,  lanceolate,  1-nerved,  first  1.7  mm.  long,  second  3.2  mm.. 
long;  lloral  glume  oval-ovate,  the  back  shortly  pubescent,  4  mm. 
long,  the  3  setne  about  1  mm.  long;  paloa  as  long  as  its  glume,  with 
3  very  short  setae;  rachilla  hairy,  0.7  mm.  long,  bearing  3  seise 
3-4  cm.  long. 

Southwestern  Texas,  XeaUei/  for  Xat.  Museum. 

It  grows  in  bushy  clumps  with  nuich-branching  perennial  culms, 
Avith  the  habit  of  M nhJcnhergia  Texamt,  and  is  confined  to  calcare- 


('ni,oKII>h.K.  417 

oils  l)lun'saii(l  liills.  occupyint,' siicli  iicciiliur  situations  to  tlio  profit 
of  tilt'  .st(»cl<  visitin;;  tlicm  in  tlicir  Avitle  nin^iiif,'. 

4.  B.  hirsuta  La;?.  Vur.  t'icnc  'I:  Part  4,  141  (ISOri).  C/ionf/ro- 
Slim  hirhnn  11.  W.  K.  Nov.  (Icn.  ct.  Sp.  1  :  lie,.  /.  J/y  (isif)). 
Ai'fitiorlihxt  hii'siihi  W.  &.  S.  Syst.  'X'.  14'.t(lH17).  A//ii'ropoi/i/ti  jxt/iif- 
Ji)sii.v  VA\<ro\m.  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  4(5  ( 184:5).  ('Iinnilrosiiin  fii'/iiint 
Ton-.  Man^y  Uep.  lAT  (1S4S).  lUnikhua  fiena  liigelow,  \Viii]>pli' 
Kxped.  Add.  p.  ii.  (lsr»t;). 

Culms  sUmkUt,  ",^(1-50  em.  hi,irli.  Ulades  narrow,  ))apillose- 
liairy  or  glahrous.  Spike-!  1-4  in  number,  pectinate,  dense,  al)out 
'i,  em.  loiifT.  on  short  liairy  jx'dieels,  braeta  about  twice  as  Ion;:, 
axis  projecting'  beyond  the  spikeiets  i  mm.  Sterile  ilorets  mucli 
]>rojectin^f  from  the  side  of  tiic  fertile.  Empty  ^dumes  villous.  1- 
nerved.  lirst  hyaline,  narrow,  'i,  mm.  lon,<r;  secoiul  warty-liairy. 
lan(;eolate.  4  mm.  lon^;  floral  ^lume  i)ubes(*ent,  iMobed  for  nearly 
half  its  length,  nearly  5  mm.  long  including  the  central  seta,  lateral 
setiv  shorter;  palea  shorter,  obtuse,  eiliate  on  the  nerves,  rachilla 
smooth,  1  mm.  long,  bearing  funnel-shaped  or  2  fan-shaped  empty 
glumes  1  mm.  long,  with  3  equal  setai  3  mm.  long,  enclosing  1-'^ 
very  small  empty  glumes. 

A  common  grass  on  rocky  or  dry  soil  of  hills  and  plains  of  Chi- 
hualuia;  culms  rather  wiry;  (pudity  ecpud  to  the  most  of  thespeeios 
enumerated;  furnishes  an  important  pro))ortion  of  the  forage  of 
the  region. 

Illinois,  l\(fti'rson ;  Florida,  (iaiiwr;  Texas,  Drummond ; 
Mexico,  PriiKjle  40I»,  Palmer  2!>,  Pan-ii  d-  Pahmr  943. 

From  Florida  to  British  America  and  ^lexico. 

Var.  Palmeri  Vasey.  B.  liohtnderi  Vasey.  Much  larger,  often 
a  metre  high;  spikes  3-6  in  number,  broader,  often  4  mm.  long. 

Mexico,  Palmer. 

5.  B.  oligostachya  (Xutt.)  Torr.  A.  Gray.  Man.  Ed.  '^:5r)3 
(1856).  (iKAMA.  Me.S(H'ITE-(jhass.  ActiHiirliloa  (jrarilis  Willd. 
W.  &  S.  Syst.  2 :  418  (1811).  Aflieropof/on  oIi(/osfacJi)/iis  Nutt.  Gen. 
1:78  (1818).  Eutriania  oJi(/osfocJii/a  Knnth,  Hev.  Gram.  MO 
(1829).  Chondrosum  oligostachyiim  Torr.  Marcy's  Uep.  300 
(1853). 


418  POAC'K.K. 

Poronn'uil,  20-00  cm.  hif^li.  lit'iil'-hliidcs  smooth  or  roupfli 
abovo,  ',i-V)  cm.  Ion;,',  l.r)-2mm.  wide,  liuiry  at  tlu!  li^julo.  SpikcM 
1-3  iu  number,  nircly  4  to  5,  rcmoti',  ;*-4  cm.  Ion;;;  iK'(licclri  '^-\\ 
mm.  ioi»K.  «bort,  hairy,  often  with  ii  l)ruct  )l-A  times  us  lon;r; 
nichillu  not  projocitin;,'  beyond  the  spikeleta.  Spikoleta  T  mm. 
h»n;;;  em|»ty  ghimea  villous,  l-nerved,  Hrst  huuseolute,  4.r)  mm. 
long,  second  ovjite-iunceoliito,  7.5  mm.  long,  sparsely  hairy  on 
wurty  glands;  floral  glume  hairy  on  the  back,  5.5  mm.  long,  not 
ImMuding  setre,  and  1.5  mm.  wide;  lateral  seta)  extending  to  the 
top  of  the  ii-cleft  middle  lobe,  not  including  a  seta  about  1  mm. 
long;  palea  us  long  as  its  glume;  rachilla  above  the  llorot  about 
1.5  mm.  long,  clothed  above  the  middle  with  soft  hairs  2-3  mm. 
long,  bearing  3  setiu  about  0  mm.  long,  the  lateral  oiu's  wing- 
margined  on  the  inside  above;  still  another,  broad  involute  emar- 
ginate  3-lobed  empty  glume  1.5  mm.  long. 

Nebraska,  Dtijf)'//;  Texas,  Nealley;  Montana  (Nor.  Trans. 
Cent.  Surv.),  ('<inbi/  d'  Scn'bticr. 

AVisconsin,  California  to  Texas  and  Mexico. 

Vur.  major  Vusey,  ined.  Much  larger,  culms  often  TO  cm.  high; 
loaves  longer,  si)ikes  3-5  cm.  long.  Spikelots,  glumes,  and  palea 
about  the  same  us  those  of  the  species. 

Mexico. 

Vur.  pallida  Scribn.  ined.     Spikes  light  yellowish  green. 

Mexico,  Priniih  407. 

Vur.  ramosa  H(;ribn.  B.  ramosa  Scribn. ;  Vasey's  Grasses  S.  W. 
Part  1,  44  (ISO  1).    Mucli  branched. 

Alexico,  Prnif/h'  Hi. 

Mr.  Pringlesays:  "  The  most  ul)undant  species  of  the  plains, 
especially  abundant  and  forming  a  close  sod  in  the  low  arid  portions. 
In  amount  of  yield  and  quality  it  is  surpassed  by  no  common  grass 
of  the  plains,  and  is  the  one  native  species  adapted  to  forming  per- 
manent mowing,  and  one,  I  believe,  which  would,  us  well  as  any 
species  emi)loyed  in  Americun  agriculture,  bear  the  effects  of  close 
grazing  in  enclosed  areas." 

6.  B.  polystachya   (Henth.)  Torr.   Pacif.  11.  Uep.  5:306.  /.  10 


CIILoUIDKvE.  41i» 

(1857).  Cfinndrosinn  [ChondrosiuiH]  poli/sftwhj/uni  Bciith.  Hot, 
Sulph.  nn  (1844). 

(!ulni8  .smooth,  oroct,  or  sprcadiiijj;  ami  gt'iiidulutc,  '^•0-40  cm. 
hij,'li.  liCiit'-Muilos  imrrow,  3-0  cm.  long,  (;iliuto  at  tlu-  li;,'iilo. 
Spikes  3-6  or  more,  erect,  linear,  about  2  cm.  long.  Kinpty  gliiinorf 
liyulino,  glabrouH,  oval,  1-nervod,  mucronate  or  sliort-a\vne<l,  often 
lobed  or  t'marginate,  first  1  mm.  long,  second  1.5  mm.  long;  floral 
glume  broadly  oval,  the  margins  and  back  densely  hairy,  \J)  mm. 
long,  3-lobod  with  stout  setie  scarcely  longer  than  the  lol)es,  (central 
awn  slightly  longest;  palea  as  long  as  its  glume,  3-lobed,  rachilla 
hairy,  bearing  3  setie,  a  small  neutral  floret,  and  above  this  a  minute 
empty  glume. 

Texas,  XmUcy  for  Nat.  Mus. ;  Lower  California,  Palmer  r,'G, 
508. 

Texas,  Arizona,  to  California. 

7.  B.  arenosa  Vasey,  Grasses  of  S.  West.  Bull.  1^,  Tart  1,  34 
(1800). 

A  slender  diffuse  annual,  15-25  em.  high.  Sheaths  loose,  3-4 
in  number,  half  as  long  as  the  internodes;  ligule  lanceolate,  5  mm. 
long,  ciliato  at  the  base;  blades  flat,  3-5  em.  long,  1.5-2  mm. 
wide.  Panicle  5-0  cm.  long,  bearing  3-4  straight  or  curved  one- 
sided spikes.  Spikes  subsessile,  about  2  cm.  long,  bearing  about 
20  spikelets.  S})ikelets  closely  imbricate,  each  containing  1  })erfcct 
and  1  rudimentary  floret,  about  3  mm.  long,  with  awns  })rojecting 
3  mm.  Empty  glumes  1-nerved,  often  2-tootbed,  first  lanceolate, 
2  mm.  long,  second  oval,  3  mm.  long,  short-awned;  fioral  glume  of 
the  lower  floret  2  mm.  long,  besides  the  teeth,  clothed  with  fine 
l)ubescence,  ovate,  2-toothed,  awns  equal  or  subequal ;  palea  as  long 
as  its  glume,  2-4-toothed,  with  3  short  awns,  seeoiul  floret  1.5 
mm.  long,  the  3  subequal,  awns  4-5  mm.  long.  Neutral  floret 
bearing  3  subequal  awns,  4-5  mm.  long. 

Mexico  (near  (iulf  of  California),  /'ah»er  180,  Ofcutt. 

8.  B.  vestita  (S.  Wats.)  Seribn.  iiied.  B.  pnhjstach)ja  Torr.  var. 
vestifa  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  18:  177  (1883). 

A  tufted  erect  or  diffuse  grass  apparently  annual,  20-60  cm. 
high.     Sheaths  ciliate  at  the  throat;  ligule  very  short;  blades  of  the 


420  1H)A('E.15. 

culms  involuti',  bristU'-poiiitt'd.  )i-i^>  cm.  loii":,  those  of  tlu'  sti-rilo 
shoots  rather  sliorler.  S[)ikos  4-t)  in  luimbi'r,  more  or  k'ss  curveil, 
1.5-2.5  cm.  loui;^.  First  ghimc  hviiliiu',  bristk'-poiiittHl,  "^-'J..*)  mm. 
\o\\g,  sccoml  linear,  about  3  mm.  louj;,  ^-tootheil,  pubescent  on  the 
keel,  the  seta  1-2  mm.  lonj;;  lloral  tflume  pubescent  on  the  back, 
oval.  2.5-3  mm.  lontr.  2-lobed,  lateral  and  central  seta?  reaching'  to 
the  same  height  1-2  mm.  above  the  glume;  palea  linear  to  oval, 
2.2-3  mm.  long,  4-toothed  with  2  short  seta>.  the  pedicelled  rudi- 
ment bearing  3  equal  bristles  about  2.."»  mm.  long. 

Mexico.  I^arnj  if  Pahuvr  •.•43^.  /"  '>*')'  1351.  Pvimjh  413; 
Arizona.  yvaUeii. 

A{)parently  confined  to  sandy  alluvium  of  mountain  streams. 

it.  B.  breviseta  \'as(>y.  ("ontrih.  l'.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1:5S(181M)). 

A  tufted  more  or  less  glaucous  and  rather  slender  perennial. 
25-35  cm.  high,  from  stout  creeping  i-ootstoeks.  Culms  hard,  with 
no  cavity.  Sheaths  O-ll  in  lunnber.  mostly  a  little  longer  than  the 
internodes;  ligiUe  a  nu're  ring,  slightly  ciliate:  l)lades  rigid,  invo- 
lute. 2-(>  cm.  long.  0.5-0.7  mm.  diam.  Spikes  mostly  in  twos, 
sometimes  single.  2-3  cm.  long,  about  3  mm.  diam.  Spikelets 
crowded,  empty  glumes  lanceolate,  1 -nerved,  first  3  mm.  long, 
second  4  mm.  long;  lloral  glume  of  lower  lloret  oval.  3  mm.  long, 
3-nerved,  sctjxi  equal,  about  1  mm.  long;  palea  incurved,  oval; 
second  iloret  1.5  mm.  long  with  hairs  of  the  same  length,  tiie  awns 
2.5-3  mm.  long. 

Texas,  XcaUi'ij  in  ISSl). 

10.  B.  Rothrockii  Vasey,  t'ontrib.  V.  S.  Xat.  Herb.  1:208 
(ISiio).  Ji.  p()Ii/iif(ic/ii/((  var.  major  \'asey,  U.  S.  (Jeog.  Surv.  by 
Wheeler,  6:28:  (1818). 

Culms  40-60  cm.  high,  racemose,  usually  bearing  5-T  spikes 
2.5-3  cm.  long,  sessile,  about  2.5  cm.  ilistaut.  Leaf-blades  flat.  0-iO 
cm.  long,  scabrous  above.  Empty  glumes  hyaline,  glabrous,  oblong, 
1-uerved,  mucronate  or  short-awned,  lobed  or  with  lateral  teeth, 
first  glume  1.5  mm.  long,  second  2.5  mm.  long;  fioral  glume  ovate 
in  outline,  hairy  near  the  base  and  on  the  margins,  about  3  mm. 
long,  1.5  mm.  wide,  4-lobed  with  3  set^^j,  lateral  ones  slightly  long- 


t"IIlA)l{ll>K.K.  421 

est;  paloa  with  "i  setas  3-lobeil,  us  long  as  its  glume,  the  midtUo 
lobe  I'liiargiiuite. 

Mexico.  Ptihiier  1(U5;  also  fouiul  in  Arizona. 

11.  B.  eriopoda  Ton-.  I'aeif.  Kail.  Kep.  4:  Hot.  155  (185;). 

Culms  tufted,  white  woolly  below,  MO-30  cm.  high.  Leaf- 
blailts  very  narrow,  involute.  \-\  cm.  long.  Spikelcts  ;>-(;.  rather 
loose  and  slender,  oval  or  narrowly  elliptical,  1. 5-^*. 5  cm.  long,  on 
short  hairy  i)edieels.  First  empty  glume  oblong,  mucronute,  about 
"i  mm.  long,  with  the  single  nerve  towards  one  siile,  sccoiul  glume 
4.5  mm.  long,  lance-clliptical,  acute,  without  a  cusp,  with  an  ob- 
scure nerve  toward  the  ajjcx  on  each  side  the  miildlc;  iloret  hairy 
at  the  base.  Iloral  glume  lance-ovate,  5  mm.  long,  central  seta  1-'^ 
mm.  long,  lateral  setiv  obscure  or  absent;  palea  about  equal  to  its 
ghnne,  nerves  weak  or  obscure  at  the  apex;  rachilla  slender,  'i.  mm. 
long,  hairy  near  the  apex,  bearing  3  bristles  4-5  mm.  long,  the  mid- 
dle one  at  the  base  twice  as  wiile  as  the  lateral  ones. 

New  Mexico,  Wriijltt  748,  "ZO\.S\  Arizoiui,  Loumon  305; 
Mexico.  I*n'tti/h'  411. 

Texas.  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  Mexico. 

Hunched  on  dry  rocky  or  gravelly  nu'sas  and  foot-hills;  the  wiry 
culms  more  or  less  elongated  and  trailing;  (puility  ami  value  equal 
to  J),  hirsiitit. 

13.  B.  trifidaThurb.  Ciram.  Mex.  Hound.  Surv.  iued.  S.  Wats. 
Troc.  Anu-r.  Acad.  18:  i:r  (188:5). 

A  densely  ca'spitose glaucous  perennial,  5-18  cm.  liigh.  Hlades 
3  cm.  long,  1  mm.  wide.  Spikes  3-5.  slender,  smooth,  rather 
loose,  nearly  straight,  \-l  cm.  long.  Mmply  ghuues  lanceolate, 
mucronate.  scarious,  3-awm'd,  first  4  mm.  long,  secoiul  a  little 
longer;  iloral  ghnne  scarious  or  nearly  snu)olh,  '^  mm.  long,  the 
nerves  obscure,  lateral  awns  about  mm.  long,  the  central  a  little 
stouter  and  longer;  palea  rather  iirm,  ecpialling  its  glume;  rachilla 
smooth,  1  nnn.  long,  bearing  3  nearly  equal  seta*,  slightly  dilated 
below,  about  (5  mm.  long. 

Texas,  liererrhon  1408.  Xrttllei/  for  Nat.  Mus. ;  Xew  Mexico, 
iVn'yhf  4G.  22(i,  T49,  2(V.H);  Arizona,  Priiiijle;  Mexico,  rarri/  413, 
945,  Primjh',  Pahiivr  1:555. 


422  POACE.E. 

A  pretty  reddish-topped  grass  found  in  the  regions  above 
enumerated  on  dry  mesas  at  the  foot  of  hills,  doubtless  infrequent. 

13.  B.  Burkei  Scribn.  S.  Wats,  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  18:170 
(1883).     Bull.  Torr.  Club,  11:  5  (1884). 

A  tufted  perennial,  10-30  cm.  high.  Culms  very  slender,  erect 
or  geniculate.  Blades  glaucous,  10-40  cm.  long,  1  mm.  wide,  often 
with  a  few  scattered  hairs.  Spikes  3-G,  rather  loose,  nearly  erect, 
about  1.5  cm.  long.  Empty  glumes  smooth,  ovate,  nearly  equal, 
first  about  3  mm.  long,  second  longer,  both  usually  very  short- 
awned  just  below  the  bifid  tip;  floral  glume  br  ..?,,  hairy,  over  1  mm. 
long,  bearing  3  nearly  equal-winged  seta?,  about  4  mm.  long;  i>alea 
oval,  with  no  projecting  setae;  rachilla  slender,  smooth,  O.T  mm. 
long,  bearing  3  equal  setse  5  mm.  long,  widening  below. 

Texas,  Mrs.  Anna  B.  Nichols,  communicated  to  Professor 
Scribner  by  Isaac  Burk  of  Philadelphia,  for  whom  the  species  is 
named. 

Sandy  plains  of  Upper  Concho,  western  Texas,  lieverchon  1361, 
Curtiss  3440* ;  distribution  of  North  American  Plants,  Berlandier 
107,  1437;    U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  510;  Mexico,  Pringle  1974. 

14.  B.  curtipeudula  (Michx.)  Torr.  Emory's  Kep.  153  (1848). 
Chloris  curtipeudula  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1 :  59  (1803).  Bonfeloua 
racemosa  Lag.  Var.  Cienc.  2:  Part  4,  141  (1805).  Dinebra  curti- 
vcndula  DC.  Cat.  Ilort.  Monsp,  105  (1813).  Eutriana  curtijjen- 
diila  Trin.  Fund.  Agrost.  Kil  (1830). 

A  tufted  perennial,  30-100  cm.  high,  from  r^liort  rootstocks. 
Lower  leaves  from  the  taller  culms  sometimes  40  cm.  long,  4  mm. 
wide,  the  upper  usually  5-10  cm.  long;  sheaths  and  ligule  often 
hairy.  Spikes  30-60,  about  1  cm.  long,  on  short  bent  pedicels  on 
one  side  of  an  axis  15-30  cm.  long.  Spikelets  purple,  brown,  or 
green,  4-10  in  a  spike,  5-8  mm.  long,  the  lowest  the  shortest; 
empty  glumes  1-nerved,  first  lanceolate,  2.5-4  mm.  long,  with  an 
awn  1  mm.  long  or  less,  second  glume  ovate-lanceolate,  3.5-8  mm. 
long,  including  a  short  awn;  floral  glume  sparsely  hairy,  membran- 
ous, ovate-lanceolate,  5-6  mm.  long,  mucronate,  the  lateral  sette  a 
little  shorter;  palea  as  long  and  as  wide  as  its  glume,  2-toothed; 
rachilla  0.5  mm.  long,  bearing  abroad  divided  empty  glume  2  mm. 


CHLORIDES.  423 

long;  the  lateral  seta?  as  long,  the  middle  one  twice  as  long,  or  in 
the  terminal  florets  the  lateral  setfe  0,  and  the  terminal  seta  4  mm. 
long.  Anthers  orange-red  or  yellow.  Very  variable  and  widely 
distributed. 

Pennsylvania,    Bnrk    for    Scribner   3440;    Michigan,    Cooki/, 
Whcchr  90;  Illinois,  Bebh  for  Clark;  Texas,  Hull  772,  Drummond 
354 ;  Arizona,  Roihrork  284,  586, 677,  Lcmmon  431 ;  Mexico,  Palmer 
206,  1503,  Pringlc  408. 

Southern  Xew  York,  Pennsylvania  to  AV'isconsin,  British  America, 
Texas,  Arizona,  Mexico,  South  America. 

Often  the  most  common  species  in  Chihuahua,  Mexico, 
scattered  over  mountains,  liills,  and  plains.  Unlike  B.  oligo- 
f<fachi/(i,  it  grows  in  strict  bunches,  is  more  leafy  than  that  species, 
but  of  similar  quality. 

15.  B.  bromoides  (II.  B.  K.)  Lag.  Gen.  et  Sp.  Nov.  5  (1816). 
Dinehra  bromoides  II.  B.  K.  Nov.  Gen.  et  Sp.  1:  172,  /.  51  (1815). 
Ktitriana  bromoides  Kunth,  Hev.  (Jram.  1:95  (1829),  rot  Trin. 
lleterosteca  juncifoUa  Desv.  Nouv.  Bull.  Soc.  Philom.  3 :  188 
(1810). 

Under  the  synonyms  of  the  genus  may  be  found  large  numbers 
of  other  names. 

An  erect  tufted  perennial,  30-60  cm.  high.  Sheaths  half  to 
two-thirds  as  long  as  the  internodes;  ligule  a  ciliate  ring;  blades 
sparsely  hairy,  4-13  cm.  long,  3-3  mm.  wide,  the  upper  shorter. 
Spikes  5-11  in  number,  1-3.5  cm,  long,  ascending,  horizontal  or 
drooping  on  velvety  pedicels,  the  latter  3  mm.  long,  borne  on  an 
axis  5-13  cm.  long.  Spikelets  3-6-11  to  a  spike;  empty  glumes 
ovate-lanceolate,  1-nerved,  ciliate  on  the  back,  first  3.5-4  mm. 
long,  second  5-6.5  mm.  long;  floral  glume  of  the  perfect  floret 
membranous,  oval-lanceolate,  5-6  mm.  long,  central  seta  about  1 
mm.  long;  palea  as  wide  as  its  glume  and  as  long  or  longer;  floral 
glume  of  staminate  floret  4.5  mm.  long,  lateral  setfe  3-5  mm. 
long,  the  central  stouter  and  reaching  higher;  rachilla  extending 
above  the  staminate  flower,  but  bearing  no  awn  or  glume. 

S.  Watson  in  Am.  Acad.  Sci.  p.  178,  1883,  says:  "Somewhat 
variable  in  size,   habit,  and  number  of  spikelets,  but  the  floral 


424  POACE^. 

chanicters  uniform  within  narrow  limits  in  all  the  specimens  ex- 
amined from  the  United  States,  Mexico,  Panama,  and  the  West 
Indies.  There  can  be  little  hesitation  in  referring  all  the  follow- 
ing to  Lagasca's  species,  viz.,  lleterostem  jimrifoUa  II.  B.  K.,  Nov. 
Gen.  I;ir3,  t.  54.  Dinebra  rcpens  II.  H.  K.,  1.  c,  172,  t.  52. 
Boutehiui  Hivmhohltiana  Griseb.  Probably  also  Dinebra  bromoides 
II.  B.  K.,  1.  c,  t.  51." 

Texas,  XeuUey  for  Nat.  Mus. ;  Mexico,  Sehaffner  1001,  1003, 
Palmer,  115%  188,  201,  1354,  Pringh  1436. 

Western  Texas,  Arizona,  Mexico,  Central  America. 

16.  B.  Havardi  Vasey,  S.  Wats,  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  18:179 
(1883). 

An  erect  tufted  perennial,  20-40  cm.  liigli.  Ligule  a  ciliate 
ring;  blades  numerous  below,  flat,  Arm,  7-15  cm.  long  (the  upper 
2-3  cm.),  3  mm.  wide,  sparingly  silky  hairy.  .Spikes  4-(J,  white, 
silky,  villous,  about  1  cm.  long,  on  a  slender  axis  4-5  em.  long. 
Spikelets  7-10  to  each  si)ike,  crowded,  first  glume  hyaline,  lance- 
olate, 2.5  mm.  long,  including  a  short  seta,  second  ovate-lance- 
olate, 3.5  mm.  long  besides  a  seta  2  mm.  long,  the  nerve  very 
heavy;  floral  glume  hairy,  broadly  oval,  5  mm.  long,  1.7  mm.  wide, 
the  lobes  about  equal;  palea  a  little  shorter,  2-toothed;  racliillaand 
the  3  setae  very  slender  and  weak,  3-G  mm.  long,  the  middle  one 
with  membranous  margins  or  none. 

Texas,  Ilavard,  Xealleji;  New  Mexico,  Wright  753;  Arizona, 
Prinijle  ;  Mexico,  P ri ngle  -ilO. 

Texas,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  Mexico. 

Mr.  Pringle  says:  "  This  I  have  found  to  be  the  most  valuable 
pasture-grass  of  the  hills  and  mesas  around  the  city  of  Chihualiua. 
Being  j)ereunial  it  forms  a  sod,  more  or  less  interru])ted  however.  Its 
leaves  are  mostly  radical,  and  are  abundant,  its  culms  slender  and 
about  a  foot  in  height;  to  the  tender  and  nutritious  quality  of  its 
herbage  the  animals,  which  kept  it  closely  cropped  down  through- 
out most  of  the  season,  gave  abundant  testimony." 

17.  B.  AUamosana  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1:115 
(1891). 

Tufted,  diffuse,  7-15  cm.  high.     Leaves  with  pubescence  from 


CIILUHIDE.E.  425 

tubercles,  sheaths  loose,  longer  than  the  internodes;  ligulea  frinn;e 
of  hairs;  blades  flat,  3-0  cm.  long,  3  mm.  wide.  Panicle  racemose, 
3-5  cm.  long,  bearing  3-5  spikes  1  cm.  long,  besides  the  awns, 
each  consisting  of  3-4  spikelets.  Spikelets  2-flowered  ;  emjjty 
glumes  1-nerved,  first  5  mm.  long,  second  6-7  mm.  long,  the  latter 
scabrous  on  the  keel;  floral  glume  of  lower  floret  oblong-lanceolate, 
6  mm.  long,  5-nerved,  lateral  awns  extending  to  the  ti2)s  of  the  slen- 
der teeth,  central  awn  about  1.5  mm.  long;  palea  as  long  as  its  glume, 
2-toothed.     Grain  obcompressed,  4  mm.  long.     Sterile  floret  about 

5  mm.  long,  the  three  awns  subequal,  about  8-10  mm.  long. 

Mexico  (Sonora),  Palmer  698,  on  rocky  ridges. 

18.  B.  aristidoides  (Kunth)  Griseb.  Fl.  lirit.  W.  Ind.  53? 
(1804).  Dinebra  aristidoide.s  II.  IJ.  K.  Nov.  Gen.  171,  f.  095 
(1815).  Eutriana  aristidoides  Trin.  Unifl.  243  (1824);  Kunth, 
Kev.  Gram.  1:95(1821)). 

A  slender  tufted  annual  (?),  10-30  cm.  liigh.  Loaf-blades 
rough  with  slender  scattered  hairs  on  the  upper  side,  2-4  cm.  long, 
less  than  2  mm.  wide.  Spikes  5-10  in  number,  1-15  cm.  long, 
more  or  less  hairy,  usually  spreading  on  one  side  of  an  axis,  4-0  cm. 
long.  Spikelets  narrow,  appressed  to  the  liairy  rachis.  2-3  to  a 
spike,  the  lower  with  no  awns,  the  upi)er  with  awns  projecting; 
empty  glumes  lanceolate,  1-uerved,  first  2  mm.  long,  with  a  seta  1 
mm.  or  more  long,  second  pubescent  with  no  seta;  floral  glume  of 
the  lower  spikelet  about  5  mm.  long,  oval-lanceolate,  central  seta 
very  short,  lateral  ones  obsolete;  palea  as  long  and  as  wide  as  its 
glume,  seta^  very  short.  No  empty  glume  or  seta  above.  (J rain 
linear.  2.5-3  nnn.  long.  Floral  glume  of  the  second  and  third  spike 
lets  like  the  floral  glume  of  the  lower  spikelet;  rachilla  slender,  1.5 
mm.  long,  hairy  in  midtlle  or  above,  bearing  3  seta?,  the  lateral  ones 

6  mm.  long,  the  central  a  little  shorter,  bearing  near  its  base  two 
short  slender  lateral  lobes  or  not. 

Mexico,  Parr II  cC  Palmer  941,  Palmer  51,  162,  1353. 
Arizona,  Pr ingle,  California,  Palmer  400,  543. 
Texas,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  southern  California,  and  ^lexico. 
Alow  diffuse  and  firm-stemmed  annual  appearing  scattered  over 


426  POACE.E. 

the  plains  and  mesaa  after  the  rainy  season;  less  abundant  and  of 
less  utility  than  />'.  /loli/sfac/ii/a  Torr.  var.  major.  Vasey. 

19.  B.  uniflora  \'asey,  Coult.  liot.  Gaz.  IG:  20  (18!)1). 

A  slender  perennial,  30—40  cm.  high.  Leaves  of  the  cultn  4, 
sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  a  ring  of  short  hairs; 
])lades  rigid,  becoming  involute,  8-15  cm.  long,  1.5-3  mm.  wide. 
Panicle  included  at  the  base,  racemose,  8-12  cm.  long,  bearing  35- 
50  spikes.  Spikes  7-8  mm.  long,  1-flovvered,  rachis  linear,  4-G  mm. 
loug;  empty  glumes  conduplicate,  1-nerved,  first  linear,  3-4  mm. 
long;  floral  glume  5-6  mm.  long;  palea  4-5  mm.  long,  usually  a 
capillary  pedicel  present, 

Texas,  KeaUci/  in  1890. 

20.  B.  Triathera  Benth.   Journ.   Linn.    Soc.  10:104   (1882). 
Trifcnn   racemosa   IL   B.   K.    Nov.    Gen.   et    Sp.    1:178  (1815). 

AtheropogoH  Triann  Sprcng.  Syst.  1 :  293  (1824). 

A  slender  tufted  perennial,  30-40  cm.  high.  Ligule  a  fringe 
of  hairs;  blades  of  sterile  shoots  involute,  G-12  cm.  long,  those  of 
the  culm  siiorter,  about  2  mm.  wide.  Panicle  racemose,  8-12  cm. 
long,  bearing  35-50  spikes.  Spikes  G  mm.  long,  1-rtowered,  rachis 
bristlelike,  2  mm.  long,  empty  glumes  linear,  conduplicate,  1-nerved, 
first  2  mm.  long,  second  4.5  mm.  long;  fioral  glume  5-G  mm.  long, 
palea  but  little  shorter;  rudiment  3-4  mm.  long,  with  3  awns  8-10 
mm.  long. 

Mexico,  Priiiffle  4782. 

21.  B.  Texana  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  18: 196  (1883). 

A  densely  tufted  glabrous  or  sparingly  villous  perennial.  Culms 
erect  or  geniculate,  20-30  cm.  high.  Blades  flat  or  involute,  thinly 
})ubescent  on  the  upper  surface,  the  lower  blades  G-18  cm.  long. 
Spikes  5-10,  secund,  cuneate,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  including  the  setas 
borne  on  an  axis  4-5  cm.  long.  Spikelets  4-6,  crowded  on  the  very 
short  hairy  rachis,  first  glume  lanceolate,  2  mm.  long,  with  a  seta 
half  as  long,  second  ovate-lanceolate,  pubescent  on  the  back,  3-5 
mm.  long,  bifid,  the  strong  midnerve  produced  into  an  awn  about 

2  mm.  long;  floral  glume  elliptical-ovate,  about  4  mm.  long,  with 

3  nearly  equal  setae  reaching  above  the  apex  about  1  mm.;  a  mem- 
branous tooth  on  each  side  of  the  middle  seta;  palea  as  long  and  as 


CIILOllIDE.E. 


427 


wide  as  its  glume;  floral  glume  of  the  second  spikelot  cuneate,  about 
5  mm.  long,  including  3  slender  lobes,  3  stout  set*  extending  beyond 


A"     B 

Fig.  IQ.—Boutelotta  Texana.     A,  B,  spikelets;  a,  floret.     (Scribner.) 

for  5  mm. ;  palea  small,  hyaline;  floral  glume  of  third  floret  smaller 
than  the  one  below  and  including  a  rudimentary  palea  and  an 
empty  glume. 

Texas,  lievcrrhon^  Kealley;  also  found  in  Arkansas. 

91.  (G).  Beckmannia  Host,  Gram.  Austr.  3:5,  t.  0  (1805). 
Joachiniia  Tenore,  ex  11.  &  S.  Syst.  2:605  (1817).  BrucJcmannia 
Nutt.  Gen.  1:48  (1818). 

I'aniclo  terminal,  long  and  narrow.  Spikelets  snbsessile  on  3 
sidesof  asubtriangularrachis,  articulate  with  the  very  short  pedicels, 
broad,  compressed,  1-2-flowered;  emi)ty  glumes  2,  membranous, 
compressed,  concave-inflated,  obtuse  or  abruptly  pointed,  3  floral 
glumes  narrow,  subequal,  concave-keeled,  acute  or  mucroiuite,  deli- 
cately membranous;  palea  hyaline,  2-kecled,  nearly  as  long  as  its 
glume.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Grain  oblong,  includeil,  but 
not  adherent.     An  erect  grass  with  flat  blades  having  much  the 


428 


POACE.E. 


habit  of  Paiiicinn  cnlonunt.  A  /]:enus  contiiinin<j^  only  one  species, 
wliicli  1ms  a  very  wide  range  It  is  found  in  southern  Euroj)e, 
temperate  Asia,  and  North  A'.nerioa. 

1.  B.  erucaeformis  uniflovus  Seribn.,  \'asey,  Descr.  (Jat.  Gram. 
U.  S.,  8  (1885),  name  only. 

Annual;  culms  rather  stout,  simple,  GO-i)0  cm.  high.  Ligule 
elongated;  blades  roughish,  10- '^0  em.  long,  5-8  mm.  wide.  Pani- 
cle 10-30  cm.  long,  rays  single  or  in  twos  or  threes,   1.5-4  cm. 

long.  Spikelets  1-llowered,  nearly  orbicu- 
lar or  broadly  obovate.  2.5-3  mm.  long,  lirst 
and  second  glumes  with  3  principal  nerves 
and  some  transverse  nerves. 

Ontario,  Foic/cr  ;  South  Dakota,  7^ ////>•//; 
Colorado,  ('(i,s.si(?i/;  Montana,  Andcrxou; 
Washington,  Lak-v;   Oregon,  /lo/rell. 

Mountain  regions  mainly  west  of  the 
Mississippi.  A  grass  of  some  prominence  as 
u  forage  plant  for  certain  localities. 

Bei'Jcnuiiniia  has  been  usually  i)laced  in 
PhalaridCiT,  but  lieutham  believed  it  be- 
longed to  Panicew.  The  habit  and  inflo- 
rescence are  those  of  Pdiiicum  colonum;  but 
it  is  exceptional  in  Panicea3  as  having  botli 
the  flowers  perfect;  the  lower  flower  is, 
however,  usually  sterile.  A  similar  character 
is  to  be  found  in  some  of  the  species  of  ,Sefa- 
n'a,  and  very  rarely  in  Fanicum  itself,  next 


A 

Fig.    77. —  Beckmnnnin 
erucd'formis  uniflorus. 


Splkelot       dissected.    ^^  Avbich   the  genus  appears  to  be  ])laced  in 
(Scnbuer.)  o  1 1 

Chloridea^. 

92.  (191).  EleusinE  G»rtn.  Fruct.  1:7,  ^  -?  (1788).  Dactij- 
locfenium  Willd.  Enum.  Hort.  Berol.  1029  (1809).  Acrachnc 
AVight  &  Arn.  Liiull.  Introd.  Nat.  Syst.  Ed.  2,  381  (1830). 

Spikelets  several-flowered,  flat,  imbricate  in  2  rows  on  one  side 
of  the  digitate  or  scattered  branches  of  a  simple  panicle,  rachilla 
articulate  above  the  outer  glumes,  flowers  perfect  or  the  upper  one 
stamiuate.     (Humes  spreading,  keeled  and  conduplicate,  thin  but 


CIILOUIDE.E.  429 

BtifT,  I'nipty  ones  usually  .sliorter,  unequal,  obtuse,  neute,  or  tapering 
to  a  short  i)oiiit;  ilonil  }^lume  obtuse  or  abruptly  pointed;  palea 
ToMed.  Styles  sbort, distinct,  (irain  loosely  enelosed  by  tlieglunio 
and  paleu,  but  not  adherent.  Seed  rugose  witbin  a  loose*  menibni- 
nous  pericarp,  which  either  i)ersists  or  breaks  up  and  falls  away. 

Species  about  7,  widely  distributed  in  the  troi)ies.  The  flat 
spikelets  have  sometimes  been  mistaken  for  those  of  Eniyrostis; 
but  their  arran^'emcnt  in  two  rows  is  always  that  of  Chlori(lea\ 

A.  Spikelets  very  closely  crowded,  spreading  at  right  angles.       I 

B.  Spikelets  imbricate (a) 

a.  Spikes  1-;J  cm.  long 2 

a.  Spikes  5-7  cm.  long 3 

1.  E.  ^EGYPTirA(L.)  Desp.  PI.  Atlant.  1:  85(1798).  ('//nosxrus 
.'FfiypticuK  L.  Sp.  IM.  72  (175:1).  IJ.  vnivhtht  Lam.  111.  1 : -.'03 
(K91).  E.  perfinafa  MoMich.  Meth.  Suppl.  08  (hSO'i).  C/ihn'.i 
wucrnnald  Michx.  Fl.  Hor.  Am.  l:r)0  (180:5).  J>(irfi/Iorfcuiin)i 
.Kfpjptutrum  Willd.  Enum.  102!)  (1800).  E.  radidans  \{.  \\v. 
Prod.  180  (1810).  E.  wurroiuda  Stokes,  Hot.  Mat.  Med.  1:150 
(181-;2).  E.  ciliatd  Ifalin.  Desv.  Journ.  Jiot.  4:  27:J  (1814).  E. 
prosfrata  ^prew^,  Syst.  1 :  ;550  (18'>4). 

Culms  tufted  or  creeping  and  rooting  like  Copn'ola  Darfi/hm, 
.'JO-50  cm.  bigli.  Blades  short,  flat,  ciliate,  with  long  points. 
Spikes  usually  3-5  in  number,  digitate,  2-5  (^m.  long,  the  angular 
rachis  prominent  on  the  up})er  side.  Spikelets  very  closely  packed, 
spreading  at  right  angles  to  the  racliis,  2-tloweretl,  with  rudiments 
of  2  other  llowers,  tirst  glume  acute,  1-nerved,  1.5  mm.  long,  second 
a  little  longer,  1.5  mm.  wide,  emarginate,  the  keel  exteiuling  into 
a  dorsal  awn  2  mm.  long;  floral  glume  broad,  complicate,  abru[)tly 
pointed,  3-nerved,  about  3  mm.  long;  palea  shorter  than  its  glume. 

New  Jersey,  Parker  for  X".  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  525;  Delaware, 
(:W«%for  Clark  1910;  Florida,  Curfiss  liu:, 

A  common  weed  of  warm  countries,  introduced  into  North 
America. 

2.  E.  Barcinoxexsis  Costa.  Ind.  Seni.  Ilort.  liorcin.  (1859). 
Culms  tufted,  15-30  cm.  high.     Leaf-blades  short, about 2 mm. 

wide,  obtuse  or  abruptly  pointed,  slightly  ciliate  about  the  short 


430  POACE.!;. 

li<5'ulo.  Spikes  broad,  2-4  in  iiimibor,  di^jitatt',  1-3  oin.  long,  often 
purple.  Spikt'lets  clo.sely  imbricate,  ri-llowcMvd,  lirst  <,dume  l- 
nerved,  1.5  nun.  long,  second  broailly  ovate,  5-(3-nervod  near  tho 
middle;  lloral  glume  3  mm.  long,  2  nun.  wide,  when  spread  out,  a 
double  or  triple  nerve  toward  each  nnugin,  1  below  in  the  middle, 
with  5  above;  palea  3.5  nun.  long,  with  a  double  nerve  at  each 
keel. 

^'ew  Jersey,  Scribner  for  V.  S.   Dept.  Agricul.  52t5;  Alaluuna, 
Mohr;  Michigan  (Cult.),  Jieal 'Jl. 
Introduced  on  ballast. 

3.  E.  Indica  (L.)  (JaM-tn.  Fruct.  et  Sem.  1 :  8  (1788).  Ci/iiosunis 
IndintH  L.  Sp.  I'l.  73  (1753).  E.  dislans  Mcench.  Meth.  210 
(17(»4).  E.  iU»tun<jensi,s  8ieber,  Schult.  Mant.  2:323  (17i»4).  A'. 
gracilis  Salisb.  Prod.  19  (171>0).  E.  (listacliija  Triu.  Steud.  Kom. 
Ed.  2,  7:549  (1841). 

There  are  many  more  synonym?. 

A  coarse  erect  tufted  grass,  30-GO  cm.  high.     Sheaths  flattened, 
ciliate  Avith  a  few  soft  hairs;  blades  rather  abruptly  pointed,  nar- 
row.     Spikes    2-5   in    number,    5-7    cm.    long, 
digitate,   or  one  or   more   inserted   rather  lower 
\   down,  rachis  flattened  aiul  prominent  on  one  side. 
Spikelets    loosely   imbricate,    •3-5-tIowered,    first 
empty   glume    1-nerved,    2.7    nun.  long,   second 
ovate,  acute,   3-7-nerved  at  the  base,   ;}.5  mm. 
A  ^''^        a  '        long;  floral  glume  broadly  ovate,  3-5-nerved  near 

Fio.  IH.—FJUusine  the  middle  and  1-nerved  near  each  nnu-gin,  3-4 
Tndiexi.   A.  spike-  . 

let;    a,   tloret;  b,  mm.  long;  palea  2.5-3  nun.  long.     Pericarp  per- 

ovaiy.       (Scrib-  gj^tgjjt   meml^ranous,  very  loose, 
ner.)  '  '' 

New  York,  Clintun  12'.>9;  Peiuisylvania, 
Scribner  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  542;  District  of  Columbia, 
McCarthy;  Florida,  Cuvtisx  3448;  Mexico,  Palmer  Zb,  328,  478. 

A  common  tropical  and  subtroi)ical  weed. 

93.  (192,  202).  LeptoCHLOA  lieauv.  Agrost.  71.  /.  15,  /.  1 
(1812).  Diplachne  Beauv.  Agrost.  80,/.  IG. /.  9  (1812).  Hah- 
dochloa  Heauv.   Agrost.   84,  /.   17,  /.  3  (1812).     Oxydcnia  Nutt. 


CIILOUIDE.t:.  431 

Ocn.  l-.TO  (1818).  LcjitnsfarJii/s  CI.  V.  \\ .  Moy.  Prim.  Fl.  Esseg. 
73  (1H18). 

Spikolotd  2-  to  nmiiy-flowftrod  (very  rarely  l-flowered),  sessile  or 
very  shortly  lu'dieelluto  in  2  rows  along  1  side  (in  one  section,  along 
;j  sides  of  a  triquetrous  raehis  of  the  slender  rai^liis  of  a  simple  n\)'\\m 
or  of  the  minierous  braiujhes  of  a  simple  j)anicle,  flowers  all  jjerfeet 
or  the  upporoncstaminato;  rachilla  articulate al)(»ve  the  outer  j^lnnies, 
usually  hairy  and  more  or  lesa  produced  above  the  florets.  Km[)ty 
glumes  "i,  niemhranous,  keeled,  acute  or  obtuse,  uneipuil,  unawned, 
first  1 -nerved,  second  1-3  nerved;  floral  ghuno  1-3-nerved,  often 
with  a  sharply  ;2-lobcd  apex,  the  keel  produced  into  a  sharp  point 
or  awn  between  or  a  little  below  the  lobes;  palea  tliin,  shorter  than 
its  glunu'.  prominently  2-nerved.  Stamens  2-3.  Styles  short,  dis- 
tinct, drain  smooth  or  nearly  so,  enclosed,  but  not  adherent. 
Seed  loose  or  easily  freed  from  the  pericarp. 

Professor  Scribner's  reasons  for  uniting  Diphchne  io  Lcptorhhia 
seem  to  me  good,  as  given  in  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  303  (18!)1),  Hen- 
tham  in  some  of  his  descriptions  of  Diphtchne  defines  the  floral 
glume  as  1-nerved,  but  in  Flora  Austruliensh  7:618  (1878)  three 
of  the  species  there  mentioned  are  described  as  having  the  floral 
glume  3-nerved. 

The  following  sections  have  been  proposed : 

A.  Leptochhxt  proper.  Spikelets  flat,  ovate  or  oval,  sessile 
in  the  regular  rows  on  the  numerous  branches  of  a  simple 
panicle. 

PseudncynQdon,  one  or  two  flowers  to  the  spikelet. 
Eulepfochlod,  two  or  more  flowers  to  the  spikelet. 

a.  Floral  glume  mucronate 1 

a.  Floral  glume  emarginate (a) 

b.  Sheaths  sparingly  hairy 2 

b.   Sheaths  smooth (c) 

c.  Spikes  2.5  cm.  long 3 

c.  Spikes  3.4  cm.  long 4 

B.  DiplacJuie  as  a  section.  Spikes  of  the  panicle  long  and 
slender,   spikelets   almost    linear,   scattered  along    the 


488  roAcE.E. 

racliis    in   2    irregular    rows.     Secoiul   ompty  glume  1- 

ucrved (d) 

d.  I'unick' spikc'like 5 

d.  Pur'cU- bniiiuhing (o) 

e.   Klonil  i^duinu  loss  than  '.\  mm.  long (in) 

m.   i'uniclc  2-8  cm.  long 0 

ni.  15-35  cm.  long 7 

c.   Floral  glunio  .]  mm.  long, 8 

e.  Floral  glumo  :}.5  mm.  long 9 

0.  Floral  glume  4  mm.  long (n) 

n.  Seeond  empty  glume  ',\  mm.  long 10 

n.  Second  empty  glume -l-r)  mm.  long 11 

0.   Goiiinia  Fourn.  as  a  genus.     Spike.s  of  the  panicle  long 
aiul  slender.     Spikelets  scattered  along  the  three  sides  of 

the  rachis,  1-nerved,  lloral   glumo  ;3-nerved (o) 

o.  Awn  l-;{  mm.  long 12 

o.  Awn  8-13  mm.  long 13 

1.  L.   scabra  Nees,  Agrost.   Hras.   4:55  (1830).      L.    Laufjhtisii 
Vasey,  liuU    Torr.  Club,  13:7(188,^)).      A.  Liidanrinnn  \iimy. 

Culm  smooth,  stout,  leafy,  100-i;50  cm.  high.  The  lower 
blades  one-third  as  lOng  as  the  culm;  sheath.s  loose,  comj)ressed. 
glaucous,  30  cm.  long,  about  1  em.  wide.  Panicle  scarcely  proi  Hid- 
ing or  j)artially  included  by  the  upper  leaf,  racemose,  30-30  cm. 
long,  about  5  cm.  wide,  loose,  simple,  spikes  100  or  more,  crowded 
below,  single  or  3-3  together,  5-7  cm.  long.  Spikelets  :{-4-Howered, 
sessile,  loosely  imbricate,  4  mm.  long;  the  internode  of  the  rachilla 
for  each  floret  1  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  membrajious,  ovate, 
acute,  1-nerved,  first  0.7  mm.  long,  secoiul  a  third  longer;  floral 
glume  oval  when  spread,  mucronate,  3-nerved,  hairy  on  the  back, 
3.5  nnn.  long;  palea  about  as  long  as  its  glume,  ciliate  on  the 
nerves,  3-toothed.  Grain  3-sided. 
Louisiana,  Lafu/Jois. 

3.  L.    mucronata    (Michs.)    Kunth,   Gram.  1:91    (1839-35). 
Ehusine  mucronata  Michx.  Fl.    Hor.  Am.  1:G5  (1803).     L.  Jili- 
fonnis  J.  &  C.    Presl,  Pel.  ILvnk.   1:388  (1830).     L.  altenuata 
Steud.  Syu.  PI.  Gram.  209  (1855).     L.  pcllucida  1.  c. 


('IILt>|{II)K.K. 


im 


A  Hpariii^jly  ^raiuilu'd  aiimml  :iO-«tO  ctii.  lii<;li.  Sliciitli^  thinly 
t'lotlu'il  with  Hlt'iidcr  hiiirpi  from  warty  huscs; 
lihuh'S  Hut,  scahrous.  S-I'.'  cin.  hmg.  SpikoM 
'.'U-.")()  in  imnihor.  15-7  i-ni.  h)n;r,  in  a  i>anich'lil\i' 
rawnii',  '2U-;J(>  cm.  lon^',  often  partially  enclosed 
by  tilt'  upper  sheath.  Spikelets  loosely  imhri- 
c'uto,  *.*-4-llowercHl,  '^-II  mm.  lon<f;  empty  f,'liim(^s 
nieinl»ranoii8,  with  ono  seal)rons  nerve,  lir.sl 
hmceolate,  nearly  ".'  mm.  long,  .second  a  little 
broader  und  longer,  mueronate,  3-uorved;  floral 
ghune  niembranou.s,  3-nerved,  broadly  oval,  Fio.  l{).—fAptor/ifoa 
emarginate,  hairy  on  the  back  and  margins,  l.;3  ("(""'^s''''  ^'l'*^' 
mm.  long;  palea  broadly  hairy,  e(|ualling  its 
glume.  A  form  with  a  few  sleuder  s})ikes  and  rather  distant 
spikelet.s  is  var.  truclhi  Scribn. 

'rennesseo.  ('tii'lif<sM-i^^  from  Gattinger:  Texas.  Jfcl/ :::\  Ih,'- 
erc/ion,  Lindlirimvr  212;  New  Mexico,  Wfiijlil  7.'i(I;  .Vrizona, 
Prinffle  in  188-t;  California,  CouUvr  785;  Mexico,  Pnhner  IIT, 
13G4. 

Virginia.  Illinois,  .south  and  west. 

Var.  pulchella  Scribn.   Hull.  Torr.  Club.  0:  147  (1885). 

Culms  slender,  tufted,  erecit,  12-24  cm.  high,  including  panicle; 
blades  2-7  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide;  panicle  erect,  spikes  2-:)  cm. 
long. 

Texas  (El  Paso),  Prinf/Ic;  Arizona  (near  Tucson),  PrinffJe; 
southern  California,  Orcxtf  for  Nat.  Mus.;  Mexico,  Pahnvr  50, 
(51)4. 

3.  L.  Nealleyi  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  12:7  (1885). 

A  smooth  grass,  G()-80  cm.  high,  lilades  15-25  cm.  long.  4 
mm.  wide;  ui)per  sheaths  long  and  including  the  base  of  the  pani- 
cle. Panicle  20-25  cm.  long,  narrow.  Spikes  closely  flowered, 
2.5  cm.  long,  in  threes  or  fives  or  scattering.  Spikelets  oval,  3  mm. 
long,  3-5-flowered,  empty  glumes  ovate,  1-ncrved,  first  0.7  mm. 
long,  second  twice  as  long;  floral  glume  oval,  1-1.7  mm.  long,  3- 
nervcd.  mueronate  in  the  emarginate  apex,  pubescent  on  the  nerves; 
palea  oval,  as  long  as  its  glume,  obtuse,  pubescent  on  the  nerves. 


484  POACE.E. 

Texas,  XeaUey  in  1884. 

4.  L.  Domingensis  (Jacq.)  Trin,  Fund.  Agrost.  i;i3(lS20); 
Link,  Enum.  1: 103  (I8"^'l).  Cynosurus  Dominyensis  Jucq.  Icon. 
1: 22  (1781).    L.  I'irynfa  Wight.  Stead.  Syu.  PI.  Gram.  213  (1855). 

Culms  erect,  sparingly  branched,  30-90  em.  higli.  Sheaths 
longer  than  the  internodes;  ligule  very  shortly  ciliate:  blades  Hat. 
smooth,  15-30  cm.  long,  4-7  mm.  wide.  Panicle  10-15  em.  long, 
spikes  15-30  in  number,  3-4  cm.  long.  Spikelets  purplish,  '3-3- 
ilowered,  1.7  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  1-nerved,  first  about  1  mm. 
long,  second  1.5  mm.  long;  fioral  glume  3-nerved,  1.5  nmi.  long, 
oval,  slightly  ciliate  on  the  margins,  emarginate,  the  awn  1.5  mm. 
long;  palea  as  long  as  its  glume. 

Southern  Florida,  Simpf^oit  for  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb,  in  1892;  Texas, 
yealley  in  1888  for  U.  S.  Nat.  llerl). 

5.  L.  spicata  (Dadl)  Scribn.  J'roc.  Acad.  Phila.  304  (1891). 
DipJarhnc  spicata  Dtell,  Henth.  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  19:111  (1881). 
Trhdia  Srhajfnerl  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  18:181  (1883). 
D.  NemrJioniyasoy,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  13:  118  (1880). 

Civspitose;  culms  erect,  simple,  10-25  cm.  high,  lilades  mostly 
from  sterile  shoots,  numerous,  setaceous,  smooth,  2-10  cm.  long. 
Raceme  simple,  spikelike,  5-8  cm.  long.  Spikelets  sessile,  ap- 
pressed.  mostly  imbricate,  linear-lanceolate,  7-9-flowercd.  5-9  mm. 
long;  empty  glumes  linear,  1-nerved,  ratlier  obtuse,  compresseil ; 
first  2  mm.  long,  second  2.5  mm.  hmg;  floral  glume  ovate-lanceolate, 
3-nerved,  slightly  pubescent  on  the  base  and  on  the  rachis,  lateral 
nerves  not  extending  into  the  obtuse  lobes,  awn  0.5  mm.  long; 
palea  contracted  at  the  base  appearing  stalked. 

Texas  (Lano  County),  Reverchon  1013,  Neailey;  Mexico, 
Prinylc  3267. 

5.  L.  viscida  (Scribn.).  D.  vhcida  Scribn.  Pull.  Torr.  Club, 
10:30(1883). 

Similar  in  habit  and  inflorescence  to  L.  faxcicidarift,  but  usu- 
ally smaller  throughout  and  "'covered  with  acrid  viscid  glands," 
and  often  more  or  less  tinged  witli  light  red  or  purple.  Culms  5-40 
cm.  high.  Sheaths  loose.  Panicle  2-8  cm.  long,  terminal  or  ses- 
sile in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,   mostly   enclosed   by  the   inflated 


CHLOHIDE.E.  435 

slicatlis;  rays  ascending,  denst'ly  tlowored,  1-2.5  cm.  long.  Spike- 
lets  Jiearly  sessile,  -l-G-flowered,  3-5  mm.  long;  empty  glnmes 
ovate,  acnte,  1-nerved,  first  1.5  mm.  long,  second  2-2.5  nun.  long; 
floral  glume  oval,  3-nerved,  2-2.5  mm.  long,  shortly  ciliate  below  on 
all  the  nerves,  two-lobed  at  the  apex,  the  awn  O.T-1  mm.  long; 
palea  scabrous  on  the  keels. 

Arizona,  Pn'iif/Ie  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul. ;  Mexico,  PrinyJc 
692,  8U.  Puhner  551. 

Texas  to  Arizoiui  and  Mexico. 

7.  L.  imbricata  Thurb.  Clram.  Mex.  Bound,  ined. ;  S.  Wats.  Bot. 
Calif.  2:203  (1880).  D.  imbricata  (Thurb.)  Scribu.  Bull.  Torr. 
Club,  10:30  (1883). 

Culms  erect,  simple  or  sparingly  branched  below,  30-GO  cm. 
liigh.  Sheaths  loose;  blades  scabrous,  setaceous  above,  15-20  cm. 
long,  3-4  mm.  wide.  Panicle  erect,  usually  included  at  the  base, 
15-25  cm.  long,  spikelike,  rays  very  numerous,  ascending.  Spike- 
lets  nearly  sessile,  appressed,  imbricate,  acute,  6-!)-tlowcred,  5-7 
mm.  long;  empty  glumes  1-nerved,  first  ovate,  1.5  mm.  long,  sec- 
ond oval  or  ovate,  nnicronate,  2.5  mm.  long;  floral  glume  oblong, 
lateral  nerves  long-pilose  below,  obtuse,  mucrouate,  2.3-2.5  mm. 
long;  paled  contracted  below,  but  little  sliorter  than  its  glume, 
puberulent  on  the  nerves. 

Arizona,  Pringleiw  1881  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  549;  Mexico, 
PriufiJe  t(-  Palmer. 

Southern  California,  Arizona,  Mexico. 

Dr.  Palmer  notes  that  it  is  abundant  in  fields  and  gardens; 
thrifty  on  alkali  plains  and  near  soft  water;  abundant  in  August 
and  September,  when  alfalfa  is  dried  up;  a  good  forage-plant,  cut 
and  fed  to  animals. 

8.  L.  fascicularis  (Lam.)  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  1:588(1848). 
Festtica  fascicnlaris  Lam.  Tabl.  Encycl.  1:1S0  (1791).  D.  fas- 
cicularis Beauv.  Agrosi,.  160  (1812). 

Smooth,  light  green;  culms  geniculate  and  branching.  Sheaths 
mostly  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  fringed,  2-3  mm.  long; 
blades  flat  or  involute,  15-20  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide.  Panicle 
usually  included  below,  8-17  cm.  long,  rays  mostly  single,  erect. 


436  POACE.E. 

spikelike.  Spikelets  on  short  pedicels,  7-11-flowered,  6-10  mm. 
long;  empty  glumes  1-uerved,  mucroiuite,  tirst  1.5  mm.  long, 
second  3  mm.  long;  floral  glume  3-norved,  3  mm.  long,  pubescent 
on  the  margins  along  tiie  lower  half;  palea  linear,  shorter,  pubes- 
cent on  the  margins. 

U.  hi.  Dept.  Agricul.  54:8;  Texas,  Jones  4303,  Nealley;  Mexico, 
Pr ingle  815. 

New  England  to  Arizona  and  Mexico,  often  on  brackish  marshes. 

9.  L.  Tracyi  (Vasey).  D.  Tracy i  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  15: 
49  (1888). 

An  erect  grass,  50-90  cm.  high.  Sheaths  smooth  or  nearly  so; 
ligule  fringed,  3  mm.  long;  blades  3-5,  scabrid,  narrow,  involute, 
20-40  cm.  long.  Panicle  30-30  cm.  long,  rays  1-3  together,  of 
very  unequal  length,  the  longest  spikelike,  10  cm.  long,  bearing 
about  14  spikelets.  Spikelets  purple,  appressed,  slightly  imbricate, 
pedicels  1-3  mm.  long,  8-10-flowered,  8-12  nmi.  long;  empty  glumes 
lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  1-nerved,  mucronate,  tirst  3  mm.  long, 
second  3-3.5  mm.  long;  floral  glume  linear,  3.5  mm.  long,  pubes- 
cent on  the  lower  half  of  tlie  lateral  nerves,  each  of  which  termi- 
nates in  a  mucro;  apex  3-Iobed  or  3-toothed  with  an  awn  1-3  mm. 
long;  palea  linear,  pubescent  on  tlie  nerves,  3  mm.  long. 

Dr.  Palmer  says  of  it:  ''Found  (juite  abundantly  in  little  oases 
of  thin  soil  on  the  rocks,  high  up  the  mountains  where  it  was  well 
watered." 

Nevada,  Tracy  iov  \J .  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  091;  Mexico,  Palme'*' 
691. 

10.  L.  Pringlei  (Vasey).     I).  Prinylci  Vasey  ined. 

Culms  30  cm.  high.  Ligule  a  more  ring  bearing  short  hairs; 
blades  4-5,  scabrid,  compressed,  3  mm,  wide.  Panicle  little  ex- 
serted  or  enclosed  at  the  base,  purplish,  rays  simple,  5  in  number, 
sjiikelike,  4-6  cm.  long.  Spikelets  slightly  imbricate.  3-3-flowered; 
empty  glumes  lanceolate,  1-nerved,  tirst  3,5  mm,  long,  second  3  mm. 
long;  floral  glume  ovate-oblong,  4  nun.  long,  truncate  oremarginate, 
the  midnerve  barely  extending  to  the  base  of  the  notch  at  the  apex, 
the  three  nerves  sparingly  and  shortly  hairy  near  the  base;  palea  3.5 
mm,  long. 


ClILUUIDEiB.  437 

Arizona,  Priiigle  iu  1884. 

11.  L.  dubia  (II.  H.  K.)  Nees,  Syll.  Ratisb.  1:4  (1824);  Agrost. 
Bras.  2:433  (1829).  C/tloris  dubia  II.  H.  K.  Nov.  Gen.  et  Sp.  1 : 
16!)  (1815).     D.  dubia  Scribii.  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  10:30  (1883). 

Culms  rather  slender,  20-30  em.  high.  Sheaths  smooth  or  sca- 
brous; ligule  very  short,  bearing  long  hairs;  blades  scabrous,  Hat  or 
involute,  20-40  cm.  long,  3  nmi.  wide.  Panicle  barely  exserted, 
15-20  cm.  long,  spikelike,  rays  8-15,  ascending,  5-12  cm.  long. 
Spikelets  on  short  pedicels,  slightly  imbricate,  4-G-llowered,  5-T 
mm.  long;  empty  glumes  lanceolate,  1 -nerved,  first  3-4  mm.  long, 
second  4-5  mm.  long;  floral  glume  ovate-oblong,  about  4  mm.  long, 
the  three  nerves  pubescent  and  disappearing  a  little  below  the  two 
obtuse  lobes  of  the  apex;  pulea  linear,  3.5  mm.  long,  the  nerves 
densely  clothed  with  short  pubescence. 

Florida,  Curiis.s  3450,  (Harber;  Texas,  Jones,  XvaUey ;  Arizona, 
Lemmon  3(J8;  Mexico  (Chihuahua),  Pringh  422,  Palmer  for  U.  S. 
Dept.  Agricul.  547,  Palmer  270. 

Dr.  Palmer  says:  "In  shady  places  among  the  rocks  of  the 
mountains."  ,.-  [ 

12.  L.  Mexicana  Scribn.  Proc.  Acad.  Phil.  Sc.  308  (1S!)1). 
Culms  simple,  terete,  vsolid,  erect.  1  mm.  or  more  high  from  a 

strong  rootstoek.  Sheaths  about  the  length  of  the  internodes,  lig- 
ule a  ring  of  stiff  hairs.  2-3  mm.  long;  l)lades  glabrous,  flat,  lanceo- 
late, 30-40  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  broad,  tai)ering  gradually  to  the 
very  acute  apex,  midrib  white  and  prominent  below.  Panicle 
pyr)":nidal,  30-40  cm.  long;  rays  simple  solitary  or  tlie  lower  sub- 
verticillato.  Spikelets  10-14  mm.  long,  3-4-flo\verod,  erect,  remote 
below;  pedicels  mostly  shorter  than  the  si)ikelet3;  empty  glumes 
membranaceo-chartaceous.  broadly  lanceolate,  first  4-5  mm.  long, 
second  0-7  mm.  long,  scabrous  on  the  nerve;  floral  glume  8  mm. 
long,  densely  silky-villous  for  half  or  more  of  its  length,  mid-nerve 
extending  into  an  awn  1-3  mm.  long  beyond  the  entire  apex,  lateral 
nerves  evanescent  above;  palea  2-toothed,  callous,  densely  })ilose. 
Stamens  3.     Ovary  smooth. 

Mexico,  Pr ingle  3252.  on  limestone  ledges. 

13.  L.  polygama  (Fourn.).     Gouima  pohjgama  Fourn.  Ilemsl. 


438  POACE.E. 

liiol.   Centr.  Am.   Bot.   3:581(1880).    llackclia   (?)  (tmjnstifuJia 
Vasey,  MS. 

Culms  sim])le,  terete,  solid,  GO-TO  cm.  high.  Sheaths  longer 
than  the  internotles;  ligule  fringed,  1  mm.  long;  blades  flat, 
smootli,  20-30  em.  long,  7-10  mm.  wide,  midnerve  white.  Panicle 
pyramidal,  30-40  cm.  long.  Spikelets  8-12  mm.  long,  S-S-flowered, 
subsossile,  emi)ty  glumes  membranous,  first  3.5-4  mm.  long,  second 
5  mm.  long;  floral  glume  lanceohite,  G-8mm.  long,  shortly  silky-vil- 
lous,  midnerve  extending  into  an  awn  8-12  mm.  long,  lateral  nerves 
evanescent  above;  palea  2-toothed,  callous,  pilose. 

Mexico,  rnhucr  1087. 

94.  (193).  BULBILIS  Rafin.  Am.  Month.  Mag.  4:190(1819). 
Seshria  Xutt.  Gen.  1:04  1818),  not  L.  Cahoithera  Nutt.  ex 
Hook.  Kew  Journ.  8:18  (185G).  Ihichh'e  Engolm.  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  1:  432  /.  U,  figs.  1-17  (1859). 

Spikelets  dia>eious,  very  dissimihir;  those  of  tlie  staminate  plant 
2-3-flowered,  sessile,  complauaie  in  2  rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis, 
rachillanot  articulate;  empty  glumes  2,  membranous,  awnless,  in- 
equilateral, elliptical,  1-nerved,  mucronate,  first  about  2  mm.  long, 
second  3  mm.  long;  floral  glume  elliptical,  3-nervcd,  mucronate, 
3.5  mm.  long;  palea  a  little  shorter  than  its  glume,  2-nerved.  Lod- 
icules  2,  deltoid.  Stamens  3.  Kudimentary  pistil  none.  The 
spikelets  of  the  pistillate  i)lant  1-flowered,  sessile  on  one  side  of  a 
very  short  rachis,  forming  a  cluster  partly  enclosed  by  the  upper 
leaves.  The  lowest  glume  of  the  lowest  spikelets  small,  1-3-nerved, 
lanceolate-subulate,  adnate  to  the  second  empty  glume,  this  glume 
firm  with  a  3-lobed  apex,  the  central  lobe  longest;  lowest  glumes  or 
the  other  spikelets  free,  much  smaller,  membranous,  ovate-l;;nceolate, 
acute,  1-nerved ;  floral  glume  narrow,  firm  or  almost  hyaline,  2- 
cleft  or  subentire,  enclosing  a  broad  convolute  2-nerved  palea  and 
a  flower,  Staminodia  0.  Styles  distinct,  long,  stigmas  with  short 
hairs.  Grain  ovate,  obcompressed  with  a  groove.  Blades  flat,  nar- 
row. Staminate  spikes  2-3  on  one  side  of  the  apex  of  the  culm ; 
pistillate  spikes  usually  2. 

Nuttall  had  male  plants  only  for  establishing  the  genus  Scs- 
Icria,  while  Steudel  founded  the  genus  Antephora  on  the  female 


CHLOUIDE.E. 


439 


plant.  1  )r.  Engelinaun  was  the  first  to  discover  tlie  true  nature  of 
the  phint. 

One  species,  extensively  spread  over  the  great  plains  from  Mexico 
to  liritish  America. 

1.  B.  dactyloides  (Xutt.)  Rafiu.  Kiintze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  2:76;j 
(1891).  BuFFALO-GUASS.  Hcshria  dactyloides  Nutt.  Gen.  1: 65 
(1818).  Anthephora^Antephora)  axiUrfiomHteud.  Syn.  PL  Gram. 
HI  (1855).  Buchlo'c  dactyloides  Eugelni.  '".''rans.  St.  Louis  Acad. 
1:43-^  (1859). 

Densely  tufted,  extensively  spreading  by  stolons.  Culms  of  the 
male  plant  9-20  cm.  high,  those  of  the  pistillate  plant  4-7  cm. 


Fig.  80. — Bulhilis  dactyloides.     A,  Stnniinate  spikelct;  B,  pistillate  spikelet. 

(After  Engl.) 

high.    Blades  5-10  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide,  nearly  smooth  or  slightly- 
hairy,  bearded  at  the  ligule. 

Texas,  Hall  TTO,  Drunmnnd  359,  378;  Xcw  ^Fexico,  WriyM 
517,  785,  2079;  Colorado,  Pavry  369;  Mexico,  Schaffncr  1004, 
1021,  Parry  tf-  Palmer  922. 

This  famous  grass  disappears  rapidly  with  close  feeding  of  live 
stock. 

95.  (195).  Opizia  J.  &  C.  Presl,  Rel.  Ilamk.  1:293,  t.  41,  /. 
1  to  11  (1830).  Casiostega  Rupr.  Galcotti,  in  Bull.  Acad.  Brux. 
9:  Part  2,  232  (1842). 

Spikelets  monwcious  or  dioecious,  1-flowered,  the  staminate  in 
slender  1-sided  spikes.   Empty  glumes  entire,  1-nerved,  the  lower  the 


44() 


POACE.K 


smaller,  secoiul  not  iis  hnv^  us  tlio  spikelet;  llonil  glume  obtuse,  3- 
ncrved;  i)iileii  "i-nerveil.  Loclicules  long,  obtuse.  Pistilliito  flowers 
iirniiiged  iu  ti  one-sided  spike.  First  empty  glume  short,  obtuse, 
pilose,  second  coriuoeous,  involute,  tipped  by  3  long  iiwns;  floral 
glume  large,  compressed,  'i-lobetl,  witii  a  sterile  rudiment  above 
bearing  2-3  awns;  palea  shorter  than  its  glume,  obtuse,  2-keeled, 
enclosing  the  comjjressed  mucronate  and  subcordate grain;  pericarp 
loose.     Lodicules  lanceolate. 


b    \iliii!li4^  c 

Fig.  Sl.—Opma  stolonifera.    Spikelets.    (Scribner.) 

A  low  creeping  grass  with  short  rigid  flat  or  conduplicate  leaf- 

l)lades. 

One  species  known,  and  that  is  found  in  ^lexico. 

1.  0.  stolonifera  Presl,  1.  c.     Casiostega  anomola  Rupr.  Bull. 


("lILomDE.K.  441 

Acad.    IJoy.    Briix.  9:  (II)   2:52  (184'^);   Steiul.   Syii.    Cram.    218 
(1855),  iiialo  plant. 

DilTuso,  4-10  cm.  high.  Sheaths  compressed  ;  lifjule  very  short; 
blades  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  1.5  mm.  \vi(k'.  ajjcx  uljruptly  acute.  Sjdkes 
of  staminate  tluwers  1-1.5  cm.  long.  Spikelets  linear,  .'}  mm.  long, 
first  glume  1  mm.  long,  second  2  nmi.  long.  Anthers  linear,  1.7 
mm.  long,  .iecond  glume  of  the  j)istilh!le  spikeU't  o  mm.  U)ng, 
sterile  rudiment  of  a  stipe  1.4  mm.  long,  the  tiiree  awns  4-5  mm. 
long,  the  lateral  ones  with  a  broad  expansion  on  one  side  near  the 
base. 

Mexico,  Pahner  G15. 

THi.  Pentarrhaphis  II.  li.  K.  Nov.  rJen.  1  :  Kr.  /.  (50  (1815). 
SI rom/m/ tints  Willd.  Steud.  Xom.  Ed.  3.  2:04:  (1841). 

Mono'cious;  sj)ikelets  2-llowered,  1-2  in  each  fasciclelike  spike, 
accompanied  by  1-4  shorter  awidike  rudiments,  the  first  llower 
pistillate,  the  second  ]iistillate  or  staminat-:  rachilla  produced  into 
a  sliort  bristle.  The  two  empty  glumes  1 -nerved,  the  second  the 
larger,  usually  2-toothe(l,  with  an  awn  between  the  teeth:  floral 
glume  5-:-toothed,  the  middle  and  nmrginal  teeth  exteiuling  into 
long  divergent  awns:  palea  strongly  2-uerved,  2-tootiied.  Stamens 
'>).  Styles  distinct.  (J rain  oblong,  free.  Low,  slender,  tufted  grasses 
with  Hat  blades.  Spikes  very  short,  secuml  along  the  flexuose 
rachis,  articulate  with  the  very  short  pedicels,  falling  oil'  entire. 

They  resemble  .Egopotjoti  in  the  disposition  and  a])pearance  of 
the  clusters  of  spikelets  and  their  deciduous  character.  It  is  nearly 
allied  to  Mehitiofoichnts.  Vrom  Btiiife/otta.  section  Triathem,  this 
genus  may  be  distinguished  by  its  2-flowered  spikelets  and  simple, 
bristlelike  prolongation  of  the  rachilla. 

There  are  three  species;  two  and  probably  the  third  are  ^lexicau. 

1.  P.  Fournierana  (Vasey),  Hack.  &  Scribn.  Hull.  Torr.  Club, 
17:  232  (1890).     JJoiifcIoiia  Fitvrniemna  Vasey  ined. 

Culms  crowded,  18-25  cm.  high,  from  creeping  rootstocks,  nodes 
villous.  Leaves  hairy,  ligule  a  ring  of  short  hairs;  blades  of  sterile 
shoots  3-7  cm.  long,  about  1  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  culm  15-30 
cm.  long.  Si)ikes  3-0,  rachis  compressed.  Si)ikelets  2  in  each 
cluster,  sessile,  about  5  mm.  long,  not  including  the  short  awns, 


442  POAC'E.E. 

rndimont  simple  or  bifid;  ompty  fjlunics  pilose,  much  shorter  than 
the  spikelets;  lloral  fjliime  densely  hairy. 

Mexico,  Palmer  '200.  I'ritKjJc  'Zhh\).  lal)eled  /*.  tjendnata. 


Fig.  83. — Peniarrhaphia  Fourni'erana.     Spike  si)reii(l  open.     (Scribner.) 

2.  P.  scabra  IF.  H.  K.  Nov.  (ien.  1: 178,  /.  GO  (1815). 
Culms  branching,  taller;  leaf-blades  longer  and  broader;  si)ike- 

lets  only  one  at  each  node  of  the  ra(.'lii.s,  first  empty  glume  and  the 
bristlelike  rudiments  scal)rous.     Not  seen  by  mo. 

3.  P.  paupercula  (IVesl).  Seribn.  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  17:233 
(1890).  Pohjschisfis  pavperevla  Presl,  Kel.  Ha-nk.  1:294,  /.  41 
(1830). 

lilades  of  sterile  shoots  short,  like  those  of  the  culms;  spikelets 
only  one  at  each  node  of  the  rachis,  the  short  pedicel  of  the  second 
floret  pilose,     Xot  seen  by  mo. 

TRUiE   XI.— FESTUCEJE. 

Spikelets  2- to  many-flowered,  very  rarely  1 -flowered,  in  a  spread- 
ing, narrow  or  spikelike  panicle,  rachilla  articulate  or  continuous, 
usually  produced  above  the  upper  floret  or  bearing  1  or  more  ter- 
minal empty  glumes.  Empty  glumes  usually  narrow,  keeled,  acute 
or  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  nearest  floral  glumes;  floral  glume 
usually  broader,  entire,  awnless  or  with  1-  to  many  terminal  (rarely 
dorsal)  straight  awns;  palca  2-keeled,  usually  as  long  as  its  glume  or 
nearly  so.  Embryo  usually  small.  Griiin  free  from  the  paleaorad- 
nate.  A  very  large  tribe  containing  the  most  im])ortant  meadow- 
grasses  of  cool  I'egions. 

A.   Spikelets  usually  few-flowered.     Floral  glumes  divided 
into  3  to  many  awns  or  lobes,  or  the  awns  dorsal.    .     .     (a) 


FESTltE.E.  443 

a.  Puiiicli'  spikolike,  llonil  glunies  tt'rmiimtliig  iu  9-2:} 
pluiiuKSK  uwns 07 

a.  Puiiick;  lax,  lloral  glumes  tormiiiatiiig  in  D-U  irregu- 
lar lol)o.s OH 

a.  Panicle  raceinoae,  floral  glumes  terminating  in  '.]-'> 
rigid  lobes 10.'} 

a.  Panicle  subspicate,  lloral  glumes  terminating  in  5  deli- 
cate awns 104 

a.  Spikelets  in  threes  ou  a  jointed  racliis,  lloral  glumes 
deeply  4-cleft  with  awns  between  the  lobes.     ...     00 

a.  Plant  dia'cious,  iloral  glumes  of  fertile  florets  .'3-clet't.   100 
B.  Floral  glumes  entire  or  '^'-toothed  to  2-clei't,  awnless  or 

with  1  awn (b) 

b.  Tall  reedlike  grasses (c) 

c.  Floral  glumes  clothed  with  long  hairs 10") 

c.  IJachilla  (alone)  clothed  with  long  hairs.     .     ,     ,   10(J 
b.   IS'ot  reedlike,  floral  glumes  naked  or  containing  hairs 

shorter  than  the  glumes (d) 

d.  Stigmas  with  short  hairs  on  all  sides (e) 

e.   Spikelets  dicecious,  solitary,  termiiud,  enclosed 

by  terminal  bracts 101 

e.   Spikelets  in  twos  and  threes,   terminating  in 
leafy  branches lOv' 

e.  Spikelets  in  an  ovoid  or  cylindrical  panicle,  low- 
est s[)ikelets  with  bracts  at  the  base 104 

d.  Stignuis  ])lumose (f) 

f.  Spikelets  of  two  forms,  the  fertile  l-3-llowered; 

the  sterile  with  iiwned  glumes (g) 

g.  Fertile  spikelets  1-flowered V^'o 

g.  Fertile  spikelets  2-3-flo\vered 124 

f.   Spikelets  all  alike (h) 

h.  Floral  glumes  2-3-toothed,    lateral    nerves 

and  callus  usually  hairy (i) 

i.  Spikelets  3-  to  many-flowered.      .     .     .  lOT 

i.   Si)ikelots  3-5-flowered 108 

h.   Floral  glumes  of  some  other  structure.   .     .  (j) 


IV 


444  I'OACHE. 


j.  Floml  glumes  I-IJ-iutvihI.  llowcis perfect, 
or  the  upper  one  stainiiuite  (»r  rudimeii- 

turv (k) 

k,   Wiiys  spiriilly  arninged (1) 

1.  Panicle  narrow,  spiki'letrf  small, 
conical,  2— i-tlo.vered,  racliilla  ar- 
ticulate  no 

1.  Panicle  variable,  spikelets  not 
conical,  usually  (len.sely  many- 
flowered,  racliilla  usually  continu- 
ous  '.     ...   Ill 

k.   IJays  distichous (m) 

m.   Panicle    miri'ow,    spikelets    'i-A- 
llowered.    empty    <rlumes    much 
longer  than  the   tloral.     .     .     .    101) 
m.  Empty  glumes  shorter  or  but  lit- 
tle longer  than  the  floral  glumes,    (n) 
u.  I'anicle  narrow,  spikelets  '^-4- 
flowered,  second  empty  glume 
broader  and  longer  than  the 
floral     glumes,     which      are 
broadly  obtuse,  awnless.    .     .112 
n.   Panicle      s])ikelike.       second 
empty  glume  not  broader  or 
longer  than  the  floral  glumes.    113 
u.   Panicle       ditl'use,      s{)ikelets 
small,     2-4-flowered.    emjity 

glumes  subeqmd 114 

j.  Floral  glumes  :5-5-  to  many-nerved,  with 
two  or  more  of  the  upper  glumes  emi)ty 
and  closely  enveloping  each  other,  spike- 
lets but  little  compressed (o) 

o.  Stamens  3,  lodicules  1,  empty  glumes 

usually  clavate 115 

o.  Stamens  1-2,  lodicules  2,  upper  em])ty 
chimes  not  clavate.    .     .     ,     .     .     .116 


j.  Flonil  jrliMiies    'j-  (riirely  3-)    to   iiiiiny- 

lu'rvt'il (p) 

p.   lUudi'S  broiitl.   coiitiiiniiig   tniii8vt'r.so 

veins 117 

J).   IMiidcs  narrow,  tninaverso  veins  none.    ((|) 
([.   I'tinit'lo    niconioso,    si'cund,    piiloa 

wingcd-ciliiito 118 

q.   I'iinicU;    viiriiil)lt'.     Sjdkolt'ts    Mat, 
broud,   lower  empty  <,duines  13-G, 

palea  not  \vin<;cd IIU 

q.  Plimt   ilid'cioiis.  jianidc*   narrow, 

enii)ty  glunies  ',',  lirni I'iO 

q.  Flowers      perfect,     panicle     lax. 

floral  ghinies  cordate 121 

q.  Floral  fthiines  not  cordate.     .     .     {r} 
r.   S[)ikelets  closely  imbricate  in  a 
spikeliko  i)anicle,  floral  fjlumes 
7-nerved  with    jjflandnlar  hairs 

at  the  base 122 

r.   Spikelets  in  gloiiiei'ate  clnsters 

of  the  seciind  panicle.     .     .     .   13J 
r.  Spikelets  in  panicles  or  racemes, 
ueither  imbricate  Jior  fascicu- 
late, rays  in  half-whorls  of  1-5 

or  more (a) 

s.  Sti<;mas  2,  inserted  at  or  near 
theajjcx  of  the  ovary;  empty 

glumes  awidess (t) 

t.  Empty     glumes      longer 
than     the     rest     of    the 

spikelet 128 

t.  Floral     glumes      ]iroject 
above    at   least   some    of 
the  emi>ty  glumes  .     .     .    (u) 
u.  Lateral  nervesof  the  floral 


446  POACE.*:. 

gluinos    nearly    piinilU'l, 
not  coiivf  ij^'mih;.     •     •     •    (v) 
V.   Kinply     <;liimt's     not 
Hliortcr  or  vrry  little 
HliortiT  than  the  neiir- 
est  llonil  ;,'liiim's.  .     .   (w) 
w.   Fl()r!il;,'liiiii('s\vitli 
two     very     short 
ol)a('ure        lateral 
nerves  on  each  fli<le.  137 
W.    Klonil  ;i;liinie.s 

with    :{-4    lateral 
nerves     on     eaeh 

si.le 120 

V.  Empty  jrlunies  much 
sliortcr  than  the  near- 
est lloral  ^flumes.  .     .    (x) 
X.   Styles        ilistinct, 

lodicules  uniteil.  .   131 
X.   Styles  none,  lodi- 
euli's  distinct.      .   132 
U.  Lateral    nerves    of    the 
lloral  glumes  arched,  con- 
verging above.        .     .      •    (y) 
y.   Iiacliilla  with  a  fringe 

of  still'liairs.     .     .     .130 
y.   Kachilla  imked. 

downy         or        with 
crinkled  liairs.       .     .    (z) 
7..  Floral  glumes 

strongly  keeled  on 
the  back,  hilum 
punctiform.  .  .  (aa) 
aa.  Floral  glumes 
cartilaginous 
at  the  base.     .   129 


VKaTUCEJS.  447 

aa.  Floral    ^'luinoA 
luoiiilii'iirious  or 
lu'rl)acr(nis     ul 
the  Inwe.   .     .      I'.'O 
z.  Floral  <,'lmiK's 

ruundod      on      the 
buck  lit  U'Udt  Ih'Iow.  (bb) 
bb.   I'lili'ii     rt('al)ri(l 
or      iiiimitcly 
rriuj^L'd  on  the 
keols.     .     .     .   i:}3 
bb.  I'lileiipcctiimtt! 

on  the  koels   .    I;j5 

s.  Stifrnias  below  the  jipex.      .   l;{4 

97.   (197).   PaPPOPHOEUM    Sehreb.     (ieii.     I'l.     '.' :  787    (17!)1). 

PohintjihiH  Trill.,  Lindl.  Vej^.    Kiii^'d.   115  (1847).      /'juni'd/iot/od 

Desv.  Heauv.  A<,'rost.  81  (181'.').     L'tirtfji/tis  Triii.  Liiidl.  1.  (;. 

Si)ikelets  with  one  perfect  llower  and  one  or  more  male  or  riidi- 
nientiiry  flowers  or  empty  glumes  above  it,  in  a  dense  and  spikelike 
or  jiarrow  and  loose  panicle,  the  rachilla  articulate  al)ovo  the  outer 
glumes  and  hairy  around  the  iloral  glume.  Empty  glumes  mem- 
branous, persistent,  acute,  keeled,  l-'.\-  or  many-nerved;  Iloral 
glume  broad,  subcoriaccous,  convex  on  the  back,  obs(!urely  many- 
nerved,  with  U-)i[i  more  or  less  plumose  and  unefpial  awns;  pulea  *-i- 
nerved,  as  long  as  its  glume  or  longer.  Styles  short,  distinct. 
Grain  ovoid  or  oblong,  enclosed  in  the  glume  and  palea,  but  not 
adherent. 

Perennial  (or  rarely  annual)  grasses  with  narrow  and  often  con- 
volute leaf-blades. 

Species  about  20,  widely  dispersed  in  warm  regions.  Poli/rn- 
phis  Trin.  is  an  abandoned  generic;  name  for  species  in  which  the 
floral  glume  has  thirteen  to  twenty-three  very  unequal  awns;  and 
Eiineapogon  is  another  one  in  which  the  floral  glume  has  nine  awns, 
all  nearly  equal. 

1.  P.  apertum  Mnnro,  Scribn.  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  9:  148  (188-,'). 
A  tufted  erect  perennial,  ;}0-80  cm.  high.     Sheaths  smooth,  as 


448 


i'ual'k.e. 


long  ;is  tlio  noilos,  ciliiite  :it  the  throat;  bladi's  invohite.  sniootli  bo- 
low,  tliosf  of  tlu'  ciiliii  l.j-4()  cm.  lon<jf  with  lilifonn  tips.  I'iiiiich; 
scarcely  cxsertcd,  pale,  15-'i0('iii.  long,  0-10  nun.  wide.  Spikelet-s 
'i-tlowered:  empty  glnrnes  very  tliiji  and  .'^earioii.s,  1 -nerved,  a})ex 
irregularly  2-3-t()othed.  first  ;J  mm.  long,  second  3.5  mm.  long; 
lloral  glume  broad,  truncate.  2.2  mm.  long,  hirsute  below  on  the 
keel  and  lateral  nerves,  r)-T-nerved,  awns  about  IT,  the  stouter 
ones  4-5  mm.  long,     (ii'ain  1.7  mm.  long. 

Texas,  NealU'n  for  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. :  New  >rcxico,  Wriyht  435, 
20-,^(t:  Mexico,  Palmer  350.  13(;o,  130-.',  Prinyh  l!t:3. 

Texas  to  Arizona  and  Mexico.     Very  nearly  allied  to,  if  not 
identical  with,  /*.  I(if/N)'oi(leu7ii  Schrad. 

2.  P.  Wrightii  S.  Wats.  I'roe.  Am.  Acad.  18:178  (1883).     P. 
horcalc  Torr.,  not  (Iriseb. 

A  rather  slender  branching  erect  or  geniculate  perennial.  20- 

40  cm.  Iiigh;  nodes  villous.  Sheaths 
pubcrulent,  ciliate  at  the  throat; 
blades  involute,  those  of  the  culm 
2-8  em.  long,  0.3-0.8  mm.  diam. 
Panicles  terminal  and  axillary,  often 
more  or  less  included  by  the  sheaths, 
lead-colored  or  pale,  spikelike,  1-7 
cm.  long.  5-8  mm.  diam.  Sjjikelets 
l-3-11owered ;  empty  glumes  thin 
and  scarious.  5-7-nerve(  icute  or 
toothed,  sjiaringly  puberulent  uiuler 
a  lens,  first  3.5-4.5  mm.  long,  sec- 
ond 1  mm.  longer;  fioral  gluma 
hirsute  on  the  central  and  lateral 
nerves,  oval.  2-mm.  long,  0-nerved, 
the  !)  awns  3-5  mm.  long. 

'JY'xas,    lldntrd,  Junes;  Arizona, 
Primjle  in  1884,  Lemmon  30()3;  California  (Los  Angeles),  Palmer 
511.     'J'he   latter   says:    '*  Kare.  found  oidy  :\  the  h'gher  ridges 
back  of  the  bay."     Mexico.  Parri/  A-  Painter  847,  Palmer  1361. 
Texas  to  Arizona,  California  and  Mexico. 


Fig.  8i3.  —  Pa p p oph  o  r  n  m 
Wriijlitn.  A.  si>ik<'li't  ;  '', 
Horcts;  b,  tloi'iil  glmiic.  (.'  rib- 
ncr. ) 


Fio.  84. — Cottea  pappoplwroides.    Spikelet  dissected.     (Scribner.) 

449 


450  POACE.E. 

98.  (198).  COTTEAKuiith,  Hev.  Gram.  1;  84,  281,  /.  o^  (1S.30), 
tSpikolets  S-O-tlowored  in  a  spreading  oblong  panicle,  raeliilla  ar 
ticulate  below  the  flowers;  flowers  i)erfect  or  the  upper  ones  male 
or  neutral.  Empty  glumes  persistent,  membranous,  acute  or  3- 
toothed,  7-9-nerved;  floral  glume  9-13-nerved,  irregularly  0-13- 
lol)ed,  the  lobes  tapering  into  awns;  palea  broad,  membranous,  ellip- 
tical, ciliate  on  the  keels.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  stigmas 
})luniose.  drain  ovate  or  oblong,  slightly  com])ressed  ou  the  back, 
enclosed  by  glume  and  i)alea,  but  not  adherent. 

There  is  only  one  species  known,  found  from  Peru  and  Brazil 
to  Mexico,  Texas,  and  Arizona. 

Nearly  allied  to  J\ij)j)oj)//orH7)i,  from  which  it  differs  in  the 
looser  panicle,  and  in  the  llorets,  wiiich  are  usually  more  than  two. 

1.  C.  pappophoroides  Kunth,  1.  c. 

An  erect  perennial.  The  whole  plant  from  culm  and  leaf  to  the 
empty  glumes  thiidy  clothed  more  or  less  with  short  pubescence. 
Culms  -±0-60  cm.  high.  Sheaths  loose;  ligule  a  ciliate  ring  of 
short  hairs;  blades  8-10,  involute  with  very  slender  tips,  10-20 cm. 
long,  3-6  mm.  wide.  Panicle  15-18  cm.  long,  rays  solitary,  more 
or  less  spreading.  Spikelets  about  8  mm.  long,  exceeding  their 
pedicels;  empty  glumes  lanceolate,  subequal.  4-5  mm.  long;  floral 
glume  4  mm.  long,  pilose  along  the  margins  near  the  base,  longest 
awns  about  '2  mm.  long. 

Tsew  Mexico.  Wrii/ht  205T;  Arizoiui,  Jones:,  Lcwmon  3001; 
Lower  California,  I'dhiier  ~39;  Mexico,  Prinyle  420,  Palmer  102, 
339. 

Texas  to  Arizoiui  and  Mexico. 

99.  (02).  Cathestecum  Presl,  Kol.  llaMik.  1:  294,  /.  42  (1830). 
Spikelets  in  threes,  sessile  on  alternate  sides  of  a  slender-jointed 

rachis.  Spikelets  unisexual,  those  of  the  fertile  s])ik('s  5  mm.  long, 
villous.  On  ferfilc  .yiikes,  lateral  spikelets  1-flowered,  neutral  with 
a  second  rudijuent  in  the  terminal  si)ikelot,  the  lower  llower  pistil- 
late, the  second  neutral,  a  third  rudimentary.  Lower  emi)ty  glumes 
minute,  broad,  irregularly  toothed,  or  ()l)lif|uely  truncate,  theuiii)er 
3  mm.  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  l-nei-ved,  villous,  mucronate;  lloral 
glume  of  lateral  spikelets  3  mm.  long,  elliptical,  4-lobed  I'or  a  third 


FESTUCE^E. 


451 


Fig.  85. — Cathestecum  erectinn .    8i>ikelcts  dissected.     (Scribner.) 


452  POAC'E.E. 

of  ilio  apex,  witli  awns  projoctiiig  botwcon  the  lobes;  ])ak'ii  two- 
tliinlrf  us  lo)i<^  as  its  glume,  •.'-nerved,  with  two  jirojeetiiig  awns; 
floral  glume  of  lower  floret  of  terminal  spikelet  like  those  of  the 
lateral  s])ikel<'ts,  only  a  little  longer;  floral  glume  of  neutral  floret 
of  terminal  sj)ikelet  broadly  oval.  4-lobed  for  half  its  length  or 
more,  witli  o  ])r()je(!ting  awns  betwron  tlu'  lobes:  jjalea  snudler  than 
in  ])istillate  florets.  Ovary  obovate.  styles  distinct,  with  long  pur- 
plish hairs  on  two-thirds  of  the  up]»er  poi'tiou.  On  s/oiiii/Hf/c 
Kjiih'.s,  lateral  s])ikelets  with  2  florets  and  a  tiiird  rudiment.  Lower 
emi)ty  ghnnes  of  lateral  sj)ik('lets  minute,  broadly  truncate;  of  ter- 
minal s[)iki'li't  smaller,  narrower.  r[»pcr  empty  glume  of  lati-i'al 
flowers  2  mm  long,  elliptieal-laiiceolate,  compressed,  inecpiilaterid. 
1-nerved;  of  terminal  s[»ikelet  oval.  :>-nei'ved ;  floral  glume  ;3  mm. 
long,  oblong,  4-lobed  for  one-third  of  its  length,  witii  awns  be- 
tween the  lobes;  palea' oblong-lanceolate,  as  long  as  their  glumes, 
with  two  parallel  nerves  slightly  pntjecting.  Stanu'ns  .'{. 
There  ai'e  three  siieeies  found  in  Texas  and  Mexico. 

1.  C.  erectum  Vasey  »S:  Hack.  Uull.  Torr.  Club.  1 1  :  ;5r  (18S4) 
and  14:  100  (ISS;). 

A  tufted  erect  perennial.  l.'j-IJO  cm.  high,  stoloniferons.  nodes 
villous;  light  green,  tinged  with  purjile.  Ijigule  a  ciliate  ring; 
blades  of  sterile  shoots  ."i-S  cm.  long,  nari'ow,  flat  or  beeonung 
involute,  slightly  hairy  on  the  nuirgins  and  U])])er  surface.  Culms 
simple  or  branching.  S[)ikes  about  3  em.  long,  containing  5-9 
clusters  of  spikelets.      Sjjikelets  of  the  sterile  spike  7  mm.  long. 

Texas  and  Mexico. 

2.  C.  Mexicanum  I'resl.  Rel.  Tla^nk.  1 :  2U^,  t.  4"i  (18:U)). 
Nodes  smooth,  spikelets  of  the  sterile  spikes  shortly  pubescent, 

4-.")  mm.  long:  very  variable  and  apparently  only  a  variety  of  C. 
ererhini  V.  iS;  IF. 

West  Texas.  Ifanird  (i'l. 

',].  C.  prostratum  I'resl,  1.  c. 

Sheaths  ciliate  at  the  throat.  Lower  leaves  1-4  cm.  long.  u)>- 
per  shorter.  S[)ikelets  of  the  sterile  s])ikes  nearly  smooth.  ;)-4mm. 
long.     Description  inconi})lete  for  want  of  abundant  material. 

^lexico,  P((h>ier  2T0. 


FKSTl'CK.K. 


453 


100.  (204).  SCLEROPOOON  IMiilippi.  Scrt.  Mi'iidoc. '2 :  4:  (IHTl). 
Lesouvdia  Fourii.  Bull.  Sue  Mot.  Fr.  ?,] :  102,  ;i,  /.  4  (1880). 

Plant  (liu'ciou.s;  si>iki'lt't.s2-  toiiiuiiy-llowiTt'cl.  in  u  .sc^unty  piiiiit'le, 
rachilla  elongated,     lu  mule  spilcdvts,  rachilhi  ylubrous,  iuarticu- 


FlG.  86. — Scleropogon    Karwinskianns.     A,   stiimiiiule  spikclet;   B,    pistilliite 

spikelel.     (Scrihiicr.) 

late;  empty  glumes  tliin,  narrow,  acute,  unawiied,  :}-norve(l,  un- 
equal; floral  glume  a  little  IfiUger.  sometimes  minutely  iJ-toothed 
at  the  apex,  the  middle  tooth  stouter  and  longer:  ])alea  narrow, 
Arm,  about  as  long  as  its  glume,  2-keeled.  "'-toothed.  Stamens  3. 
Feiiilc  Kpikehts  1-  to  many-flowered.  u[)per  ones  sterile,  their  eni])ty 
glumes  persistent,  unecpial,  larger  than  in  the  male  spikelets;  lloral 
glumes  several,  firm,  narrow,  enclosing  the  flower,  the  3  nerves  ex- 


454  POACR/E. 

tc'iuliiij?  into  very  long  firm  awns,  which  arc  sometimes  twisted. 
Short  hmceohitc  liyuliiie  lobes,  eacli  side  the  central  awn  and  out- 
side of  each  lateral  jiwn;  palea  linn,  narrow.  Styles  distinct,  elon- 
gated, stigmas  shortly  plumose. 

Tufted  or  creeping  perennials,  the  culms  stoloniferous.  They 
are  all  renuirkable  for  the  unisexual  spikelets,  those  of  the  two 
sexes  so  different  in  a.spe(!t  that  without  positive  evidence  it  would 
have  been  diflicult  to  sui)pose  them  to  belong  to  the  same  plant. 

There  are  four  species,  one  found  in  Chili,  the  others  in  Mexico 
or  Texas. 

1.  S.  Karwinskianus  (Fourn.)  Benth.  S.  Wats.  I'roc.  Am. 
Acad.  18:  181  (188;)).  fjCsounUa  Karwhiskiano  Fourn.  Bull. 
Soc.  Bot.  Fr.  :37:10^  (1880). 

Culins  solid,  15-25  cm.  high.  Leaves  of  sterile  shoots  numer- 
ous, ligule  a  mere  ring,  ciliate;  blades  firm,  glaucons,  sparsely  i)u- 
l)escent,  flat  or  conduplicate,  1-3  cm.  long,  those  of  the  culm  2-3 
in  number,  and  usually  less  than  5  cm.  long.  Staminate  spikelets 
about  15-flowered,  3-4  cm.  long;  floral  glume  7-8  mm.  long; 
pistillate  spikelets  about  the  length  of  the  stamiiuite  ones;  floral 
glume  linear,  10  mm.  long,  the  twisted  awns  equal  or  the  lateral 
ones  shorter,  the  longest  0-10  cm.  long. 

New  ^lexico,  Vasen  557  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul. ;  Arizona, 
Prinyle. 

Texas  to  Arizona  and  Mexico. 

101.  (213).  MoNANTHOCHLOE  Engclm.  Traus.  St.  Louis  Acad. 
1:430,  //.  13,  14./.  18-27  (185!»). 

Spikelets  unisexual,  slightly  dissimilar.  2-  or  rarely  3-flowered, 
single  or  clustered,  almost  hidden  by  the  leafy  bracts.  Emi)ty 
glumes  firm,  similar  to  the  distichous  leafy  bracts;  floral  glumo 
firm,  obtuse  or  denticulate,  covering  the  2-nerved  palea  and  the 
flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  long,  clothed  Avith  short  hairs. 
CJrain  narrowly  oblong,  subtriquetrous,  enclosed  by  the  palea,  but 
not  adherent. 

A  creeping  or  stoloniferous  grass,  with  crowded  distichous  leaves 
0.5-10  mm.  long,  including  the  sheatli.  There  is  one  species 
found  in  Texas  and  Mexico. 


FESTl'CE.E. 


405 


M.  littoralis  Mii,i!('liii.  1.  c. 

Ciiliiis  lii'iii,  iiiucli  Itraiichi'd,  eivct  or  crocpin;;,  1 '2-20  cm.  liigli. 
Lear-bliuk's  rif,M(l,  curved,  coiulupliciito,  obtuse,  uiauy-nerved, 
luostly  crowdcil  ou  tho  short  bniuches.  Floral  gluuie.s  \)-\)l- 
uervt'd  above. 

Florida.  C'lrti.^s  ;504(!,  (Utrhw;  Texas,  T.  S.  Dcpt.  Afjrind 
r)t;0;  southern  Caliroruia,  I'alinrr  123. 

This  has  been  couipared  to  IJiilhilifi  on  account  of  its  unisexual 
spikelets  and  cree[)ing  iiabit,  but  the  two  soxes  are  very  similar  to 


Fw.  S7.—}fonnnt/ioddo('  Uttoralifi.     Spikelets,     (After  Engel.) 

each  other  in  this  genus,  and  there  is  no  indication  in  the  inflores- 
cence of  any  afliiuty  with  ("hloridoiv. 

102.   (314).   MUNROA  Torr.  Pac.  R.  R.  Rcpt.  4:  1-58  (185G). 

Spikelet;;  2-3  to<iether.  in  small  sessile  leafy  clusters  at  the 
ends  of  numerous  branches,  each  about  3-llowered.  rachilla  articu- 
late above  the  lower  gUnnes,  the  upper  flower  imperfect.     Empty 


4/)0 


I'OACK.K. 


}j;liiiiies  persistent,  liiiiceoliite.  liyaliiie.  I-iierved;  lloral  fjlunio 
larjrer,  IJ-iierved.  lirni,  entire,  retnst'  or  :>-|ioiiite(l.  tlie  central  nerve 
Uirniiniitin;^'  us  ii  niiicio;  palea  liyaline.  •.'-Iceeled.  (•oni])Iicate. 
Staiiions  ;J.  Styles  el<»n<;ate(l,  olollieil  with  short  hairs,  (irain 
ovjite  or  oblonu;,  enclosed,  l»til  not  adherent.  Low  annnal  <:;rassi's, 
witli  many  stilT  c'reepin<f  stems,  the  leaves  pointed,  firm,  mostly  on 
very  short  l)ranelies.  Spikelets  snhsessile  and  almost  concealed 
by  tlio  leaves. 

tS])ecies  ;{  or  4,  one  of  which  l)elon<rs  to  Texas  and  Mexico,  and 
northward  to  Alberta;  the  others  further  south. 

1.  311  squarrosa  (Nutt.)  Torr.  I.  c.    Cri/jisi.s  siiiawrnsn  Xutt. 

Gen.  1  :4!»  (IHIS). 

Culms  lirm.  stoloniferous,  o-.')!)  cm. 


hi 


jrii. 


Sheaths 


.>  mm.  \u\\'s:  li<nile  a 


Fio.  88. — Munrod  squarrom. 
Spiliclel.     (Scribuer. ) 


mi're  I'ing;  blades  Hat  oi-  conduplicate, 
l-I)  cm.  loji;i.  Second  alume  and 
lloral  ,i,dume  .')  mtn.  long. 

Colorado,    Wan/    for   U.    S.    Dept. 
Agricul.  niCt.  also  Cdssii/i/. 

The   genus   is  a   ])erfeotly   isolated 
one,  showing  only  some  sliglit  ailinity 
with  Mondnlhochhiv,  esi)e('ially  in  hav- 
ing the  very  few  spikelets  sessile  witliin 
a  cluster  of  lloral  leaves.      The  flowers 
are  not  unisexual. 
Var.  floccuosa  Vasey  ined.     Plants  o-o  cm.  higli;  leaf-l)la(U^s 
10-11}  mm.  long;  second  glume  3  mm.  long;  lloral  glume  4  mm. 
long. 

Arizona.  Jours. 

10;i.  (214a).  OrcuTTIA  Vasey,  Hull.Torr.  Club,  i:}:  -n'.i  (l.^^SC.) 
Spikelets  5-10-tlowered.  sessile,  compressed  in  a  sinii)le  dense 
panicle.  1-5  cm.  long,  rachilla  articulate  above  tlie  empty  glumes. 
Empty  glumes  sparsely  ])ubescent,  green,  thickish,  broad,  mostly 
3-lobed.  each  lobe  li-ncrved.  .')-4  mm.  long,  margins  scarious,  un- 
awnod :  floral  glume  a  little  longer,  many-nerved,  round  on  the 
hack,  5-lobed,  otherwise  like  the  empty  glumes;  palea  as  long  as  its 


FKSTrCK.K. 


457 


jilunic.  liyaliiu',  iiiurow,  stroiij^dy  kcolotl,   'J-tootliod.      Stamens  3. 
8t)l(.'S  sliglitly  iniitc'd  below,  long,  .shortly  plunioso. 

Two  spcfies  of  low  aiuiuiils,  round  in  C'ulii'orniu. 

1.  0.  Californica  Nasoy,  1.  c. 

I'lant  dilTnsc,  :>-!(»  cm.  lii,<,di,  often  branching,  growing  in  small 
chisters  of  lO-'.M)  or  more   culms  from   the 
same   root.    Sheaths    open   and  inllatcd;  lig-      y,^; 
ule   obsolete;    blades  ;>-;}.    Hat   or  involute, 
acuminate,  sparingly  pubescent,   S-25    mm. 
long. 

Lower  Califoriua  (near  San  (^lintin  Bay). 
C/.  //.  Orriilf  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul. 

'X.  0.  Greenii  Vasey,  Coult.  Hot.  (laz.  10: 
140  (18i)l). 

IMant  soft,  erect,  light  green,  ;.'()-:5()  cm.  Fm.  >^9.  —  0rniUia  Culi- 

,  1    ii      1   .■  foriiicd.     A,    imiilcle  ; 

high,  branching  near  t lie  base,  clothed  Irom      „    spikelct  ;    b,   tloml 

culm  to  iloral  ghune  more  or  less  with  soft      gj|.';j',^,,;,,,  ^  '•      »'"'''''• 
short  luiirs.   some  of    them   from    tubercled 

bases.  Culms  containing  0-1 0  ])ur])le  nodes  separated  by  inter- 
nodes  1.8-'2.5  cm.  long.  Sheaths  opi'ii.  nearly  as  long  as  the  in- 
ternodes;  ligulea  ciliate ridge;  blades  thin,  easily  splitting,  involute, 
erect,  '2-4  em.  long.  1.5-2  mm.  wide.  Panicle  with  base  included, 
dense,  linear  or  oblanceohite,  o-5  cm.  long,  the  axis  and  short  rays 
triquetrous.  S])ikelets  mostly  sessile,  scmiewluit  tlatteiu'd.  linear, 
7-13  mm.  long,  5-10-llowered,  rachilla  smooth:  em})ty  glumes  sub- 
e(pud,  about  4  mm.  long,  the  margins  searious,  slightly  keeled  near 
oTu^  margir.,  first  linear-lanceolate  or  linear,  5-1-1  (»-nerved.  1-3- 
toothed.  second  oval.  T-lO-nerved.  irregularly  2-3-tootlied ;  iloral 
glume  oval,  3.5-5  mm.  long,  translucent  below  and  5-;-ncrved, 
obscurely  keeled  above  with  11-17  green  nerves,  3-5-tootlied;  ])alea 
hyaline,  oval.  2-nerved,  trui.,'ate.  irregularly  •i-4-toothed,  nearly  as 
long  as  its  glume.  Stamens:.;  anthers  3  mm.  long.  Ovary  oval, 
1  mm.  long,  stigmas  2.5-3  mm.  long. 

California,  (ircen. 

104.   (21S).  Sesleria  Scop.  Fl.  Cam.  Ed.  1.03  (1772).     /^;- 
latithcra  \Ank,  llort.  Herol.  1:121  (IS27). 


4r)8 


I'OACK.K. 


Spikelets  ^-fJ-tlowercil.  in  iiciirly  sessile  clustors,  crowded  into 
an  (iVdid  or  cylindrical  s|)ikelil<L'  panicle,  racldlia  articulate  above 
the  lower  i,diinie8,  llower.s  mostly  perfect.  l']nii»ty  ;;liiiiies  persistent, 
jncnibranoiis.  nearly  equal  and  pointed;  lloral  i:lutne  .'l-o-toollied 
lit  the  apex,  the  central  t(n)th  extending,'  into  a  point  or  short  awn; 
palea  :.*d<oeIe(l.     Stamens  ;5.     (J rain  free  from  the  palea. 

I'erennial    tufted    jj^rasses    with    Hat   or   convolute   Icuf-hlades. 
Huse  of  tlu^  lower  spikelets  usually  subtended  by  a  irhinielike  bract. 
A  snndl  ^j^enus  of  about  S  species,  chiefly  fouml  in    Hurope  and 
western  Asia.     Sc.slcrii/  is  nearly  allied  to  Ku'lcrlti  and  rmi. 

1.  S.  cKKiLiiA  (L.)  Arduin.  Sp.  -'iis.  /.  (;(1S();).  IJi.ir: 
Sesli;hi A.     ('iiiioxiti'Ks  rd'nilriis  \i.  sp.  IM.  ;••  (KT):]). 

IJootstoeks  cree{)ing;  culms  erect,  IT)— K)cin.  hi^'li.  Leaves  of 
sterile  shoots  densely  tufted,  blades  rather  stitT,  abruptly  pointed, 

apex  seabrid,  those  of  thi'  cidm  '^'-I),  the  up- 
per about  1  em.  \o\\\i.  Panicle  bluisli-<,'ray, 
shiiung,  I-Ij  em.  Ion;;.  Sj)ikelets  mostly 
in  pairs,  one  sessile,  the  other  on  a  short 
pedicel;  emi)ty  ^dumes  thin,  acute,  faintly 
nerved,  about  5  mm.  long;  lloral  glume  oval, 
ciliate,  3-toothed,   5  mm.   lon.i;.      S])aringly 

Fig    OO.  —  Sesleria  rip-     introduced  in  ijrass-seeds  from  Europe. 
ruled.  S|)ikelet.  (Uicli-  . 

unison.)  Found  in  Luroi)e  and  western  Asia. 

105.  (211).  Abundo  Journ.  L.  (Jen.  Ed.  1:  19  (17:37).  Bonax 
Beauv.  Agrost.  77  (18r2),  in  part.  Siolnrldoo  Mert.  &  Koch, 
Koehl.  Deutsehl.  Fl.  1:528  (182:5).  Aiiiphiduiiax  Nees,  Lindl. 
Introd.  Xat.  Syst.  Ed.  2,  449  (1830).  Donacium  Fries,  liot. 
Xotiser,  131  (184:)). 

Spikelets  2-G-ll()wered,  borne  on  anam])le  painele,  racbilla  silky- 
bearded,  articulate  above  the  lower  glumes  and  between  the  llorets, 
which  are  perfect  or  tbe  upper  staminate.  Emj)ty  glumes  narrow, 
glabrous,  slightly  uneciual,  lanceolate,  keeled,  3-nerved ;  lloral 
glume  membranous,  slender,  often  more  or  le.-s  divided  with  a  ma- 
cro between  the  lobes;  palea  hyaline, .shorter  than  its  glume,  puhes- 
ceut  on  the  keels.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Grain  oblong, 
included,  but  not  adherent. 


FKS'I'ICK.K. 


4C)'J 


Tall  perennials  with  liirgo  Ihit  biuilvs.  I'aniclo  vuriiiblo,  di-iisi'  or 
more  or  less  spn'atliiij;. 

'I'licri'  arc  ti  or  7  species  widely  dilTuscd  in  warm  fountrics  of 
Kiiropc,  India.  Malay  and  .Mada<,'as('ar  islands,  Nuw  /ealand,  and 
America. 

1.  A.  Do.vAX  li.  Sp.  ri.  SI  (1 ;:.:!).  (iiwT  i:i:i;i»-fiHAss. 
AvKudo  srri/iforia  L.  Aniocn.  Ac.  4:  l.jt)  (ll.">'.t).  Anntilu  sdlivti 
Lam.  V\.  Kr.  ;5:tll<J  (!MS).     Jfnniix  nnnti/ittdtriis  Meaiiv.  Agrost. 

78.  /.  n;  (isi-»).    .1.  .Kmipiiit  Ueiiic, 

Fl.  A\'^.  Illiistr.  4  {lSi:5).  IhHK.r  sali- 
nts.  I'rcsl,  Cyp.  ot  (li'aiu.  Sic.  :i'i 
0>S-.Mi). 

Cnlins  ;>-()  in.  liif,di,  from  .stout 
rootstocks.  Leaf -blades  lanceolate- 
acuminate.  5-7  cm.  wide.  I'anicle 
tawny,  IJO-fio  cm.  or  more  long.  Spike- 
lets  2-;}-lloweivd:  empty  glumes  10-1 -t 
mm.  long;  lloral  glume  slender,  acumi- 
nate, sliorttn*  than  the  emi)ty  glumes. 
silky-i)ubescent  below,  l-O-nerved.  awn 
erect,  often  twice  a.slung  as  the  teeth. 

This  nuijestic  grass   is  often  culti- 
vated  for  its  large  size,  broad  leaves,  and  beautiful  [)anicles.     A 
variegateii  form  is  alsio  cultivated. 

Introduced  from  .southern  Europe. 

lOG.  ('^l-.').  PhrAGMITES  Trin.  Fund.  Agrcst.  l.'U  (18:20).  in 
part.  Trirhuoit  h'oth,  Koem.  Arch.  1  :  i),  I:]  (K'DS).  Aruiidn 
Beauv.  Agrost.  <i()  (1812).  (Jxvvnija  Presl,  Cyp.  et  (Irani.  Sic.  •.'■.' 
(IS^O).     O.njtinfhv  Steud.  Sym.  IM.  Oram,  litr  (lS.5-'i). 

Spikelets  'l-  to  many-tlowered,  in  a  large  much-branched  i)ani- 
cle,  rachilla  elongated  and  articulate  between  the  ilorets.  and 
covered  with  very  long  silky  hairs.  Emi)ty  glumes  thin,  keeled, 
acute  or  slightly  pointed;  floral  glume  like  the  empty  glumes  ex- 
cept the  longer  point,  the  lower  one  enclosing  a  male  or  rudimentary 
flower;  i)alea  much  shorter  than  its  glume,  hyaline,  "^-ribljed. 
Stigmas  nearly  sessile. 


Fid.  !)).  — .l/''///(/o  Donax.  A, 
spikclfi ;  /',  pulcii  ;  c,  pistil. 
(Scrii)iit'r. ) 


460 


POACE.E. 


A  small  genus  of  2  sjtoeies  or  well-murkcd  varieties,  nearly 
allied  to  Arundo  and  only  separated  from  it  bv  havin<r  the  lowest 
Mower  male  or  abortive. 

It  extends  over  the  tropical  and  temperate  and  some  of  the  colder 
regions  of  both  liemispheres,  growing  in  wet  places  with  rootstocks 
often  40  cm.  below  the  surface  of  tlie  soil.  'I'he  culms  are  l-(j  m. 
high;  the  blades  firm,  broad  and  Hat. 

1.  P.  Phragmites  (L.)  Karst.  Deutsch.  Fl.  :5r!>  (1880-83). 
Reed-grass.     Arundo  Phnuj mites  \j.  '6\).  PI.  81  (1753).     P.  aJ- 


FlG.  92. — Phragmites  Phrngiintes.     A,  spikf^let  ;  a,  floret.    (Scribnor.) 

timimnx  Mabille.  hVch.  IM.  Corse,  fasc.  •.' :  39  (ISOT-it).  P.  (trnn- 
dinarva  Allan).  Munro.  Journ.  liinn.  Soc.  0:40  (ISO*^).  /*.  aiis- 
traU.s  Trin.  Steud.  Nom.  Ed.  •',  'l-.^U  (1841).  P.  Ih'vlamUvri 
Fourn.  Hull.  Soc.  Hot.  Fr.  "U:  178  (187;).  P.  ni/wnsis  Nees.  Fl. 
Afr.  Austr.  3.")(5  (1841).  /'.  c/iih'tisis  Stcud.  Norn.  Fd.  •.',  2:3^4 
(1841).  P.  ,'ln'nsanthi(s  Mabillo,  Hccii.  PI.  ("orsc,  fasc.  •»:3r 
(1807-9).  P.  ciuif/csla  Lowe.  Trans,  ('ami).  Phil.  Soc.  (5:  part  \\, 
'rl\)  (1838).  /*.  e.rjdanalus'Vv\u.  Steud.  Xom.  Ed.  ",',  ^':  3-.'4  (1841). 
/*.  //^r.svr^.v  llcgetschw.  Fl.  Schw.  (iS  (184{)).  P.  f/i(/(iiif<'(i .).  (iny. 
F.  Schultz,  Arch.  Fl.  Fr.  ct  Allcm.  ■,'()()  (1848).  P.  (jrwra  Steud. 
Norn.  Ed.  'I.  'l\'^'^\  (1841).  P.  fiis/xniira  Nees,  Nov.  Act.  Nat. 
Cur.  19:Suppl.  1.  15'2  (1843).  P.  /iiimih's  De  Not,  Cat.  Ilort. 
Genuen.  27  (1840).  P.  isinm  I{ei(!hb.  Fl.  Cfcrm.  Excurs.  140* 
(1832).  P.  japonira  Stcud.  Syn.  PI.  Gram.  190  (185.')).  /*.  Karka 
Trin.   Steud.  Nom.  Ed.  2.  2:  3-»4  (1841).    /*.  htxljfoni  Steud.  Syn. 


FESTUt'E.E.  461 

PI.  (Jram.  190  (185.")).  /'.  murerUnuro,  .louru.  Bot,  15  :  350  (18T7). 
P.  iiKtrifiniKs  Mabillo,  Kecli.  Pi.  Corse,  fasc.  '^:4l  (ISIil-O).  P. 
marfitiireiisi.s  Triii.  Steiul.  Norn.  Ed.  •,',  ".*:  '.Vli  (1841).  /*.  ninuri- 
/r/n«w  Kuntli,  Kev.  Gram.  l:80(US-i9).  P.  Xaija  Triii.  Stoml. 
Xom.  Ed.  l.  iio'U  (1841).  /'.  itepaknsis  Xt-es.  Sti'iul.  Syn. 
PI.  Gram.  11»<;  (1855).  P.  niyritcus  Mal)ille,  Pot-h.  PI.  Corse,  fasc. 
•>:  44  (l8(;:-'.»).  I*-  '"'</"*■  ^'«-'es,  Fl.  Afr.  Austr.  ;35(i  (1841).  /*. 
ovrideniaUK  Trin.  Stead.  Xom.  Ed.  "J,  ;.':3'»4  (1841).  P.  pK/nila 
Willk.  Iher  llall).  157.  P.  lioxhuryhii  Stoud.  Nom.  Ed.  ^, 
•~':3"24  (1841).  P.  fUfieinonemis  Mabille,  Hecli.  PI.  Corse,  faso, 
»»:41  (18t>7-9).  /*.  spjeudenx  Mabille  1.  e.  P.  rnhjurix  'Vv'm. 
Fund.  Agropt.  134  (18-.'»t).  /'.  W'ilU-oiiniiiiinii.s  Mabille,  l{ech.  PI. 
Corse,  fasc.  •.*:58  (18(ir-!»).  Annnto  allisslmd  lientli.  Cat.  PI. 
Pyr.  Ov*  (18-.'i)).  Artoiifii  hct/(/<ik)isis  Hoj.  llort.  Maurit.  3()8  (1837). 
Arumlii  //npw  Link,  Linn.  !»:  13(5  (1S34).  Anonhi  isiant  Delile, 
Fl.  Aeg.  lllustr.  8'.'  (18".'4).  Annitlo  maxinia  Forsk.  Fl.  Veg.  Anih. 
!*4  (1775).  Artindo  jialifflris  Salisb.  Prod.  •^'4  (179(1).  Anmdo 
PscndophrarjHvti'.s  Lejeune.  Fl.  Spa,  04.  Aruiido  junif/e/is  Auet. 
Steud.  y-^ni.  Ed.  '^,  1:  144  (1841).  Anuido  rindaris  Auet.  I.  o. 
Arnndo  VtdUdoria  S.  F.  Gray,  \at.  Arr.  Brit.  PI.  '.':  l-,'8  (18;il). 
Arnndo  mlf/aris  Lam.  Fl.  Fr.  3:015(1778).  Arioido  vulnerans 
(;ilib.  Exercit.  •.':541  (1770).  (keDiiia  (inindinacvu  Presl,  Cy[». 
et  Gram.  Sicid.  •,'•-'  (1818).  O.ii/anf/ic  /(iponicu  Steud.  Syn.  PL 
(Jram.  197  (1855). 

Culms  "-'-3  m.  hiirli.  Blades  often  3  cm.  wide.  Panicles  looso 
or  dense,  sligbtly  noddini:-,  often  }>urplis]i.  15-35  em.  long;  r.iys 
very  numerous.  Si)ikelets  3-5-nowered.  14-18  mm.  long,  the  silky 
hairs  as  long  as  the  Horets,  glumes  with  nerves  anastomosing  toward 
the  apex,  the  empty  ones  3-nerved,  first  5  mm.  long,  second  8  mm. 
long,  more  ni  less:  thtral  glume  5-nerved,  about  \i  mm.  long. 

Ontario.  Fmr/er:  New  York.  Clin/nn  for  Clark  L3()l,  //w?  92, 
93;  Michigan.  Cooh'i/,  Farirell.  (7f/r/'727:  F'lorida,  Siiiipsoii  158; 
South  Dakota,  Duff)'//;  Montana.  Atiderson  1;  ■\Vushington,  Laie; 
Lower  California,  P(diner  38. 

New  York  to  Mexico  and  the  Pocky  Mountains,  northeiii  Ku- 
ropc  and  Asia,  Japan,  xVustnilia. 


462  POACE.E. 

107.  (201).  SlEOLINGIA  lienili.  Syst.  Vorz.  Pll.  P:rf.  40  (ISOO). 
Trimlia  \l.  Wr.  Prod.  18'^  (IS  10).  Tnnisph  IJojiuv.  Agrost.  TT,  /. 
15,  /.  ^^(IHl-.').     Ti'iphms  lioiiuv.  Agrost.  8],  /.  IG. /.  10  (1812). 

Spikelets  sevenil-lloworod,  paniculate,  racliilla  articulate  above 
the  empty  glumes  ami  between  the  llorets,  hairy  rouiul  them  or  gla- 
brous, llowers  perfect  or  the  upper  ones  male.  Kmjjty  glumes  firm, 
acute,  uuawneil.  l-U-nerved,  keeled,  glabrous  or  the  keel,  scabrous- 
■ciliate;  iloral  glume  uiuiwued,  the  lower  part  rounded  on  the  back, 
more  or  less  o-nerved  at  first,  often  hardened  and  nerveless  in  fruit, 
with  3  terminal  l-;J-nerved  lobes  or  teeth;  palea  broad,  about  as 
long  as  the  entire  ])art  of  its  glume,  with  two  i)rominent  nerves. 
Stamens  3.  Ovary  glabrous,  styles  very  short,  distinct.  (J rain 
sonu'what  dorsally  compressed,  enclosed  by  glume  and  palea  but 
not  adherent. 

Perennial  grasses,  often  firm  and  branching  or  stolonifei-ous  at 
the  base;  blades  narrow,  firm,  often  involute.  Panicles  narrow 
and  simple,  with  few  si)ikelets,  or  ample  like  those  of  numy  species 
of  E ray  runt  i,t.     Spikelets  mostly  erect. 

There  are  ii\y.>'A  20  species,  mostly  found  in  temperate  regions  of 
Europe,  America.  Africa,  Australia.  It  has  the  typical  characters 
of  the  tribe  without  the  ])eculiarities  of  the  other  genera,  the  lobes 
of  the  floral  glume  reduced  to  short  teeth  or  points,  or  the  central 
one  sometimes  lengthened  into  a  short  awn. 

Four  sections  liave  been  proi)osed  : 

1.  I  sot  via, — three  lobes  of  the  floral  glume  narrow,  lanceolate, 
and  equal. 

2.  Vralepsia  {SieffJinf/la  liernh.,  Men'sarhne'Vyhi.). — the  lateral 
teeth  of  the  glumes  broad  and  not  pointed,  and  sometimes  very 
minute. 

3.  Tricnspis  Beauv.  (  Wimhoria  T^'utt.), — nerves  of  the  lateral 
teeth  produced  into  short  points. 

4.  Lcptorarydion  llochst.. — the  dense  soft  panicle  almost  of 
TrirJilorix,  but  with  the  sjjikelets  of  Trimlia. 

A.   Second  empty  glume  3-nerved 1,  2 

li.   Second  empty  glume  l-iu>rved (a) 

a.  Floral  glume  2-3  mm.  long (!>) 


FESTl'CE.E.  468 

b.   Piuiicle  spikeliko , 3 

b.  Pauicle  at  len«;th  open,  second  glume  2.5-3  mm. 

long (c) 

e.   l^micle  30  cm.  long 4 

c.   Panicle  10-14  cm.  long 5 

a.  Floral  glume  more  than  3  mm.  long (d) 

d.   Panicle  at  length  open (e) 

e.   Panicle  2-10  cm.  long <5 

e.  Panicle  10-15  cm.  long T 

e.   Panicle  20-40  cm.  long S 

d.  Panicle  capitate  or  sjjicate (i) 

i.    Culms  3-10  cm.  high,  blades  1-3  cm.  long.    .       9 
i.    Culms  more  than  10  cm.  high,  blades  more  tlum 

3  cm.  long (m) 

n-    Second  glume  3  mm.,  floral  glume  4  mm. 

long 10 

m.  Second  glume  3,5-4  mm.,  iloral  glume  4.5 

mm.  long 11 

m.  Second  glume  4.5  mm.,  floral  glume  3-;5.5 

mm.  long I'i 

m.  Second  glume  4.5-5  mm.,  floral  glume  5 

mm.  long 13 

m.  Second  glume  5-G  mm.,  floral  glume  4  mm. 

long ...     14 

m.  Second  glume  longer,  floral  glume  usually 

longer (n) 

n.   Panicle  dense,  4-0  cm.  long 15 

n.  Panicle  slender,  10-20  cm.  long.     .     .     l»i 
1.  S.  trinerviglumis  (Munro)  Kuntze,  Pev.  (Jen.    PI.    2:789 
(1891).     Triciispis  friitervic/Iiuiiis  Munro.     A.  (Jray,  Proc.  Acad. 
Sc.  Phil.  333  (1S03.) 

An  erect  tufted  rather  slender  grass,  40-00  cm.  liigh.  Sheaths 
about  as  long  as  the  internodes,  ciliate  at  the  throat;  ligule  a  mere 
brown  ciliate  ring;  blades  of  the  culm  3,  scabrous,  with  scattering 
hairs,  flat  or  involute,  slender  jjointed,  1-2  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide. 
Panicle  spikelike,  interrupted,  the  appressed  lower  spikelike  rays 


464  POACE.E. 

2.5-3.5  cm.  long.  Spikelets  jmrplish,  ovato-lanoooliite,  slifjhtly 
coinprossed,  8-1  l-llowerc(l.  9-1'^'  imn.  long:  ('nii>ty  glumes  ovati'- 
lanceoliite.  rounded  on  the  back,  first  l-ner\ed.  4-5  nun,  long,  sec- 
ond 3-nerved.  5  mm.  long;  iloral  glume  ovate,  awnless.  pubescent 
on  the  loAver  two-thirds  of  the  nerves,  4.5  mm.  long;  palea  ellii)ti- 
cal,  hyaline  in  the  middle,  ciliate  on  the  keel,  3  mm.  long. 

Texas.  Rererrlion  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agrieul.  545. 

Texas  to  Arizona. 

2.  S.  Wrightsii  Vasey,  Contrib  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1 :  2G9  (1803). 
Poa  Tv.rana  Vasey. 

An  erect  or  decumbent  dioecious  perennial,  30-00  cm.  high, 
from  creeping  rootstocks.  Culms  rather  stout,  nearly  solid.  Blades 
of  the  sterile  shoots  Hat  or  involute,  3-7  cm.  long;  leaves  of  the 
culm  5-8,  nearly  smooth,  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internoth-s. 
loose;  ligule  a  short  fringe  of  hairs;  blade  sinooth,  lO-'-iO  cm.  long. 
5  mm.  wide,  staminate  panicle  narrow,  simple.  5-10  cm.  long,  rays 
single.  Staminate  spikelets  glabrous,  flat,  oval,  5-8-flowered,  8-11 
mm.  long;  empty  glumes  subcqual,  5  mm.  long,  first  1-nerved,  sec- 
ond 3-uerved ;  floral  glume  broadly  ovate,  5-()  mm.  long.  3- 
ncrved;  palea  nearly  as  long  as  its  glume.  Pistillate  panicles 
12-30  cm.  long,  rays  mostly  single,  usually  appressed.  about  5  cm. 
long,  l)caring  0-8  nearly  sessile  spikelets  on  the  outer  three-fourths. 
Si)ikelets  comjiact,  nearly  terete,  5-7-flowere(l,  12-20  mm.  long; 
empty  glumes  ovate-lanceolate,  membranous,  first  3-ncrved,  0  mm, 
long,  second  3-5-nerved,  7-10  mm.  long;  floral  glume  ovate,  acute, 
often  mucronate,  7-10  nnn.  long.  5-nerved,  coriaceous  with  scarious 
margins;  palea  but  little  shorter  than  its  glume,  broad  and  coria- 
ceous at  the  base.     Styles  10  mm.  long  and  protruding. 

Texas  (Presidio  County),  XeaUeii  130,  137.  Dr.  Vasey  says: 
*•  It  was  first  collected  in  Texas  or  New  Mexico  by  C.  Wright 
(2038)  and  was  distributed  as  Trivuspis  (tlhosrens  Munro,  from 
M'hich  it  is  very  different." 

Some  doubt  exists  as  to  its  affinity,  but  I  prefer  not  to  attempt 
a  change  at  present. 

3.  S.  stricta  (Nutt.  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  PI.  2 :  780(1801).  Wiud- 
i^nria  sfricfa  Nutt.  Gen.  70  (1818).     Trimspis  stricta  Thurb.    MS. 


FESTl'CE^.  4ur> 

A  smooth  erect  tufted  nither  stout  <,'niss,  50-80  cm.  liigli. 
Sheaths  compressed;  ligule  a  ciliate  rinj;;  bhides  of  the  culm  3-4, 
iuvohite,  some  of  tlicm  00-TO  cm.  long,  4-5  mm.  wi(U'.  Panicle 
exserted,  spikelike,  more  or  less  interrupted  below,  I'^-'^Ocm.  long, 
1-1.5  cm.  diam,  Spikelets  often  tinged  with  light  ])ink  or  purple, 
ovate  or  oval,  5-7-flowered,  4-5  mm.  long:  empty  glumes  lanceo- 
late, 1-nerved,  subequal,  3-4  mm.  long;  floral  glume  ciliate  on  the 
nerves,  lance-oval,  lateral  nerves  without  a  margin,  '^.7  mm.  long, 
awn  0.3-0.5  mm.  long;  i)alea  ovate-lanceolate,  slightly  revoluto. 

Texas,  Dnniimond,  livvvrvhon. 

Texas  to  Arizona. 

4,  S.  eragrostoides  (\'asey  &  Scribn.)  L.  U.  Dewey,  Coult. 
Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  2:539(1804).  Tnodia  eraf/iusfuules 
Vasey  &  Scribn.  Contrib.  T.   S.  Nat.  Herb.  1:58  (18!»0). 

A  slender  erect  light-colored,  nearly  smooth  grass,  80-120  cm. 
high;  no  les  smooth,  culm  solid,  comi)ressed.  Sheaths  compressed, 
longer  than  the  intcrnodes;  ligule  obtuse,  l-'l  mm.  long,  blades  10, 
long-pointed,  scabrous,  involute,  '.'0-30 cm.  long,  4  mm.  wide,  often 
breaking  at  the  base.  Panicle  scarcely  exserted,  slender,  simple, 
open.  30  cm.  long,  rays  single,  distant,  the  lower  ones  at  length 
drooping,  the  longest  15  cm.  long,  bearing  a  few  slender  brandies, 
which  are  flower-])earing  for  four-fifths  of  their  length.  Spikelets 
slightly  tinged  with  purple,  ovate-lanceolate,  5-8-(lowered.  5-0  mm. 
long;  empty  glumes  ovate-lanceolate.  1-nerved,  second  2.5-3  mm. 
long;  floral  glume  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse.  2-2..')  mm.  long,  nerves 
short-hairy  below;  palea  linear,  about  the  length  of  its  glume. 

Ikiicved  to  be  of  value  for  cultivation. 

Texas,  Reverchm,  yotfUei/;  New  Mexico,  Wright  420,  478, 
2054:  Mexico  (Nuevo  Leon),  Pringle  1072. 

Florida,  Texas,  ^lexico. 

^'ar.  scabra  Vasey  ined.  Plant  scabrous  throughout;  lower 
blades  broailer. 

Texas,  XealJeij  for  Nat.  Mus. 

5.  S.  ambigua  (Ell.)  Kuntzc  IJev.  fJon.  PI.  2:789  (1891). 
Poa  amhigua  Ell.  liot.  S.  C.  &  (ia.  1:105  (1810).  Windsorin 
ambigua  ^wii.  Gen.  70  (1818).  Triciisjjis  atiibigua  Chuimi.  Fl.  S. 
States  559  (1800). 


466  POACE^. 

A  smooth  erect  mtlier  slender  grass,  GO-OO  cm.  lii^'li.  Slieutlis 
sliorter  tlian  the  intcrnodes,  compressed;  ligule  a  ciliate  rin^';  blades 
of  the  culm  3-4  in  number,  Hat,  20-40  cm.  lon^,  ;{-4  mm.  wide,  the 
apex  lon<^  and  slender.  Panicle  much  exscrted,  becoming  ovoid  or 
l)yramidal,  10-14  cm.  long,  rays  mostly  single,  smooth  in  the  axils, 
clammy,  rarely  branching,  bearing  nearly  sessile  spikelcts  on  the 
outer  three-fourths.  Spikelcts  purple,  ovate,  oval  or  deltoid,  com- 
pressed, 5-7-ll()Wcrcd,  5-6  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  1-nerved. 
ovate,  acute  or  '^-toothed,  3  mm.  long  with  a  mucro;  lloral  glume 
villous  on  the  nerves,  oval,  3  nwn.  long,  with  three  short  awns; 
palea  ovate,  obtuse,  the  folded  margins  wide,  2.3  mm.  long. 

Florida,  (furfis.s  34r)5;  Texas,   /'.  ,S'.  Depf.  Atjnnd.  530. 

Florida,  Texas  to  Arizona. 

G.  S.  Americana  (Heau v.).  Trij)hisis  Ameriatmt  Vk'^ww  k^vo^i. 
81,  /.  10./.  10  (1812). 

A  slender  erect  pur})lish  grass,  40-90  cm.  high;  nodes  pubes- 
cent. Leaf-blades  scabrous  above,  those  of  the  culm  1-8  cm.  long, 
those  of  the  sterile  shoots  10-20  cm,  long,  1.5-2  mm.  wide.  Pan- 
icles thin,  simple,  the  lateral  ones  included  by  the  sheaths  of  the 
leaves,  the  terminal  exserted,  2-5-10  cm.  long,  rays  capillary. 
Empty  glumes  obtuse  or  lobed,  3.5-4  mm.  long;  iloral  glume 
linear-lanceolate,  about  5  mm.  long;  awn  pubescent,  5-7  mm.  long 
from  where  it  leaves  the  notch  of  the  glume;  palea  3  mm.  long,  acute. 

Alabama,  Mohr;  Florida,  Curtiss  345T,  (ritrher,  Chapnuot; 
Louisiana,  LmKjhns  in  1882;  Mississippi  (Ocean  Springs),  Tracy. 

Low  pine-b.irrc:is.  North  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Mississippi. 

T.  S.  Texana  (Thurb.)  Kuntze,  Rev.  (}en.  PI.  2:  780  (KS!>1). 
Tricus^iis  Texaim  Thurb.  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  18:180 
(1883). 

A  slender  erect  tufted  grass,  50-70  cm.  high,  culm,  leaves,  and 
branches  of  i)anicles  more  or  less  pubescent  with  short  spreading 
hairs,  the  nodes  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  intcrnodes, 
villous  at  the  throat;  lignle  a  mere  ring;  blades  mostly  involute, 
15-20  cm.  long,  1.5-3  mm.  wide.  Panicle  thin,  diffuse,  10-15 
cm.  long,  rays  single,  hairy  in  the  axils,  longest  4-7  cm.  long, 
bearing  3-5  spikelcts  above  the  middle.     Spikelcts  ovate-oblong,  5- 


FPxrrcK.E. 


4(57 


12-llo\vere(l,  O-ll  nun.  loii<:,  more  or  le.-^s  tiii^'cd  vitli  red:  ciiipty 
glumes  tliiii,  I-iutvciI.  second  ovale,  olitusi;  or  shortly  miicroiuitc, 
glaltroiis.  4  mm.  loii;,'^:  lloriil  glunii-  oval,  1  mm.  loii^r.  villous  to- 
ward the  base  niton  the  ;J  <;reeii  ni-rves.  the  midillc  nerve  shortly  ex- 
eurrent  between  the  short  teetii;  palea  l)road.  the  keels  revoliite 
below. 

Texas,  Rirenlion;   New  Mexico.  IIW///// 770.  TTT,  *^045;    Mex- 
ico, P  via  file  I!»rO.  Pahnn-  \Vu\. 

Louisiaiui,  New  Mexico,  western  Texas,  and  Arizona. 

8.  S.  seslerioides  (Mielix.) 
Scribn.  Mem.Torr.  ("lub.  ks(lS!)4). 
Poa  seslerioides  Mielix.  Fl.  lior. 
Am.  1:<;8  (180:5).  /W  i/in'm/Ke- 
fitht  I'ursli.  Kl.  Am.  Sept.  1 :  81 
(1814).  Trioiliaruprea  A.  F.  .laeq. 
Eclog.  (iram.  2:",»1,  /.  /';  (1814). 
Tricuspis  seslerioides  'J'orr.  Fl.  U. 
S.  1:118  (18',>4).  Sie(/liti;/iu  Jlara 
Kuntze,  liev.  Gen.  IM.  :8!»  (1891). 
Po<(  flam  li.  =  /'.  eroeala  Michx. 
teste  Munro,  Jourii.  Linn.  Hoc.  0 :  43 
(1863).  S.Chdpmdiiii'^WMiW.  inlierb. 

A  smooth  upright  showy  grass, 
80-150  em.  high.  Sheaths  com- 
pressed, about  the  length  of  the  inter- 
nodes,  ciliatenear  the  throat:  ligule 
aciliatering:  blades  3-5,  tiat.  eondu- 
plicate  or  involute,  30-40  em.  long, 
5-8  mm.  wide.  Panicle  ample,  tinally 
pyramidal,  20-30  or  more  cm.  long. 
rays  clammy,  capillary  in  sets  of 
2-4  or  single,  llower- bearing  ])ut 
little  below  the  middle,  hairy  in  the 
axils.  Spikelets  very  numerous, 
linear-oblong,  purple,  5  -7-flowered,  8-10  mm.  long;  empty  glumes 
1-nerved,  ovate,  muerouate,  second  3.5-4  mm.  long;  iloral  glume  4 


Fio.  93.  —  Sief/liiiffui  seslerioides. 
A,  />,  c,  il,  e,  s|)iki'lct  and  dissec- 
tions.    (SLTibner.) 


408  POACK/K. 

mm.  lonj,'.  villous  oji  tlie  lower  liulf  of  tlic  :»  proj('('tiii<,'  iicrvcd. 
iiK'liidiiig  two  iiitennetliate  teeth;  paleii  oviil,  revolule  tit  the 
base,  as  loujif  as  its  {jliime. 

r.  S.  J >(•/>( .  Jf/n'nil.  hA'i  (no  locality);  ^fassaohusotts,  ('oalci/: 
Illinois.  ('(Kih'i/:  District  of  C'olumhia,  Mi-C<(r//n/;  Florida.  Cur/iss 
3454,  ,f.  K.  SnuiU. 

Dry  or  sandy  fields,  Massachusetts,  Xcw  York,  to  Texas.  A 
grass  a])part'ntly  of  \wo\'  (|uality  for  |)asturc  or  meadow. 

0.  S.  pulchella  (H.  H  K.)  Kuntze.  I{ev.  {Wax.  1M.  2:780  (isni). 
Triodin  puh-ln-Jhi  11.  1?.  K.  Nov.  Ct-n.  1:  XryTy.  I.  47  (1815).  /w/'- 
leria  piihhi'lln  S|)ren<(.  Syst.  1  :  IJ'i'i  (I'^'U).  I'rnh'pis  piihlit'lh/ 
Kuuth.  Kev.  CJram.  1:  1(»S  (lS-.>!»). 

A  densely  tufted  yellowish  or  whitish  j^n-ecn  jrrass.  0-4  <'m.  high. 
Culm  scabrous,  very  slender,  braiiching  or  stoloniferoiis.  Leaves 
of  sterile  shoots  glaucous,  recurved,  involute.  1-3  cm.  long.  0.4-0.5 
mm.  diam.  Panicle  spicate  in  umbellat(f  clusters,  terminating  the 
leafy  branches.  Spikelcts  flattened,  ovate-oblong.  <j-!)-flowered. 
9-11  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  sube(pud,  lanceolate,  l-iu'rved.  0-7 
mm.  long;  floral  glume  oiilong.  pubescent  with  while  hairs.  4-5 
mm.  long,  apex  bitid  Jiearly  half  way  to  the  base,  with  a  straight 
awn  between  and  exceeding  the  lobes;  palca  oblong-spat ulate.  cili- 
ate  on  the  keels.  4  mm.  long. 

Arizona,  Roflinirh'  5T5.  I'riiHjIr  in  ISS2;  /'.  S.  Ihjif.  Ar/n'rul. 
540;  New  ^fexico,  HV////// '.*05!>;  California  (Los  Angeles),  Pahnrr 
500,  ()5'2,  i:5r)!». 

Of  the  last.  Dr.  Palmer  says  :  "  l{are,  in  crevices  of  rocks  on  a 
bare  promontory.  1T85  feet  above  tbe  sea-level." 

Texas  to  Arizona  and  California. 

Var.  parviflora  Vasey  ined. 

Smaller  in  every  way;  leaves  1  cm.  or  less  in  length:  spikelets 
;}_4.nowered ;  empty  glumes,  flond  glumes,  and  palcai  a  little  shorter 
than  m  the  species. 

Southern  California.  Orrutt. 

Texas  to  California. 

10.  S.  congesta  L.  II.  Dewey,  Coult.  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb. 
2:538  (18!U). 


KKS'ITCK.K.  4f'l) 

Culms  ;J(>~K)  <!m.  lii;;li;  leaves  imicli  like  those  of  >',  (ilhrsmis. 
I'jinicle  (leiirie.  G-H  ciii.  loii;,',  l.T)  "'  cm.  ilium.  Spikclcts  tiiij^cd 
with  |)iir|ile.  tumid,  oval  or  oltlon<f,  O-l'-J-llowcivd,  1-9  mm.  Ion;;; 
em|ity  ;,dunu'.s  liroaill}'  oval,  l-ucrved,  obtuse,  subacute  or  mueromitt'. 
first  *^.5  mm.  loii^s  second  :>  min.  Ion;;;  lloral  ;;Iunu'  sul't,  sjion^a 
on  the  lower  half  near  the  nerves,  hirsute  on  the  lower  half  of  ilic 
koel  and  the  base  of  the  lateral  nerves,  thi'  ;;lunu'  subcireular  when 
spread,  mucronate,  4  mm.  Ion;;;  palea  :{  mm.  Ion;;, deltoid-ovate  be- 
fore spreading'  the  broad  infoMed  mar;;iiis,  the  base  near  the  ki-i-ls 
thick  aiul  spongy. 

Clearly  distinct  from  S,  ulbesvots,  with  which  some  have  con- 
foumled  it. 

Texas,  X)'(ilh';i  in  1S!>:{. 

11.  S.  purpurea  (Walt.)  Kuntze.  I?ev.  (Jen.  IM.  TS!)  (ISiH). 
Aim  /nd'jitnrii  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  7S  (liSS).  I'mlipis  imrjinnn  and 
/'.  orislnhilo  Nutt.  (leu.  1 :  <I".',  (ii)  (ISIS).  TrirKsjtis  jutr/iKtcti 
A.  Cray,  Man.  Kd.  1  :  AS!)  (IS4S). 

A  tufted  procund)enl  or  ascending  annual,  often  purple;  culms 
solid,  '.'0-40(^11.  high,  with  nunu'rous  bearded  nodes.  Leaf-blades 
2-S  cm.  long,  \,'>-"l  mm.  wide.  I'aiMcles  terminal  or  lateral,  the 
latter  inchuleil  by  the  shi-aths,  very  simple,  ."{-0  cm.  long,  rays 
spikelike.  Kmpty  glumes  sid)e<pud,  linear,  ;5..')-4  mm.  long;  lloral 
glume  linear,  4..")  mm.  long,  the  awn  1-2  nim.  loiig. 

New  ^'ork  (UulTalo),  (f.  IT.  Clinton  4.'];  New  .lersey  (Sandy 
Hook);  X'ii'ginia,  l.  S.  lifpt.  A;iririil.  ;)'y.\\  l"'lorida.  r///7/.v,v  ;)4.")<); 
Illinois.  Pdfcrsiin;   Mississippi  (Ocean  Springs).  Tnii'ji. 

In  the  herbarium  of  Harvard  University  and  thi'  ])(>pt.  Agricid. 
at  Washijigton  are  plants  under  the  minu'  7'.  sjKirsijhnui  Cliapm. 
Jiotli  of  these  are  all'ected  with  smut.  After  cari'ful  examination, 
I  am  (confident  that  they  are  defornu'd  specimens  of  S.  imr/mri'ii. 

Sandy  soils.  Massachusetts  to  Khtrida  near  the  coast,  also  near 
Lake  Erie  at  HutTalo,  and  parts  of  Illinois. 

12.  S.  albescens  (Munro)  Kuntze  1.  c.  Triodia  alln'sreuH  IJenth. 
Vasey,  (\v.  V.  S.  35(lSSr)). 

A  smooth  erect  tufted  grass,  40-TO  cm.  high.  HIades  of  sterile 
shoots  Hat  or  involute,  taper-})ointed,  IS-IJO  cm.   long,   2-4  mm. 


470  IMtACK.K. 

wide,  tlioso  of  tlio  cuhn  :{-4,  aiul  shorter;  li;,'ule  u  ciliutc  rinjr. 
I'lmiclc  slijjhtly  t'xsertt'd,  (louse,  sli^'lilly  ititeniiptt'd,  '.(-14  cm. 
loiij;,  7-14  diiim.  SjdkoU'ts  judo  or  tin;,a'd  with  purpU',  uhloiig  or 
ovate.  T-lO-llowerud,  4.5-5.5  iiiiii.  loMi,';  (Miipty  j;li:nies  broad, 
oviite,  ueute,  1-iierved,  lirst  '.*.5-4  mm.  loii^',  second  a  little  louijer; 
llorul  glume  nearly  smootli,  broad  oval,  mostly  miicroiiate,  :}-:). '» 
mm.  lor.g;  luilea  ovate,  obciiiieate  before  si)readiiig,  'Z.^-'i  mm. 
Ioii;»',  mar;,Mns  broad  and  infolded. 

Texas,  Hcverrluni,  Ai'<i/lei/  for  V.  S.  Dept.  Af];rieul.,  Je/ini/. 

1:5.  S.  acuminata  (.Mnnro)  Kuntze  1.  e.  TricK/^pis  acunnmita 
Mnnro,  A.  (Jruy,  I'roe.  Acad.  Sc.  Phila.  :);)5  (ISO;?).  TrUnlia  acii- 
iiniiotd  Hentli.  Vasoy.  (Ir.  l'.  S.  ;55  (1SS>*)). 

A  slender  erect  tufted  glaucous  grass,  15-20  cm.  high,  nodes 
smooth.  Leaves  of  sterile  shoots  numerous,  curved,  couduplicate. 
;{-8  cm.  long,  1.5-'^  nun.  wide,  apex  obtuse,  not  recurved,  those  of 
the  culm  "l\  ligule  a  ciliate  ring,  all  blades  with  light-colored  mid- 
nerves  and  a  similar  one  on  each  margin,  the  width  very  uniform 
throughout.  Panicle  much  exserted.  very  simple,  dense,  oblong, 
1.5-2.5  cm.  loug.  Spikelets  whitish  or  jjurplish,  ovate-lanceolate, 
S-l(»-llowered.  !)-!  1  nun.  long;  empty  ghunes  suberpial.  linear- 
lanceolate,  4.5-5  mm.  long;  floral  ghuue  with  keel  pubescent  neiir 
the  base  and  lateral  nerves  throughout.  ovate-Iaiu-eohite.  acute  or  2- 
tootlied.  5  mm.  long,  tlie  awn  0.5-1.5  mm.  long;  palea  oval  or 
spatulate,  ciliate  on  the  keels,  3.5-4  mm.  long. 

Texas,  hWeir/ion  for  V.  S.  Dept.  .\gricul.  534.  IMI  779, 
Liiidlieinier  738;  Arizona  (llackbcrry),  Jones,  Pritujle  in  18S4; 
Mexico,  Pri>ii/h>  4O0. 

Very  nearly  allied  to  S.  avcmicea  (II.  li.  K.),  aiul  }>erliaps  one 
should  be  considered  a  variety  of  the  otlu'r. 

14.  S.  Nealleyi  (Vasey)  L.  II.  Dewey,  ("oult.  C'ontrib.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Herb.  2:538  (18!)4).  Triodia  Xenn<'i/i  V-mv\,  Bull.  Torr. 
Club,  15:49  (1888). 

A  slender  erect  tufted  glaucous  perennial,  30-40  cm.  high,  nodes 
villous.  Leaves  of  sterile  shoots  numerous,  recurved,  conduplicate, 
5-8  cm.  long,  2.5  cm.  wide,  apex  obtuse,  recurved,  those  of  the 
culm  3;  ligule  a  brown  ciliate  callous  ring;  all  leaves  with  aeon- 


FKSTICK.K.  471 

spicuous  li;;lit-colore(l  niid-nervt'  and  a  similar  oiu'  on  cacli  niarfjin, 
till'  wiiltii  of  leaf  nearly  uniform  tliroiij,'liout.  i'anicle  much  ex- 
Berted,  dense,  linear  or  ovoid,  sliirlitly  interniptcti  helow,  4-")  cm. 
lon^'.  Spikelets  whiti-sli,  tin;,'i'd  more  or  less  with  purple.  oltlon<;, 
0-T-llowered.  I  mni.  long;  empty  glinues  oval- lanceolate,  1-iicrvcd, 
first  4-4.')  mm.,  second  5-r»  mm.  I<»ng;  lloral  ;.dume  with  keel  pu- 
bescent toward  the  base,  and  lateral  nerves  tlirou_:rhoiit,  ovate-oval, 
obtuse,  4  mm.  long,  the  av.n  ))rojeeting  none  or  hut  little  ahovi-  the 
lohed  apex  of  its  glume;  palea  falcate,  spattdate,  ciliate  on  tho 
nerves,  'i.o  mm.  long.     Nearly  allied  to  S.  iiriindijhini. 

Texas,  yvuUey  for  Nat.  Mus.,  Chenate  Mountains,  I'residio 
county. 

15.  S.  grandiflora  (Vasey).  Tn'odia  (jrauiJIjJoni  \'asey,  ("on- 
trih.  r.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1 :  T)!)  (ISilO). 

A  sleiuler  erect  or  geniculate  tufted  glaueotts  grass,  tiO-SO  em. 
liigli;  nodes  villous.  Leaves  of  sterile  shoots  numerous,  recurved, 
contluplicate.  5-8  cm.  long,  2.5  mm.  wide,  apex  obtuse,  those  of 
the  culm  3;  ligide  a  brown  ciliate  callous  ring;  all  blades  with  a 
conspicuous  light-colored  mid-nerve  and  a  similar  one  on  each  mar- 
gin, the  width  of  blade  nearly  uniform  throughout.  Panicle  much 
exserted,  dense,  linear  or  ovoid,  4r-6  cm.  long.  Spikelets  whitish, 
tinged  more  or  less  with  purple,  linear  to  oval,  4-G-llower(  d,  8-10 
mm.  long:  empty  glumes  lanceolate,  1-nerved,  first  5-()  mm.  long, 
second  7-8  mm.  long;  tloral  glume  with  keel  pubescent  toward  the 
base  and  lateral  nerves  throughout,  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  5-0 
mm.  long,  the  awn  0.5  to  I  mm.  long;  palea  falcate-spatulate.  cili- 
ate on  the  nerves,  nearly  4  mm.  long. 

Texas,  XmJh'n  for  Nat.  Mus. ;  Mexico,  Prinyle  400.  The  latter 
was  distributed  as  T.  aveuacca  II.  K.,  by  which  name  this  grass  has 
been  known  for  some  years.  Dr.  Vjisey,  after  comparing  the  draw- 
ings of  T.  arenacea  with  the  above  plant,  deciited  that  the  grasses 
are  identical,  hence  the  new  name. 

Texas  to  Arizona  ami  Mexico. 

10.  S.  mutica  (Torr.)  Kuntze,  1.  c.  Tricuspid  mntica  Terr. 
Tac.  1{.  K.  Hep.  4:150  (1857). 

A   slender   erect   or  rigid   glaucous  tufted  grass,  40-70  cm. 


472 


POACE.E. 


high.  Chihiis  solid,  scabrid,  nodes  sniootli  or  sparingly  pubescent. 
Shoatlis  mostly  longer  than  the  internodes;  ligule  truncate,  eiliute, 
1  mm.  long;  leaves  of  sterile  shoots  erect,  slender,  often  breaking 
at  the  top  of  the  sheath,  those  of  the  culm  4  in  number,  blades 
rigid,  scabrid,  involute,  pungehc-pointed.  20-30  cm.  long,  less  than 
1  mm.  diam.  Panicle  slendi.'r,  erect,  s])ikelike,  interrupted,  10-20 
cm.  long.  Spikelets  linear,  purplish,  I'.early  terete,  0-1 1 -flowered, 
12-17  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  linear-lanceolate,  1-nerved.  first 
5.5-().5  mm.  long,  second  0.5-7.5  mm.  long;  floral  glume  linear 
or  oval,  enuirginate,  awnless.  pubescent  on  the  nerves,  5.5-7  mm. 
long;  palea  elliptical,  pubescent  on  the  keels,  ;3.5-4  mm.  long. 

Texas,    Ncrerrfinn    for   V.    8.    Dept.    Agricul.    2:5!):    Arizona, 
Priiiglc'm  1882:  Mexico  (Chihualuia),  Pn'>i(jlc  iOb,  Pahiier  2'ZW. 
Texas  to  Arizona  and  ^lexico. 

108.  (2Gla).  RedFIELDIA  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  14:133 
(1887). 

Spikelets  3-5-flowercd,  pedicellate  in  a  lax  si)reading  panicle 
half  or  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  culm,  raciiilhi  sliort.  ar- 
ticulate under  the  floral  glumes,  beset  with  white  hairs.  Empty 
ghuues  about  half  as  long  as  thespikelet.  ovate-laiu'colate,  l-nerved; 
floral  glume  com})ressed,  rather  rigid,  ovate-lanceolate,  3-nerved, 
the  mid-nerve  curved,  the  lateral  nerves  i)romini'nt  and  midway 
lo  the  margin,  base  more  or  loss  pubescent:  palea  equalling  or  longer 

than  its  glume,  of  nearly  the  same  texture, 
folded  lengthwise  in  the  middle  and  with  two 
])rominent  keels  folded  in  the  o})posite  di- 
rection. 

I>r.  Yasey  believes  it  nearest  allied  to  Fes- 
tuca,  from  which  it  differs  in  having  the 
flowers  crowded   on   the  rachilla,   in   the  1- 

nerved  emptv  glumes,  in  the  pointed  orconi- 
Fir..  U.-ltedfieldia  Jkx-      ,  ,,  '    '  ,  ,    i        „     ,      ,        , 

uom     A,  si)ikelet;  a,  cai  floral  glumes,  not  rouiideu  on  tlie  back  and 
fl..n.t.    (Scribiier.)         q,j,^,  3-ncrved. 

Named  for  the  late  J.  II.  IJedtield  of  Philadel])hia. 
1.  R.  flexuosa  (Thurb.)  Vasey  1.  c.     Grapheplwrum  {'^)Jlexuosum 
Thurb.  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  78  (1803). 


FESTrCE.E. 


473 


Rootstocks  strong,  creeping.  Culms  sniootli.  flexuous,  20-00 
cm.  high.  Shcatlis  longer  than  the  internodes,  smooth;  ligiile 
u  hairy  ring;  blades  30-50  cm.  long,  mostly  near  the  base,  rigid, 
.smooth,  involute.  Panicle  with  distant  alternate  spreading  rays, 
naked  below,  the  lower  10-15  cm.  long,  branches  tilil'orm.  divergent. 
8j)ikelets  on  jiedicels  2-3  cm.  long,  ovate,  com])ressed,  4-T  mm. 
long,  llorets  crowded:  first  empty  glume  2-2..')  mm.  long,  second  a 
little  longer  and  broader;  tloral  glume  with  white  hairs  at  the  base, 
1-2  mm.  long,  com])ressed,  acute  to  erose. 

Kansas,  Vaseij  in  IHSi)  for  Nat.  Mus.,  also  found  in  Colorado. 

10!).  (22(j).  DiSSANTHELIUM  Trill.  Liiiiiavi  10:305  (1830). 
Phdaridiimt  Nees,  Kov.  Act.  Nat.  Cur.  l!i:  Suppl.  1,  101  (1S43). 
Stcnocliha  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila.  Ser.  2.  1:  1S1»  (!S47). 

Spikelets  2-4-llo\vered,  in  a  narrow  usually  dense  panicle, 
rachilla  glabrous,  articulate  between  tlie  llowers  and  produced  l)e- 
yond  as  a  minute  bristle.  Em[)ty  glumes  persistent,  narrow,  keeled, 
1-3-iierved.  acute  or  acuminate,  slightly  uiie(|ual;  llonil  glume 
much  shorter,  l)roadcr,  rather  obtuse,  awuless, 
keeled.  3-nerved;  palea  shorter  than  its  glume, 
2-ke('led.  2-toothed.  Stamens  1-3.  Grain  oblong, 
subtri(iuetroiis,  slightly  furrowed  or  not,  included, 
but  not  adherent.  Low  tufted  annuals  or  peri'U- 
nials  with  nai'row  flat  blades.  Panicle  shortly 
exsertcd. 

'I'here  are  two  or  three  species  found  in  America 
from  California  to  Bolivia. 

1.  D.  Californicum  (Nutt.)  P.entli.  Hook. 
Icones.  PI.  14:00,  /.  1375  (1881).  Stciiovhloa 
Califoniira    Nutt.    Journ.    Acad.    Phila.    1:189 

(^^"^')-  Fia.  or..— 7)4.va/i- 

Annual;  culms  sjiaringly  branched  below,  10-  thelium  Califor 

,  .    ,           iL.i        1        '            1           ii          1  tiifum.   Si)ik«'lft 

30    cm.     high.       Siieatlis    smootli,    ratiier    loose,  Usseoied.  iSnib- 

striate,  about  as  long  as  the  internodes:  ligule  ob-     "*^''') 
tuse,  2-3  mm.  long;  blades  flat  or  conduplicate.  broad  at  the  base, 
acuminate,  10-20  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide.     Panicle  loosely  spike- 
like, 5-12  cm.  long,  rays  erect,   mostly  in  pairs  (in  large  ])lants 


474 


I'OACE.E. 


4-6  rays),  tlic  longest  3-4  cm.  long  simple  and  densely  flowt^rod 
at  the  base.  Spikelets  mostly  sessile,  pale  green,  2-3-no\vered ; 
empty  glumes  spreading,  sul>e(iual,  about  3  mm.  long,  first  1- 
nerved,  second  3-ncrved;  lloral  glume  loosely  pubescent  below, 
ovate-acute,  the  second  6  mm.  long;  i>alea  pubescent. 

Lower  California  ((Juadalupe  Island),  Palmer  06. 

2.  D.  sclerochloides  (Steud.)  Fourn.  Mex.  PI.  Enum.  Gram.  2: 
112:  (1886).    Poa  sclerochloides  Steud.  Herb,  (fide  Fourn.). 

A  smooth  tufted  grass,  5-7  cm.  high.  Ligulo  obtuse,  1.5  mm. 
long;  blades  involute  or  conduplicate,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  about  1  mm. 
diam.  Panicle  1-2  cm.  long,  oval,  rather  dense,  rays  in  twos  to 
fours,  the  longest  bearing  two  spikelets.  Spikelets  on  short  pedi- 
cels, 2-fiowered,  oval,  acute,  spreading  with  age,  3-3. o  mm.  long; 
empty  glumes  3-nerved,  the  margins  white;  fioral  glume  smooth, 
broad,  ovate  when  spread,  2-2.3  mm.  long.     Stamen  1. 

Mexico,  Pringle  4222,  also  in  Chili. 

Moist  places  in  the  bottom  of  a  crater,  13,500  feet  above  the  sea- 
level. 

110.  (227).  MOLINIA  Shrank,  Baier.  Fl.  1:100,  334  (1789). 
Bnodium  Gaud.  Agrost.  Ilelv.  1: 145  (1811).  Monilia  S.  F.  Gray, 
Nat.  Arr.  Brit.  PI.  2:110  (1821).  Amhhjtcs  Dulac,  Fl.  Hautcs- 
Pyr.  80  (1867). 

Spikelets  2-4-flowered,  in  a  narrow  loose  subterete  panicle,  ra- 
cliilla  smooth,  articulate  between  the  flowers,  and  often  produced 


Fig.  96. — Molinia  carulea.    Spikelets.    (Richardson.) 

above  them.  Empty  glumes  persistent,  awnless,  1-nerved,  unequal, 
shorter  than  the  florets;  floral  glume  firm,  membranous,  awnless, 
convex,  3-uerved ;  palea  obtuse,  2-keeied,  scarcely  shorter  than  its 


FESTUCE^U.  475 

glume.  Stamens  3.  Grain  oblong,  furrowed,  subquadrangular, 
enclosed,  but  not  adherent. 

There  is  only  one  species,  and  tliat  belongs  to  Europe,  northern 
Africa,  and  western  Asia. 

1.  M.  cdcuuLKA  (L.)  MttMich,  Meth.  183  (179-4).  Aim  cwrulea 
L.  Sp.  PL  C3(ir53). 

A  slender  tufted  perennial,  30-90  cm.  high.  Culm  with  one  to 
two  leaves  only,  and  those  near  the  base.  Sheaths  smooth,  bearded 
at  the  throat;  ligule  none;  blades  smooth,  involute,  rigid,  tips  very 
slender,  10-15  cm.  long.  Panicle  3-30  cm.  long,  rachis  c-om- 
pressed,  flexuose.  Empty  glumes  2-3  mm.  long;  floral  glumes  4-5 
mm.  long.  Anthers  violet-brown.  Sparingly  introduced  or  likely 
to  he  introduced  with  grass-seeds. 

111.  (230).  Erageostis  Host,  Ic.  Gram.  4:14  (1809);  Beauv. 
Agrost.  70.  /.  14.  /.  11  (1812).  Menustachija  Heauv.  Agrost.  74: 
(1812).  Erorhloe  liufin.  Xeogenyi.  4  (1825).  Exayrostis  Steud. 
Nom.  Ed.  2.  1 :  G22  (1840).  llurparhne  llochst.  Cf.  Flora,  24 
(1841).  Intell.  20,  uomcn;  et  ex  Rich.  Tent.  Fl.  Abyss.  2:431 
(1850).  ('a'hclnjrniii  Nees,  Linnani  10:221  (1842).  Jfan-ohk- 
pharus  Philippi,  Linn.  29:  100  (1857-58).  Cladoraphis  Fianch. 
ex  Dur.  1.  c.  (1888). 

Spikelets  usually  many-flowered,  in  a  loose  and  spreading  or  nar- 
row and  clustered  panicle,  rachilla  usually  glabrous  and  articulate 
under  the  floral  glumes,  rarely  inarticulate,  flowers  perfect  or  vari- 
ously unisexual.  Empty  glumes  unequal,  rather  shorter  than  the 
floral  glumes,  keeled,  first  1-nerved,  second  1-3-nerved  (ours  all  1- 
nerved),  floral  glumes  obtuse  or  acute,  unawned,  3-nerved,  the  keel 
prominent,  the  lateral  nerves  sometimes  obscure;  palea  shorter  than 
its  glume  with  a  prominent  nerve  or  keel,  often  persisting  after  the 
glume  and  grain  luive  fallen  away.  Stamens  2-3.  Styles  distinct, 
short;  grain  globose,  ovoid  or  oblojig,  usually  not  furrowed,  en- 
closed, but  not  adherent,  often  deciduous  with  the  floral  glume. 

There  are  about  100  species  widely  spread  in  warm  and  temper- 
ate regions,  not  found  in  very  cold  countries  or  on  high  mountains. 
Two  or  three  are  cosmopolitan  and  several  difficult  to  limit.  Nearly 
allied  to  Poa,  to  which  genus  the  species  have  sometimes  been  re- 


476  POACE.K. 

ferrcd ;  some  species  have  beeu  variously  referred  to  Fesfnca,  Briza, 
Duciylis,  Ehusine,  or  Leptochloa ;  some  liave  been  i)ropose(l  as 
genera.     Henthani  proposed  tlie  following  sections: 

1.  i!((tadasion  Do'll.. — those  with  short  spikelets  with  few 
flowers  and  fragile  rachilla. 

3.  Flagiosiachi/(i, — the  inflorescence  approaching  that  of  Chlori- 
deae. 

3.  3f)/rioSi^achya, — a  complicated  inflorescence. 

4.  Fe/ervessa  Doell. ,  or  Erayrostis  proper, — many-flowered  spike- 
lets,  with  the  racliilla  continuous  or  rarely  articulate  when  old, 
floral  glumes  usually  deciduous,  leaving  the  palea  persistent.  Spe- 
cies numerous  and  may  be  subdivided  into  three  subsections : 

a.  CijUndrostachym, — narrow  almost  terete  spikelets. 

b.  LepfosfacJiycp, — with  narrow-linear  flat  spikelets. 

c.  MeyasfaclujiB, — broad-linear  or  oblong  flat  spikelets. 

5.  Flatystwhya, — broad,  flat,  many-flowered  spikelets  with 
rather  paleaceous  glumes,  and  the  rachilla  ^articulate  as  in  Cata- 
clasfos. 

6.  SderoHtachya, — paleaceous  glumes  and  jfi'ticulate  rachilla,  as 
those  of  Fhitystachya;  but  the  spikelets  are  not  so  broad  and  the 
rigid  leaves  are  long  and  rushlike  or  short  and  pungent. 

A.  A  prostrate,  creeping  annual 1 

B.  Erect  or  spreading  annuals,  panicle  spikelike (a) 

a.  Spikelets  lO-oO-flowercd 2 

a.  Spikelets  i-i-flowered 3 

C.  Diffuse  annuals,  not  creeping,  floral  glume  1  mm.  long,    (b) 

b.  Panicle  spikelike,  spikelets  o-lO-flowcrcd 4 

b.  Panicle  spreading,  spikelets  2-5-flowered 5 

D.  Di'Tuse  annuals,  floral  glume  2.T-3.8  nnn.  long,  panicle 
spikelike,  spikelets  4-24:-flowered G 

E.  Ditt'use  annuals,  panicle  not  spikelike,  floral  glume  usual- 
ly 1-1.5  mm.  long (c) 

c.  Spikelets  2-5-flowered,  floral  glume  1.2-1.4  mm.  long.  7 
c.  Spikelets  2-10-flowered.  floral  glume  1-1.2  mm.  long.  8 
c.  Spikelets  2-4-flowered,  floral  glume  1.2-1.5  mm.  long.  9 
c.  Spikelets  2-20-flowered,  floral  glume  1.5  mm.  long.   .  10 


FESTUCE.E.  477 

F.  Perennials,  floral  glume  more  than  2  mm.  long.    .     .     .(d) 
(1.  Panicle     racemose     or    capitate,     spikelets     15-30- 

flowered,  floral  glume  2.7-3.'-^  mm.  long 11 

d.  Panicle  usually  ovoid (e) 

e.  Spikelets  2-12-flo\vered,  flora   glume  2.5-3  mm. 

long,  ligule  not  bearded 12 

e.  Spikelets    4-12-flo\vered,    floral   glume   2.5   mm. 

long,  ligule  bearded 13,  14 

e.  Spikelets     10-18-flo\vered,    floral     glume    2.5-3 

mm.  long,  ligule  bearded 15 

G.  Annuals  or  perennials,  floral  glume  1.8-2  mm.  long.       .    (f) 
f.  Panicle   narrow,    10-15    cm.  long,    spikelets   10-40- 

flowered,  floral  glume  1.6  mm.  long,  annual.    ...     16 

f.  Panicle  spreading,  annual (i) 

i.   Panicle  15-35  cm.   long,  spikelets  5-14-flowered, 

floral  glume  1.5-1.7  mm.  long 17 

i.   Panicle  18-25  cm.  long,  pyramidal,  spikelets  7-11- 

flowered,  floral  glume  2  mm.  long 18 

i.  Panicle  8-16  cm.  long,  spikelets  10-50-flowered, 

floral  glume  2  mm.  long 19 

i.   Panicle  12-30  cm.   long,  spikelets  5-20-flowered, 

floral  glume  1.5-1.8  mm.  long 20 

f.  Panicle  si^reading,  perennials (k) 

k.  Panicle  20-30  cm.  long,  spikelets  6-12-flowered, 

floral  glume  1.7-2  mm.  long 21 

k.  Panicle  30-60  cm.  long,  spikelets  6-20-ilowered 

floral  glume  1.7-2.1  mm.  long 22 

k.  Panicle  20-30  cm.  long,  spikelets  5-12-flowered, 

floral  glume  1.8-1.9  mm.  long 23 

k.  Panicle   20-30  cm.  long,   spikelets  4-7-flowered, 

floral  glume  1.8-1.9  mm.  long 24 

k.  Panicle  25-35  cm.  long,  spikelets   4-8-flowered, 

floral  glume  1.7  mm.  long 25 

k.  Panicle   30-40  cm.   long,  spikelets  3-4-flowered, 

floral  glume  1.5  mm.  long 26 

1,  E.  hypnoides  (Lam.)  B.  S.  P.  Prel.  Cat.  N.  Y.  69  (188S). 


478  POACE.E. 

Poa  hypnoidcs  Lam.  Tabl.  Encycl.  1:  185  (1701).  Poa  rcptmis 
Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1 :  09  (1803).  Bragrosfis  .  eptans  JS'ees, 
Agrost.  Bras.  514  (1829). 

Prostrate  aud  creeping  annuals,  culms  mucli-branched,  5-30  cm. 
long,  ligule  a  ciliate  ring;  blades  Hat  or  involute,  1-5  cm.  long,  1-3 
mm.  wide.  Panicle  ovoid  or  pyramidal,  3-G  em.  long,  or  capitate. 
Spikelets  Hat,  elliptical,  ovate  or  linear,  im])erfeetly  dia'cious,  almost 
sessile  or  even  capitate,  10-40-Howered.  5-14-22  mm.  long;  empty 
glumes  acute,  0.5-1  mm.  long;  lloral  glume  broadly  ovate,  acute, 
1.8-2.2  mm.  long,  with  lateral  nerves  obscure  or  })rominent;  palea 
shorter  than  its  glume,  ciliate  on  the  keels.  Grain  oval,  com- 
pressed, 0.7-0.8  mm.  long. 

r.  .S'.  IJepf.  Agncnl.  591;  Illinois,  Ctmhij  in  18G8;  Florida, 
Chtipnmn:  Texas,  Palmer  \?>^^,  Nealley;  Oregon,  JIaU  G31;  Cali- 
fornia, Pnmjle  in  1882. 

\'ery  variable  in  size,  mode  of  growth,  and  arrangement  of 
spikelets. 

In  some  the  geniculate  stems  are  00  or  more  cm.  long,  with  in- 
ternodes  10  em.  long.  In  No.  431,  T.  J.  Howell.  Oregon,  the 
si)ikelets  are  in  very  large  numbers  (hundreds)  in  a  tuft  8-10  cm. 
diam. 

Wet  places,  New  England  to  Oregon  and  Texas. 

2.  E.  Vahlii  (R.  cS:  S.)  Nees,  Agrost.  Bras.  2:  490  (1829).  Poa 
VahUi  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  5G3  (1817).  E.  anmna  Presl,  Rel.  lla?nk. 
1:  275  (1830).  Megastachya  amwna  Fouru.  ilenisl.  Biol.  Centr. 
Am.  Bot.  3:572  (1880). 

An  erect  or  ascending  annual,  5-30  cm.  high.  Culms  simple, 
branching  below.  Sheaths  slightly  compressed,  striate,  pilose  at 
the  throat;  blades  flat,  attenuate-acuminate,  smooth  above,  usually 
pilose.  Panicle  3-10-15  cm.  long,  spikelike  or  with  rays  more  or 
less  remote  and  spreading,  bearing  spikelets  to  the  base.  Spikelets 
nearly  sessile,  crowded,  erect  or  spreading,  5-25  mm.  long,  linear 
or  linear-obloug,  much  compressed,  10-50-flo\vered ;  empty  glumes 
lanceolate,  subequal,  about  2.5  mm.  long,  scabrous  on  the  keel; 
floral  glume  2.3-2.7  mm.  long,  ovate,  acuminate,  nerves  distinct, 
keel  scabrous  above;  palea  incurved,  a  third  shorter  than  its  glume, 


FES'i'lKJK.E. 


479 


the  keels  finely  cilitite.     (Jrain  ovoid,  compressed,   0.5-0.6  mm. 
long.     Distributed  as  E.  Prinf/ki  Seribn. 

Mexico.  Pfiiujk  3334,  on  the  siindy  plains  of  Jalisco. 
3.  E.  pallida  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1 :  285  (1893). 
An  erect  or  spreading  sparingly  brauciied  annual,  30-50  em. 
higli.     Sheaths  3,  nearly  smooth,  shorter  than  the  interuodcs;  lig- 
ule  very  short;  blades  scabrid  on  both  sides,  flat,  S-Vl  cm.  long,  3-5 
mm.  wide.       Panicle  spikelike,  interrupted  below,   light-colored, 
15-20  cm.  long,  rays  often  densely  clustered,  llower-bearing  to  the 
base,  3-5  cm.  long.       Spikelets  on  short  pedicels,  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  slightly  compressed,   1.5-3.3  mm.  long,  4-7- flowered; 
empty  glumes  1-nerved,  oval,  obtu.-^e  or  acute,  first  O.U  mm.  long, 
second  0.8-0.9  mm.  long;  floral  glume  ovate  or  oval,  acute  or  ob- 
tuse, 1.1-1.2  mm.  long,  lateral  nerves  less  than  the  length  of  the 
glume:  palea  about  0.9  mm.  long. 
Nearly  allied  to  E.  alba  Presl. 
Mexico  (State  of  Colima),  Palmer  1208. 

4.  E.  ciliaris  (L.)  Link,  llort.  Berol.  1:  192  (1827).  Poa  rill- 
art's  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2:102  (1702).  Me(/as/arJi;/n  riliaris  lieauv. 
Agrost.  74  (1812).     Poa  eler/ans  Poir.  Lam.  Encycl.  5:  87  (1804). 

A  diffuse  slender  branching  annual,  20-50  cm.  high.  Sheaths 
smooth  or  sparingly  ciliate,  bearded  at  the  tiiroat;  blades  thin,  flat 
or  involute,  5-10  cm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wiile.  Panicle  spiked, 
cylindrical,  more  or  less  interrupted.  5-10  cm.  long,  5-7  mm.  diam. 
Spikelets  oval,  5-10-flowered,  2.5-3  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  ovate- 
lanceolate,  1-nerved,  subequal,  0.8-1.2  mm.  long;  floral  glume 
elliptical,  lateral  nerves  very  near  the  margin,  mucronate,  1  mm. 
lono-,  rough  or  ciliate  on  the  back;  palea  as  long  as  its  glume, 
linear,  the  keels  fringed  with  slender  bristles  often  1  mm.  lotig. 
Grain  ovoid,  slightly  flattened  on  the  side  opposite  the  embryo, 

0.4-0.5  mm.  long. 

Georgia,   Curfiss   3493;    Mississippi  (Ocean   Springs),    Tracy; 

Mexico  (Jalisco),  Pruii/le  1851. 

South  Carolina  to  Mexico. 

Var.  patens  Chapm.  ?     Blades  broader;  panicle  more  open,  3 
cm.  diam.;  spikelets  purplish,  3-5-flowered;  empty  glumes  shorter 


480  POACE.E. 

and  broader:  floral  glume  0.7  mm.  long;  palea  with  cilia  on  the 
nerves  0.1-0.3  mm.  long.     Very  likely  a  good  species. 

(Jeorgia,  Ciniif<s  [iVJ3*;  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  575,  no  locality; 
Florida  (Key  West). 

5.  E.  Frankii  Meyer,  Steud.  PI.  Gram.  273  (1855). 

A  slender  much-branched  ditfuse  annual,  10-30  cm.  liiirh. 
Ligule  short,  ciliate;  blades  Hat,  tiiin,  nearly  smooth,  variable  in 
length,  1-2  mm.  wide.  Panicle  ovoid-oblong,  7-15  cm.  long,  rays 
and  their  branches  capillary,  very  numerous,  rather  stitt'.  hlpike- 
lets  pedicellate,  oval,  acute,  2-5-tlowered,  2-3  mm.  long;  empty 
glumes  slightly  unequal,  1-nerved,  acute,  about  1  nun.  long;  floral 
glume  broadly  ovate,  acute,  1  mm.  long,  lateral  nerves  obscure; 
palea  incurved,  3-toothed,  broadly  oval,  ciliate  on  the  nerves  0.7 
mm.     Grain  slightly  compressed,  obliquely  oval.  0.5-0.6  mm.  long. 

Pennsylvania,  Porfer  for  Clark  2962;  Michigan,  Wliechr  96; 
Illinois.  Ganby  in  1868;  Missouri,  Hitchcock',  Tennessee,  Gnffiiif/er 
for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  578. 

Low  or  high  land,  sandy  or  clay  loam.  Pennsylvania  to  I^Iin- 
nesota  and  southward. 

6.  E.  diversiflora  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1 :  285 
(1803). 

A  diffuse  annual,  much  branched  below.  40-240  cm.  high. 
Sheaths  4-5,  smooth,  striate  when  mature,  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes;  throat  pilose,  ligule  very  short;  blades  scabrous  above, 
smooth  below,  20-30  cm.  long.  2-3  mm.  wide,  involute  with  long 
capillary  points.  Panicle  narrow,  15-20  cm.  long,  the  largest  ap- 
pearing spikelike,  rays  in  clusters  or  scattered,  the  longest  4-8  cm. 
long,  flower-bearing  to  near  the  base,  or  when  young  or  feebly  de- 
veloped, thin  with  a  few  short  spikelets,  Spikelets  very  variable, 
flattened  more  or  less,  either  linear-lanceolate,  10  mm.  long,  18-24- 
flowered,  or  reduced  and  ovate-lanceolate,  3-5  cm.  long,  4-6- 
flowered,  Avith  all  intermediate  grades;  empty  glumes  1-nerved, 
ovate-acute,  first  1.3  mm.  long,  second  1.2  mm.  long,  scaberulous 
on  the  keel;  floral  glume  oval-acute,  2.7-2.8  mm.  long;  paleu 
1.5-1.7  mm.  long,  with  keels  ciliate.  Grain  triquetrous-ovoid,  0.7 
mm.  long. 


FKSTICE.K.  481 

Mexico  (State  of  Colima),  Pahner  13:]5. 

7.  E.  pusillus  Scribn.  iucd. 

A  rilenJiT  ^duiuiular  dilTuse  brauehing  annual,  15-30  cm.  high. 
Ligule  very  slioit,  puberulent;  blades  and  slitaf lis  pubescent,  the 
former  ilal  or  involute,  ;}-(}  cm.  long,  3-G  mm.  wide.  Panicle 
linear  or  elliptical,  many-llowcred,  rays  single  or  in  twos  or  tlirccs, 
diU'nsely  branched  throughout.  Spikelets  light  green,  becoming 
brown,  pedicellate,  ovate  or  oval,  t.*-5-llowered,  l,".*-3  mm.  long: 
empty  glumes  ovate,  acute,  1-nerved,  sca])rid  on  the  keel,  llrst 
0.5-0.8  mm.  long,  second  0.8-1.2  mm.  long;  floral  glume  smooth, 
broadly  oval,  abruptly  acute,  obscurely  3-nerved,  1.2-1.-1  nmi.  long; 
palea  incurved,  smooth,  oval  before  spreading,  margins  from  the 
obscure  keels  wide,  about  1  mm.  long.  Grain  globose,  slightly 
compressed,  0.5  mm.  long. 

Mexico  (Jalisco),  Prinr/h'  2327. 

8.  E.  glomerata  (Walt.)  L.  11.  Dewey.  C'oult.  C'ontrib.  U.  S. 
Xat.  Herb.  2:543  (181(4).  Pan  f/hoiemfd  Walt.  Fl.  ("ar.  SO 
(1788).  Po(f  coiiferta  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  (Ja.  1:  1")8  (181G).  B. 
confcrf a  Trin.  Act.  Petrop.  VI,  1:40!)  (1831). 

An  erect  rather  stout  branching  annual,  GO-DO  vm.  high. 
Sheaths  smooth;  ligule  1  mm.  long;  blades  ilat,  20-30  em.  long, 
3-4  mm.  wide.  Panicle  whitish,  linear  or  lanceolate,  2o-(jO  cm. 
long,  brancdies  nunun*ous,  clustered,  erect.  Spikelcts  pedicellate, 
appressed,  covering  the  branches  to  the  base,  oldong.  2-7-10- 
llowcred,  2.5-3  mm.  long;  glumes  all  smooth,  very  thin;  empty 
glumes  ovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  second  about  I  mm.  long;  floral 
glume  a  little  longer,  obtuse,  with  three  conspicuous  nerves;  palea 
nearly  as  long  as  its  glume. 

U.  S.  Depf.  Afp'irul.  57G,  no  locality;  Florida,  Cnrfiss  34li7. 

River  banks.  South  Carolina,  Florida  to  Texas,  Cuba,  Brazil. 

n.  E.  capillaris  (L.)  Xees,  Agrost.  Bras.  505  (1820).  J*(,a 
mpiUaris  L.  Sp.  Pi.  68  (1753). 

Tufted  erect  annuals  (?),  branching  only  at  the  very  base, 
spreading  above,  30-70  cm.  high.  Throat  bearded;  blades  rather 
rigid,  glabrous  or  sparingly  hairy,  involute,  40-60  cm.  long.  2-3 
mm.  wide.     Panicle   open,  elliptical,  ohovate   or  pyramidal,  rays 


482  POACE.E. 

nunieroua,  ln-iuiching,  capilliiry.  stilT,  mostly  naked  in  tlie  axils. 
Spikc'lets  mostly  single  on  long  jtodioels,  1-4  cm.  long,  oval,  grirn- 
isli  or  tinged  with  purjjle,  scanrely  ilattened,  2-4-llo\vered,  a.")-:).') 
mm.  long;  empty  glnmos  snheqnal,  acnte.  l-nervcd,  1-1,,'}  mm. 
long;  lloral  glnme  ovate,  obtnse  when  spread,  obscnrely  3-nerved, 
1.5  mm.  long;  i)alea  inonrved,  3-toothed,  ciliate  (m  the  keels. 

Massachnsetts,  Coohnj;  District  of  Columbia,  MrCarthy;  Ten- 
nessee, (htlliiKjer;   Florida,  Cnrti.ss  3409. 

New  England  to  Texas. 

10.  E.  EitACiHOSTis  (L.)  Karst.  Dentsch.  Fl.  380  (1880-S3). 
Poa  Envjrosfis  L.  Sp.  PI.  G8  (17:)3).  E.  minor  Host,  El.  Anstr. 
1:  i;]')  (1827).     B.  pomnides  lioaiiv.  Agrost.  1G2  (1812). 

Annual;  culms  varionsly  spreading  or  erect,  10-25  cm.  high. 
IMades  Hat,  smooth.  1-15  cm.  long,  1-2.5  mm.  wide,  themargijis  and 
glumes  containing  more  or  less  glands  secreting  an  oll'ensive  snb- 
stance.  Panicle  ovoid  or  linear,  rather  dense,  5-15  cm.  long. 
Spikelots  ilat  on  short  pedicels,  oblong-linear,  lead-colored,  8-20- 
tloAvered,  4-10  nun.  long;  floral  glnme  broadly  oval  and  obtuse 
when  sin-ead,  1.5  mm.  long,  lateral  nerves  prominent,  keel  nsnally 
smooth,  sometimes  glandular;  palea  oval,  ciliate  on  the  nerves. 
CJrain  globular-oval  or  ovoid,  O.G  mm.  long. 

Sandy  waste  places,  eastward,  perhaps  elsewhere.  Introduced 
from  Europe. 

^lexico,  Srliaffiwr  1027. 

11.  E.  interrupta  (Xutt.)  Trelease;  Branner  k  Coville,  Kep. 
Geol.  Surv.  Ark.  1888,  Part.  4,  237  (1891).  Poa  intevrupfa^nit. 
Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  (IT.)  5:  140  (1837).  E.  oxylepis  Torr.  Kept. 
Bot.  Whipple  Exped.  156  (185G). 

A  tufted  erect  slender  annual  or  perennial.  15-50  cm.  high. 
Sheaths  smooth;  ligulc  very  short,  often  bearded;  blades  rigid,  be- 
coming involute.  10-20  cm.  long,  2-3  nmi.  wide.  Panicle  race- 
mose, capitate  or  spikeliko  with  interrupted  clusters,  often  tinged 
with  light  purple,  4-12  cm.  long,  1-3  cm.  diam.  Spikelets  on  short 
jiedicels  or  nearly  sessile,  much  flattened,  linear  or  elliptical.  15-30- 
flowered,  10-lG  nmi.  long:  empty  glumes  lanceolate,  1 -nerved,  flrst 
2mm.  long,  second  2.5-3  mm  long;  floral  glume  ovate-lanceolate, 


FEftTUCE^E.  483 

nerves  prominent,  smooth,  3.T-3.'2  mm.  lonfj;  palea  incurved, 
emar<i;inato,  ciliato  on  the  keels,  'l-'i.S  mm.  h>ng.  CJrain  oval, 
8h<rhtly  compre.sHed,  1  nun.  h)nj,'  more  or  less. 

Texas,  I/((/l7S1,  L{n(//i('iitier  "I'.n,  7.\Ci.  J'tdi/irr  \.VU).  Ucrcfrhon 
for  r.  S.  Dept.  Agriciil.  r)S4,  Priti'jh  llMi'.i,  Mvallcy;  ^lississippi 
(Oeeaii  Spriiiirs),  Tracy;  New  Mexico,  Fendhr  913. 

Mississippi.  Texas,  and  New  Mexico. 

1-.'.  E.  tenuis  (Kll.)  A.  (.'ray.  Man.  Ed.  '2,  564  (1850).  Poa 
tenuis  Ell.  Fl.  S.  V.  &  (ia.  1 :  15(5  (ISli). 

Erect  tufted  perennials,  GO-1^0  cm.  hi;,di.  Sheaths  smooth  or 
more  or  less  softly  tomentose,  the  lower  ones  leaving  the  culm,  5-30 
cm.  long,  the  uitper  extending  a  third  to  half  the  height  of  the 
plant,  throat  ciliato;  ligule  a  merering;  blades  smooth,  firm,  invo- 
lute with  long  slender  ti[)s,  30-60  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  wide  at  the 
base.  Panicle  usually  but  little  exserted,  o])en,  ovoid  or  linear, 
30-75  cm.  long,  rays  numerous,  mostly  single,  sometimes  bearded 
in  the  axils  and  with  many  capillary  branches,  the  longest  often  '10 
cm.  long.  Si)ikelet3  on  very  sleiuler  pedicels.  2-30  cm.  long,  some- 
what ilattened,  oval  or  linear,  :.'-G-l'.'-llowtMe>l :  empty  glumes 
1-nerved,  lanceolate  or  awl-shaped,  first  1.5-3.5  mm.  long,  second 
2-3  mm.  long;  Horal  glume  with  three  strong  nerves,  ovate-acute  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  2.5-3  mm.  long:  jialea  slightly  incurved,  oval 
when  si)read,  obtuse,  nearly  as  long  as  its  glume.  Grain  subglo- 
bose,  with  a  slight  groove  on  one  side,  1  mm.  long. 

Illinois,  Geyer,  Patterson;  Texas,  Drifminond  7'3C),  Lindheimer, 
NeaJky;  Xew  Mexico,   Wright  Til,  1317. 

Sandy  soils,  New  England  to  Texas  and  Xew  Mexico. 

13.  E.  erosa  Scribn.  ined. 

A  tufted  perennial,  about  00  cm.  high.  Sheaths  smooth;  ligule 
bearded;  blades  involute,  rigid,  smooth  below,  30— 10  cm.  long,  about 
3  mm.  wide.  Panicle  diffuse,  ovoid,  30-40  cm.  long,  rays  diverg- 
ing, some  of  them  in  twos  and  threes,  sparingly  branched,  branches 
capillary  and  bearing  2-5  pedicellate  spikelets.  Spikelets  light  lead- 
color,  moderately  flattened,  linear,  4-1 2 -flowered,  0-12  mm.  long; 
empty  glumes  smooth,  thin,  ovate,  1-nerved,  first  about  1.0  mm. 
long,  second  about  2  mm.  long;  floral  glume  broadly  ovate,  obtuse 


484  I'oACK.K. 

or  ac'uto,  obscnroly  S-iicrvcd,  eiisily  sidittiiig.  about  2.5  mm.  long; 
p-aU'ii   slif^litly   iiuMrved.  Hpaluluto  or  luirrowly  obovate  whcMi  not 
.-pri'iul  oijcii,  tninculL',  tToso  or  slightly   3-lobt'd,  nerves  very  ob- 
scure, aiMooth.  2-'-'. 5  turn.  loii^'.     Gniiii  not  seeii. 
MoxH.'O  (^f'liihualiuii).  J'ritit/Ir  115. 

14.  E.  sessilispicata  lluukl.  I'roc.  Aaul.  Pliila.  OT  (1862). 
DIphu'hiif  n't/i(/ir  linntii.  N'asi'y,  (Jrassos  V.  S.  135  (1855).  Erayros' 
tiHriyiih  Scrihn.  I'loc  Acad.  Phila.  ;}04  (ISOl). 

Culms  erect,  slemlor.  30-50  cm.  lu;.di.  IMadcs  of  sterile  shoots 
i=!cal)riil.  involute  or  Hal,  :5-l.">  t-in.  lonir.  ".'  uitii.  uiilf.  those  of  the 
culm  I-".';  liuMih;  a  mere  riiij,'  lirariiig  thin  hairs.  I'aiiifle  much 
exserteil.  simple,  open,  pyramidal,  12-".'0  cm.  lon.ir;  rayjisiuLde,  the 
loii^'cst  (5-8  cm.  lonj;.  bearin,:jf  about  six  apprcsscd  spilsdcts.  Spike- 
lets  sessile,  G-'.i-llowcred.  G-12  mm.  lonj.':  empty  ^dumcs  hmctolate, 
.sube(pial.  4-5  nun.  loiitr:  first  l-iuTved,  second  3-nerved;  floral 
glume  llrm,  lan<H'olatc.  IJ-mM-vod,  -4  mm.  long:  paleii  firm,  incurved 
or  tumid  at  basf.  :!  nun.  long. 

Texas,  Ihwrri'liiin  for  V.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  5,"»(i,  Curlisx  o\b'd\ 
Kew  Mexico,  1 1 /-///A/  ;t:o. 

15.  E.  plumbea  Scribn.  ined. 

A  tufted  erect  i-ather  slender  perennial,  40-00  cm.  high. 
.Sheaths  smooth;  ligule  beardeil;  blades  llat  or  involute-rigid, 
smooth  lielow.  scabrid  abovt'.  S-1",'  em.  long,  3-5  mm.  wide.  I'an- 
icle  simi)le,  ovate  or  ])yramidal,  8-12  cm.  long,  rays  single,  bearded 
in  the  axils,  bearing  a  few  .short  branches.  Spikelets  mostly  ]>e- 
dieellate,  lead-colored,  llattened,  ovate-lanceolate  or  linear.  10-18- 
flowered,  li-lO  mm.  long:  em.pty  glumes  ovate-lanceolate,  1-nerved, 
scabrid  on  the  k(>el,  first  2  mm.  long,  second  ;>  mm.  long;  floral 
glume  ovate-lanceolate,  scabrid  on  the  keel,  lateral  nerves  less  promi- 
nent, 2.5-3  mm.  long;  palea  .slightly  incurved,  linear  before  spread- 
ing, acute,  keels  scaberulous.  Grain  very  slightly  compressed, 
ovoid,  1  mm,  long. 

^[exico  (Guadalajara),  Palmer '^■iO,  Pri)ifilc  2311. 

16.  E.  Brownei  (Kunth)  Nees,  Steud.  Xoni.  Ed.  2.  1:562 
(1841).     Poa  i)ohjmorpha  W.   Br.    Prod.    1:180   (1810).      Mega- 


FESTrcEJE.  48rt 

starhjin  pohjmorpha   Heiiuv.  Agrost.    74    (ISl-?).      Poa   lirnn'ml 
Kiimli,  Kcv.  (Jnim.  1:  U'l  (l.s-.".!). 

A  vi'iy  v!iriiil)U'  j)lant  in  stature  uiul  iwiu'ct,  usuuUy  above  IJOcin. 
hi;:li.  Lijriili'  soinotimi's  u  itii  ii  few  cilia;  l)lii(li'S  fliit  or  involutr. 
glabrous,  8-15  cm.  loii^'.  l.r)-'2  cm.  wide.  I'aiiiclo  somotinios  sijii- 
jtU' and  tlen-o  or  spikclikc  and  inU'rrui>t«'d,  lo  15  (Mil.  long,  soim- 
tinii'.s  150  cm.  lonj;,  with  sliort  spreading  rays  bearing  a  few  scattered 
or  clustered  spikeiets.  Spikelet-s  sessile  or  very  nearly  so,  Hat,  ID 
40-tlowered.  (1.5-15  mm.  Ion:,',  racliilla  very  tardily  articulate; 
empty  glumes  1-iierved,  about  1.5  mm.  long;  floral  glumo  broadly 
ovate,  acute,  1.6  mm.  Ion;:,  nerve-;  :5.  prominent  ami  strictly  par- 
allel  when  the  glume  is  spread;  palea  incurved,  the  keels  usually  mi- 
nutely eiliate,  about  1.5  mm.  long.  Stamens  3,  or  rarely  ii.  Ciraiu 
ovoid,  conipressed,  0.5  mm.  long.      reriiai>s  only  a  \ariety. 

Florida,  Cfarbcr :  al>o  I'fjund  in  Australia;  widely  spread  in 
India. 

K.  E.  Neo-Mexicana  Vasey  ined.  (?) 

A  ditVuse  oi-  cfi'i'i  annual,  branching  near  the  base,  GO-OO  cm. 
hiffh.  Slii-atlis  smooth,  beardedatthe  tliro:it;  liiiide  a  eiliate  ring; 
blades  ilat  or  invohite.  scabrous,  1  •.'-'.'( »-;;(»  cm.  long,  2-4-0  mm. 
wide.  Panicle  often  iucludcil  at  the  base,  light  lead-color,  ovoiil  to 
linear,  15-'?5-:i5  em.  Iimiv'.  rays  rigid,  mostly  single,  naked  for  a 
fifth  part  of  the  length,  branches  numerous.  a[ipressed.  Spiki'lets 
pedicellate,  tinged  with  red.  slightly  flattened,  linear  or  linear- 
laneeolate,  5-8-1 4-flowcivd,  5-0  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  thin,  1- 
nei'ved,  first  1-1.3  mm.  long,  second  ovate-acute,  1.5  mm.  long; 
floral  glume  smooth,  thin,  oval,  broadly  ovate  or  deltoid-oval,  obtuse 
or  abruptly  acute  when  spread,  the  nerves  all  prominent,  1.5-1.7 
mm.  long;  palea  incurved,  linear  before  spreatling,  obtuse,  eiliate 
on  the  keels,  1.3-1.5  mm.  long.  Grain  broadly  oval,  slightly 
grooved,  0.7-1  mm.  long. 

^[exico.  Pan'!/  '^'  P"^'»'f'  ^=56,  Priuylr  410,  Pahnoyni,  3(57. 

18.  E.  Orcuttiana  Vasey,  C'ontrib.  U.  S.  Xat.  Herb.  1:269 
(189;3). 

Apparently  annual ;  culms  00-90  cm.  high,  branching  slightly 
below,  smooth.     Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  smooth;  lig- 


486 


poace;e. 


ulo  very  short,  ciliate;  blades  Hat  or  becoming  involute,  8-15  cm. 
loii<,',  4-6  niin.  wide.  I'aiiicle  s])rea(lin<jf,  inraniidal,  18-'^5  cm. 
loiij,',  rays  with  siiiootli  axils,  scattered.  dcconiiMUind.  Spikelets 
lead-colored  on  cai)illary  pedicels  mostly  shorter  than  tiiciuselves, 
narrowly  linear,  5-8  mm.  lonir,  7-1 1-tlowered ;  empty  glumes  pur- 
plish, lanceolate,  first  1.5  mm.  long,  second  broadi-r.  '.'  mm.  long; 
floral  glume  oval,  subacute.  2  mm.  long,  lateral  nerves  j)rominent ; 
palea  nearly  as  long  as  its  glume,  scaberulous  ou  the  keel.  tJraiu  1 
mm.  long. 

Dr.  \'asey  says:  **Ty])e  specimens  collected  at  San  Diego.  Cali- 
fornia, by  C.  11.  Orcutt,  in  1S85  (No.  lolS).  and  others  at  San 
Bernardino  by  S.  ]J.  Parish.  Woll  distiuguished  by  its  large,  many- 
ilowered  panicle  and  slender  s])ikelets.  Jt  is  most  nearly  related 
to  A\  Mi'xicaiia  Link.*' 

California,  Parish  3484  in  1893. 

10.  E.  MAJOR  Host,  (iram.  4:  /.  14  (1801)).  lirlza  Eragrostis 
L.  Sp.  1*1.  TO  (1753).  E.  jnupoides  var.  iiitiidsfdrliiia  A.  (iray, 
Alan.  Ed.  !3:5(i;5  (1803).  Erayruxlis  Eiunjivslis  MacM.  .Met. 
Minn.  75  (18I»3).  not  Karst. 

A  dill'usely  spreading  annual,    15-50  cm.   high.     Leaves  with 
glands   on  the   i)rincipal    nerves;    ligulo  a  fringe  of 
hairs;    blades  flat,   5-15   cm.  long,    ;{-5  mm.  wide, 
smooth  or  nearly  so.     Panicle  rather  dense,  ovoid  or 
oblong,  8-16  cm.  long.      Spikelets  linear  or  obl'Mig, 
flattened,  on  short  pedicels,  ovate  wlien  yo;uig,  10-50- 
flowcred,   6-30   mm.    long,    whitish   when  old,   olive 
green  or  tinged  lead-color  when  young;  empty  glumes 
sube(|ual,  broadly  ovate,  acute  when  spread,  1-nerved, 
1.5-1.8  mm.  loiig;  floral  glume  broadly  oval,  abruptly 
acute,  lateral  nerves  conspicuous,  aboui  3  mm.  long; 
Icu'feVrib'n.'r ')    P'^^^''^  linear-si)atulate,  ciliate  on  the  keels.     Crain  al- 
most spherical,  often  ()idy0.5  mm.  diam. 
'V\\Q  glands  secrete  a  substance  emitting   an  unpleasant  odor 
olTcnsive  to  animals. 

jMassacliusetts,  Fa.ron  A:',  New  Jersey,  ScrUnicr  iov  V .  S.  Dopt. 
Agricnl.   583;  District  of  Columl)ia,  MfCtir/Iiif;   Towa,  Jfi/c/icook; 


Fig.  97. 

Enif/rontis 


FKSTICK.B.  487 

Colorado,   Cds.^idi/:   Montiuiu,  Anderson  IGll;  Arizona,  Toutney; 
Texas,  Xcalkii;   Mexico,  /'al titer  40 i. 

IiitrodiUH'd  from  Europe,  and  very  generally  distributed  over 
this  continent. 

20.  E.  pilosa  (L.)  lieauv.  A<,n-ost.  71  (1812).  Poa  pihm  L. 
Sp.  ri.  G8  (ir")3).  Poa  Carol iiuana  Spreii-x.  Mant.  Fl.  Hid.  :?;5 
(1807).  noa  piIom^\\\\\\.  VxVMn.  Ill  (1817).  Prai/rosfis  /'itrs/tti 
llort.  Schrad.  Linnaa,  12:451  (18:58).  A',  ('(iru/i'tiidna  {t^im^nv^.) 
Scril.n.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:40  (18!)5). 

A  tufted  erect  or  ascending  annual.  30-50  cm.  high,  l/igulo  a 
bearded  ring;  blades  soft,  smooth  below.  Hat  or  bec^ojuing  involute, 
the  tips  often  lilil'orm,  10-15  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide.  Panicle 
narrow  at  first,  spreading  when  in  fruit.  15-30  em.  long,  rays  nu- 
merous, branching,  sonu^  of  the  lower  slightly  beardtnl  in  the  axils. 
Rpikelets  on  })edi('els  usually  4-8  mm.  long,  narrowly  linear,  j)ur- 
plish  or  dark  lead-eolor,  becoming  pale  with  age,  loosely  G-20- 
flowered,  4-8  mm.  long,  rachilla  scarcely  articulate;  em})ty  glumes 
thin,  iirst  0.8-1.2  mm.  long,  second  1-nerved  and  1.2-1.7  mm.  long; 
floral  glume  broadly  ovate,  obtuse  or  emarginate  or  abruptly  acute 
when  spread,  lateral  nerves  obscure.  1.5-1.8  mm.  long;  paleacurved 
inwards,  slightly  ciliate  on  (lie  keels,  1.3-1.(">  mm.  long.  Craiu 
ovoid-oblong,  sligiitly  con'.[)ressed,  1-1.2  mm.  lung.  I  !iavo  reluc- 
tantly abandoned  the  separation  of  this  from  A'.  /*Nr<//ii  Schrad.  I 
had  thought  in  /'J.  piloxa  the  panicle  was  narrower,  spikelets  nar- 
rower and  acute,  pedicels  longer,  lateral  nerves  more  obsmirc,  l lie 
iloral  glume  obtuse  or  emarginate.  1  have  spent  miu-ii  time  exam- 
ining every  specimen  marked  A'.  ]>ilom  in  the  herbarium  of  Harvard 
University.     In  every  one  so  named  the  floral  glume  is  ;!-iu'rved. 

Texas,  Ncalleti;  New  ]\[exieo,  Jones;  C'alifoinia,  Paris/i  llnilliers 
1601;  Lower  California,  Puhiter,  Otriiff;   Mexico.  Prittt/Io  4'1,  AO. 

Sandy  or  sterile  o])en  jdaces.  New  lOngland  to  Arizona  and  ^Mex- 
ico; also  >"  Europe,  Australia  and  elsewhere. 

21.  E.  curtipedicellata  Huekl.  IVoc  Aeiul.  I'hila.  97  (18G2). 
Perennial;  erect  or  decumbent  at    the  basi",  GO-'.tO  cm.    iiigh. 

Sheaths  smootli,  ciliate  at  the  throat;  blailes  Hat  or  involute,  sm  mih 
or  nearly  so,  10-15  cm.  long,  3-8  mm.  wide.   Panicle  ditfuse,  ovale, 


488  POACEiE. 

20-30  cm.  long,  rays  single  or  in  twos,  diverging,  bearing  spikelets 
nearly  to  the  base,  rigid,  ciiiute  in  tlie  axils.  Sj)ikelet3  light-colored, 
on  pedicels  1-2  mm.  long,  ap})rossed  or  sjjreading,  linear  to  ovate, 
compressed,  6-12-ilowereil,  4-0  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  ovate- 
lancoolato,  1-nerved,  scabrid  ou  the  keel;  first  about  1.5  mm.  long, 
second  about  2  mm.  long;  floral  glume  ovate-lanceolate,  thin,  the  3 
nerves  moderately  conspicuous,  1.7-2  mm.  long;  palea  slightly  in- 
curved, linear  when  not  spread,  obtuse,  slightly  ciliate  on  the  keels, 
1.5  mm.  long.     Nearly  allied  to  E.  jiecfinacea. 

Texas,  E.  Hall  785,  Revcrchon;  Xew  ^lexico,  Wriglit  772. 

22.  E.  refracta  {}U\\\\.)  Seribn  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  49  (1805). 
Poa  vcfrarfa  Muhl.  T.ram.  14(3  (1817).  E.  mmpestris  Trin.  Hull. 
Sci.  Aead.  St.  Petersb.  1 :  70  (1830).  E.  jwviinacec  yav.  i-efrarta 
Chapm.  Fl.  S.  States,  504  (ISOO). 

Perennial;  light  lead-colored  or  jjurplish,  culms  branching  only 
at  the  very  base,  erect,  firm,  40-00  cm.  high.  Throat  of  sheath 
bearded;  blades  rigid,  smooth,  fiat,  or  involute,  20-30  cm.  long, 
about  2  mm.  wide.  Panicle  open,  thin,  oval,  30-00  cm.  long,  rays 
bearded  at  the  base.  Spikelets  mostly  sessile  along  the  stiff 
branches,  linear,  fiat,  8-30-fiowered,  7-12  mm.  long;  empty  glumes 
lanceolate,  1-nerved,  1.7-2  mm.  long;  fioral  glume  ovate,  deltoid, 
acute  when  spread,  wnth  3  prominent  nerves,  1.7-2.1  mm.  long; 
palea  incurved,  linear,  ciliate  on  the  keels,  1.3  mm.  long.  Grain 
oval,  very  slightly  compressed,  0.7  mm.  long. 

Delaware  and  Maryland,  Caiih;i;  South  Carolina,  Eavenel;  Flor- 
ida, r?/r//ts\s  3500;  Mississippi,  Tracy. 

Dehiv^are,  Florida.  Mississippi  and  Texas. 

23.  E.  pectinacea  (Michx.)  Nees,  Fl.  Afr.  Austr.  406  (1841). 
Poa  pecfinacea  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:69  (1803). 

A  tufted  firm  grass,  culms  simple,  30-00  cm.  high.  Sheaths 
hairy,  the  throat  prominently  so;  blades  rigid,  fiat  or  involute, 
mostly  smooth  below,  often  hairy  or  scabrid  above,  20-40  cm.  long, 
3-5  mm.  wide.  Panicle  usually  purple,  widely  diffuse,  compound, 
oval,  20-30  cm.  long;  rays  in  twos,  threes  or  mostly  single,  rigid, 
diverging,  bearded  in  the  axils,  the  cajnlhiry  pedicels  0.5-3  mm. 
long,  appressed  when  young,  but  diverging  with  age.     Spikelets 


FESTUCE^.  489 

oval  or  linear,  becoming  purple,  5-12-flowereil,  4-8  mm.  long; 
empty  glumes  subecjual,  l-nerved,  ovate,  acute,  sca])ricl  on  the 
keels,  1.4-1.7  mm.  long;  floral  glume  ovate,  acute,  lateral  nerves 
conspicuous,  1.5-1.9  mm.  long;  palea  incurved,  obtuse,  hirsute 
on  tlie  nerves,  sh<n-ter  tlian  its  glume.  Grain  oval,  scarcely  com- 
pressed, 0.6  nun.  long. 

Massacliusetts,  Pringle;  Michigan,  (Howard  City)  Beal,  (Muir) 
WIteekr;  Florida.  Curtixs  3501;  Kansas,  V.  S.  Dcpt.  Af/ricul.  585. 

Var.  spectabilis  (Pursli)  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  2:5()5  (1S6-.').  E. 
spcctahilifi  A.  (iray.  Man.  Ed.  1:598  (1848).  Poa  spvrtahilis 
Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  1:81  (1814).  Poa  amubiUs  Walt.  Fl.  Car. 
80  (1T88),  not  L. 

Slieaths  and  blades  mostly  glabrous;  branches  of  the  })anicle 
shorter;  sj)ikelet8  rather  larger.     Found  with  the  sj)ecies. 

Massachusetts  to  Texas  and  Kansas. 

24.  E.  Palmeri  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  IS:  182  (1882-3). 
An  erect  tufted  ratlier  slender  i)erenniid,  00-90  cm.  higli,  from 

cree])ing  rootstoeks.  Culms  numerous,  smootli,  sim})lc.  Leaves  of 
sterile  shoots  erect,  blades  40  cm.  long,  involute  with  long  liliform 
points;  sheaths  of  the  culm  smooth,  slightly  (lompressed,  shorter 
than  the  internodes;  ligule  a  ring;  blades  smooth,  mostly  invo- 
lute, often  30  cm.  long,  the  upper  10-18  cm.  long.  2-4  mm. 
wide.  Panicle  much  exscrted,  linear  or  ovoid,  20-30  cm.  long; 
rays  mostly  single,  rather  distant,  the  longest  9-12  cm.  long; 
bearing  branches  and  spikelets  for  most  of  their  length.  Lateral 
spikelets  on  pedicels  about  1  mm.  long,  those  t(?rminatiiig  the 
branchlets  3-5  mm.  long;  but  slightly  flattened,  linear-lanceolate, 
4-7-flowered,  4-5  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  ovate,  acute,  l-nerved; 
flrst  1.5  mm.  long,  second  1.8  mm.  long;  floral  glume  broadly 
ovate,  obtuse,  1.8-1.9  mm.  long;  palea  slightly  curved,  emargiiiate, 
l)roadly  oval  when  spread,  as  long  as  its  glume.  Anthers  linear,  1 
mm.  long.  Grain  subglobose,  1-5  mm.  long.  Allied  to  E.  hiyens 
Nees. 

Mexico,  Palmer  1308. 

25.  E.  lugens  Nees,  Agrost.   Bras.  2:507  (1829).     Pon  higens 


490  POACE.E. 

Kunth,  Enura.  PI.  1:331   (1833).     E.  piUfem  Sclieele,    Linn»a 
22  :  344  (184!)). 

A  tufted  erect  perennial,  30-60  cm.  high.  Sheatlis  of  sterile 
shoots  slightly  compressed-keeled,  more  or  less  pubescent,  throat 
pubescent;  ligulc  a  ciliute  ring;  blades  ciliate,  flat  or  involute  with 
filiform  points,  4-10  cm.  long,  2-3  cm.  wide,  tlio.se  of  the  culm 
much  the  same.  Panicle  often  partly  enclosed,  thin,  narrow  or 
ovoid,  25-35  cm.  long;  rays  in  twos  to  fours,  with  hairy  axils,  12- 
16  cm.  long,  branching  from  near  the  base.  Spikelets  on  stiff 
slender  pedicels,  0.5-1.5  cm.  long,  oval,  4-8-flowered,  3-4  mm.  long; 
empty  glumes  ovate,  acute,  1-nerved;  first  1  mm.  long,  second  1.5 
mm.  long;  floral  glume  1.7  mm.  long,  broadly  oval,  lateral  nerves 
not  prominent;  palea  incurved.  Grain  compressed,  oval,  0.7  mm. 
long. 

Texas,  Parry  &  Palmer  938,  Ncalley;  Colorado,  Jones  in  1884; 
Arizona,  Priufjle  in  1884;  Mexico,  Palmer  203,  Bouryeau  2643, 
Schaffncr  1026. 

Texas  to  Arizona  and  Mexico. 

26.  E.  spicata  Vasey,  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  16: 146  (1891). 

A  tufted  rather  stout  erect  perennial,  90-120  cm.  high.  Sheaths 
5,  longer  than  the  internodes;  ligule  a  ciliate  ring;  blades  smooth 
below,  scabrous  above,  involute,  25-40  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide  with 
long  filiform  points.  Panicle  dense,  30-40  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide 
with  a  few  rays  slightly  projecting.  Spikelets  oval,  1.7-2.5  mm. 
long,  3-4-flowered;  empty  glumes  oval,  second  1-nerved,  1.2  mm. 
long;  floral  glume  oval,  mucronate,  1.5  mm.  long,  the  lateral 
nerves  obscure;  palea  oval,  1.2  mm.  long.  Grain  terete,  oval, 
0.7-0.8  mm.  long. 

Lower  California,  Brandeyee  10,  in  1890. 

112.  (225).  EatoniA  Raf.  Journ.  Phys.  89:104  (1819).  7,V- 
hoiilea  Kunth,  Rev.  Gram.  Suppl.  29,  t.  S4  (1829-35).  Colobanthus 
Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  (VI.)  1 :  66  (1830). 

Spikelets  usually  2-flowered,  with  an  abortive  rudiment,  numer- 
ous, smooth,  in  a  dense  or  interrupted  panickv  rachilla  articulate 
below  the  flowers.  Empty  glumes  subscarious,  the  first  narrow,  1- 
nerved,  the  second  broadly  obovate  or  ellii)tical,  3-nerved;  floral 


FESTUCE.E.  491 

glume  obscurely  3-nerved,  narrower,  obtuse  or  ucutisli,  jiwnless  or 
in  one  case  with  a  bent  awn  on  the  back,  compressed,  cl)iirtaceous; 
palea  narrow,  hyaline,  2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Grain  linear-oblong, 
not  grooved,  enclosed,  but  not  adherent. 

Tufted  slender  perennials. 

Tliere  are  six  species,  all  found  in  temperate  North  America. 

A.  Lower  blades  filiform 1 

B.  Lower  blades  flat (a) 

a.  Floral  glume  often  with  a  bent  awn 2 

a.  Floral  glume  awnless (b) 

b.  Upiier  blades  3-5  cm.  long,  panicle  very  simple 

and  narrow 3 

b.  L^pper  blades  8-13  cm.  long,  panicles  stouter,  race- 
mose  (c) 

c.   Panicle  dense,  second  and  tliird  glumes  about 

2  mm.  long 4 

c.  Panicle  las,  second  and  third  glumes  3.2—3  mm. 

long 5 

c.   Panicle  lax,  second  and  third  glumes  about  4 

mm.  long G 

I.E.  filiformis  (Chapm.)  Vasey,  Coult.  Hot.  Gaz.  11:117 
(1880).  E.  Pcnnsijlvaniva  var.  JiUfonnix  ('ha])ni.  Man.  Fl.  S. 
States  5(50  (1800). 

Culms  very  slender,  30-70  cm.  high.  Sheaths  very  shortly 
woolly-pubescent;  blades  soft,  rigid,  filiform,  those  of  the  sterile 
shoots  30-50  cm.  long,  the  upper  JJ-S  em.  long,  Paniele  very 
slender  and  narrow,  the  few  racemose  rays  appressed,  1-3  cm.  long. 
Spikelets  often  3-ilowored;  first  empty  glume  conduplieate,  linear 
when  spread,  1-5  mm.  long,  second  obovate,  2.3  mm.  long;  iloral 
glume  linear  when  spread.  2.8  mm.  long;  palea  as  long  as  its  glume. 
Florida,  Curi'n^x  3403. 

Drv  })ine-barrens;  South  Carolina  to  Florida. 
2.  E.  hybrida  Vasey,  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  0:105  (1884) 
Culms  very   sk'uder,    40-00  em.    high.     Lower  sheaths  softly 
scabrous  or  very  shortly  woolly-pubescent;    blades  scabrous,  invo- 
lute, narrow,  the  two  u[)per  1-3   cm.   long.     Panicle  simple,  very 


492  POAC'EJB. 

narrow,  racemose,  8-12  cm.  long.  Spikelcts  l-flowered,  first  glume 
narrow,  scabrid,  1.7  mm.  long,  second  narrowly  obovate,  2  mm. 
long;  floral  glume  scabrous,  ollij)tical  wlien  spread,  2.^.'  mm.  long, 
someti;'jes  bearing  a  bent  awn  on  the  back  2  mm.  long,  starting 
onc-lifth  of  the  way  below  the  apex;  sometimes  1-2  short  bristles 
on  the  rachilla.     Labelled  B.  ohtiisala  var.  lujhridd. 

Judging  from  the  spikelets,  it  is  nearly  allied  to  E.  ohlu^ida; 
from  the  leaves  and  panicle  to  E.  Dudhyi.  Whether  it  is  a  si)ort, 
or  a  hybrid  between  Eutonia  ohtusata  or  E.  Dndlviji  and  Trischim 
is  still  a  (jiiestion.  Those  interested  will  do  Avell  to  read  Dr.  A'asey 
as  above,  in  whii-li  he  speaks  of  finding  near  Alexandria,  Virginia, 
a  hybi'id  grass  nearly  intermediate  between  E.  Eennsi/hxcnica  Gray 
and  Trisctum  2>alnslre  L. 

Florida,  Curtiss  for  S.  M.  Tracy,  labelled  E.  ohtusata  var. 
hijhrida. 

Dry  pine- woods,  Florida. 

3.  E.  Dudley!  Vasey,  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  11:110  (188G). 
Culms  very  slender,  CO-75  em.  high.     Sheaths  clothed  with  very 

abort  soft  hairs;  blades  of  the  culm  abruptly  acute,  3-5  cm.  long, 
those  of  the  sterile  shoots  scabrous,  8-15  cm.  long,  2—1  mm.  wide. 
Panicle  very  slender,  8-15  cm.  long,  rays  few,  short,  and  mostly 
appressed.  Empty  glumes  equal,  2.2  mm.  long,  first  linear-obo- 
vate,  second  rhombic-obovate  when  spread;  floral  glume  concave- 
oval  when  spread,  2.1  mm.  long;  rachilla  scabrid.  It  differs  from 
E.  Pctinsylvanica  in  having  shorter  caidiue  leaves,  lower  sheaths 
shorter,  pubescent,  first  glume  wider  and  more  obtuse,  second  glume 
shorter. 

New  York  (Union  Springs,  Cayuga  County),  Heal  97  in  186G; 
West  A'irginia,  Small;  Michigan,  Cooley,  Wheeler  (Ilubbardston), 
98,  Beat  99. 

Often  found  on  dry  land. 

Long  Island  to  Michigan  and  South  Carolina. 

4.  E.  obtusata  (Michx.)  A.  Gray,  :Man.  Ed.  2:558  (1856). 
Aira  obtusata  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:02  (1803).  Aira  truncal  a 
Muhl.  Gram.  83  (1817).  Kieleria  truncata  Torr.  Fl.  U.  S.  1 :  116 
(1824).     liehouka  ohtumta  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  1:591  (181.S). 


FESTUCE.E. 


493 


Culms  40-70  cm.  high.  Ligule  fringed,  1.6  mm.  loug;  blades 
flat,  scabrous,  tliose  of  the  culm  8- 
16  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide.  Pani- 
cle dense,  coiitractetl,  usually  inter- 
rupted, G-ll  cm  loug,  8-12  mm. 
diam..  sometimes  tinged  witli  pur- 
l)le.  Si)ikclets  crowded  :  iirst  empty 
glume  1.2-2  mm.  long,  second  2-2.3 
mm.  long;  lloral  glume  obovatc, 
1. 8-2. 2  mm.  long. 

Illinois,    Wolfe  for  U.   S.  Dept.   Fio.    QH.  —  Eatonia   obtusaia.     A, 

.      .      ,       ^„.         T  rri  7        7         ypikclet;  a,  floret.     (Scribner.) 

Agricul.    oGi;      Iowa,     Ilitchcuck; 

Colorado,    Caxxidij;    Wyoming,  />V^//Va/»  C   104,  C    148;  California, 

Parish    1G40;    Wasliiugtou,   Lake;    southern    California,    Ptirish 

1040. 

Dry  soil,  Pennsylvania  to  Florida,  ^licliigan,  Colorado,  and 
Oregon. 

\'ar.  robusta  Vasey,  ined.  Stouter,  blades  5-7  mm.  wide.  Pan- 
icle branclied,  l.">-18  cm.  long. 

New  Mexico,  Vasey;  State  of  Washington,  U.  S.  Dept. 
AgriruL 

5.  E.  Pennsylvanica  (DC.)  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  2:558  (1856). 
Kti'lcria  ]\'nHsijlvaHica  DC.  Cat.  Ilort.  Monsp.  117  (l8i;]). 
Aim  irijlom  EU.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  1:153(1817).  Aim  mollis 
^luhl.  Gram,  82(1817),  J'JafoniajJU rjmrascens  llai'in.  Journ.  Phys. 
89:  104  (1810).  liebouUa  Pennsylvanica  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  1: 
501  (1848). 

Culms  00-90  cm.  high.  Leaf-blades  scabrous,  8-15  cm.  long, 
acuminate.  Panicle  slender  or  stouter,  considerably  internipiod, 
12-20  cm.  long,  branches  lax,  racemose,  often  3-5  cm.  long. 
Knipty  glumes  thin,  scabrid  on  tlio  keels,  first  very  slender,  1.5-2.2 
mm.,  second  obovate  or  abruptly  pointed,  2.2-3  mm,  long;  lloral 
glume  lance-linear,  mucronate-pointed  or  scarcely  acute  when 
spread,  2,2-3  mm.  long;  palea  2  mm.  long. 

Very  large  forms  with  ample  i)anicles  have  been  called  var. 
major  Torr. 


494  POACE.E 

New  York,  Beal  101,  102;  Ontiirio,  Fowirr ;  Peniisylviinia 
(Philu.),  Scrihn.  for  IT.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  5G5  ;  lUiuois  (C'liicsigo), 
Beal  100  in  1869;  Minnesota,  Bailey  B  32;  Montana,  Kelsey  for 
Anderson  63;  Washington,  Lake. 

Moist  land.  Xew  England  to  Montana. 

6.  E.  longiflora  (^'^asey).  E.  Fennsylvanica  longiflora  Vasey, 
Dewey,  Conlt.  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  2:  544  (1894). 

Rather  stont,  60-80  cm.  higli.  Sheaths  smooth  ;  lignle  2  mm. 
long  ;  blades  tcabrid,  flat,  9-13  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  wide.  Panicle 
linear-lanceolate,  15  cm.  long,  rays  spreading,  2-6  cm.  long. 
Spikelets  2-flowered  ;  empty  glnmes  scabrid  on  tlie  keels,  first 
glume  compressed,  linear-lanceolate  when  spread,  3.3-3.7  mm. 
long,  second  elliptical,  acute  Avhen  spread,  about  4  mm.  long; 
floral  glume  ellijitical,  almost  acute  when  spread,  about  4  mm.  long; 
palea  2.3-2.7  mm.  long.  Nearly  allied  to  E.  Pennsylvanica,  but 
all  the  glumes  and  palea  longer. 

Texas,  Xeallcii  for  IT.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  in  1888. 

113.  (223).,  KffiLERIA  Pcrs.  Syn.  PI.  1:  97  (1805).  ColUnaria 
Ehrli.  Beitr.  4:147  (1789).  Acffialitis  Trin.  Fund.  Agrost.  127 
(1820).  Aci/ialina  Sehultes,  Maut.  2:  13  (1824).  AirovJiloa  Link, 
Ilort.  Berol.  1:126  (1827).  Foan'on  Reiclib.  Consp.  5]  (1828). 
Lophochloa  Reichb.  Fl.  Germ.  Exc.  42  (1830).  Milhelmsia  C. 
Koch,  Linna^a  21:400  (1848).  Bmchystylus  Dulac.  Fl.  Ilautes, 
Pyr.  85  (1867). 

Spikelets  2-6-7-flowered,  rarely  1-flowerod,  flat,  shortly  pedicel- 
late, numerous  in  a  dense  spikeliko  cylindrical  or  interrui)te(l 
panicle,  rachilla  glabrous,  articulate  between  the  floral  glumes. 
Em})ty  glumes  keeled,  acute,  or  produced  into  short  straight  awns 
or  points,  unequal,  scarious  on  the  margins  ;  floral  glume  similar 
but  nu)re  scarious  or  hyaline,  the  upper  ones  gradually  smaller,  3- 
or  rarely  5-nerved  ;  palea  hyaline,  2-keeled,  acute,  2-toothed  or  2- 
pointed.  Stamens  3.  Styles  very  sliort.  Grain  enclosed  in  the 
glume  aiul  palea,  but  not  adhering. 

Aninud  or  perennial,  tufted  grasses,  blades  flat  or  almost  seta- 
ceous.    Nearly  allied  to  Foa  and  Dartylis, 

A  small  genus  of  about  twelve  species,  extending  over  the  tern- 


FESTrcE.E.  495 

perale  regions  of  tlie  Northern  Hemisphere,  Australia,  and  some 
parts  of  Africa  and  South  America. 

It  is  difficult  to  assign  to  Kceleria  any  positive  character.  Tlio 
glumes  are  more  scarious  and  have  fainter  nerves  than  in  the  others 
of  the  subtribe.     It  ha.s  been  divided  into  two  sections: 

1.  Airochloa  Link.  The  glumes  obtuse  or  acute  without  dis- 
tinct points. 

2.  Lophorhloa  Reichb.  The  floral  glume  with  a  distinct  point 
or  short  awn  at  or  Just  l)elow  the  tip. 

1.  K.  cristata  (L.)  Pers.  Syn.  1:  or  (1805).  Air  a  crisfafa  L. 
Sp.  PL  63  (175;}).  Fesfiica  crififafa  Vill.  Dauph.  2:93(1787). 
Poa  pi/rawiduialiiim.  111.  1:183  (1791).  P.rristdfit  Willd.  Spec. 
1  :  4()-*  (17!)7).  luelcria  nilida  Nutt.  Gon.  1 :  74  (1818).  K.  2m'- 
vijlom  liert.  Schult.  .Maut.  2:344  (18-34). 

An  erect  very  variable  i)ereunial,  30-70  cm.  higli.  Ligule  very 
short;  blades  flat  or  involute,  the  lower  sparingly 
hairy  or  downy.  10-20  cm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide, 
obliquely  auriculatc  at  the  base.  Panicle  si)ikclike, 
more  or  less  interrupted  or  lobod,  5-13  cm.  long, 
axis  and  rays  downy.      Si)ikelets  2-4-flowercd,   4-5 

mm.   long;    iirst  empty  glume   2.5-3.5  mm.    long,  ^? 

,        1  n       1     1  .,'   ,  1  *'IG-  99.— ifefo- 

second  and  floral  glumes  3.4  mm.  long.  ,.^7^     cristata. 

Michigan,  Heal  103,  Wheeler  (llubbardston)  for  ^'?\^*-;'^V 
U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  5(;3,  Cooley;  Illinois,  BcaJ,  Behh 
for  Clark  3390;  South  Dakota,  i)?//e^  in  1889;  Colorado,  CW.svs/W^, 
Joues  254;  Wyoming,  Buffum,  c.  14,  c.  15,  c.  27,  c.  50,  c.  GO; 
Arizona,  Totimet/  721,  921,  Jones  4013;  Geol.  Surv.  Canada,  Van- 
couver Island;  Washington,  Lake;  Oregon,  Howell j  California, 
Torre//  5G9  in  18G5,  Bolander  31. 

114.   (229).  Catabrosa  Beauv.  Agrost.  97  (1812). 

S])ikelets  2-rarely  3-4- flowered,  in  a  loose  panicle,  rachilla  articu- 
late between  the  flowers,  smooth.  p]mpty  glumes  thin,  mem- 
l)!an(ms,  broad,  unequal,  very  obtuse,  nerves  obscure,  much  shorter 
than  the  floral  glume;  floral  glumo  Arm,  membranous,  obtuse  or 
barely  3-toothed,  conspicuously  3-nerved,  the  upper  one  smaller, 
empty  or  enclosing  an  imperfect  flower;  palea  scarcely  shorter  thau 


49C 


POACE.E. 


its  glume,  oouspicuoualy  2-keeltHl.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct. 
Griiin  obovoid-oblong,  subtereto,  witli  a  narrow  groove  or  without 
one. 

A  creeping  perennial  grass,  erect  or  spreading.  Leaf-blades 
Hat.      Hranclies  of  the  panicle  spreading,  capillary. 

There  is  one  species  widely  dispersed  over  the  temperate  parts 
of  Europe,  Asia,  and  North  America.  Nearly  related  to  ColjmiUioii, 
Panicidarid.  Entf/rosfis. 

1.  C.  aquatica  (L.)  Heauv.   1.  c.      Aim  afpiatira  L.   Sp.    PI. 

G4  (ir-);',). 

Culms  lO-OOem.  high,  rather  stout.  Sheaths 
loose,  longer  than  the  internodes;  ligule  '2 -3  mm. 
long;  bladi's5-15  cm.  long,  '2-8  mm.  wide,  ol)tuse. 
Florets  overlup[)ing  about  half  their  length,  llrst 
glume  1  mm.  long  or  less,  1-nerved  or  nerveless, 
second  l-''-;3-nerved,  about  1.5  mm.  long,  obovate 
or  oval,  the  a])i'X  variously  toothed  or  truncate; 
floral  glume  about  ;3.r)  uim.  long,  broadly  oval, 
concave,  the  apex  thin  and  truncate  ;  palea  equal 
to  its  glume,  irregularly  truncate. 

Dakota;   Montana,    Canhj    cO  Scribncr   383; 

Europe. 

Fio.    100.-  Catn.         ^^'>'    C^^T).    Melica   L.   Sp.   PI.    G<!   (ir.-)3). 

bwsa     aquatica.   Dalucuni   Adans.    Fam.    •2:3-23    (17(53).      Chon- 

florets.       (Scrib-  drachijnini  Nees,  Lindl.  Introd.   Nat.  Syst.  Ed, 

^'"-■'■•^  -2:449(1830.) 

Spikelets  ~*-8-  (rarely  1-)  flowered,  in  a  narrow  or  open  panicle, 

rachilla  continuous  and  finally  articulate  above  the  empty  glumes, 

mostly  bearing   1    or    more   rudimentary   florets   above.      Empty 

glumes  membranous  or  hyaline,  obtuse  or  acute,  awnless,  unecpuil, 

convex  or  somewhat  compressed  on  the  back,  first  3.5-  (rarely  1-  or 

7-)  Jiervcd,  second  5-n-nerved,  lateral  nerves  often  vanishing  within 

the  broad  margin,  often  united  by  cross-vcinlets;  floral  glume  thin  or 

firm,  rounded  on  the  back,  5  to  many-nerved,  the  scarious  tip  blunt 

or  acute,  ending  in  3  teeth,  central  nerves  sometimes  slightly  excur- 

rent,  as  in  Brotnus;  pidea  3-nerved,  often  emargiuate  or  2-toothed, 


FESTUCE.E.  497 

cUiate  on  the  nerves  above  the  inidillo.  except  Jf.  anomnla.  Stamens 
3.  Styles  distinct.  (Jrainol)loiii"-fii.sironn,  sinootli,  c'onii)resse(l  on 
the  back,  inchulcd  by  its  j,'liinu',  luit  not  adlieriii;,'. 

Erect  i)erennials  ;  blades  Hat  or  involute  ;  culms  often  with 
conn.s  at  tlio  base. 

There  are  about  thirty  species,  widely  distributed  tlirougliout 
tlie  temperate  and  subtropical  regions  of  the  world. 

In  most  instances  I  have  followed  Scribner  in  his  "Revision  of 
the  North  American  MeliciB."  See  Proe.  Phila.  Acad.  Nut.  Sci.  p. 
40, in  1885. 

Bentham  observes  that  the  typical  representative  of  the  sub- 
tribe  lias  been  universally  recognized  since  the  days  of  Linnieus, 
and  less  tamjiercd  with  than  any  other  genus  of  ecpial  extent.  In 
the  ty[)ical  Melicas,  however  varied  the  panicle,  long  and  narrow, 
or  very  loose  and  spreading,  the  spikelets  are  generally  nodding, 
with  rarely  more  than  two  flewers;  lloral  glumes  more  or  less 
scarious  and  never  awiied,  the  terminal  em])ty  glumes  one  within 
the  other.  In  a  section  proposed  by  Thurber  for  some  northwest 
American  species  under  the  name  of  Broinelicd,  the  spikelets  are 
eri'ct,  with  more  rigid  glumes,  occasionally  awned  and  3-8-ilowered, 
the  upi)er  empty  glumes  narrower  and  not  so  closely  packed,  giving 
the  plants  altogether  so  dilferent  an  aspect  that  he  hesitated 
whether  or  not,  as  suggested  by  Thnrber,  to  raise  the  section  to  the 

rank  of  a  genus. 

GLYCKitr.i:. 

Spikelets  l~o-JIowerc(l,  floral  (jhoncs  herbaceo-coriaoeous,  with  a 
narrow  srarions  mnryin  above,  stronghj  7-0-)ierved. 

A.  Culms  not  bulbiferous (b) 

b.  Empty  glumes  shorter  than  the  spikelet (c) 

c.   Panicle  20-30  cm.  long o     .     .     .  1 

c.   Panicle  4-6  cm.  long 2 

b.  Empty  glumes  as  long  as  the  floret 3 

B.  Culms  bulbiferous d 

d.  ligule  3-4  mm.  long 4 

d.  ligule  2-3  mm.  long 5 

d.  ligule  very  short 6 


498  POACE^E. 

ElMELICA. 

Spikehts  0-10  mm.  lotif/,  wiik  J-,^  {rarely  1)  perfect  florets, 
floral  (jl II tiie  appareutlij  many-nerved  bcloiv  {at  lead  when  dry),  with 
a  broad  iiiarf/in  sairioiis  abiive. 

(J.  Culms  not  hulliiferouti (u) 

e.   Empty   ^flume.s   very  uiu'quiil    iuul   decidedly  shorter 

tliiiii  the  3-5-llo\veri'(l  spikelets (f) 

f.   Panicle  dilfusely  bniiuihed.  muny-llowered.    ...       7 

f.  Panicle  narrow,  the  slender  l)raneheH  erect.   ...       8 
e.  Em[)ty  glumes  unequal,  the  second  nearly  or  (piite  as 

long  as  the  spikelet (g) 

g.  Panicle  with  0-15  large  i)endulous  spikelets,  form- 
ing a  simple  secund  raceme 9 

g.  Panicle  strict,  densely  many-flowered  above,  pedi- 
cels erect 10 

e.   Empty  glumes  subequal,  nearly  as  long  as  tlie  sj)ike- 

lets (h) 

h.  Lignle  '2-;}  mm.  long,  lloral  glume  5.5  mm.  long.  .  11. 

h.  Ligule  ;')  mm.  long,  floral  glume  !<  mm.  long.    .     .  VI 

h.  Ligule  5-7  mm.  long,  floral  glume  G-T  mm.  long.  i;j 

h.  Ligule  1-2  i.im.  long,  floral  glume  8-10  mm,  long.  14 

D.  Culms  bulbous,  excepting  sonui  plants  of  no.  1:5.   .      .      .  (i) 
i.  Secoiul  glume  decidedly  shorter  than  the  third,  floral 

glume  7-8  mm.  long 15 

i.  Second  glume  as  long  as  the  third,  or  nearly  us  long,  (k) 

k.   Floral  glume  (i-T  mm.  long 16 

k.  Floral  glume  0  mm.  long 17 

BUOMELICA. 

Spihekis  of  .?--*?  perfect  florets,  the  lower  exceeding  the  empty 
glumes  ;  floral  glume  prominently  7-nerved,  apiculate  or  distinctly 
awned  by  the  excurrent  midnerve  at  the  notched  or  bifid  or  nar- 
rowly truncate  or  rarely  long  attenuate  tip.     (Thurber.) 

E.  Culms    bulbiferous,  panicle  with    spreading,   very   un- 
equal few-flowered  rays (m) 


fp:8TU(E/E.  499 

m.  Floral  glume  9-12  mm.  long 18 

m.   Klonil  ghiiiie  8-10  mm.  long (n) 

n.  Awn  k'ris  tliuu  2  mm.  long 19 

n.   Awn  4-<»  mm.  long 20 

F.   C!ulnis  not,  luilbiforous,  paniolo  contructed (o) 

o.  Fionil  gliimt-  8-10  mm.  long,  ligule  I  mm.  long.  .  .  21 
o.  Floral  glumi!  9-11  mm.  long,  lignlo  4  mm.  long.  .     .     •.*2 

1.  M.  imperfecta  Trin.  Hnll.  Sc.  Acad.  St.  IVtersh.  1:08 
(18:5ti).  -1/.  rnl/xHhoidvs  ^wB,  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  1 :  28;J  (1838).  J/. 
panicdii/ca  Nntt.  .lourn.  Acad.  JMiila.  Sci,  1 :  188  (1847). 

Culms  slender,  .10-100  cm.  high.  Sheaths  longer  than  the 
intornodes;  ligule  wliite,  fringed,  3-4  mm.  long;  blades  <J-7,  flat 
or  becoming  involute,  from  smooth  to  s<'al)rous  and  j)ilose-jmbes- 
cent,  ^^)-'iO  cm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide.  Taniclo  linear  to  lancse- 
olato,  20-30  cm.  long;  rays  in  remote  fascueles,  very  unecjual,  the 
shorter  densely  flowered  to  the  base,  the  longer  5-7  cm.  long. 
S])ikelets  scabrid,  1-flowored,  with  an  imperfect  floret,  or  rarely 
2-flowered;  empty  glumes  nearly  ovate,  first  3-nerved.  aljout  ',i  mm. 
long,  second  but  little  longer,  5-nerved,  the  lateral  nerves  ob.xcure; 
floral  glume  about  4  mm.  long,  ovate,  obtuse  when  spread, 
7-norved,  ol'ten  purplish;  palea  nearly  us  long  as  its  glume;  rudi- 
ment short-})edicelled. 

Shady  jdaces,  very  variable  in  size  and  appearance. 

California,  Parisli  brot/icrs  85G,  V.  S.  Dejjt.  Agricul.  G40  from 
Jones  3002;   Lower  California,  Pahner  6G0,  (;(;2,  PritKjU  in  1882. 

Oregon  to  Lower  California. 

Var.  flexuosa  Holand.  Froe.  Calif.  Acad.  4:101  (1873). 

"  liranches  of  the  few-flowered  simple  panicle  generally  in  pairs, 
widely  spreading,  often  reflexed;  florets  larger,  acute,  paler  and 
more  coriaca30us."     Thurber  in  Bot.  Calif. 

\'ar.  minor  Scribn.  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  42  (1885). 

*'TjOW  and  densely  tufted,  short  and  chiefly  radical  leaves,  com- 
pressed or  angular  culms,  slender  few-flowered  ])anicles,  the  sliort 
branches  divergent  or  even  reflexed;  the  spikelets  generally  smaller 
than  in  the  species,  the  outer  glumes  usually  shorter  and  more 
obtuse."     Scribner,  I.e. 


600  POAC'EiE. 

Soutlicrn  California. 

Var.  refracta  Tliurl).  S.  Wats.  Hot.  Calif.  'i:303  (1880). 

'•  Di'iianly  volvoty  })ulK'st'eiil-  throu^^'iiout ;  paiiick' slcmlcr,  llexu- 
oiis,  tlu^  t'cswtlistant  fow-llowcn'd  i-ays  all  sironi^'ly  rdVaelcMl ;  llowcra 
vt^i-y  ai!iit('."  TIk'  lloral  ^'iiinio  hardly  acute  whcu  spread,  but 
ap|H'ariu<^  so  owing  to  tlio  iiivolulo  luargius. 

Soutiicru  California,  lA'ninion  1171. 

;.*.  M.  Parishii  \'as('y  ined. 

Culms  very  slender, '^0-30  em.  liigh.  Liju^ule  white,  1  .,'5  mm. 
long;  blades  .'5-1  in  number,  scabrous,  mostly  involute,  8-1^  cm. 
long.  I-;,  mm.  wide.  I'anielo  simple,  narrow,  -1-0  em.  long;  rays 
in  twos  or  throes  or  single,  the  longest  about  3  cm.  long  and  Itear- 
ing  '!-;{  spil<t'l('ts.  Spikeleta  brown  and  purple  on  straight  ptMJicois 
with  1  perl'e(!t  lloret  and  a  rudiment  of  a  second,  raehilla  0.5  mm. 
long;  empty  glumes  ovate  acute,  first  2. .5-3  mm.  long,  3-nerved, 
second  '.\  mm.  long.  3-r)-nerved  ;  floral  glume  4  mm.  long,  broadly 
oval,  obtuse,  and  sonu-tinu's  ;.'-lol)e(l,  9-uerved ;  palea  linear  bol'oro 
spreading,  '^'-tootheil,  as  long  as  its  glume. 

Southern  ('alifornia,  l*arish  11)97. 

Mossy  mountain-slo])es. 

3.  M.  Torreyana  Scribn.  1.  c.  M.  imyri  •■'(((  var.  scs,fin'j!nra 
Torr.  in  Herb. 

Culms  (K)  cm.  or  more  high.  Ligule  tl-S  mm.  long,  lacerate; 
blades  numerous.  Hat,  ir»-'^0  cm.  long,  l-tj  mm.  wide.  Panicle 
dilTuse,  15-"^5  cm.  long,  llie  slender  llexuose  branches  few-dowered 
at  the  ends,  naked  below,  5-10  cm.  long.  Closely  allied  to  JA 
imperfi'vtu,  but  distinguished  from  that  si)ecios  by  its  more  Jiu'm- 
braiu)us,  longer,  and  more  amite  glumes,  thi'  se(!oml  e(pudling  or 
exceeding  the  floret,  by  the  hairs  on  the  back  of  the  lloral  glume 
above  the  middle,  and  by  the  long-[)edicelled  rudimentary  lloret. 

Forms  with  2-llowered  spikeleta  otHiur,  but  the  secoiul  lloret  and 
rudiment  are  long-i)edioeiled,  while  in  similar  ;7-flowerod  forms  of 
M.  iin/ierft'cfa  these  are  both  nearly  sessile.  The  above  description 
is  adai)ted  fn)m  the  origirud  by  Scribner. 

California,  Dr.  /Jii/cloio  in  l.s5;5-4,  /iohitH/rr,  Dr.  Torreji  58(i. 

4.  M.  ini\ata  Vusey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1:'^()9  (1893). 


KKS'IMCK.K.  601 

Culms  niilicr  sloiulor,  00-1  SO  cm.  from  a  bulhoiis  hiiso. 
Slioiitlis  smooth  or  S(;iil)ri<l,  iihoiit  Ww  leii,u;lli  of  (hi!  itituniodcs; 
ligiilu  wliiU'-rringod,  ',)  4  mm.  loiijj;;  bliulcs  4  in  niimlicr,  enfct, 
sciil)rons.  \S)-,lh  cm.  loiij,',  JJ-f)  mm.  wide.  I'smiclo  simple.  ir>-'^5 
cm.  loiijf ;  niVH  in  twos,  tlie  loii,if(*st  4  !»  cnLlonii^.  beuriiig  L'-f)  s|»ii\e- 
Icts  on  tluM)ul,cr  thrcc-lirtli.s.  SpikcleLs  r)-S-ll()W(!ri'(i,  1*^-1S  mm. 
loiiff,  joint  of  nuiliillii  ',^-3,5  mm.  loiij;,  glnmt's  sciil)ri(l,  empty  ones 
oviil,  lirst,  ;{  r)-nerve(l  (the  liiteriil  nerves  very  short).  7  mm.  lon^% 
second  r)-7-ii((rved,  8  mm.  long;  llonil  <,dumc  oval,  scabrons,  tlio 
very  tip  obtnse,  7-nerved,  H  mm.  long;  puleii  elli|)ti(!ji!  witiiout 
sj)reading,  (1  mm.  long. 

Calirornia,  Lmniion  .'iMS,  /io/mii/rr  (II'.M,  in  lierb.  1 1.  S.  Dc'pt. 
Agricul. 

a.  M.  fugax  Mohmder,  Troc.  Calif.  .\cad.  1:104  (1870).  M. 
GejU'fi  'riuirl)cr.  Hot.  Willvcs  Mxp.  4!M,  not,  .Miinro.  (ilijiiria 
hulhusa  Ibuiklcy.  I'nie.   IMiiia.  Acad.  1»5  (18(i:i). 

Culms  sl((nder,  :.M)  (iO  cm.  high,  fi'oiii  Ixdblike  bases.  Ligulc 
white,  ]a(!eratc,  3- li  mm.  long;  blach-s  '^  :!  in  niimbcir,  Hat,  10-15 
cm.  long,  '3  mm.  wiih",  smootli  or  scabri;'.,  the  lowest  short  and 
ohtiise,  the  others  setaceous.  I'aiucle  simple,  (i-l'i  cm.  long,  rays 
remote,  soon  horizontal,  l-d-llowenid,  the  longest  W  ciu.  long. 
S[)ikelet3  IJ-o-llowertHJ,  tinged  with  purple,  joint  of  rachilla  thi(;k, 
soft,  si)ongy,  2.;5  mm.  long;  tirst  empty  glume  I  mm.  long,  ovate, 
.')-iiervcd,  st^eond  5  mm.  long,  broa<lly  oval,  r)-7-nerved  ;  floral  giumo 
r»  mm.  long,  lirm,  hroadly  oval,  7-!>-nerved ;  palea  incurved,  i")  mm. 
long. 

Oregon,  lloirdl,  Ciisick  10153;  (California,  JJohuider,  Mrs. 
Alls/ ill,  l.vniiiioH. 

Idaho,  Oregon,  and  Califoriua. 

0.  M.  multinervosa  \'as(iy. 

Culms  geniculate,  .'")0-!i0  cm.  higli,  with  oidarged  bases. 
Sheaths  W,  slightly  siiabrous,  about  the  length  of  the  internodes; 
ligulo  very  short,  (uliatc;  blades  Hat  or  involute,  30-40  cm.  long, 
3-4  mm,  wide.  Panicle  nuu-h  cxserted,  simph^,  IT)- 17  cm.  long; 
rays  single,  the  longest  h  cm.  long,  bearing  about  5  s])ikelets  on  tho 
outer  three-lifths.     Spikelets   1O-30  mm.  long,  appressed.  linear- 


002  POACE^. 

lanceolate,  5-12-flowered,  raeliilla  pubescent  with  short  silky  hairs; 
glumes  with  prominent  green  nerves,  first  empty  glume  4  mm. 
long,  ovate,  3-nerved,  second  5.5  mm.  long,  oval  when  spread, 
7-nerved;  floral  glume  pubescent  at  tlie  base,  7-nerved.  ovate- 
cuneato,  apex  obtuse;  palea  softly  pubescent,  nearly  4  mm.  long. 
Anthers  ovate,  0.7  mm.  long. 
Texas,  Ncalhy  for  Nat.  Mus. 

7.  M.  diffusa  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  1 :  77  (1814).  M.  aUissima 
Walt.  Fl,  Car.  78  (1788),  not  L.  M.  mntica  var.  dipisa  A.  Gray, 
Man.  Ed.  2:558  (1856). 

Culms  rather  stout,  80-120  cm.  high.  Sheaths  about  the 
length  of  the  internodes  ;  lignle  white,  lacerate,  4  nun.  long  ; 
blfides  5  in  number,  flat,  slightly  scabrid,  about  15  cm.  long,  6-8 
mm.  wide.  Panicle  linear  or  becoming  oval,  20  cm.  long,  rays 
mostly  in  threes,  the  longest  5-7  cm.  long,  bearing  a  few  spikclets 
above  tlie  middle.  Spikelots  borne  on  weak  flexuose  or  bent  i)edicels, 
2-3-flowered  with  one  or  more  rudiments,  longest  joint  of  rachilla 
2.5  mm.  long  :  first  empty  glume  7  mm.  long,  broadly  oval,  5-7- 
nerved  (if  7-nervod  the  lateral  nerves  obscure),  second  obovate- 
obloug,  0  mm.  long,  scarcely  acute,  5-nerved;  floral  glume  9  mm. 
long,  ellii)tical,  7-nerved  above,  21-uerved  below;  palea  spatulate- 
oval,  7  mm.  long. 

Pennsylvnnia,  T.  C.  Porter ;  Kentucky,  C.  W.  Short ;  New 
Mexico,   Wriffht  2062. 

Pennsylvania,  Texas,  Arizona,  and  ^fexico. 

Yar.  nitens  Scribn.  Proe.  Pliila.  Acad.  44  (1885). 

"  It  differs  from  the  species  in  its  more  leafy  culms,  narrower 
leaves,  more  densely  flowered  panicle,  and  in  its  much  l)roader  and 
more  unequal  outer  glumes,  the  second  one  being  nearly  as  long  as 
the  spikolet."     Scribner,  1.  c. 

Texas,  Reverclioii,  Curtiss  3464a,  NeaUcii;  New  Mexico,  Wright 
2063,  JoHcs  4334  ;  Arizona,  Pringle,  Rothrock  805  ;  Kocky 
Mountains,  IlnlJ  t(-  Harbour  228. 

Texas,  Nebraska,  Colorado,  Arizona. 

8.  M.  parviflora  (Porter)  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  6:50 
(1895).     J/,  iitutica  var.  parviflora  Porter,  Porter  &  Coulter,  Fl. 


FESTUCE.E.  503 

Col.  149  (1874).  M.  Porferi  Scribu.  Proc.  Phlla.  Acad.  1885,  44, 
t.  i,  /.  44  (188")). 

Culms  slender,  60-80  cm.  high.  Sheaths  scabrous,  longer  than 
the  internodes  ;  ligule  white.  4  mm.  long;  blades  G-T  in  number, 
flat  or  becoming  involute,  scabrous,  20-30  cm.  long,  ;5-4  mm.  wide. 
Panicle  simple,  'iO-30  cm.  long,  raj'S  in  threes  and  fours  or  fewer  in 
half-whorls,  remote  from  each  other  4-7  cm.,  tlie  longest  0-7  cm. 
long,  bearing  a  few  spikelets  above  the  middle  on  hairj-  pedicels 
turned  to  one  side.  Spikelets  3-5-flowered,  longest  joint  of  rachilla 
2.5-3.5  mm.  long,  first  glume  5-7  mm.  long,  ovate,  5-nervedj 
second  G-7  mm.  long,  l)roadly  oval,  acute,  7-nerved  ;  floral  glume 
7-9  mm.  long,  firm,  scabrous,  elliptical,  acute,  7-14-i:  ved;  jialea 
5-G  mm.  long,  spatnlate,  acute. 

Texas,  XeaUei/ ;  New  ^fexico,  Wripht  20(i^,  Jones  4134  ;  Ari- 
zona, Primjle,  linthrock  805  ;  Rocky  Mountains,  Hall  tC  Harbour 
228. 

Nebraska,  Colorado,  and  Arizona. 

9.  M.  stricta  Roland.  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  3:4  (18G3). 
Densely  tufted,   20-50   cm.   higli.      Slieatiis   longer  than  the 

internodes, scal)rid  or  pubescent;  ligule  white,  lacerate,  4  mm.  long; 
blades  4-5  in  number,  sometimes  scabrous  above  and  i)ubesceut 
beneath,  the  apex  convolute  and  rigid,  10-15  cm.  long.  4  mm. 
wide.  Panicle  very  simple,  or  instead  often  a  secund  raceme,  10- 
15  em.  long,  bearing  9-12-20  spikelets.  Spikelets  ])orne  on  slender 
curved,  finely  pubescent  ])edieels,  2-4-flowered,  longest  joint  of 
slender  rachilla  2.5  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  subequal,  12-15  mm. 
long,  elliptical  when  s})read,  acute,  almost  hyaline,  5-nerved ;  floral 
glume  narrowly  elliptical,  5-nerved  ;  palea  spatulate-linear,  5  mm. 
long. 

Oregon  (Stein's  ^lountain),  I  To  well  j  California,  (rray,  Greene, 
Bohnuler,  PrimiJe  ;  Kevada,    Walsuii  1305. 

Montana,  Oregon,  California,  and  Nevada. 

10.  M.  frutescens  Scribn.  Proc.  Pliila.  Acad.  45  (1885). 
Culms  stout,  70-100  cm.  high,  simple  or  branched  near  the  base 

or  near  the  top.  Sheaths  about  8  in  luimber,  longer  than  the  in- 
ternodes; ligule  4-5  mm.  long,  rather  firm  and  brown  below;  blades 


r)()4  POACE.E. 

scabrous,  20-30  cm.  long,  4-5  mm.  wide,  involute  near  tlie  tin. 
Panicle  15-30  cm.  long,  strict,  densely  llowered  and  spicate  above, 
interrupted  below,  the  appressed  branches  3-7  cm.  long,  the  longer 
ones  naked  for  one-fourth  ol"  their  length.  Spikelets  on  stout 
orcct  pedicels,  usually  r)-llowered,  joint  of  rachilla  3  mm.  long  ; 
cmi)ty  glumes  elliptical-lanceohite,  5-7-nerved,  first  11-12  mm. 
long,  second  12-13  mm.  long;  tloral  glume  9  mm.  long,  ellii)tical, 
0-1] -nerved;  i)alea  5  mm.  long.  sj)atulate-oval. 

California  (San  Diego).  Orcittt ;  Mexico,  Jones  3148.  The 
plant  from  Mr.  Jones  is  more  slender,  blades  involute,  0-10  cm. 
long,  2-3  mm.  wide,  distichous;  sjjikes  more  slender,  fewer-tlowered ; 
perhaps  a  distinct  variety. 

Southern  (lalifornia,  Ari^oiui,  Mexico. 

11.  M.  nana,  new  name.  M.  an/eii/a  (Howell)  lieal.  Bull.  Torr. 
Club.  IT:  153  (1890),  not  Desv.  Poa  argeiitea  Howell,  Bull.  Torr. 
Clul),  15:  11   (1888). 

An  erect  tufted  perennial,  15-20  cm.  high.  Sheaths  loose, 
membranous;  ligule  2-3  mm.  long;  leaves  of  sterile  shoots  nunu'r- 
ous,  curved,  blades  condu])licate,  3-7  cm.  long,  in  cross-section 
oblong,  O.G-0.8  mm.  diam..  bullifoi-m  cells  Avanting,  ai)ex  obtuse  ; 
ligule  of  the  culm-leaves  acute,  3-5  mm.  long;  blades  of  the  culm 

2  in  number,  conduplicate,  11-nerved,  1.5  cm.  long,  1.3  mm.  diam. 
l^anicle  oblong,  spikelike.  2-3  cm.  long.  Si)ikelets  oblong-linear, 
C-S  mm.  long,  3-5-Howered,  joint  of  rachilla  1.7-2  mm.  long,  all 
of  the  glumes  brownish,  shining  and  with  broad  scarious  margins; 
empty  glumes  subequal,  3.5-5  nun.  long.  3-4-5-iuu'ved,  obovate, 
ovate,  lobed,  toothed  or  entire;  floral  glume  5.5  juin.  long,  oval  or 
obovate  when  spread,  denticulate,  5-G-7-nerved,  minutely  scabrid  or 
smooth;  palea  lanceolate,  about  the  length  of  its  glume.     Anthers 

3  in  number,  2.5  nmi.  long.  The  following,  among  other  things, 
indicate  that  this  is  a  Mcliva  :  the  soft  smooth  or  scarious  obovate 
or  irregularly  toothed  glumes,  empty  glumes  often  4-5-nerved,  the 
long  spongy  joints  of  the  rachilla,  floral  glume  without  hairs  at  the 
base,  5-6-7-nerved,  the  nerves  evanescent,  not  connivant  above. 
The  s[)ecili(!  name  argcntca  had  been  previously  used  when  this  was 
transferred  from  Poa  to  Mvlicit,  hence  the  new  name. 


KESTICK.E.  505 

Orepfon  (Siskiyou  Mountains),  Hinrcll  in  July,  1887. 

12.  M.  mutica  Walt,  Fl.  Car.  7S  (i:,ss).  M.  (jlabm  Michx.  Fl. 
Uor.  Am.  1  :  G3  (1803)  in  part.  M.  miificuxiw.  (jlahru  A.  <!ray, 
Man.  Ed.  3:555  (1856). 

Culms  slender,  GO-MO  cm.  liigli.  Lij^ulo  brown  below,  3  nun, 
long;  blades  O-T  in  number,  flat,  smootli  or  seabrid,  10-15  em. 
lonif,  3-5  mm.  wide.  Panicle  racemose,  12-1 T  cm.  joni;-,  rays  single 
or  in  couples,  distant,  few-tlowercd.  tlie  longest  l-o  cm.  long. 
Spikelets  on  slender  curved  pedicels,  with  2  fertile  Howers,  longest 
joint  of  racliilla  2  mm.  long;  first  em[)ty  glume  G.5-i)  mm.  long, 
broadly  oval,  o-li-nerved,  second  8-!)  mm.  long,  nearly  elliptical- 
lanceolate,  5-7-nerved ;  floral  glume  elliptical,  T-K-iU'rved,  !» 
mm.  long;  palea  spatulate-elliptieal,  al)out  G  nmi.  long.  I'rofessor 
Scribner  says:  "Distinguished  from  M.  t/ijf'KS(t,  witii  which  it  has 
been  united  by  some  authors,  by  its  more  slender  habit,  less-branched 
and  I'ewer-tlowered  panicle,  which  is  often  reduced  to  a  single 
raceine.  The  spikelets  also  rarely  have  more  than  two  jK-rfect 
florets,  the  outer  glumes  are  more  nearly  equal  in  length,  and  often 
cpiite  Jis  long  as  the  spikalct,  while  the  flowering  ghnnes  are  broader 
and  more  obtuse." 

I'ennsylvania,  (hiiher ;  District  of  Columbia,  MrCarOni  ; 
Florida,  Cnrfixx. 

Pennsylvania,  Illinois,  southward  and  westward  to  Texas. 

13.  M.  laxifloria  Cavan.  Ic.  ,■),  48.  /.  473,/.  2  (1700). 

A  tufted  grass,  50-00  cm.  high.  Sheaihs  s(!abrid,  longer  than 
the  internodes;  ligule  white,  thin,  split,  5-7  mm.  long;  blades  of 
sterile  shoots  narrow,  2-10  mm.  long,  those  of  the  cidm  3—4  in 
number,  flat  or  involute,  seabrid,  7-12  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide. 
Panicle  open,  12-19  cm.  long,  rays  at  length  s})reading  or  droop- 
ing, mostly  in  threes,  the  longest  5-8  cm.  long,  flower-bearing  but 
little  below  the  middle.  Spikelets  on  slender  curved  or  refloxed 
pedicels,  1-2-flowered,  rac'hilla  about  2  mm.  long;  empty  glumes 
Avhite,  thin,  5-nerved,  first  oval,  7  mm.  long,  second  linear, 
obtuse,  apex  sometimes  notched,  G-7  nmi.  long;  floral  glume  G-7 
mm.  long,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  seabrid,  11-  to  nuiny- nerved;  palea 
linear-spatulate,  5  mm.  long. 


506  POACE^. 

Mexico  (Chihuahua),  rrinyh  430  ;  also  said  to  grow  in  Chili. 

14.  M.  macrantha  (Vusey)  Hwil,  liuU.  Torr.  Club,  17:153 
(1890).     Poa  macrantha  Viisey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  15: 11  (1888). 

A  smooth  stout  grass,  30-40  cm.  high,  ascendiug  from  creeping 
rootstocks.  Sheaths  compressed,  loose;  ligule  1-2  mm.  long; 
blades  of  the  culm,  excepting  2  or  3  of  the  upper  ones,  bearing  in 
their  axils  non-flowering  leafy  branches;  blades  of  the  branches 
conduplicate,  curved  and  flexuose,  often  reaching  to  the  panicle,  the 
extreme  apex  obtuse  or  abruptly  pointed,  in  cross-section  oval  or 
circular,  5-10  mm.  diam.,  a  set  of  small  bulliform  cells  on  each  side 
near  the  middle;  blades  of  the  culm  a  little  wider,  the  upper  one 
1-5  cm.  long.  Panicle  erect,  dense,  sometimes  interrupted  below, 
4-10  cm.  long,  rays  in  twos  and  threes,  stout,  erect,  the  longest 
3-5  cm.  long.  Staminate  spikclets  10-15  mm.  long,  compressed, 
ovate-lanceolate  or  oval,  4-7-flovvered,  light  green  or  yolIoM'ish,  joint 
of  rach ilia  large,  soft,  sparingly  pubescent,  1.5-2 mm.  long;  empty 
glumes  oblong-lanceolate,  softly  scabrid,  first  7-10  mm  long,  3-4-5- 
nerved,  second  8-11  mm.  long,  3-7-nerved;  floral  glume  8-10  mm. 
long,  oval  or  oval-lanceolate,  Avith  soft  hairs  at  the  base  and  lower 
part  of  the  keel,  apex  notched,  awnless,  3-10-nerved  ;  palea  but 
very  little  shorter  than  its  glume,  linear,  ciliate  on  the  keels,  apex 
notched.  Anthers  5  mm.  long.  Pistillate  spikelets  with  shorter 
joints  of  the  rachilla;  empty  glumes  and  floral  glume  a  little  shorter. 
The  compressed  spikelets  and  conduplicate  blades  point  to  affinities 
with  Poa.  The  following  features  show  its  affinity  with  Melica: 
large,  soft,  scabrid,  light  green  or  yellowish  spikelets,  ghimes  oval, 
rachilla  long,  large  and  soft;  empty  glumes  usually  more  than  3- 
nerved  and  floral  glume  more  than  5-nerved  and  notched  at  tlie,  apex. 

Oregon,  Howell.     Sand-dunes,  Tilamook  Bay. 

15.  M.  spectabilis  Scribn.  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  45  (1885).  M. 
hulhosn  Porter  &  Coult.  Fl.  Colo.  149  (1874). 

A  slender  tufted  stoloniferous  grass,  about  CO  cm.  high,  with  a 
corm  at  the  base  of  each  culm.  Sheaths  mostly  longer  than  the 
internodes;  ligule  white,  about  2  mm.  long;  blades  3-4  in  niimber, 
scabrous,  flat  or  involute,  15-20  cm.  long^  2-4  mm.  wide.  Panicle 
slightly  nodding,  simple,  10-10  cm.  long,  racemose,  rays  slender, 


FESTICKiE.  507 

flexuose,  single  or  in  pairs,  sometimes  in  tlirees,  the  longest  ;}-4 
cm.  long,  beiiring  2—4  spikelets.  Spikt'lots  3-8-ll(>\vc'red,  joint  of 
racliillii  1.5  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  ovate,  ol)tuse,  or  acute  witli 
transverse  nerves  near  tlie  middle,  first  glume  3-nerved,  4-5  mm. 
long,  second  r)-nerved,  5-G  mm.  long;  floral  glume  7-8  mm.  long, 
abruptly  tapering,  oval,  the  apex  with  2  very  short  teeth  or  a 
notch,  7-9-nerved,  with  cross  nerves;  ])alea  elliptical,  5  mm. 
long.  Professor  Scribner  says :  "This  grass  has  l)een  referred  to 
Oeyer's  M.  hulhosa  by  authors,  but  aside  from  its  affecting  higher 
elevations,  it  is  readily  distinguished  from  that  s})ecies  by  its  usu- 
ally taller  and  more  slender. culms,  by  its  more  open  and  nodding 
panicle,  by  the  more  slender  and  flexuose  pedicels,  by  its  shorter 
empty  glumes,  and  by  its  broader  flowering  glumes,  which  taper 
abruptly  to  a  rounded  and  usually  two-lobed  summit." 

Montana,  Anderson,   Wil/idinsj  Oregon,  Cuskk  851. 

Montana,  Oregon,  and  California. 

16.  M.  Californica  Scribn.  Proc  Phila.  Acad.  4(j  (1885).  M. 
po(Poi(les  Tow.  Pac.  1{.  Kei).  4:  15?  (185T),  not  Xutt.  J/,  biilbosa 
Thurb.  S.  Wats.  liot.  Calif.  2:304  (1880),  not  Ceyer  (1850). 

Culms  slender,  30-80  cm.  high,  with  corms  and  \voolly-i>ubes- 
cent  roots.  Leaves  4-5  in  number,  sheaths  shorter  than  tho  inter- 
nodes,  scabrous,  ligule  3  mm.  long,  brown  and  pubes- 
cent below;  l)lades  iirm,  scabrous,  involute.  8-12 
cm.  long,  2-3  nun.  wide.  I'aniele  10-15  cm.  long', 
spikelike,  interrupted  ])elow.  rays  mostly  in  jtairs, 
the  longest  3-4  cm.  long.  Spikelets  scabrid.  2-3- 
llowered  on  erect  stout  pedicels,  joint  of  rachilla  2 
mm.  long,  first  empty  glume  ovate,  ;'.-5-nerved,  al)Out 
G  mm.  long,  second  elliptical.  5-l-nervod,  al)out  7 
mm.   long;  floral  glume  G-7   nun.  long,  oval,  ai)expjj^    loi— ¥<■ 

obtuse  or  notched,    niinutelv  scabrous,    7-l)-nerve(l ;  ''"''"      Cuiifor- 
.  "^  nica.  Spikfk't. 

j)alea  elliptical,  about  5  mm.  long,      J  he  plant  seen  (Sciihuer.) 
was  marked  J/,  bidbosa  Oeyer,  and  from  ^1,  K.  Jones,  collected  at 
Kelsey,  California. 

Utah,  Watson  1303;  Wyoming,  Pftrri/  205;  Idaho,  W'afsoii 
-155;  Oregon,  f'lisick  S\i^;  California,  Jones. 


508  POACE.E.       . 

Wyoming,  Utah,  Oregon,  Culifornia. 

IT.  M.  bulbosa  (Jeyer,  llouk.  Jour.  Bot.  8:10  (1S5G).  A. Gray,. 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  8:4(»!t  (is:;3). 

Culms  sleuJor,  growing  singly  or  in  dt'iiso  tufts,  with  corms  at 
the  base.  Slieatlis  scabrous,  or  sonu'times  pubescent,  about  the 
length  of  the  internodes;  ligule  white,  thin,  about  4  mm.  long; 
blades  3-4  in  number,  erect,  scabrous.  10-15  cm.  long.  Panicle 
erect,  spikelike,  more  or  less  interrupted  below,  ?-]■->  cm,  long; 
rays  in  twos,  threes,  or  single,  stout,  erect,  ap|»ressed.  Spikelets 
5-8-flowered,  joint  of  rachilla  2.2-5  mm.  long;  em{)ty  ghime{> 
scabrid,  first  glume  elliptical-lanceolate,  JJ-o-nerved,  (J-T  mm. 
long,  second  elliptical,  obtuse-retrorse,  5-nerved,  IS  mm.  long; 
floral  glume  9  mm.  long,  scabrous,  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  oi 
notched  at  the  tip.  1-nerved,  with  some  shorter  nerves  interven- 
ing; palea  elliptical  without  spreading,  7  mm.  long. 

^lontana.  ]\i//i(ttius ;  Washington,  lii'ditdcyec  11S2;  Oregon^ 
HoweU,  0/.s'/V/l- 900,  /fdllCi:;  Nevada,   Wafson  UOi. 

jMontaua,  Washington,  Nevada,  California,  Utah,  Wyoming. 

18.  M.  subulata  (Griseb.)  Scribn.  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  47 
(1885).  Jiroinas  t^ubiihtus  Griseb.  Ledeb.  Fl.  lioss.  4:  358  (1853), 
M.  aruminata  lioland.  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  4: 104  (1870). 

A  slender  grass,  nO-1'20  cm.  high,  the  culms  scabrous  with 
corms  at  the  base.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  a 
white  ciliate  fringe  1  mm.  long;  blades  4-5  in  number,  scabrous, 
fiat,  12-18  cm.  long,  4-G  cm.  wide.  Panicle  slender,  few- 
flowered,  12-15  cm.  long;  rays  slender,  plumose,  the  lower  in 
threes  or  fours,  the  longest  5-T  cm.  long,  bearing  3-5  si)ikelets 
above  the  middle.  Spikelets  about  5-flowered,  rachilla  zigzag,  each 
joint  3-4  mm.  long,  M'ith  an  unequal  callus-like  swelling  just  below 
the  empty  glumes;  lower  glume  ovate-lanceolate,  3-nerved,  first  5 
mm.  long,  second  G  mm.  long:  floral  glume  9-12  mm.  long,  hirsute 
or  scabrous,  oval-acuminate,  l-nervcd;  palea  linear,  5-G  mm.  long. 

Oregon,  KeUogg  tf-  llavurd  1112,  llowvll  445. 

Montana,  Idaho,  Washington,  Oregon,  California. 

19.  M.  bromoides  A.  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  8:409  (1873). 
M.  Geyeri  Munro,  lioland.  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  4:103  (1870). 


FESTUCE^i.  f>09 

Culms  90-100  cm.  high,  with  corms  at  the  base.  Slieaths  often 
scabrous,  half  as  long  as  the  intcnuxles;  ligulo  3  uiiu.  long;  blades 
scabrous,  flat  or  iuvolute,  20-40  cm.  long,  5-12  luni.  wide. 
I'anick"  much  cxserted,  thin,  pyramidal,  12-15  cm.  long;  rays  in 
twos  or  threes  or  single,  the  longest  6-7  cm.  long,  bearing  2-5 
spikelets  on  the  outer  three  llfths.  Spikclets  4-5-flowered,  l(;-2a 
mm.  long;  empty  glumes  ovate,  narrowed  above,  acute  or  obtuse, 
iirst  4  mm.  long,  second  T  mm.  long;  floral  glume  8-!»  mm.  long, 
7-nerved,  scabrid,  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  with  2  teeth,  the  3  nerves 
extending  to  the  apex,  the  middle  one  ending  in  a  point;  palea  a 
little  shorter,  ciliolate  on  the  keels. 

Washington,   Vasey  ;  California,  Bohtndcr  40. 
Washington,  Oregon,  California. 
Var.  Howellii  Scribn.  Proc.  Thila.  Aca<l.  47  (1K85). 
This  differs  from   the  type  in  its  more  open  and  fewer-flowered 
panicle;  the  floral  glumes  are  also  considerably  longer,  and  entire 
or  but  slightly  notched  at  the  tip,  without  any  awn.     It  has  a 
decidedly  festucoid  look. 
Oregon,  Howell  335. 

20.  M.   Smithii   (Porter)  Vasey  ined.      Arena  Smitliii  T.  C. 
Porter,  A.  (iray  Man.  Ed.  4:640. 

A  slender  grass,  60-140  cm.  high;  culms  with  corms  at  the 
base.  Sheaths  about  the  length  of  the  internodes;  ligiile  acute, 
thin,  4-5  mm.  long;  blades  5-6  in  nunil)er,  flat,  thin,  scabrous, 
1.5-20  cm.  long,  6-8  mm.  wide.  I'aniclc  open,  thin,  15-30 
cm.  long;  rays  mostly  single,  5-T  cm.  lojig,  distant,  at  length 
spreading,  slightly  curved,  the  lowest  8-12  cm.  long,  bearing 
a  few  spikelets  usually  above  the  middle.  Spikelets  2-5- 
flowered,  joint  of  rachilla  hispid,  3-4  mm.  long;  empty  glumes 
scabrid,  first  5  mm.  long,  linear-lanceolate,  3-nerved,  second 
6-7  mm.  long,  lance-elliptical,  5-nervcd;  floral  glume  8-10  mm. 
long,  linear-lanceolate,  2-toothed.  7-nerved.  awn  4-6  mm.  long; 
]ialea  linear,  6-7  mm.  long.  Nearly  allied  to  .1/.  arisfata 
'J'hurber. 

:Michigan.   near  Sault   St.  Marie,  Grand   Traverse  (/?w/   104), 
Benzie,   Kewenaw    Co.    {FarwvU),    Otsego    County,    Lsle    Koyale; 


-CIO  poacp:.!-:. 

Montana,  Amlersan  30;  Jiritish  Aniorica,  Macoun;  Washington, 
E.  R.  Lake. 

Growing  in  woods. 

Micliigan,  British  Columbia,  Washington,  anil  ufc  intervening 
points. 

21.  M.  Harfordii  Bohmd.  Proe.  Calif.  Acad.  4:10-,'  (ISTO); 
Thurb.  S.  Wats.  Hot.  Calif.  2:305  (18H0). 

A  slender  grass,  40-100  cm.  high,  the  lower  nodes  somewhat 
enlarged.  Sheaths  mostly  as  long  as  the  internodes,  often  ciliato 
at  the  throat;  ligule  about  1  mm.  long;  blades  4  in  number, 
glaucous,  smooth  or  scabrous  al)ove,  ilat  or  involute,  12-25  cm. 
long,  about  3  mm.  wide.  Panicle  erect,  pale,  slender,  spikelike, 
10-20  em.  long;  rays  mostly  in  jmirs,  the  longest  5-G  cm.  long, 
bearing  about  3  spikelets  above  the  middle.  Sj)ikelets  4-8-tlowered 
on  erect  pedicels,  joint  of  raehilla  3-4  mm.  long,  easily  breaking 
when  young;  empty  glumes  elliptical, 5-nerved.  ?  mm.  long,  second 
7-nerved,  8-9  mm.  long;  floral  glume  8-10  nun.  long,  nearly  ob- 
long, tapering  above,  scal^rous-pubescent,  ciliate  near  the  margins 
on  the  lower  half,  apex  notched  or  truncate,  7-nerved,  with  an  awn 
1-3  mm.  long;  palea  linear  when  not  spread,  8  mm.  long. 

U.  S.  Dcpt.  Aijrirnl.  603;  Washington,  Howell;  Oregon, 
Hotvcll;  California,  liohoulcr  53. 

Washington,  Oregon,  and  California. 

Var.  minor  Vasey  ined  A  grass  20-30  cm.  high;  spikes  very 
simple,  3-8  cm.  long;  spikelets  about  3  flowered. 

Oregon  (Siskiyou  Mountains),  Hoirvll  in  188T. 

22.  M.  aristata  Thurb.  lioland.  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  4:103 
(1870);  S.  Wats.  Bot.  Calif.  2:  305  (1880). 

A  rather  slender  grass,  50-70  cm.  high,  scabrous  throughout. 
Sheaths  as  long  as  the  internodes;  ligule  scabrous,  about  4  mm. 
long;  blades  5-6  in  number,  flat,  imbescent,  about  10  cm.  long, 
3-4  mm.  wide.  PaTiicle  very  slender,  simple,  20-30  cm.  long;  rays 
in  threes,  the  longest  5-7  cm.  long,  bearing  2-4  spikelets  above  the 
middle,  the  sets  of  rays  remote,  the  lower  often  partly  included. 
Spikelets  purplish,  erect,  mostly  3-flowered,  joints  of  raehilla 
brittle,  3-3.6  mm.   long;   empty  glumes   elliptical-oblong,  barely 


IKSTITK.K.  nil 

acute,  ouch  5-7-iicrve(I,  first  9  mm.  long,  second  11  mm.  long; 
floral  glume  9-11  mm.  long,  strongly  s"iibrous,  ii  few  luiirs  nciir 
the  miirgiua  at  the  base,  linear,  T-ncrvi-d.  central  nerve  cxcurrcnt 
below  the  bifid  tip,  au  awn  6-10  mm.  long;  palca  linear  before 
^spreading,  7-8  mm,  long.  lUadcs  shorter  and  broader  than  those 
of  M.  Harford  ii  ;   the  panicle  fewer-flowered. 

California  (Kniigrant  Gap),  Hohoufi'r,  Jiuics. 

Washington,  Oregon,  California. 

116.  (238).  KoRYCARPUS  Zea.  Act.  Matr.  (180(1):  ex  Lag.  Gen. 
et.  Sp.  Nov.  4  (181G).  Diurina  Kafin.  Med.  Itepos.  N.  V.  .-):  ll^il 
(1808).  Diarrlieiia  lieauv.  Agrost.  143  (181'.').  no-mcria  Zea,  1{. 
-&  S.  Syst.  1:61,  'ZSl  (1817).  Cori/rarpus  Zea,  Spreng.  Syst.  1  : 
123  (1825).     Oiiw(t  Fraiich.  &  Sav.  Eiuun.  IM.  Jap.  2: 178  (1870). 

Spikelets  3-5-flowered  in  a  narrow  strict  sparingly  branched 
panicle,  one  or  two  of  the  uppermost  flowers  sterile,  rachilla  very 
easily  articulate  between  the  flowers.  Eni])ty  glumes  very  uui'ipuil, 
coriaceous,  keeled,  first  narrow,  acute,  1 -nerved,  second  larger, 
broader,  ovate,  acute  or  mucroiuite,  5-nerved  ;  floral  glume  broadly 
ovate,  round  on  the  back,  coriaceous,  shining,  3-nervcd,  the  nerves 
united  at  the  apex  in  a  strong  abrupt  or  awl-shai)cd  tip  ;  palea 
shorter,  rigid,  2-keelcd.  8tauu'ns  2,  rarely  1.  Styles  short,  dis- 
tinct. Grain  very  large,  o])li(piely  ovoid,  obtusely  pointed,  rather 
longer  than  the  floral  glunu':  pericarp  not  adlu'ritig  to  tlie  seed. 
Tall  erect  perennials  witli  flat  Idadcs. 

There  arc  two  species,  one  ])eculiar  to  eastern  >«orth  Anieiica, 
the  other  to  Japan  ;  nearly  allied  to  J/c7/Vy/,  but  tlic  floral  glumes 
have  only  three  nerves  aiul  arc  hardened  round  the  grain,  which 
usually  exceeds  them,  and  the  stamens  arc  reduced  to  two  or  one. 
The  ha])it  is  much  that  of  the  section  J~'ro»H'Iic((  of  the  geiuis 
Jfi'h'ri/. 

J.  K.  diandrus  (Michx.)  Kuntzc,  IJev.  Gen.  PI.  772  (1891). 
Festuca  ditnidra  Michx.  Fl.  Hor.  Am.  1  :  67  (1803).  Diarrhena 
Americana  Beauv.  Agrost.  143  (1812).  Kori/rarj>i(s  arnndinaretis 
Zea,  Act.  Matr,  (1806). 

Culms  erect,  ujibranched,  60-90  cm.  high,  nearly  smooth, 
compressed,   almost  aolid,  with  running  rootstocks.     Ligule  very 


f)l-> 


I'OACK.K. 


short;  blades  IliU,  :•()-»;()  cm.  luiiii',  1-1.5  oin.  widt'.  J'liniclo 
vei-\  siiii])lt'.  ir)-".'0  cm.  long,  rays  siiigk',  IVw  ami 
few-llo\verc(].  S|iik('lnts  sliortly  pedicellate,  ol)- 
luiiU'ly  ciirviii",'  from  tlio  axis:  first  empty  glimio 
2-2.5  mm.,  second  aliont  -l.'t  mm.  long;  floral 
glume  4  mm.  or  more  long,  besides  the  point. 
Grain  compressed,   semi-oval,  4.5  >nm.  long. 

Indiana,  /'riiif/fr,  lival. 

Sliady  river-l»anks  and  rich  woods,  Ohio  to 
Illinois  and  southward.  "  Rare  in  Michigan,  a3 
far  north  as  JIubbardaton,  Ionia  County."  (J. 
F.  Wheeler. 

lir.   {'lAW).   Zeuoites  I*.    Hr.  Hist.  .Tamaic. 
341  (1750):  Schrub.   (ien.    IM.   Sl()(i:()|).     Se- 
)ii/rs    Adans.     Kam.  2::5!i    (K'ti;',).      /hs/im'-ia 
pus        (ii<ni(lnts.    '^'""h,    l{e\ .    Gram.    2:  4iS5   (IH.U)).       hraiiih- 

S|.ik(l(t      (Kicli-  i,„j..j„,    i»np,..    ii„ii.    Acad.    Hrux.     !i:(2).    '.'47 

unison.)  ^  ^    ' 

(1S42). 

S[(ikelets  many-flowered,  panitnihite,  rachilla  continuous  or 
tardily  articulate  under  the  fertile  floret,  the  lower  flower  female, 
the  upper  ones  male.  Kmpty  glumes  delicately  membranous, 
many-nerved,  very  broad,  slightly  unequal,  the  apex  round,  trun- 
cate, often  sub-denticulate,  awidess,  usually  with  transverse  nerves; 
floral  glume  with  transverse  nerves,  en<;losing  the  fenudc*  flower, 
larger,  sometimes  mucronate,  those  of  the  nuile  flowers  nari-ower, 
mucronatc;  palea  narrow,  hyaline,  2-keeled.  Stamens  in  the 
male  flowers  15.  Styles  of  the  female  flowers  distinct.  Grain 
oblong,  enclosed  l)y  the  glume  and  palea,  but  not  ad!;erent  to 
them. 

Branching  grasses,  usually  tall  with  very  broad  blades  having 
short  petioles,  the  blade  reticulate-nerved.  Pai\icle  terminal,  open 
or  dense.  There  are  five  or  six  si)ecies  dispersed  in  Mexico,  West 
Indies,  and  South  America. 

1.  Z.  latifolia  (Fourn.)  Benth.  Knimbhnlzia  hitifulia  Fourn» 
Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  Belg.  15:4r,4  (isrc). 

A  robust  grass,  2-3  m.    high  from   thick   rootstocks.      Slu-atba, 


Fi:sri(  K.K  Alii 

pinootli,   longer  than  tl)o   inttTiiodcx,  tlio  hiowii    niurgina  at   the 

tliroiit   iwoliitc;    lif^ulf    I   nun.     loiii,';    blailcs 

liiiL'ur  to  ovuti'-luiict'oliitc,  •,'()-;{(>  cm.  long,  with 

10-15  norv«!8  nioh  a'nlv    the   initlrih.      I'aniclo 

])yi'iiini(hil,  about  20  em.  h)n<,'.  lower  raysternato 

and  remote,  more  iiumerou>  above,  the  luii^fest 

10  cm.  lon<,',  beariug  10-1.")  spikelet.s  from  base 

to  apex.      Sj)ikelet8  linear  or  ovute-laneeolate, 

S-l»  mm.  Ion;,';  I'mpty  ^dumes  7-nerve(l,  first  3 

mm.  lon^',  3  mm.  wide,  se(;ond  narrower  and   a  pia.   103.  —  Zeugites 

little lon<'er;  lloral  ^dume  of  female  floret  tumid,       ("f'>^'«-   '^'  fl'i'<'-- 
="      '  '^  '        let  ;        a,        lloitt. 

4-5  mm.  long,  11-nerved;  palea  obovate,  4  mm.       (Scribiier.) 
long,    (iiliolutc  on  the  keels;  lloral  glume  of  male  florets  broadly 
ovate,  subacute.   I'.a  mm.  long,   T-nerved.  with  a  few  eross-uerves 
near  the  apex;  its  i)alea  oval,  3  mm.  long.     Antliers  2.2  nun.  long. 

Mexico,  Priuiik  20-t(),  2322. 

2.  Z.  Mexicana  (Kunth)  Trin.  Steud.  Nom.  Va\.  2.  2  :  798 
(1841).      Dcspretzia  Mexicana  Kunth,  Kev.  Gram.  2 :  485  (1820). 

Culms  slender,  branching,  20-50  cm.  high,  from  creeping  root- 
stocks.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  intoruodes,  smooth ;  ligule  1.5-2 
mm.  long;  petiole  distinct,  4-10  mm.  long,  puberulent  next  the 
blade;  blades  ovate,  acute,  -5  cm.  long.  Panicle  thin,  ovoid,  4- 
G  cm.  long,  lower  rays  in  twos,  threes,  or  single,  bearing  each  1-0 
spikelets.  Spikclets  glabrous,  3-flowered,  4-1  mm.  long;  em])ty 
glumes  equal,  3  nim.  long,  5-uerved,  truncate,  5-toothed;  floral 
glume  oval,  about  5  mm.  long,  mauy-nerved;  palca  longer  and  nar- 
rower than  its  glume. 

Mexico  (San  Luis  I'otosi),  Pn'tu/le  3919.      Kich  woods. 

118.  (244).  PleuROPOGON  K.  lir.  Parry,  First  Voy.  Suppl.  280. 
(err.  typ.  180)  (1824).  /*.  Lophochlwna  Xees,  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  0) 
1:  283  (1838). 

Spikelets  8-14-flowercid,  secund,  racemose,  on  a  simple  raciiis^ 
rachilla  articulate  above  the  empty  glumes  and  between  the  florets. 
Empty  glumes  membranous,  subhyaliue,  1 -nerved  or  the  second  with 
an  obscure  nerve  on  each  side  the  central  one,  awnless,  unequal ; 
floral  glume  longer,  membranous,   rather    firm,   5-T-nerved,  apex 


nu 


I'OACEiE 


hyulino,  entire,  eiuurginiito  or  S-tootlicd,  the  midnervo  terminiitinf» 

in  ii  inucro  or  sliort  awn;  pult-a  S'jjircely  shorter  thun  its  gltiinc, 

liyiiliiHi,  with  2-wing('cl  ciliate  kecds.     Stamens  ',i.     (J rain  oblon^% 

liard,  enclosed,  but  not  adherent.      Soft  u})rigl»t  perennial  grasses 

with   Hat  leaf-blades.       Haeenies   simple,  sliortly   pedicellate,   lax. 

Spikelets  large,  distant,  erector  jicndulous  on  short  pedicels. 

'IMu'rc  are  three  species;  one  arctic,  two  in  (!alifornia. 

1.  P.  Californicum    (Xees)  Henth. ;    Vasey,    (Jrass.   U.    S.    40 

(18.*)')).      Lopliorhhi'tKi  ('(ili/ornirn  Xees,  1.  c. 

(hilins  4(i-()()  cm.    high;   nodes  con.      "ted  and  dark-(;ol<)red. 

Sheaths  shorter  or  as   long  as  (he  interiiodcs;  ligule  thin,  0  mm. 

long;   l)lades   10-15  (!ni.   long  (the  iipjtt'r  15  5  cm.),   4  mm.   wide. 

Ttaeerae  llexuose,  ir)-2()  cm.  long,  containing  (!-]•.'  spikelets.    Spike- 

,,..  lets  l.r)-'.'.5  cm.  long, on  flattened  pi'dicels,  ;}-(»  mm. 

W^    [j^  long,  subiu'ect  or  spreading;  empfv  ghlm(^s  shining, 

second   15-iierved,   notched  at  the  a])((X ;  Moral  glume 

very  scabrous.   ;')-(')  mn».   long,  the    ;5  central   m-rves 

uniting  abovt;,  the  awn  8-10  mm.  long,  lateral  awns 

very  short;  ])alea  curved,  (Uineate,  .")    mm.  long,  the 

winged  keels  toothed. 

California,  llolaiulvr  \\,  /foiif/Iiis  \\\  IHlV.l. 

lllm  Wiw  liolandcr  believed    it    worthy  of  cultivation   as  a 

forage-plant. 

2.   P.  refractum  ((«ray)  Uenth.  I'roc.  Am.  Acad. 

402   (1S7;.').      Ldjihirhhvna  rvfrarta  A.   (J ray,    I'roc. 

Am.  Acad.  8:40!)  (18r2). 

Culmsstout,  l)()-r^*0  cm.  high.     Sheaths  scabrous 

or  smooth;  ligule  obtuse,  15 -0  mm.  long;  lower  blades 

flat,  about  20  cm.,  tin;  upper  .'5   5  cm,  long.  (J  s  nim. 

wide.      Kaehis  vt^y  slender,  llexuose.  •.'()-;5('cm.  long. 

Spikeli'ts    refracteil  ]»y   the  curving  of  the    pedicels, 

Fio.  I04.--Pte«- 2.r)-;5.,")    cm.    long,    nitlier     looselv    flowered ;     floral 
ro])oiji}nr(fr(te- 

turn.  J,8i)iUo-  glume  T-Smm.  long,  scabrous,  oblong,  apex  truncate- 

i  niiit'ii- r'pis^'''^*'^"'' ''^^'' ''^''•''''  '•""•'•huig;  palea  7  mm.  long,  the 
til.  (Scribner.)  wings  ending  each  in  a  blunt  tooth. 
Oregon,  Hall  ();>(),  lloirvll. 


FESTUCK.K.  01.") 

Very  nearly  iillied  to  /*.  ('(difor)ilcitni,  into  wliioli,  porhups,  it 
passes. 

;}.  P.  Sabinii  1{.  Hr.  Parry's  First  \'oy,  Suj)])l.   '^S!),  (orr.  typ. 

Culms  orecl,  siiwotli,  simi)l(',  0-15  ciii.  liij^li.  SlieiUhs  sliji^lilly 
compressed,  closed  iilinost  to  the  apex;  li;^'ule  very  short;  hluth-s 
of  tile  culiii  Hat,  sniootli,  ',l-\  iiiiii.  wide,  the  upper  i)Jy-l  em. 
loiif^,  tliosc  of  liu'  sterile  shoots  louj^cr  and  narrower,  liaciiis 
h-H  ('m.lon<;,  p('(li('els  of  spil\elets  hut  little  loiij^er  than  the  empty 
^dimu's,  re(Mirve<l.  S[)ikelets  sultturete,  droopiiij;,  .')-H  mm.  loii^f, 
l}-l()-llowered  ;  empty  jjfliinu'S  l-;5  mm.  loiij,',  the  llrstovate,  acute,  the 
second  ohovatc,  ol)tuse,ii  litlh;  the  longer  and  hroadi-r;  iloral  ;j^lume 
ohovate-ohloiij;,  al>out  4  i.im.  loni,^  r)-nerve(i,  clothed  with  very  line 
apjtressed  puhesctence,  the  upper  half  white,  scarious;  palea  ciliate 
on  the  keels,  deeply  enuir^inate,  as  Ion*,'  as  it.s  <,dume.  'i'lu're  are 
two  varieties. 

Mi'lville  Island,  r.  S.  Dvpl.  A(/rind.  from  the  Uritish  Museum. 
Oidy  a  fraf^meutary  speciiiuMi  was  examined  scunewhat  su|>erlicially. 

no.  ('MO).  Uniola  L.  Sp.  IM.  71  (i:r.:{).  Trisin/n  UnWu.  in 
FI.  Ludov.  144  (1817).  Cliasnuinlhiuin  Link,  jlort.  lierol.  1:  15!) 
(lH;w>T). 

Spikehits  <'losely  ;)-~0-llowere(l,  very  Hat  with  tliin  ed^r,.s,  one  or 
more  of  tlu^  k>west  neutral  or  eonsistinf,'  only  <»f  an  empty  j,dume, 
rachilla  artieulat(!  between  the  florets.  Kmpty  ;j;hnnes  lanceolate, 
eompressed-kceled,  rii^id,  numy-nerved,  awnless;  Iloral  ^lumo 
lonjrer,  usually  acute  or  pointeil,  ttjitire;  palea  rather  lirm.  with 
two  narrowly  winj^ed  keels.  Stamens)?,  (irain  ohlonir,  <'om  pressed, 
loosely  enclosed,  hut  not  adherent. 

Ere(!t  tufti'd  smooth  perennials  from  creepinif  rootstocks,  with 
blades  Hat  or  involute.  Paidcle  loose  or  s|»ikelike.  There  are  live 
or  six  s[)ecies  known,  all  belonj^dn;;  to  .North  America,  and  one 
extending'  into  South  America;  all  with  broiid,  Hat  spikelcts  in 
which  th(>  !]-()  lower  glumes  arc  empty,  in  size  and  shape  i^radually 
passin;^  into  the  Horal  ones. 

A.   Spikelcts  "i-'.\  cm.  long (a) 

a.  Km[>ty  glumes  thin '    L 


516 


POAC'E.E. 


a.  Empty  glumes  sj)oiigy 3 

B.  Spikelets  ;3— t  mm.  long 3 

C.  Spikelots  7-S  mm.  long 4 

D.  Spikelets  12-16  mm.  long 5 

1.  U.  latifolia  Mi(;hx.  Fl.  IJor.  Am.  1:71  (l.S()3). 
Culms    rather   stout,    G0-12()   cm.    high.      Leaves   numerous, 

sheaths  mostly  slu)rter  thau  thi;  internodes: 
ligulo  a  fringe  of  very  sliort  hairs;  blades  lanceo- 
late, about  ll-ril)l)e(l,  10-18  cm.  long,  1.5-2.5  cm. 
wide.  Panicle  loose,  nodding,  18-30  em.  long. 
Spikelets  i)edi(!ellatc,  droo[»ing,  ol)long,  acute,  2-3 
cm.  long,  lo-15-flowered,  empty  glumes  subefjual, 
linear-lanceohite,  5-9  mm.  long;  lloral  glume  10- 
13  mm.  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  the  keel  winged 
and  ciliate;  ]>alea  falcate,  shorter  than  its  glume. 
Stamen  1. 

Fw.  mi.  —  Uniola         Dchiware.      ('(in/>i/;     Illinois,     Mead;    'J'exas, 
latifolid.    Spikc- 
lei.    (Scribiitr.)  Jf<'li'i*X\,  J)nniuno/i(i  ;  New  Mexico,  Fcndlcr  U\4. 

Kiver-banks,  southern   Pennsylvania  to  Illinois,    Florida,   and 

New  Mexico. 

2.  XJ.  paniculata  L.  Sp.  PI.  71  (1753).     Ska-oats. 

Culms  stout,  hard,  1-3  m.  high.  Ligule  a  fringe  of  hairs; 
blades  very  long,  rigid,  soon  involute  or  convolute.  J'auicle  open, 
droojjing,  3()-G0  cm.  long.  Spikelets  on  short  pedicels,  whitish  or 
straw-colonul,  2-2.4  cm.  long,  oblong,  about  12-flowered;  eini)ty 
glumes  glabrous,  6-8  mm.  long,  spongy,  3-nerved;  lloral  glunu'  10- 
12  mm.  long,  7-nerved,  keel  not  winged  nor  ciliate;  palea  sciarcely 
falcate,  serrulate  on  the  keels.     Stanu'us  3. 

North  Carolina,  ID/ams  ;  Florida,  (larbvr  ;  Texas,  \\'ri(//iL 
Sand-hills  along  the  seacoast,  Virginia,  to  Florida,  aiul  Mexico 
to  Ecuador. 

3.  U.  laxa  (L.)  ii.  S.  P.  Prel.  Cat.  N.  Y.  69  (1888).  Jfolni.,^ 
I(i.n(s  L.  Si).  PI.  1048  (1753).  U.  gracilis  Michx.  Fl.  Hor.  Am. 
1:71  (1S03). 

Culms  slciuler,  (10-120  cm.  high.  Sheaths  smooth  or  downy; 
ligule  a  ciliati'  ring;   blades  20-;J0  cm.   long,  ;5-5  nin;.  wide,  Hat  or 


FESTUCK.E.  517 

involute,  scabrUl  abovo,  smootli  below.  Panicle  erect,  slender,  20- 
30  em.  long,  rays  spikelike,  ai)[)resse(l.  1— i  em.  long.  Spikeiets 
short-pedieelled,  broadly  wedge-sbaped  or  oval,  about  '.)  mm.  long, 
3— 4-flowered;  tbc  two  lower  empty  glumes  equal,  awl-sliaped,  1.6 
mm.  long  ;  first  floral  glume  obtuse,  ovate-lan(.'eolate  wben  spread, 
2  mm.  long,  keels  smootli,  not  winged,  about  T-nerved  ;  palea  sub- 
faleate,  2  mm.  long.      Stamen  1. 

Maryland,  GarOcr ;  District  of  Columbia,  AfcCnrfhi/  ;  Cieorgia, 
iSwalL 

Sandy,  <lainp  soil,  near  tlie  coast.  Long  Island  to  Florida. 

4.    U.  longifolia  Seribn.  Kull.  Hot.  Club.  21:  2:.>!)  (1S(I4). 

^Fore  robust  tban  IJ.  hua.  Slieatbs  two-lbirds  tlie  lengtb  of 
tbe  internodesor  longer;  ligule  a  dense  ring  of  soft  bairs;  blades  of 
tlie  culm  oO— tf)  em.  long,  G-10  mm.  wide.  ]*aiiicle  2.")-()()  cm. 
long.  Spikelets  broadly  oval  or  euueate,  7-8  mm.  long,  ;)-4-llow- 
ered;  first  and  second  empty  glumes  sube(iual,  nearly  2  mm.  long, 
first  floral  glume  ovate,  trun(;ate  wlien  s[»read,  .'J..-)-.")  mm.  long,  !>- 
11 -nerved.  u[)per  floral  glume  longer.  Some  of  ^Ir.  Small's  })lauts 
seem  to  conneet  tbis  witli  I',  hi.ra. 

Ticorgia  (Little  Stone  Mountain).  J.  K.  Small 3\\\y\'6^db;  Florida, 
CVW/.s'.v,  3521  ;   Mississii)[)i.  Tranj. 

a.  U.  sessiliflora  Poir.  Kncyc  <S  :  IS.^)  (1801).  T.  nUiiUt  I'.aldw. 
Ell.  !'.()t.  S.  (\  cS:  Oa.  1  :  107  (ISlC). 

Culms  slender,  30-1)0  cm.  or  more  bigb  from  scaly  rootstocks. 
Leaves  G-10,  ligule  a  fringe  of  bairs;  blades  Hat,  smootli,  ir>-2(» 
cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  wide.  Panicles  spikelike,  simi)le,  2-8  mm.  long. 
Kpikelets  subsessile,  wedge-sbaped,  0-8-llowered,  12-1 G  mm.  long; 
empty  glumes  awl-sliapcnl  or  lanceolate,  first  2  mm.  long,  second 
Hlx>ut  3  mm.  long;  floral  glume  G-S  mm.  long,  acute,  ovate-lanceo- 
late wben  spread,  keels  scabious,  about  13-nerved;  j)alea  falcate  as 
long  as  its  gliune.     Stamen  1. 

Soutli  Carolina,  Ravenal ;  nortbern  Alabama,  V.  S.  Jh/if. 
Afirlcnl.  GIO;  Florida,  6'»/'//.s.v  3521 ;  ]N[ississip[)i  (Ocean  Springs), 
Tnirji. 

Swami)s  of  Soutli  Carolina  to  Texas. 

120.    (247).   DiSTICHLIS    Ualin.   .Tourn.   Pbys.    89:104    (1810). 


518  POACEiE. 

Brizopijrum  Presl,  Eel.  Ilaenk.  1 :  280  (1830),  not  Link.     Dischlis 
Pliil.  Sort.  Meml.  Alt.  51  (18:i). 

Spikelets  sevcrul-flowered,  didccious,  shortly  i)edicellate  in  a  nar- 
row jianicle,  often  reduced  to  3  or  3  spikelets,  racliilla  glabrous, 
articulate  between  the  fertile  florets  only;  outer  empty  glumes 
narrow,  keeled,  acute;  floral  glume  Arm,  broader,  keeled,  obscurely 
many-nerved,  all  acute,  unawned;  palea  folded,  the  keels  very 
prominent  or  narrowly  winged.  Stamens  in  the  male  flowers  3, 
ovary  rudimentary  or  0;  staminodia  in  tlie  female  flowers  very  rare. 
Ovary  pedicellate,  glabrous,  tapering  into  3  rather  long  styles  with  ex- 
serted  stigmas.  Grain  obovoid  or  elliptical,  free,  Avitli  a  thick  spongy 
pericarp.  Kigid  grasses,  having  creeping  rootstocks.  Bniznpjjnini 
Presl  has  been  used  as  a  generic  name  for  those  with  perfect 
flowers.  The  genus  consists  of  a  single  species,  usually  maritime, 
which  is  very  variable  and  has  been  often  separated  into  4  or  5 
species.  It  has  a  wide  range  in  North  America,  both  along  the  sea- 
coast  and  on  saline  or  alkaline  lands;  also  found  in  Australia. 

1.  D.  spicata  (L.)  Greene,  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.  3:415(1887). 
Uniola  spicdfd.  Jj.  Sp.  PI.  71  (1753).  D.  maritima  Pafiu.  Journ. 
Phys.  80:104  (1810).  JJn'zupi/rum  f<piratuin  Hook.  cS:  Arn.  Jiot. 
Beech.  Voy.  403  (1840).  B.  Amcricannin  Link,  llo'-t.  Berol.  1 :  IGO 
(1827). 

Culms  rigid,  much-branched,  leafy,  15-60  cm.  high,  from  wiry 
rootstock.  Leaves  8-15.  sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes;  blades 
5-10  cm.  long,  narrow,  rigid,  very  acute  or  pungent-pointed, 
usually  distichously  spreading.  I'anicles  slender  to  ovoid,  3-8  cm. 
long.  Pistillate  spikelets  8-16  mm.  long,  flat,  but  rather  thick, 
4-13-flowered;  staminate  spikelets  8-18  mm.  long,  on  slender  pedi- 
cels, 6-18-flowered;  empty  glumes  straw-colored,  first  2-3  mm., 
second  4  mm.  long;  floral  glume  of  sterile  spikelets  3-5  mm.  long, 
of  fertile  spikelets  5-0  mm.  long. 

New  Jersey,  Brinton  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  621;  Delaware, 
Canhij;  Connecticut,  ITitclicoclc;  North  Carolina,  McCarthy; 
Florida.  Simpson;  Texas,  Xealley;  Mexico,  rainier  43 ;  Minnesota, 
lIohinger'dS\  Montanii,  Anderfiun  oQ;  Oregon,  C us ickVM\),  Howell; 
Southern  California,  Parish  852,  Palmer. 


FESTL'CE.E. 


r)19 


The  grass  is  not  likod  by  cattle. 

Var.  laxa  Vasey  ined.     More  slender,  sheaths  often  shorter  than 


r 


Fig.  106. — Distichlis  spimta.     A,  spikelet;  b,  floral  glume;  c,  palea. 

(After  Trillins.) 


the  internodes.  blades  flat,  lU-15  em.  long,  2  mm.  wide,  pauicle 
racemose. 

Utah  (Lake  Tark).  -S'.  JA  Trari/  in  1887. 

121.      (253).     BRIZA    L.     Sp.   PI.    70    (1:5:3).       QUAKING-GHASS. 

Calothcca  et  Clmsnilijfrutn  Dosv.  Xov.  Bull.  Sou.  Philom.  :3:1!»0 
(1810).  Poa  Adans.  Fam.  2:34  (i:()3).  Tremidaria  Heist.  Syst. 
12  (1748).     For  additional  synonyms  see  names  of  sections. 

Spikelets  several-flowered,  ovate  or  cordate,  flattish-tumid  on 
filiform  ])odicels,  in  a  simple  or  componnd  jianicle,  racbilla  lila- 
brons,  articulate  between  the  flowers.  Empty  glumes  membi'anouA 
orsearious,  unequal,  very  concave,  nnawned,  3-5-1 1 -nerved;  florets 
imbricate,  floral  glume  very  broad,  concave  or  inflated,  obtuse,  acute 
or  shortly  awued,  5-  to  many-nerved;  iialea  much  smaller,  but  very 
broad  and  flat  with  2  ciMate  keels.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  branc'hed, 
plumose,  f  J  rain  obcompressed,  broadly  ovoid,  slightly  adhering  to 
glume  and  palea  or  free  from  them. 


520  POACE.E. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  the  narrow  blades  flat  or  sometimes 
involute-setaceous.  Panicles  usually  spreading  with  capillary 
drooping  branches,  sometimes  narrow,  strict  or  spikelike. 

There  are  10-12  species,  widely  spread  over  the  tem})erate  regions 
of  the  Northern  and  Southern  Hemispheres.  All  are  characterized 
by  the  very  concave,  sometimes  almost  vesicular  glumes,  the  grain 
much  flattened  from  back  to  front. 

They  may  be  placed  in  three  sections : 

A.  Euhriza.  Si)ikelets  broud  in  loose  panicles  with  capil- 
lary pedicels,  floral  glume  obtuse,  awnlcss (a) 

a.   Spikelets  deltoid,  empty  glumes  longer  than  the  first 

floral  glume,  3-4  mm.  long 1 

a.   Spikelets  half  oval,  Gmm.  long,  empty  glinnes  shorter 

than  the  first  glunu' 3 

a.   Spikelets  ovate,  10-1 T  mm.  long 3 

B.  C/i(tsroli/irHt)i  Desv.  Spikelets  awnless,  i)anic-le  rather 
compact,  spikelets  almost  sessile.  I'anicle  rather  dense, 
erect 4 

0.  Cnlothrcd  Desv.  l*uni('le  loose  and  spreading,  glumes 
broa<lly  scarious.  awned;  floral  ghunes  with  projecting 
lateral  angles 

1.  H.   .MINOR  L.  Sp.    IM.  TO  (1753).      S.MAM.KUQrAKI\(;-()UAS.S. 

B.  aspera  Knapp.  (iram.  Brit.  f.  61  (1804).  //.  riridis  Pall. 
iSteud.  Xom.  Ed.  2.  1  :  220  (1841). 

An  erect  gracefiil  annual,  15-40 cm.  Iiigh,  ligule  :>-()  mm.  long; 
blades  5-8  cm.  long,  2-4  nun.  wide.  Panicle  erect,  open,  ])i'oadIy 
oval,  3-S  cm.  long,  rays  in  twos  or  single,  branching.  Sjukelets 
deltoid,  4-0-flowered,  ;5-4  mni.  long:  emi)ty  glumes  subequal,  5- 
uerved.  longer  than  the  first  floral  glume. 

\'irgiiiia.  J\  S.  Depf.  Jf/n'rtiL  624  from  .T.  \V.  Chickering.  Jr.; 
Oregon  (C rant's  Pass),  IfnireU. 

Foiuul  in  Europe  and  northern  Africa,  aiul  sparingly  naturalized 
in  North  America. 

2.  li.   MEDIAL.  Sp.   PI.   70(1753).       MkDIUM    (^rAKIV(i-(iHASS. 

B.  clatior  Si1)th.  &  Sni.  Fl.  (Iraec.  1 :  /.  75  (1 80(i).  />'.  hthsceiis  [Fou- 
cault,  in]  Desv.  Journ.  3:  A  24,/.  2  (1814).      /?.  Clxsii  Schult.  U. 


FESTl'CE.E.  521 

•&  S.  Mant.  2 :  394  (1824).  B.  vircns  Trin.  ■^^em.  Acad.  St.  Petersb. 
<VI.)  1:362  (1831).  />'.  scrofina  Bum.  Obs.  Gruiu.  Bclg.  110 
(18:8).     B.  tremida  Ltim.  Fl.  Fr.  3:587. 

Perennial;  20-GO  cm.  liigli.  Ligulo  1-2  mm.  long;  blades 
thin,  scabrous,  Hat,  5-10  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide,  rather  abruptly 
pungent-pointed.  Panicle  ovoid  or  pyramidal,  open,  rays  capillary. 
Spikelets  6  mm.  long,  5-9-flovvered,  green  or  purplish,  half  oval; 
•empty  glumes  shorter  than  the  first  lloral  one. 

Vermont,  Primjh. 

Sparingly  introduced  from  Europe. 

3.  li.  MAXIMA  L.  Sp.  PI.  70  (1753).  Large  QrAKixo-caiASS. 
B.  monspeHsnlana  (Jouan,  Hort.  ]\Ionsp.  45  (1708).  B.  rvhens 
Poir.  Suppl.  1:()9!).  B.  rubra  Lam.  111.1:187  (1791).  B. 
{jrandis  Salisb.  Prod.  21  (1790).  />'.  copensis  Schrank,  Ilort. 
Monac.  /.  43  (1818).  B.  major  Presl,  Oyp.  et  Gram.  Sic.  42 
(1820). 

Annual;  40-00  cm.  high.  liigule  3-5  mm.  long;  blades  flat. 
Panicle  simple,  ovoid,  5-10  cm.  long,  rays  single  or  in  twos,  ca^iil- 
lary,  each  bearing  1-3  spikelets.  S{)ikclets  nodding,  ovate.  10-17 
mm.  long,  8-10- flowered;  empty  glumes  7-9  mm.  long,  11-nerved; 
floral  glume  sjjaringly  puberulent  on  the  back.  8  nmi.  long,  coii- 
cave-s})lierical,  11-nerved;  ])alea  oval,  4  mm.  long. 

Massachusetts,  Beal  105;  Michigan,  Clark  2327;  Colorado, 
Cassidy. 

Found  in  Euro})e;  cultivated  for  ornament. 

4.  B.  rotundata  (IL  B.  K.)  Steud.  Syn.  Pi.  Gram.  284(1855). 
Brotiiiix  rohtiiilalKS  IL  P).  K.  Nov.  Gen.  et.  Sp.  1:152(1815). 
Briza  Lainnrklana  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  Linuiva  0:  39  (1831). 

A  tui'ti'd  erect  perennial,  00-90  cm,  higli.  Leaves  scabrous, 
ligule  1-2  mm.  long:  blades  15-30  cm.  long.  2-:>  mm.  wide. 
Panicle  sim[)le;  8-10  cxn.  long,  rays  mostly  in  twos  and  threes, 
erect.  Spikelets  ovoid,  sliglitly  (•omj»ressed.  G-8-tlowered.  4-15 
mm.  long;  emi)ty  glumes  green,  first  IJ-nerved,  seeoiul  5-nerved, 
about  2.5  mm.  long;  floral  glume  3  mm.  long,  firm,  circular,  tumid 
on  the  back,  apex  contracted,  subacute;  palea  flat,  broadly  oval, 
subacute,  1.7  mm.  long. 


522 


POACE^, 


Mexico,  Parrij  tf-  Palmer  035,  Schaffner  1035,  Pringle  2051. 
3'243. 

Tliere  is   souic  doubt  about  tlie  correct  ideutiticatioii  of  this 


grass. 


Fig.  107.— Zfmrt  rotundata.    Spikelet  dissected.     (Scrlbner.) 

U-2.  (-iol).  Demazeeia  Dum.  Coram,  liot. -.'G  (lS^>-^>).  Desnia- 
zet'ia  Dum.  Obs.  (inun.  lielg.  40  (1823).  Brizojii/ni'ii  lAnk,  Jlort. 
Berol.  1:150  (lS-v>7). 

Splkelets  maay-flowered,  compressed,  sessile  or  some  of  tlie 
lower  pedicellate,  racliilla  articulate  between  the  flowers.  (Jlumes 
keeled,  coriaceous,  obtuse  or  mucrouate-acute,  awnless,  the  empty 
ones  persistent,  3-5-T-nerved,  shorter  than  the  floral  glumes:  floral 
glumes  7-nerved;  palea  rigid,  about  the  length  of  its  glume,  2- 
keeled  near  the  margins.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short,  distinct,  stig- 
mas feathery.  (J rain  oblong,  slightly  obcompressed,  concave  in 
front,  enclosed,  but  not  adherent  to  glume  and  palea. 

Annuals  or  perennials  with  narrow  involute  leaf-blades.  Spike- 
lets  conspicuously  distichous  on  two  sides  of  a  3-sided  rachis. 

There  are  about  four  species  known,  one  of  them  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  Mediterranean,  the  others  in  South  Africa.  Xearly  allied, 
to  DisticJtlis. 


FESTUCE.E. 


623 


1.  D.  sicuLA  Diim.  1.  c. 

A  smootli  erect  umiuiil,  L*0-30  cm.liigh.  Leaves  3-4  in  number, 
ligulel.5-'^  nun.  long;  blades  tliiu,  5-S  cm. 
long,  1.5-3  mm.  long.  I'iUiiclo  spikelike, 
•i-6  cm.  long.  Spikelets  oviite  to  linear, 
8-'20-tlowered,  lU-15  mm.  long;  empty 
glumes  ovate,  first  3-5-nerVetl,  second  4-7- 
nerved ;  fionil  glume  4-5  mm.  long. 

Colorado,  ^'assidi/  in  1885. 

Not  unfrcquently  cultivated  for  orna- 
ment. 

r.'3.  (249).  DacTYLIS  L.  Sp.  PI.  71  Fm.  i08.  -  nrmmeria  si 
(1753).  Ania.ritis  Adans.  Fum.  2 : ;54  (17(i;5).  '^^'\  ;}•.  «PikHet;  a 
Spikelets  several-flowered,  mncli  flattened, 

sessile  and  densely  crowded  in  tliiek  one-sided  clusters,  arranged 
in  a  short  irregular  spike  or  at  the  ends  of  the  sliort  branches 
of  a  dense  irregular  one-sided  panicle,  rachilla  glabrous,  inarticulate 
or  tardily  articulate  between  the  florets.  Empty  glumes  firm,  thin, 
keeled,  mucronate,  une(|ual,  3-nerved;  floral  glume  larger,  scabrous, 
cartilaginous,  ;5-5-nerved,  the  ciliolate  keel  produced  into  a  jioint 
or  short  awn;  i>alea  little  shorter  than  its  glume,  "^-keeled.  Stamens 
3.  (Jrain  obcom})ressed,  concave  or  broadly  furrowed,  included  by 
glume  and  palea,  but  not  adhering. 

A  perennial  tufted  grass  with  flat-keeled  or  couduplicate  leaf- 
blades. 

There  is  only  a  single  species,  sometimes  separated  into  two  or 
more.  Common  in  Europe,  temjjcrate  Asia,  and  northern  Africa, 
and  now  naturalized  in  many  parts  of  Australia  and  North 
America. 

1.    D.    GLOMERATA    L.   1.   C.        OuCirA  RD-URASS.        CoCK'S-FOOT. 

D.  (tUaiea  Bess.  Schult.  :Mant.  ".':(;-2(]  (18->4).  D.  ahhrcviata 
liernli.  Link,  Ilort.  Berol.  l:ir)3  (18">:).  D.  mpi/aia  Schult. 
Mant.  1.  c.  D.  ciliata  Opiz,  Xym.  ("onsp.  81!).  D.  f/htitresrens 
AVilld.  Enum.  Ilort.  Uerol.  111.  />.  hispanira  lioth,  C'atalecta, 
1:8.  J).  Orf)ii((nnicoi(f  Opiz.  Seznam,  3().  I),  pendnht  Dum.  Obs. 
Gram.  lielg.  14G.     J).  viUosa  Tenore,  Prod.  Fl.  Na^).  p.  9. 


524  poACE.i;. 

A  coarse  stiff  grass,  40-90  cm.  liigli.  Shcatlis  of  sterile  slioots 
compressed,  tliose  above  keeled ;  ligule  3-5  mm.  long;  blades  sea- 
Ijrons,  20-GO  em.  or  more  long.  Clusters  of  spikelets  often  pink- 
ish, ovoid,  forming  a  panicle,  S-l.'i  cm.  or  more  long;  floral  glume 
lanceolate,  4-G  mm.  long;  palea  bifid,  nerves  ciliate. 

Vermont,  Priiigle;  New  York,  Clinton  for  Dr.  Clark  1396; 
Michigan,  Beal  106,  107,  Clark  1999. 

A  grass  which  has  been  long  and  favorably  known  in  cultivation 
in  Europe  and  some  other  countries;  now  exhibiting  a  remarkable 
number  of  forms,  varieties,  and  races.  See  Vol.  1,  Fig.  63,  for  a 
more  extended  account. 

134.  (33L>).  Cynosueus  L.  Sp.  PL  72  (1753).  Fah-onn  Adans. 
Fam.  3:490  (1763).  Fhuluna  Dum.  Agrost.  lielg.  80.  114 
(1833). 

Spikelets  dinior})hous,  clustered  on  a  unilateral  spikelike  j)ani- 
cle,  the  outer  spikelet  of  each  cluster  consisting  of  several  glumes, 
all  empty;  the  other  spikelets  containing  3-5  flowers;  em jity  glumes 
linear  or  sublanceolate ;  floral  glume  broader,  membranous,  1-3- 
nerved  (rarely  5-nerved),  mucronate  or  sometimes  awned;  })alea 
with  two  ciliate  nerves.  Stamens  3.  (J rain  adherent  to  the  floral 
glume  and  palea. 

There  are  3  or  4  species  with  a  wide  range  over  the  temperate 
regionsof  the  Old  World,  and  one  is  now  naturalized  in  several  other 
countries.  It  is  remarkable  for  having  tlie  lower  spikelets  barren, 
and  the  spikes  are  elegantly  pinnate  with  empty  glumes. 

1.    C.  CRISTATUS   L.    1.    C.    CrK.STKD    I)0(i',S-TAIL.       C.    HCffh'chlS 

Opiz,  Natural.  9:151  (1825).  (\  poly  bract  eat  us  Vow.  \'oy.  Barb. 
3:97. 

A  rather  slender  slightly  tufted  erect  perennial,  30-60  cm.  high. 
Sheaths  smooth,  shorter  than  the  internodes,  the  upper  ones  slightly 
inflated,  often  reaching  only  to  the  middle  of  the  plant;  ligule 
oblique,  about  1.5  mm.  long,  blades  of  culm  flat,  3-10  cm.  long, 
1.5-3  mm.  wide.  Spike  semi-cylindrical,  oblong  or  linear.  3-10 
cm.  long,  the  clusters  of  spikelets  all  regularly  turned  to  one  side, 
the  empty  spikelets  forming  involucres  to  each  cluster. 

Massachusetts,  Faxon;   ^fichigan,  Bral  108. 


FKSTrcE/E. 


525 


Common  in  Europe:  introduoi'd  into  lawns  and  some  old  north- 
ern pastures.     See  Vol,  1,  p.  I!i4,  Fi^'.  87. 

125.  (231).  LamaRKIA  ^fcpneh,  Mcth.  -301  (1:04).  (nirysurus- 
IVrs.  Syn.  1 :  80  (18(>.')).  Plerhim  Desf.  Journ.  Hot.  1 :  75  (ISI.*}). 
Tlna>a  (Jarzia,  Kol.  Acnad.  Zel.  Aci  Iteale,  Ann.  .'}-4,  24;  ex  Pari. 
Fl.  Polerm.  1 :  138  (1845). 

Fertile  spikelots  1-llowered,  intermixed  with  oterile  ones  in 
little  clusters  on  the  very  short  branches  of  a  1 -sided  spikelike  pan- 
icle, rachilla  glabrous,  inarticulate  and  often  produced  above  the 
flower,  bearing  a  narrow  awnlike  glumo  and  sonietimes  a  second  ru- 
dimentary one  above  it.  Empty  ghnnes  narrow,  awuloss,  slightly 
uneqiuil,  floral  glume  broader,  bearing  a  snuiU  dorsal  awn.  Sterile 
spikelets  hmger,  with  several  truncate  awnless  empty  glumes  above 
the  two  outer  acute  ones;  palea  of  the  perfect  flowers  narrow,  2- 
keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short,  distincit.  (Jrain  slightly  com- 
pressed, included  by  the  Horal  glume  ami  i)alea,  but  free  from  tliem. 
A  low  grass  with  nuuiy  branches  and  Hat  leaf-blades.  There  is  only 
one  species  known,  a  native  of  the  Mediterranean.  Introduced 
into  many  parts  of  the  world,  including  Australia  and  the  United 
States.     Nearly  allied  to  Ciinosin'UA. 

1.  L.  Ai'UEA  (L.)  Mtench.  1.  c.      Hankeriana  Griff.  Itin.  Not. 
349.       C'linoxiinis    an  reus   L.    Sj*.    107 
( 1 753).  Chri/sxrus  aureus  Beauv.  Agrost. 
123  (1812). 

An  elegant  tufted  annual,  10-18  cm. 

high.     Leaf-blades  thin,  5-8  mm.  wide; 

ligule  1-8  mm.   long,  panicle  linear  or 

oval,  5-8  cm.    long.     Empty  glumes  of 

the  fertile  spikelets  very  luxrrow,  keeled 

with  five  points,  4-4.5  mm.  long,  floral 

glume  inserted  1  mm.  above,  oval,  3  mm. 

long,  bearing  a  dorsal  awn  a  little  below    Pig.  109  —Lnmarkia  aurea. 

,1  (-   n  .   .^    1^ ~  -^.  -S.   spikelets;  c,  ovary. 

the  apex,  b-0  mm.  long.  (Kicbiirdsou.) 

California,    Jones   3214,    Pr ingle   in 
1882,  Mrs.  Jones  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  563. 
Introduced  into  California. 


620  POACE.E. 

130.  (350).  POA  L.  Sp.  PI.  or  (1753).  Paid  him  Nces,  Llndl. 
Introd.  Njit.  Syst.  Kd.  3,  450  (183»;).  Alhigustavhymn  Nces, 
♦Stoud.  Noni.  Ed,  3,  1  :  50  (1840).  riotia  Schicb.  Steud.  Nom. 
Ed.  3,  3:350  (1841). 

Spikelets  of  modium  size,  conipressod-keelod,  2-0-  (nirely 
7-10-)  llowerod,  pcdicelhito  in  a  iniiiiclo  usually  looso  uiul  sprojid- 
iiig,  rarely  narrow  and  spikelike,  raehilla  articulate  between  tho 
floral  glumes,  glabrous  or  rarely  pilulose,  flowers  ])erl'ect  or 
aomo  of  tbo  upper  ones  iin})erfect.  Empty  glumes  membran- 
ous, keeled,  acute  or  obtuse,  unawned,  persistent,  1-3-nerved, 
commonly  shorter  tliau  the  floral  glumes;  floral  glume  mem- 
branous or  herbaceous  with  a  delicate  scaricnis  nuirgin,  usually 
obtuse  and  surrounded  by  a  few  loose  woolly  liairs,  5,  rarely 
7,  nerved,  the  nerves  usually  bending  toward  eacli  other  near  tho 
ui)Ox;  palea  nearly  as  long  as  its  glume,  i)rominently  2-nerved  or 
3-koyled.  Stamens  3-3.  Styles  short,  or  very  short,  distinct,  stig- 
mas plumose.  Grain  ovcid,  oblong,  or  almost  linear,  comi)ressed, 
and  rarely  with  a  broi/l  groove,  glaln-ons,  included  by  glume  and 
palea,  free  or  adhering  more  or  less  to  the  palea  when  mature. 

Theij  are  about  80  s})ecies,  thougli  some  authors  have  extended 
the  number  to  300.  The  genus  is  the  most  widely  diffused  over  the 
globe  of  any  in  the  family,  chiefly  in  temperate  and  cool  regions, 
reaching  the  Arctic  circle  and  Alj)ine  summits;  very  few  in  tho 
tropics.  The  gour.s  is  a  very  natural  one,  well  distinguished  from 
Fnigrosfis,  Panicidaria  (Glycerin),  and  Fei^tucd  by  tlie  lu-rves  usu- 
ally connivaut  in  the  a\)cx  of  the  floral  glumes,  liy  numy  authors 
J'ua  is  made  to  include  Atropis. 

The  species  dift'er  from  Eriitjrostis  in  their  5-nerved  floral 
glumes,  from  Panicidaria  and  F^duca  in  their  glumes  keeled  from 
the  base;  but  there  are  species  apparently  intermediate  between 
these  largo  genera.  Poa  has  also  been  distinguished  from  Feslura 
by  the  obtuse,  always  unawned  glumes,  and  the  non-adherence  of 
the  grain  to  the  palea.  Several  species  oi  Poa,  however,  have  acute 
glumes,  and  in  one  6j)ecie3  they  bear  fine  points.  There  are  some 
Chilian  and  Australian  species  and  some  Asiatic  ones  where  the 
grain  is  adherent  to  the  palea,  as  in  Festucaj  even  in  Poa  jjratensis 


the  floriil  ^'luinc  often  adlioros  mori'  or  less,  whilst  there  ure  several 
true  FestucdH  where  it  is  (|uite  free. 

Alorit  of  the  rtpecieri  wiilely  dispersed  urc  very  variable  and  diHi- 
cult  to  define.  Ueiitiiani  ])roj)()ses  no  sections  for  the  genus,  hut 
refers  to  some  proposed  by  ('.  Koeh; 

1.  J*Kviii/ojt()ii,  si)ikelets  very  small  and  with  nearly  the  liabit  of 
Arp/iehic/i/od. 

2.  Lcuropoa  (Jriseb.,  spikelets  rather  larger  than  usual,  and 
with  glumes  soineAvhat  searious  and  shining. 

3.  Dioiruj)oa  Desv.,  K])ikt'lets  usually,  possibly  not  always,  dia>- 
cious.  As  will  bo  seen,  I  have  nuule  a  jturely  artificial  key  for  our 
species  of  PiKt. 

A.  First  empty  glume  1 -nerved,  annuals (a) 

u.   Ligule  'l-'i  mm.  long,    spikelets  3-r-ilowered,    tloral 

glume  y-l>  mm.  long 1 

a.  Ligule  'I  mm.  long,  spikelets  '^-4-llowered,  floral  glume 
3  mm.  long ?. 

B.  First  empty  glume  1-nerved,  jjerennials (a') 

u'.  Upper  ligule  5-0  mm,  long,  rays  in  sets  of  ')-(;.  lloral 

glume  '^.5-3  mm.  long 3 

a'.  Upper  ligule  5    mm,   long,  rays   3-4,    lloral    glunu' 

5,5-6.5  mm.  long 4 

a'.  Upper  ligule  4  mm.  or  less  in  length (b) 

b.  Floral  glume  0  mm,  long;  both  emptyglunu's   1- 

nerved 5 

b.  Floral  glume  4, '-2-5  mm.  long,  ligule  'J-3  mm.  long       0 
b.  Floral  glume  less  than  5  mm.   long,  except  some 

of  no.  1(3 (c) 

c.  Ligule  O.T  mm.  long,  rays  in  twos,  Horal  glume 

2.7-3.3  mm.  long 7 

C.  Ligule   1  nnn.  long,   rays  2-4,   floral  glume  4 

mm.  long,  upper  leaf  1.5  cm.  long 8 

c.  Ligule  1  nnn,  long,  rays  ',)-'k  floral  glume  3.5-4 

mm.  long 9 

c.  Ligule  1-2  mm,  long,  floral  glume  3-4,5  mm. 
long 10 


628  POACEiE. 

C.  Ligule  1-1.5  mm.  loug,  rays  4-7 (d) 

d.   Floral  glume  3.5-4  mm.  loug 11 

d.  Floral  ghune  2.5-3  mm.  long 12 

C.  Ligule  1-3  mm.  long,  rays  2-3,  floral  glume 

2.5  mm.  long 13 

c.  Ligule  1.5  mm.  long,  rays    3-4,   floral  glume 

3.5-4.5  mm.  long 14 

c.  Ligule  2  mm.  long,  floral  glume  3-3.5  mm.  long     15 
c.  Ligule  2-3  mm.  loug,  rays  2-3,  floral  glume  4-5 

mm.  long 16 

c.  Ligule  2.5-3   mm.  long,   floral  glume  4,2-4.7 

mm.  long 17 

C.  Ligule  2.5-4   mm.   long,  rays  2,  floral  glume 

2.4-4  mm.  long 18 

C.  Ligule  2-3  mm.  long,  rays  2,  floral  glume  3.5- 

4.5  mm.  long 1J> 

c.  Ligule  3-4  mm.  long,  rays  2,  floral  glume  3. 5-4 

mm.  loug 20 

C.  Ligule  4  mm.  long,  rays  3-7,  floral  glume  2.4- 

2.7  mm.  long 21 

C.  Empty  glumes  1-3-nerved,  leaves  very  abruptly 

pointed (o) 

e.  Ligule  2-3  mm.  long,  rays  2,  spikolets 
broadly  oval,  floral  glume  3.5-5  mm.  long, 
no  rootstoeks 22 

e.  Ligule  1.5  mm.  long,  rays  3-G,  s])ikelets 
oval  or  ovate-lanceolate,  3-6-fio\vered,  floral 
glume  3-4  mm.  long;   creeping  vuotstocks.     23 

C.  First  empty  glume  1-3-nerved (a) 

a.  Xo  running  rootstoeks,  ligule  1-2  mm.  long,  rays  2.  .1,  22 
a.  No  running  rootstoeks,  ligule  2-3  mm.  loug,   some- 
times number 6 

a.  lUmuing  rootstoeks,  ligule  1.5  mm.  loug,  rays  3-0.     .     23 

D.  First  empty  glume  3-nerved  (or  sometimes  1-nerved  in 
numbers  1,  0.  22,  aiul  23). 

s.  Annual  (?)  dwarf (a) 


FESTUCE.E.  52^ 

a.  Floral  glume  3  \nin.  long 1,  24 

a.  Floral  glume,  2.5  mm.  long 25 

a.  Floral  glume  3-3.5  mm.  long 26 

8.  Perennial (c) 

c.  AVitli  creeping  rootstocks (d) 

d.   Culms  much  compressed,  firm 27 

d.  Culms  terete  or  but  little  compressed.     .     .     .  (e) 

e.  Floral  glume  4.2  mm.  long 2S 

e.  Floral  glume  3-4  mm.  long.     (3.5-T  in  no. 

30) (h) 

h.   Ligule  1.5  mm.  long,  rays  3-G.       .     .     .  T.i 

h.   Ligule  1-2  mm.  long,  rays  2 2J> 

h.   Tiigule  2-4  mm.  long,  rays  2 30 

h.   Ligule  4  mm.  long,  rays  3-4 31 

e.  Floral  glume  5-7  mm.  long,  ligule  obsolete.  .  (i) 

i.   Blades  2  mm.  wide 32 

i.  lilades  8-12  mm.  wide 33 

e.   Floral  glume  5-Gmm,  long,  ligule  2  mm.  long.  34 

C.  Destitute  of  good  creeping  rootstocks (m) 

m.  Floral  glume  2.3-2.5   mm.  long  (also  P.  nein- 

ondis,  var.  slricfior) 35 

m.  Floral  glume  longer (n) 

n.  Apex  of  leaves  abruptly  pointed,  the  apex 
tapering  for  2-3  mm.,   ligule  3  mm.  long, 

rays  2-3 3G 

n.  Apex  of  leaves  acuminate (r) 

r.  Ligule   0.5   mm.    long,    rays   4-7,   lloral 

glume  3-3.2  mm.  long 37 

r.  Ligule    1-1.3  mm.    long,   rays   2,    fl(n-al 

glume  4.5-5  mm.  long 38 

r.  Ligule  2  mm.  long,  rays  2-3,  floral  glume 

3.7-4  mm.  long 35 

r.  Ligule  2-2.5  mm.   long,   rays  1-5,  floral 

glume  3.2-4  mm.  long 3(> 

r.  Ligule  2-2.5  mm.  long,  rays  1-5,  floral 

glume  3.2-4  mm.  long 39 


530  POACE.E. 

r.  Ligule   2.5    nun.   long,   ruys   2-5,   floral 

glume  3-5  mm.  long. 40 

r.  Ligiilo  ;}  mm.  long,  rays  3-5,  floral  glume 

5.5-6.7  mm.  long 41 

r.   Ligule  4  mm.  long,  rays  2,  floral  glume  4 

mm.  long 42 

r.   Ligule  5  mm.  long,  rays  4-5,  floral  glume 

3.5-4.5  mm.  long 43 

1.  P.  ANxrA  L.  Sp.  PI.  (i8  (1T53).  Low  Spear-cuiass. 
Annual  Poa.  /*.  Kupind  Selirad.  PI.  (ierm.  1:280  (ISOC).  P. 
fn'tniffuhin's  (iilil).  Excrcit.  2:  531.  /'.  diiriuftcula  AVillil,  Spring. 
Syst.  1:339  (1S24).  P.  huinilis  Lej.  PI.  Spa.  1:4'J.  P.  ovalU 
TiiK'O,  PI.  Par.  Sicil.  21  (184<5). 

A  soft  smooth  bright,  light-green  anniuil,  sometimes  glaucous; 
culms  weak,  compressed,  5-30  cm.  higli.  Ijigule  2-3  mm.  long  : 
blades  of  the  sterile  shoots  half  or  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  t-ulm, 
often  with  wavy  margins,  those  of  the  culm  3,  flat  or  conduplicate, 
abruptly  acute,  the  upper  1-4  cm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide.  Pani- 
cle sometimes  pur[)lish,  ovoid  or  ])yramidal,  subsecund.  2-5  cm. 
long,  rays  mostly  in  pairs,  the  longest  2.5  cm.  long,  sometimes 
drooping,  bearing  spikelets  on  t])o  upper  half,  Spikelets  very 
short-pe<licellod,  4-6  mm.  long.  3-7-flowered,  oval  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late, joint  of  rachilla  O.T  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  compressed, 
first  1-3-nervcd,  second  3-nerved,  broadest  at  or  above  the  middle, 
usually  2.5  mm.  long;  floral  glume  ovate-oval,  smooth,  err  ;e  at 
apex,  2.8-3.1  mm.  long,  with  soft  hairs  on  the  keel  for  half  or  two- 
thirds  of  its  length  aiul  on  the  lower  part  of  the  lateral  nerves, 
the  4  lateral  nerves  parallel  or  divergent,  evanescent  one-third  of  the 
way  from  tiieapex;  palea  2.5-2.8  mm.  long,  ciliate  or  pubescent 
ou  the  keels. 

Cultivated  and  waste  grouiuls,  almost  everyAvhere. 
In  central  Michigan  three  or  more  crops  may  l)e  grown  from  the 
seed  iu  cue  season.       Li  shady  places,  where  carefully  watered,  it 
produces  a  very  nice  lawn,  especially  noticeable  owing  to  the  pleas- 
ant light-green  foliage. 

Vermont,    Pr'uKjh'.;    Pennsylvania,   Scribncr  for  U.   S.    Dept. 


FESTL'CE.E.  531 

Agricul.  632;    Micliigan,  Farivell,  Bcal   VZO,  CooUy;   Utah,  Jones- 
1G39;  Arizona,  Trary  ;  Oregon,  JIowcU ;  CaliioYn'ni,  So /ws. 
Introduced  from  Eiiroi)e. 

2.  P.  inflrma  II.  &  K.  Nov.  Gen.  et  Sp.  1:158  (1815).  P. 
annnaChiim.  &  Sclileclit.  Liuntea,  0:38  (1831). 

A  soft  slender  diifuse  annual,  10-20  cm.  high.  Sheaths  com- 
jiressed,  loose;  ligule  2  mm.  long;  blades  smooth,  3-8  cm.  long, 
obtuse  or  abruptly  pointed.  1.5-2  mm.  wide.  Panicles  mostly 
exserted,  ovoid  or  pyramidal,  2-4  cm.  long,  rays  mostly  in  pairs 
bearing  2-5  spikelets  on  the  outer  half.  Spikelets  subsessile  or  on 
short  pedicels,  oblong,  2-4-<lowered,  3-4  mm.  long,  empty  glumes 
obtuse  or  acute,  tips  and  margins  scarious.  first  1-nerved,  second 
longer  than  the  first,  elliptical  when  spread,  3-nerved.  2-2.2  mm. 
long;  floral  glume  broadly  oval,  about  3  mm.  long,  obtuse,  mar- 
gins and  upi)er  fourth  scarious,  ciliate  on  the  keels  and  mai'gins  up 
to  the  middle  ;  i)alea  nearly  as  long,  linear,  ciliate  nearly  the  whole 
length  of  the  keels. 

Mexico  (Jalisco),  Palmer  483;  Guatemala,  J.  D.  Smith  !I07. 

3.  r.  TiuviALis  L.  Sp.  PI.  or  (1753).  Koroii  Mkadow- 
GRASS.  P.  aiifjustifolia  Ucria,  Hort.  Iteg.  Panorm.  53  (1T80).. 
P.  dubia  Leers,  Fl.  Ilerborn.  28  (ITTo).  P.  llohenarkeri  'Frin. 
Bull.  Sc.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  1  :  Gl)  (183(1).  P.  jxdiixlri.^  ().  F. 
Muell.  Fl.  Dan.  /.  750  (HGl).  /'.  pralensix  Pollich,  Hist.  PI. 
Palat.  1:87.  P.  Pxeuih-hyhrida  Schur.  Knum.  PI.  Trajiss.  TG!) 
(18()()).  P.  scabm  Ehrh.  Beitr.  0:83  (1787).  P.  xelaceu  Ihid^. 
Fl.  Angl.  Ed.  1,  34  (1702). 

Culms  40-00  cm.  high,  rough  or  nearly  smooth,  erect  from  a 
slightly  decumbent  base,  with  no  running  rootstocks.  Sheaths 
rough;  upper  ligule  5-0  mm.  long,  the  others  shorter;  blades  of 
sterile  shoots  short  or  as  long  as  the  culm,  those  of  the  culm  3.  Hat 
or  conduplicate,  abruptly  })ointed,  the  ujjper  a-lO  cm.  long,  al)out 
:'.  mm.  wide.  Panicle  linear,  oblong  or  more  open,  10-1")  cm.  long, 
rays  in  half-whorls  of  5-0,  sets  of  rays  3-4  I'ni.  distant,  the  longest 
5-0  cm,  long,  flower-bearing  along  the  upjtei'  half.  Spikelets  oval 
or  linear-oblong,  2-4-flowered,  3-4.5  mm.  long,  joint  of  rachilla 
about  0.5  mm.  long;  iirst  em^jty  glume  lanceolate,  1-nerved,  2-2.5 


532  POACl'LE. 

mm.  long,  second  lineav-lanceolate  or  oval-lanceolate,  3-nerved  2.5- 
3 mm.  long;  floral  glume  'ZJy-'.i  mm.  long,  sparingly  webbed  at  the 
base,  the  lower  half  of  the  keel  thinly  pubescent  or  nearly  smooth, 
nerves  conspicuous,  the  lateral  oues  usually  smooth,  oval,  acute; 
palea  a  little  sliorter,  keels  nearly  sniootii.  Anthers  1.5  mm.  long. 
Nearly  allied  to  J\  prafen.sis.  Hentluim  in  liis  Handbook  of  the 
British  Flora  says:  ''There  are  no  creeping  scions;  the  stems 
4ire  usually  taller  and  more  slender  than  those  of  P.  pratensis ; 
the  ligule  of  the  leaf  longer;  the  panicle  more  slender,  with  slender 
spreading  branches;  the  spikelets  have  seldom  more  than  3  flowers, 
and  usually  only  2;  the  lateral  nerves  of  the  flowering  glumes  are 
much  more  conspicuous.*' 

.Massachusetts,  Horsfon/,  Beat  I'll;  IVnnsylvania,  Svribner  for 
U.  S.  073;  Michigan,  Clark 'ZmS. 

Prominent  in  pastures  of  Europe  and  sparingly  cultivated  in 
the  older  northern  States. 

Yar.  filiculmis  Scribn.  ined. 

Culms  more  slender:  ligule  shorter;  panicle  4-7  cm.  long. 
Perhaps  only  a  slender  plant  of  tlie  si)ecies. 

Vaucouvor  Island,  Macoitn  2S'3  in  1893. 

4.  P.  Vaseyana  Scribn.  ined. 

An  erect  robust  perennial,  OO-TO  cm.  higli.  Loaves  3-4,  scabrid 
throughout;  sheaths  about  the  length  of  the  internodes;  upper 
ligule  broad,  abruptly  pointed,  5  mm.  long,  the  lower  shorter; 
blades  flat  or  conduplii-atc,  tliose  of  sterile  shoots  20-30  cm.  long, 
4-5  mm.  broad,  the  tips  acute,  rather  firm,  those  of  the  culm  7-10 
nun.  long.  I'anicle  ovoid,  12-15  cm.  long,  rays  in  threes  and  fours, 
2.6-;)  cm.  distant,  the  longest  G-8  cm.  long,  bearing  5-10  s})ikelets 
on  tlu!  outer  half  or  three-fifths.  Sj)ikclets  tinged  with  purple, 
linear  to  broadly  oval,  4-0-llowered,  about  10  mm.  long;  empty 
glumes  ovate,  a(!ute,  first  one-nerved,  4-5  mm.  long,  second  three- 
nerved,  4-5.5  1  .m.  long;  floral  glume  5.5-0.5  mm.  long.,  tlic  keel 
and  lateral  nerves  hairy  on  the  lower  third,  ovate  wiion  sp'read, 
the  apex  usually  obtuse;  palea  incurved,  4-5  mm.  long  linear 
before  spreading,  ciliate  on  the  keels,  two-tootlied. 

Colorado,  Patterson  in  1885  in  herb.  U.  S,  Dept.  Agricul. 


FESTUCE.E.  533 

5.  P.  subaristata  Scribn.  Macoun  Cat.  Can.  PI.  4:337  (1888). 
No  descriptiou. 

A  slender  densely  tufted  perennial,  30-40  em.  high.  Blades 
of  sterile  shoots  eonduplicate,  scabrid,  5-10  cm.  long.  0.5-1  mm. 
diam.,  sheaths  of  culm  3,  smooth,  the  upper  extending  to  near  the 
middle  of  the  whole  height;  ligule  1  mm.  long;  upper  blade  pun- 
gent, 0.5-3  cm.  long.  Panicle  linear  to  oval,  dense,  somewhat 
intorrui)ted,  3-6  cm.  long,  more  or  loss  tinged  with  purple. 
Spikelets  linear-lanceolate,  4-T-flowev<  1,  G-9  mm.  long;  empty 
glumes  subequal,  liaear-lanceolate,  5  mm.  long,  one-nerved;  floral 
glume  6  mm.  long,  scabrid  on  tlie  nerves,  not  webbod,  linear- 
lanceolate;  i)alea  narrowly  linear  before  spreading,  5  mm.  long, 
ciliolate  on  the  keels. 

Yellowstone  Park,  F.  Ttveedii  G:}3. 

G.  P.  Cusickii  Vasey,  Contrib.  V.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1:371  (1893). 

A  glabrous  tufted  perennial,  30—40  cm.  high.  Sterile  shoots 
numerous,  blades  coiuluplicate  or  involute-tiliform.  10-15  cm.  long, 
0.3  mm.  diam, ;  leaves  of  the  culm  3,  the  lower  sheatlis  longer  than 
their  internodes;  ligule  decurrent,  3-3  mm.  long,  blades  flat  or 
involute,  acute,  3.5-5  cm.  long,  1.5  mm.  wide.  Panicle  more  or 
less  exserted,  narrow,  G-10  cm,  long,  rays  mostly  in  twos,  tlie 
longest  3-4.5  cm,  long,  bearing  4-8  spikelets  on  tlie  outer  half. 
Spikelets  narrowly  to  broadly  ovul.  G.7  mm.  long,  3-3-flowered, 
rachilla  hispidulous,  empty  glumes  with  broiul  chartaceo-liyaline 
margins,  first  ovate-lanceolate  when  spread,  3.5  mm.  long,  1-nerved, 
rarely  3-nerved;  second  oval,  erosely  acute,  4-4.5  mm.  long, 
3-nerved;  floral  glume  keeled,  4.3-5  mm.  long,  scal)rous,  oval 
when  spread,  subacute;  palea  4.4  mm.  long,  3-toothed,  ciliate  on 
the  keels. 

Oregon,  Cusirk  for  V.  S.  Dei)t.  Agricul,  1310. 

7.  P.  aatumnalis  Muhl.;  Kll.  Hot.  S.  ('.  cS:  (in.  1:159   (1817). 

P.  Jh'xmsa    Mnhl.    (iram.    148   (1S17),    not   .1.    K.    Smith.     P. 

piingens   Torr.    Fl.    U.    S.    1:  10!)  (1834),   not   Xutt.  (1818).      /'. 

Canipyh  Schult.  Mant.    3:304(1834).     P  F/Iiof.'ii  ^[new^.  Syst. 

1:338  (1834). 

A   soft  slender   smooth    tufted    perennial,    3()-S()    cm.    high; 


534  POACE^ 

culms  flattish,  sheaths  usually  mu(;]i  shorter  than  the  internodes; 
ligule  obtuse,  lacerate,  0.7  mm.  long;  leaves  of  sterile  shoots  flat, 
scabrous  or  smootli,  10-13  cm.  long,  1.5-2  mm.  Avide,  very  gradu- 
ally taper- pointed,  those  of  the  culm  3-4  in  number,  4-7  cm.  long, 
flat  or  conduplicate.  Panicle  very  dilfuse,  pyramidal,  7-10  cm. 
long,  rays  capillary,  flcxuose.  mostly  in  pairs  oi'  threes,  the  longest 
5-6  cm.  long,  bearing  2-4  pedicolled  spikelets  near  the  apex. 
Spikck'ts  jiale  green,  rarely  tinged  with  purple,  open,  oval,  ;]-6- 
flowered,  4-T  mm.  long,  joint  of  racliilla  0.8 -O.H  mm.  long;  lirst 
empty  glume  lanceolate,  1-nerved,  1.7-2.3  mm.  long,  second  linear- 
lanceolate,  scabrid  on  the  keel,  3-nervcd;  2.5-3.5  mm.  long,  floral 
glume  2.7-3.2  mm.  long,  tliin,  a  few  webby  hairs  at  the  base, 
pubescent  on  the  marginal  nerves  ami  lower  half  of  the  keel,  oval, 
obtuse  or  enuirgimite,  the  lateral  nerves  within  O.G  mm.  of  the 
conspicuously  scarious  apex;  palea  2-3  mm.  long, linear,  2-toothed, 
scabrid  on  the  keels. 

Michigan,  Srrihncr  3489  from  "Wheeler;  District  of  Columbia, 
T7?se//G4l;  Tennessee,  Curtiss  3849  from  Gattinger;  Mississii)pi, 
Tracy. 

Dry  or  wet  woods  or  swamps,  Pennsylvania,  ^lichigan  to  Texas. 

Var.  robusta  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1:271  (1803). 

Culms  75-90  cm.  high,  sheaths  shorter  tlian  the  internodes; 
ligule  2-4  mm.,  long;  blades  4-G  mm  wide;  panicle  17-25  cm. 
long.  It  difl'ers  from  the  species  in  having  webby  hairs  at  the 
base  of  the  florets  aiul  in  the  erect  panicle. 

Colorado,   Vasey  367,  alt.  8000-9000  feet,  Jones. 

Xot  seen  by  me. 

S.  P.  brevifolia  Muhl.  Gram.  138  (1817).  P.  pungnis  Xutt. 
Gen.  1  :66  (1818).  P.  cuspidafa  Ts'utt.  Barton,  Comp.  Fl.  Phila. 
1:61  (1818).     P.  hrachyphylla  Schult.  Mant.  2:  304  (1824). 

Culms  smooth  flattish,  20-50  cm.  high,  from  creeping  root- 
stocks.  Leaves  of  sterile  shoots  rather  numerous,  the  blades  mostly 
flat.  20-30  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide,  apex  acute,  leaves  of  the  culm  3 
in  number,  sheaths  scabrous;  ligule  obtuse,  1  mm.  long;  blades  1-5 
cm.  long.  Panicle  open,  thin,  oval  or  pyramidal,  C-10  cm.  long, 
rays  in  twos,  threes,  or  fours,  slender,  spreading,  the  lower  often 


FESTUCE.E,  635 

drooping,  the  longest  4-7  cm.  long,  bearing  a  few  spikelets  on  the 
outer  third  or  quarter.  Spikelcts  5-6  mm.  long,  3-5-llowerod, 
linear  or  oval,  pale  green,  often  tinged  with  purple,  joint  of 
rachilla  about  1  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  acute,  first  lanceolate, 
1-nerved,  3.2  mm.  long,  second  oval-lanceoLito,  3-ncrved,  3.7-4.3 
nmi.  long;  lloral  glume  4  nmi.  long,  thin,  oval,  erose-obtuse,  the 
u})j)er  t'lird  scarious,  pubescent  on  the  marginal  nerves  and  on  the 
lower  three-fiftlis  of  the  keel;  i)alea  linear,  about  3  mm.  long, 
scabrid  on  the  keels. 

Delaware,  Canhy;  Pennsylvania  (Phila.)  Srribner  1;  Tennes- 
see (Knoxville),  Srvibnor. 

Hocky  or  hilly  woodlands,  Pennsylvania  to  Virginia  and  siiar- 
ingly  westward, 

9.  P.  arachnifera  Torr.  Marcy,  Exp.  Ked  IJiv.  of  La.  301 
(1853).  1\  (U'ltsijlom  Jiuckl.  Proc.  Acad.  Pliila.  OG  (1803). 
Texas  Blik  Gkass. 

A  light  green  grass,  30-00  cm.  high,  witli  an  al)undance  of 
creeping  rootstocks.  Leaves  of  sterile  shoots  numerous  atid  long, 
those  of  the  culm  3  in  numl)er,  ligule  1  mm.  long;  blades  flat 
or  involute,  scabrous  or  smooth,  10-20  cm.  long,  4-G  mm.  wide, 
pungent-pointed.  Panicle  contracted,  linear  or  oblong,  8-16  cm. 
long,  rays  in  threes  to  fives,  erect,  the  longest  4-6  cm.  long,  bearing 
bunches  of  spikelets  from  near  the  base  to  the  apex.  Spikelcts 
oval,  5-6  mm.  long,  4-5-ilowered,  joint  of  rachilla  O.G  mm.  long,, 
empty  glumes  acute,  scal)rid  on  the  keels,  first  lanceolate,  1-nerved, 
2-5  mm.  long,  second  oval-lanceolate,  3-nerved,  3-3.3  mm.  long; 
floral  glume  3.5-4  mm.  long,  thin,  copiously  webbed  at  base,  moro 
or  less  pubescent  on  tlie  lateral  nerves  and  the  lower  half  of  the  keel, 
oval,  acute,  or  almost  muerouate,  the  lateral  nerves  obscure  and  ex- 
tending two- thirds  of  the  way  to  the  apex;  palea  linear,  3.2  mm.  long. 

Mississippi,  Trncij;  Kansas,  KeUcrmaniij  Texas,  lieverchoii  for 
U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul,  633,  Nenlley. 

Texas  to  Xew  Mexico.     See  Vol.  L  143,  Fig.  69, 

Var  glabrata  Vasey,  Cat,  Grass.  U.  S.  79  (1885).  Floral 
glumes  shorter,  glabrous,  and  destitute  of  webbed  hairs.  Found 
with  the  species. 


536  I'OACEiE. 

10.  P.  reflexa  V.  &  S.  Viisey,  Cat.  Grass.  U.  S.  83  (1885); 
Coutrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Jlerb.  1:37G  (1893). 

A  slender  perennial,  60-70  cm.  high.  Leaves  of  culm  4  in 
number,  ligule  1-3  mm.  long;  blades  4-8  cm.  long,  3.5-3  mm. 
wide,  nearly  smooth,  Ihit,  :U)ruptly  pointed.  Panicle  open,  pyram- 
idal, 4-7  cm.  long,  rays  often  reHexed,  the  longest  5-8  cm.  long, 
bearing  3-4  spikelets  near  the  apex.  S{)ikelets  purj)lo,  linear.  7-8 
mm.  long,  3-4-no\vored,  first  glume  3.5-3  mm.  long,  1-nerved, 
second  3.3-4.3  mm.  long,  3-nerved,  oval,  obtuse  or  acute,  lowest 
joint  of  rachilla  1.5  mm.  long;  floral  glume  slightly  pubescent  at 
the  base,  3-4.5  mm.  long,  oval,  abruptly  pointed;  palea  almost 
as  long  as  its  glume. 

Utah,  Traqi;  Montana,  ,SV;/'//>«(t3G3  in  1S83,  Tweedy  Ttl,  G3S; 
Colorado,    Wolfe  1144;  New  :\iexico,  Fendler  !)31». 

Wet  meadows. 

11.  P.  alsodes  A.  (iray,  Man.  Ed.  3:5()3  (185(5).  P.  nemom- 
lis  Torr.  Fl.  V.  S.  1  :  1  U  (1834),  not  L. 

A  soft  smooth  Avoak  light-green  tufted  perennial,  30-SO  cut. 
high.  IJlades  of  sterile  slioots  30-30  cm.  long,  3.5-4  mm.  wide, 
flat  or  conduplicate,  acute  or  abruptly  ))ointed,  those  of  the  culm  3 
in  number,  ligule  1-1.5  mm.  long,  truncate,  lacerate;  blades  5-10 
cm.  long.  Panicle  often  partially  included  by  the  upper  sheath, 
30-45  cm.  long,  slender,  open,  lanceolate,  or  loosely  linear  or  oval, 
rays  slender,  in  fours  to  sixes,  tlie  longest  10-14  nini.,  bearing 
scattered  spikelets  from  the  middle  or  ahovif  the  middle.  Spikelets 
3.5-5.5  mm.  long,  3-3-flowered,  oval  or  linear-oval,  joint  of  rachilla 
0.5-0.7  mm.  long,  first  em})ty  glume  3-3  nun.  long,  ovate-lanceo- 
late, 1-nerved,  second  ovate-lanceolate,  3.5-3.5  mm.  long,  3-nerved; 
floral  glume  3.5-4  mm.  long,  oval,  acute,  webbed  at  base,  pubes- 
cmt  or  nearly  smooth  on  the  lower  half  of  the  keel,  the  tip 
scarious  for  one-fourth  its  length;  palea  linear,  3.5-3  mm. 
long,  keels  nearly  smooth.  Plants  from  Grand  Traverse  and 
Alcona  counties,  ^Michigan,  have  the  keel  of  floral  glume  nearly 
smooth.  Wet  woods,  New  England,  Alleghany  ^Mountains  to 
Wisconsin. 

Vermont,  Pringle;  Massachusetts,  Faxon  10;  New  York,  Clin- 


FESTrOE/E.  537 

ion',  Michigan,  Sm'bner  3488  from  Wheeler,  Cooh'ij,  Bcal  12:2,  123, 
(Flint)  Clark  12!»8. 

12.  P.  sylvestris  A.  Gray,  .Man.  Ed.  1 : 5!)G  (1S48). 

A  soft  smooth  palo-groen  tufted  erect  perennial,  (!0-8()  cm.  high; 
culms  flattish.  Sheaths  smooth  or  scabrid,  mostl}  shorter  than  the 
iuteruodes;  ligule  ol)tuse,  lacerate,  1.5  mm.  long;  blades  of  sterile 
shoots  soft,  flat,  acuminate,  10-1.5  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide,  those 
of  the  culm  4  in  number,  acute  or  ai-uminalc,  (i-lO  cm.  long,  3-4 
mm.  wide.  Panicle  open,  oblong-pyramidal,  10-15  cm.  long,  rays 
slender,  in  fours  to  sevens  in  about  ten  sets,  often  drooping,  the 
longest  4-G  cm.  long,  bearing  a  few  branches  beyond  the  middle. 
Spikelets  pedicellate,  oblong  or  wider,  3-4  mm.  long,  usually  2-3- 
llowered,  joint  of  rachilla  0.(!-0.7  mm.  long,  first  empty  glunu'  1.7- 
2.3  mm.  long,  ovate-acute,  1-nervcd,  second  oval-acute,  3-ncrvcd, 
2-2.7  mm.  long;  floi'al  glume  oval,  obtuse  or  sul)acute  wlien  .s})read, 
2.5-3  mm.  long,  keel  and.  marginal  nerves  villous  for  nearly  tlieir 
entire  length  to  the  narrow  scarious  apex,  sparingly  webbed  at  the 
base;  palea  oval,  2-tootlied,  2-2.2  mm.  long,  ciliate  on  tlie  keck. 

Delaware,  Cauhy;  Disti'ict  of  Columbia,  Vusey  for  U.  S.  Dept. 
Agricul.  GG9;  ;Mi(!higau,  Beal  c(-  ]]li€eler  124. 

Woods,  Delaware,  Xcw  York  to  A^'isconsin  and  southward. 

13.  P.  conglomerata  Ilupr.  Bull.  Acad,  lirux.  0:  Tart  2,  236 
(1842). 

A  rather  soft  and  nearly  smooth  light-green  perennial,  30-50  cm. 
high.  Culms  Aveak  and  compressed;  nodes  2-3.  Leaves  of  sterile 
shoots  not  numerous;  ligule  2  mm.  long;  blades  flat,  acute,  5-8 
cm.  long,  1.5  mm.  wide,  blades  of  tlie  culm  much  tlie  same.  I'an- 
iolo  slender,  spikelikc,  8-15  cm.  long,  rays  mostly  in  pairs,  aji- 
pressed,  the  lowest  distant  2-3  cm.,  tlie  longest  2-4  cm.  long,  bear- 
ing short  nearly  sessile  branches  for  most  of  its  length.  Spikelets 
ovid,  acute,  3-flowered.  3-4  mm.  long,  first  empty  glume  lanceolate, 
1-nerved,  1.7-2  mm.  long,  second  oval,  acute  wlien  spread,  3- 
nerved,  2.3  mm.  long;  floral  glume  sparingly  webbed  on  tlie  lower 
third  of  the  3  nerves,  oval,  acute  when  spread,  2.5  mm.  long; 
lateral  nerves  evanescent  one-third  tlie  way  below  the  apes;  palea 
2  mm.  long.     Anthers  oblong,  5-G  mm.  long. 


538  POACE^. 

Mexico,  PringleAZOn, 

Under  dry  cool  cliffs. 

14.  P.  nervosa  (Hook.)  Vasey,  111.  N.  A.  Gr.  2:  81  (1893).  Fes- 
iiica  nervosa  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2,  251,  232  (1810). 

Culms  rather  slender,  45-75  cm.  high.  Blades  of  sterile  shoots 
15-24  cm.  high,  those  of  tlio  culm  about  3,  upper  ligule  rouuded, 
1.5  mm.  long;  blades  erect,  tlat,  3-7  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide. 
Panicle  thin,  pyramidal,  5-12  em.  long,  rays  spreading  or  somewhat 
erect,  the  lower  in  twos  to  fives,  the  longest  6-8  cm.  long,  each 
bearing  3-G  spikelets  near  tlie  apex.  Spikelets  3-8-llo\vercd,  tlat- 
tish,  4-5  mm.  long,  first  empty  glume  3  mm.  long,  1-nerved,  sec- 
ond 3-nerved,  3.3-3.6  mm.  long;  floral  glume  linear-lanceolate,  5- 
uerved,  3.5-4.5  mm.  long,  scabrid  on  the  nerves;  palea  as  long  as 
its  glume.     Ovary  linear,  1.5  mm.  long.     Stigmas  3  mm.  long. 

Montana,    Canhy   tf-  Scriljiwr  379,   395;   Washington,  Vd.sei/j 
Oregon  (Colund)ia  River),  Jloivell. 
Alaska  to  Oregon. 
Yar.  Tracyi  (Vasey),  Poa   Traajl  Vasey,  Contrii).  U.  S.  Nat. 

Herb.  1:276  (1893). 

Floral  glume  webbed  at  l)ase,  pubescent  on  the  lateral  nerves 

and  on  the  keel. 

New  Mexico  (Raton),  S.  M.  Tracij. 

15.   P.  acuminata  Scribn.  ined. 

'J\ifted,  erect,  25-35  cm.  high,  smooth  throughout.  Sheaths  of 
culm  3  in  number,  ligule  truncate,  2  mm.  long;  blades  flat  or  con- 
duplicate,  abruptly  pointed,  3-6  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  wide.  Panicle 
ovoid,  7-10  cm.  long,  rays  slender,  capillary,  flexuose,  4-5  cm.  long, 
bearing  on  the  outer  half  10-16  spikelets.  Spikelets  much  com- 
pressed, ov;ite  to  linear,  about  5  mm.  long,  3-5-flowered,  tinged  with 
purple  and  brown;  first  empty  glume  3  mm.  long,  oval-lanceolate, 
l-nerved,  second  3.5  mm.  long,  oval-acute,  3-nerved;  floral  glume 
3-3.5  mm.  long,  the  keel  and  lateral  nerves  clothed  with  webby 
hairs  for  two-thirds  of   their  length,  ovate,  obtuse  when  spj-ead; 

palea  2.5  mm.  long. 

Montana,  F.   Tweedy  639   in  1885,  1027  in  1886   for   U.  S. 

Dept.  Agricul. 


FKS'ITCE.E.  639 

Subalpinc  bogs. 

16.  P.  Idahoensis,  new  name.  P.  filifolia  Vasey,  Contrib. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1 :  -.'ri  (1893).     P.  Sanilherfjii  Vasey,  1.  c.  270. 

A  slender  tufted  erect  perennial,  40-GO  cm.  higb.  Leaves  of 
sterile  slioots,  lO-^i')  cm.  long,  the  blades  involute,  filiform;  leaves 
of  the  culms  2-3  in  number,  upper  ligule  2-3  n)m.  long;  blades  3-5 
cm.  long.  Panicle  simple,  subsecund,  G-8cm.  long,  raysflexuose,  in 
twos  and  threes,  the  sets  ratlier  close,  longest  ray  3-4  cm.  long,  bear- 
ing 1-3  spikelets.  Spikelets  smooth  throughout  or  scabrid,  oval  to 
linear,  pale  green,  2-5-flowered,  7-10  mm.  long,  first  empty  glume 
ovate-lanceolate,  first  1-nervcd,  2-3  mm.  long,  second  S-nervod, 
oviitc-lanceolate,  3—4  mm.  long;  floral  glume  much  compressed, 
rather  thin,  oval  when  spread,  4-5  mm.  long,  5-nerved;  puleu  nearly 
as  long,  ciliohite  on  the  keels.     Nearly  allied  to  P.  occiilcnfaJis. 

The  name  filifolia  had  been  previously  used,  hence  the  need  of 
a  new  one. 

Jvocky  slopes,  Idaho,  Sandherg  138,  104,  for U.  S.  Dcpt.  Agricul. 
in  1S!»2. 

IT.  P.  occidentalis  A^asey  &  Scribn.,  ('ontrib.  V .  S.  Nat.  Herb. 
1:274  (18'i3).  P.  trivialis  occidenfalis  Xn^eVyDv^c.  Cat.  (ir.  85 
(1885). 

Culms  and  leaves  more  or  less  scabrous;  culms  (!0-80  cm.  liigh, 
sliglitly  compressed.  Ligule  ovate,  2.5-3  mm.  long;  leaves  of  (!ulm 
5-0  in  number,  blades  10-15  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  wide.  Panicle 
10-15  cm.  long,  spikelets  oval  or  ovate-lanceolate.  7  nun.  long, 
first  empty  glume  lanceolate,  1-nerved,  3  mm.  long,  second  ovate- 
lanceolate,  4  mm.  long;  floral  glume  oblong-lanceolate,  4.2-4.7 
mm.  long,  very  thinly  pubescent  on  the  marginal  nerves  and  tlie 
lower  iialf  of  the  keel.  ov;:l-acute;  palea  3.5  mm.  long,  otherwise 
like  P.  fiexiatsn,  to  which  it  is  nearly  allied. 

Oregon  (Swave's  Island),  HoirvU  in  1880. 

18.  P.  debilis  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  2:450  (1843).     Weak  Spear- 

GKASS. 

A  soft  smooth  weak  light-green  tufted  perennial,  60-80  cm. 
high ;  culms  terete.  Blades  of  sterile  shoots  flat  or  conduplicate, 
-5-8  cm.  long,  leaves  of  the  culm  4,  ligule  2.5-4  long;  blades  acute 


540  roAC'E.B. 

or  ncuminute,  4-10  cm.  \o\\^,  about  4  mm.  wide.  Pauiclo  slender, 
open,  oval,  or  loug-pyraniidal.  10-15  cm.  long,  rays  mostly  in  ]tuir8, 
sleudor,  llexiiosu  or  uoddiiig  in  fruit,  the  lower  onus  often  distant, 
the  longest  5-9  cm.  long,  hearing  a  few  8[)ikelels,  for  1.5-2  cm.  at 
tlie  end.  Spikelets  broadly  oval,  3-;3-llowered,  3-4  mm.  long,  joint 
of  rachilla  0.4-O.G  mm.  long;  first  empty  glume  52-ti.5  mm.  long, 
1-nerved,  ovate-lanceolate  or  obtuse,  second  2.5-3  mm.  long,  3- 
iierved,  oval-lanceolate;  iloral  glume  2.4-4  mm.  long,  membran- 
ous to  very  near  the  tii),  broadly  oval,  slightly  webbed  at  base,  mi- 
nutely scabrid  on  the  keel;  palea  oval,  2-2.5  mm.  long,  minutely 
scabrid  on  the  heavy  keels. 

New  Ilampslure,  Foxon  18,  26;  Vermont,  Pringle;  Pennsyl- 
vania, F.  E.  Fenioic;  Michigan,  Cooky,  Dr.  Clark  711,  715,  713, 
Beal  125,  Whedir  126. 

Woodlands  and  hillsides. 

Lower  Canada,  to  New  York  and  AVisconsin. 

10.  P.  Kelloggii  Vasey,  111.  N.  A.  dr.  2:  79  (1893). 

Erect  slender,  40-(10  cm.  high,  smootli  throughout  except  the 
nerves  of  floral  glumes  and  paleie.  Ligule  2-3  mm.  long;  blades  of 
the  culm  2  in  number,  flat,  acute,  2-7  cm.  long,  2-2.5  unn.  wide. 
Panicle  thin,  jiyramidal,  7-10  cm.  long,  rays  mostly  in  i)airs, 
capillary,  rather  distinct,  often  curved  or  reflexed,  the  longest  4.5 
cm.  long,  bearing  a  few  spikelets  on  the  outer  third.  Spikelets 
purplish,  oval  or  linear-lanceolate,  5-7  cm.  long,  2-4-flowered,  joint 
of  rachilla  0.7  cm.  long;  empty  glumes  acute,  first  lanceolate,  1- 
nerved,  2.3  nmi.  long,  second  oval-lanceolate,  3.3-4  mm.  long,  )>- 
nerved;  floral  glume  3.5-4.5  mm.  long,  tinged  with  brown  as  well 
as  purple,  si)aringly  webbed  at  the  base,  and  slightly  ])ubescent  on 
tlie  lower  part  of  three  nerves,  narrowly  oval,  acute,  subacute  or 
obtuse,  5-nerved,  the  intermediate  nerve  on  each  side  obtuse,  all  the 
lateral  nerves  extending  about  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  glume; 
palea  linear,  3  mm.  long. 

Montana',  Tioeedij  638 ;  Alaska,  Harrington;  British  Columbia,, 
M.  Kay;  Oregon,  Cusich  977;  California,  Bolander  4705. 

Colorado  to  Alaska  and  California. 

20.  P.  Bolanderi  Vasey,  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  8;  32  (1882). 


FKSTICK.E.  .*)4I 

A  tufted  erect  r.itlu'r  sU'inU'i*  perennial,  30-00  cm.  hi,i;li.  Culms 
compressed;  sheutlis  striate,  smooth,  loose,  sliorler  than  the  inter- 
nodes;  upper  lijjule  obtuso,  3-4  mm.  long;  blades  of  the  culm  ;{  in 
number,  nearly  smooth,  Hut  or  eondupliesite,  2-10  em.  Ion;,',  :i-'.i  mm. 
wide,  acute  or  ai'uminate.  I'aniele  contracted  or  open.  10-15  cm. 
lon^%  rays  mostly  in  j)airs,  :{-5  cm.  distant,  tlie  longest  5-8  cm.  long, 
mostly  llower-bearing  along  the  upper  third.  Spikeleta  subscssile 
or  })ediecllate,  linear-laiu;eolate,  1-3-llowered,  3-0  mm.  long,  joint 
of  raehilla  1.5  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  thin,  green,  scarious-mar- 
gined,  first  1-nerved,  '2-'.]  mm.  long,  second  ovate-lanceolate,  acute 
or  obtuse,  »»ften  lacerate,  3-norved;  lloral  glume  tinged  with  violet, 
linear-lanceolate,  3.5-4:  mm.  long,  thinly  webbed  at  the  base, 
otherwise  smooth  or  scabrid;  palea  a  little  shorter  than  its 
glume,  adherent  to  the  grain  when  nuiture.  Nearly  related  to  F. 
arclira. 

Oregon,  IloweU;  Southern  ('alifornia,  ]*iihiirr  :»42. 

Oregon  and  ("alifoi'iiia. 

21.  P.  Howellii  ^'asey  &  Scribn. ;  \'asey,  Cat.  (irass.  V.  S.  82 
(1885). 

A  slender  erect  perennial,  45-00  cm.  higli.  Sheaths  nearly 
smooth;  ligule  acute,  lacerate,  4  mm.  long;  leaves  of  sterile  sln»ots 
few,  4-8  cm.  long,  those  of  the  culm  3.  l)lades  flat  or  becoming 
condui)licate,  smooth,  thin,  acuminate,  2-7  cm.  long,  3  mm.  wide. 
Panicle  thin,  linear  or  ovate-lanceolate,  12-25  cm.  long,  rays  in 
threes  to  sevens,  remote,  rather  rigid,  the  longest  4-10  cm.  long 
with  short  appressed  branches  bearing  s[)ikelet3  on  the  u})per  half. 
Spikelets  light  green,  ovate-lanceolate,  2-4-flo\vered,  3.5-4.2  mm. 
long,  joint  of  raehilla  sleiulor,  1  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  thin, 
scabrid  on  the  keel,  first  lanceolate,  1-nerved,  1.5-2.5  mm.  long, 
second  oval-lanceolate,  3-nerved,  2-2. T  mm.  long;  lloral  glume 
thin,  sparingly  webbed  at  the  base,  ciliate-pubescent  on  the  nuir- 
gins  and  on  the  lower  two-thirds  of  the  keel,  2.4-2.7  mm.  long, 
ovate,  subacute  or  obtuse,  erose;  jtalea  about  2.4  nun.  long,  ciliate 
on  the  keels.  Much  like  P.  BohtiiderL  See  description  for  the 
dilferences  in  floral  glumes. 

Once  distributed  as  /'.  fn'rialis  L.  var. 


M2  I'UACE^. 

Moiitaiiii,  WiUianis;  Colorado,  Jones;  Oro<roii,  IlourU  for  U.  S. 
])e])t.  Agricul.  iJoO;  Califoniiii,  Uratulegrc,  Anderson. 

Montana,  Colorado,  Orogou  to  California. 

22.  P.  alpina  L.  S]).  PI,  GT  (ITo:*.).  /'•  tlirarirata  Vill,  Hist, 
ri.  Daupli,  'Z:Vll  (i:80-0).  P.  nirieijala  l.ani.  lllustr,  1:181 
(1791).  P.  stolon  if  era  Hell.  Mi'in.  Acad,  'i'lirin,  5: -.'15  (1T0:5). 
P.  hndensis  Jlaonke,  Willd.  Sj).  PI.  1 :  :)!)■.'  (IM):).  /'.  colli na 
Host,  Grain.  Austr.  2:/.  •)()  (ISOl-!)).  P.  Ihennalis  Pors.  Syn. 
1:1)0  (180,")).  P.  hrerifolin  (laud.  Alpina,  :i::54  (1808).  P.  ilis- 
color  lloppc".  Trill,  Mem,  Awid.  St,  I»oti-rsl),  (VI.)  1:375  (18;n). 
P.  ti/rirfa  Uegetscliw.  cS:  Horr,  Fl.  Sclnv.  S.')  (1840).  P.  snhlilis 
Schnr,  Verli.  Sii'bt'nd.  Vor,  Naturw.  4:8(;  (18");)).  /'.  stenanllia 
Janka,  Oostr,  Bot.  Zeitsclir.  14:  :>8:5  (1S(;4).  P  mronensis  Scliiir, 
Knrni.  PI,  Transs.  77:?  (LSiUi).  /',  nrmphihi  Sdiur,  Knnni.  PI. 
Transs.  773  (18(Ui).  /'.  ijelida  Suliur,  Kimni.  I'LTranssj,  775 
(18(W)). 

A  soft  erect  tufted  perennial,  P^-40  cm,  lii<i'li,  smooth  or  nearly 
so.  Blades  of  sti-rile  shoots  ratiier  thick,  Hat  or  condiijilicate, 
1.5-7  mm.  lony,  '.•-4-5  mm.  wide,  apex  al)ru[)tly  acute,  those  of 
the  culm  'l-?t  in  numher,  1-4  cm.  Iool;":  lii,nde  "'-3  mm.  lon,i;-. 
Panicle  ~-(i  cm,  long,  densely  ovate  or  olih)ng,  or  more  open  and 
l)yramidal.  apex  sometimes  nodding,  rays  in  pairs,  spikelets 
bunched  at,  the  ends.  Spikelets  broadly  oval  or  y\V.v,  usually 
green,  purple,  and  brown,  ;5-4-'.)-llo\vere(l.  5-.  mm.  long; 
cm})ty  glumes  subeipud,  ovate  or  oval,  acute,  short-villously 
pubes(;ent  on  the  lower  half  of  the  keel  and  margins,  lirst 
1-3-nerved,  3-4  mm.  long,  second  3-iierve(l,  '.\.'l-i^  mm.  long,  ex- 
tending two-thirds  the  way  or  entirelv  over  the  floral  glujnc  next 
above;  iloral  glume  concave-elliptieal,  acute,  ahno't  acute  oi-  obtuse, 
3.5-5  mm.  long:  pai  'a  elli])tical,  acute  at  both  emls,  ".'-toothed, 
k'.!els  ciliaie,  ".'.5  :>..")  mm.  long.     Anthers  1.7  mm.  long, 

liabnidor,  /Hodt/e/l;  Tiower  Canada,  .1.  Allen:  .Michigan  (Islo 
Koyale),  T.  ('.  Porter:  Montana,  Willinin.-.  SrrilD.er,  /•'.  'Drredi/, 
338,  027;  Colorado,  ./oy/^v.  ,/.  llW/e,  1120:  i'tali,  ,/«//r,v,   12(i8. 

Greeidand,  Canada,  Kew  Hampshire  to  Kocky  Mountains. 


FESTl'CE.E.  64  - 

Var.  minor  Scribn.  ined.  lu  every  respect  diminutive,  5-10  cm. 
liigh;  blades  1-2  cm.  long;  pimicle  l-'i.i)  cm.  loug;  spikelets 
sliorter,  3— t-ttowerod. 

Montami,  ^:^cril))ie>'  in  1883.     Kooky  Moimtiiitis. 

Var.  purpurascens  (Vasey).  P.  imiyKrascens  Vasey,  Coult. 
Bot.  Gaz.  G:297  (1881). 

Culms  smooth,  3-4.5  cm.  high:  panicle  oblong  or  pyramidal, 
5-8  cm.  long;  spikolets  ovate,  8-i)  mm.  loTig.  3-.")-ll<)were<l.  second 
glume  5-G  nmi.  long;  Uoral  glume  oval  acute  when  spread,  6-7  mm. 
long,  palea  5.5  mm.  long. 

"Washington,   U.  S.  Ih'pf.  Jr/n'riiJ.  ()"2S  from  Suksdorf, 

A  very  distinct  variety.  perhai)s  a  species. 

Washington,  Oregon,  Kocky  ^fountains. 

23.  P.  pratensisL.  Sp.  PI.  GT  (1753).  .Tlxe Grass.  Kextfcky 
Blih  Grass.  Sim;ak-(!UASS.  J\  anreps  Hegetscliw.  V\.  Schw. 
81  (1840).  P.  (DKjuxfifoUa  L.  S]..  ri.  ('.7  (1753).  /'.  altiro  Hoiss. 
&  lleldr.  Diiign.  (1.)  1:5 :  57  (184-.'-5;i).  P.ai'rulva  Knai)p,  Gram. 
Brit.  /.  118  (184(;).  P.  cinirrd  Vill.  Hist.  PI.  Dauph.  2:  12*1 
(178(M)).  P.  costaia  Scluim.  Enum.  PI.  Saell.  1  :  28.  /*.  (h-pressa 
J.  &  C.  Presl,  V\.  Oech.  20.  P.  dnbid  [lIonci<.l  Verz.  AUer.  (Jew. 
Teutscld.  235.  /'.  cn/i/nis/ifiiniiis  Schur,  Verb.  Siebenb.  Ver. 
Naturw.  4:88  (1853).  I*,  jilifolia  Schur,  Kturm.  PI.  Transs.  7<;8 
(ISGO).  P.  (jhihnt  VAw\\.  \W\\Y.  0:82  (17'.)2).  /'. ///vy/^^/m  Suti-r, 
in.  llelv.  1:48.  /'.  hvlvruplujUa  Sclieele,  Flora.  2;:5S  (1844). 
P.  /nimilis  Ehrh.  IViir.  (;:84  (17!)2).  P.  Lrjeintii  Dam.  (»l.s. 
Gram.  Belg.  112  (1823).  P.  iiiahiiitn(/(trien.'<if<  Lcj.  Fl.  Spa.  1  :  :>(). 
/*.  Niiri/olia  Schur.  Fnum.  Pi.  I'ranss.  'It'i7  (18G<)).  /'.  pnhi'strits 
Lcj.  FI.  Spa.  1:51.  P.  xiinmx  Hotl'in.  Deutsc  Id.  Fl.  Fd.  2,  1  :  44. 
P.  striijosd.  I.  c.  P.  suhrivvKlca  Sni.  Engl.  Hot..  /.  1004.  P.  sijl. 
vicoUi  Guss.  Enum.  PI.  Inar.  :>;  1  (1854).  /'.  friria/is  (uiss.  Fl. 
Sic.  Prod.  1:89  (1827).  /'.  \'i//(irsii  (imel.  Syst.  182  (1778). 
P.  viridis  (iilib.  Exi-rcit.  2:  530. 

A  very  variabb-,  common,  and  widely  distributt'd  pcrciii'Ial. 
Culms  terete,  glabrous,  slemler  or  rather  stout  where  not,  crowded, 
30-()('»  (rarely  10-120)  cm.  high,  fi'oin  copious  running  rcotstocks. 
Sheaths  smooth,  snbcompressed ;  ligide   truncate,    1.5  mm.    Imig; 


644  POACE^. 

blades  of  sterile  shoots  flat,  or  oftener  more  or  less  conduplicate, 
very  abruptly  concave-pointed,  5-30  cm.  long,  tliose  of  tbe  culm 
3,  smooth  or  scabrous,  tlie  upper  one  sborter  than  its  slieatb,  usu- 
ally 6-10  cm.  long,  2-2.5,  rarely  4-7  mm.  wide.  Panicle  ratbor 
close  or  open  pyramidal,  tbe  diameter  of  the  base  about  tbe 
same  as  the  length,  1-19  (mostly  about  10)  cm.  long,  rays  scabrous 
or  smootli  in  half-wborls  of  3-6,  the  longest  3-11  cm.  long,  ratber 
densely  flower-bearing  on  the  upper  half.  Spikelets  often  tinged 
with  purple,  many  with  pedicels  1  mm.  or  less  in  lengtb,  oval, 
ovate,  ovate-lanceolate,  3-6-flowered,  4-7  mm.  long,  joint  of 
rachilla  0.5  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  acute,  ,',cabrous  on  tbe  keels,, 
first  2.5-3  mm.  long,  1-  (rarely  3-)nerved,  ovate-lanceolate,  second 
3-3.5  nmi,  long,  3-ncrved,  oval-lanceolate;  floral  glume  tbickly 
wel)l)ed  at  the  base,  pubescent  on  tbe  marginal  nerves  and  on  tbe 
lower  two-thirds  of  tbe  keel,  3-4  mm.  long,  oval,  subacute  wlu-n 
spread,  the  apex  scabrous  for  0.5  mm.  or  less;  palea  linear,  2.5-3 
mm.  long,  scabrous  on  tbe  keels.     Antbers  1.5  mm.  long. 

Variety  angnsti folia  is  a  nameapi)lied  to  forms  witb  mirrow  radi- 
cal leaves,  but  is  scarcely  a  variety.  A  very  valuable  ])asture-gniss. 
See  Vol.  I.  p.  133,  Fig.  51.  Nearly  allied  to  P.  trlvialis  L.,  under 
wbicb  see  note. 

Pennsvlvania,  V.  S.  Dejit.  AffririiJ.  (iG2  from  Scribner;  ^Um- 
tana,  Ctinhy  tP  Scrihnvi'  303;  Yellowstoiu'  Park,  Frank  Tircodij 
277.  04(5;  Oregon,  /foirelL  tbe  indigenous  form.  Several  forni.s 
cultivated  at  Agricultural  College,  Micbigan. 

Common  throughout  Europe,  central  and  Russian  Asia,  also 
North  Ami'rica  and  in  the  Southern  IIemisi)bere. 

24.  P.  Brandegei  Scribn. 

An  alpiiu^  annual  (?)  2-4  cm.  bigb.  Ligule  truncate,  1  mm. 
long;  blades  tbiu,  flat  or  conduplicate,  1-3  em.  long,  0.5-1  mm. 
wiole.  Panicle  sparingly  branched,  0,5-1  ctn.  long.  Spikeleti 
purplish,  broadly  oval,  3-4  mm.  long,  ;}-4-flowered,  joint  ot  rachilla 
0.5-0.7  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  tbin,  3-nerved,  second  oval, 
acute  or  obtuse.  2.7-3.1  mm.  long;  floral  glume  not  webbed  not- 
pubescent,  about  2  mm.  long,  very  broadly  oval,  erose,  tbin.  ob- 
scurely 5-nerved;  palea  linear,   incurved,  smootb,    nearly   2  mm. 


FESTUCE.E.  r)45 

long.     Anthers  0.6   mm.    long.     Distributed    as    P.    ahbreviuta 
Thurber. 

Colorado  (Gray's  Peak),  Jones  714,  14,000  feet  altitude. 

25.  P.  Chapmaniana  8cril)ii.  Hull.  Torr.  Club.  -Zl-.'M  (1804). 
Poa  cristafa  Chai)iii.  Fl.  S.  States,  aH-i  (ISOO),  not  Walt. 

An  ort'ct  light  griH'ii,  nearly  HUiooth  annual.  lO-'.M)  cm.  high. 
Ligule  3  nun.  long;  blades  of  sterile  shoots  oiR'-([Uarter  tlu^  length 
of  the  euhn.  Slieaths  of  the  (uilnis  ;?  in  number,  usuidly  shorter 
than  the  interiiodes;  blades  ilat  or  ci)ndui)licate,  acuminate  or 
abruptly  pointed,  3-5  cm.  long.  \.^-i,  mm.  wide.  Panicle  obtuse, 
linear  or  pyramidal,  2-S  cm.  long,  rays  in  twos  or  threes,  one  of 
the  longest  2-4  cm.  long,  bearing  spikelets  on  the  outer  half. 
Spikelets  shortly  pedicellate  or  ahnost  sessile,  3-;]. 5  mm.  long, 
3-5-flo\vered,  narrowly  or  broadly  elliptical  or  rhomboidal,  joint  of 
rachilla  0.5  mm.  long;  em[»ty  glumes  siibcqual,  ovate,  subacute, 
3-nerved  (first  rarely  1-nerved),  second  2.2  mm.  long;  lloral  glume 
thin,  webbed  at  base,  pidjescent  on  marginal  nerves  and  two-thirds 
of  the  keel,  the  4  lateral  nerves  obscure,  2.5  mm.  long,  conciive, 
elliptical,  the  u})per  fourth  scarious;  jialea  thin,  1.7-2  mm.  long, 
pubescent  on  the  lower  two-thirds  of  the  keels  when  seen  through 
a  lens. 

^fuch  like  Poa  (unina  and  likely  to  be  confounded  with  it. 
When  compared,  this  species  is  more  nearly  erect,  blades  of  sterile 
shoots  shorter,  empty  glumes  narrower,  with  narrower  scarious 
margins,   lloral  glume  oval  (not  ovate)  and  shorter. 

Tennessee,  Srrihner;  Mississippi  (Tupelo  &  Starkville),  Tracy; 
Missouri,  llifrhcock. 

Tennessee,  Florida,  ami  Mississip})i. 

20.  P.  Bigelovii  Vasey  iS;  Scribn.  Vasey,  Cat.  Grass.  U.  S.  SI 
(1S85).  /'.  ainiH(t\i\v.  sfn'c/d  \'asey,  Scril)!!.  liull.  Torr.  Clul).  31 
(1883). 

A  glaucous  annual  or  perennial;  culms  Ilat,  green  or  jiurple, 
20-70  em.  high.  Leaves  of  sterile  shoots  few.  the  l)la(les  2-4  cm, 
long,  those  of  the  culms  3  in  number,  ilat  or  conduplieate,  3-10 
cm,  long,  1.5-2  mm.  wide,  apex  acute  (not  abruptly  acute  as  in  /'. 
annua);  ligule  2  nan.  long.     Panicle  linear,  secund,  very  simple,. 


f)46  POACEiB. 

interrupted,  5-20  cm.  long,  rays  in  pairs,  the  longest  3-4  cnn.  long, 
densely  flowered  on  the  upper  half;  in  a  very  long  panicle,  the 
lowest  rays  5-7  cm.  from  the  next  ahove.  Spikelets  oval  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  3-0-flowered,  5-7  mm.  long,  Joint  of  rachilla  0.7  mm. 
long;  empty  glumes  3-nerved,  first  ovate-lanceolate,  3.5-3.5  mm. 
long,  second  oval-lanceolate,  3-4  mm.  long;  floral  glume  oval,  acute 
or  obtuse,  notched  at  the  apex,  3-3.5  mm.  long,  the  nerve  on  each 
side  next  the  midnerve  obscure,  webby  hairs  at  base  often  4  mm. 
long,  hairs  on  the  keel  for  threo-fourths  of  its  length  and  half  the 
length  of  the  glume  on  the  lateral  nerves,  0.7  nun.  long;  i)aloa 
lanceolate,  2.7  mm.  long,  pubescent  on  the  keels.  Certainly  a  good 
species. 

Texas,  Ciirtisfi  3477a  irom  Eeverchon,  Feiidler  03;  New  Mexico, 
Vaseij  for  IT.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  G35;  Arizona  (Santa  Cataliua 
Mountains),  Prinyh  458. 

Texas  to  Arizona. 

27.  P.  coMi'iiEssA  L.  Sp.  PI.  69  (1753).  Klat-stemmkd  Poa. 
Bluk  Grass.  AV^irixjkass.  P.  aiiceps  Presl,  ('v[).  iS:  Gram.  Sic. 
43  (1S2C)).  P.  comphnala  Scluir,  Euum.  PI.  Transs.  770  (KSdli). 
P.  L(i)u/eaiin  Reichb.  Fl.  Gci-m.  Excurs.  140*  (1833).  /'.  ninraUs 
Wihfl,  Prim.  Fl.  Werth.  114.  P.  po///)wda.  Parn.  (Irass.  Scot!. 
84  (1842).     /*.  snIx'ONipres.sa  Parn.  1.  c. 

Glaucous,  bluish  green,  culms  30-()0  cm.  high,  smooth,  firm, 
miu'li  compressed,  ascciuling  from  crec})ing  rootstocks.  Sheaths 
mostly  much  shorter  than  the  internodes,  ligiih!  ()l)tusi',  about  1 
mm.  long;  sterile  shoots  few,  those  of  the  culm  4.  blades  tlat  or 
condui)licate.  -1-10  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  wide,  the  apex  abrujitly 
pointed  as  in  /'.  annua.  Panicle  usually  contracted,  linear  or  open 
und  ovoid,  secund,  5-10  cm.  long,  lower  rays  scabrous,  in  ])airs  or 
single,  the  middle  ones  in  tlii-ees  or  fours,  the  longest  3-4  cm.  long, 
ilower-bearing  on  tlie  outer  half.  Spikelets  subsessile,  oval  or  ovati-- 
lanceolatc,  3-10-ll()wered,  4-()  mm.  long,  l)luish  green,  often  tinged 
with  purple,  joint  of  rachilla  0.5  mm.  long;  empty  glunu'S  sub- 
equal,  3-ncrved,  acute,  ovate  or  elliptical-lanceolate,  second  2.5-3 
mm.  long;  iloral  glunu'  2.5-3  mm.  long,  lirm,  smooth  or  scabrid, 
Webby  hairs  few  or  wanting,  pubescent  on  the   keel  and  lateral 


FESTUCE.E.  547 

nerves  near  the  base,  oval,  abruptly  acute,  the  5  nerves  obscure; 
palea  nearly  as  long  as  its  glume,  scabrid  on  the  keels.  For  a  fur- 
ther account  see  Vol.  I.  p.  137,  Fig.  67. 

Yermout,  Prinyle;  Kew  Jersey,  Scribner  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agri- 
cul.  04:>;  Michigan,  Clark '^W,  717,  Heal  127,  V:iS,Cooleii;  :Minne- 
sota,  Arthur  X  18,  B  527;  Colorado,  Lelteruum  30;  Arizona, 
Tuumey  122 ;  Oregon,  Howell. 

Dry  soil,  rarely  seen  in  woods.  Extensively  naturalized  from 
Euroiie,  and  possibly  indigenous  northward. 

28.  P.  Wheeleri  Yasey,  Kothr.  Kep.  l?ot.  U.  S.  Surv.  G:291 
(1878). 

Perennial,  with  running  rootstocks.  Culms  20-00  cm.  high. 
Ligule  1.5  mm.  long;  blades  of  sterile  shoots  15-20  cm.  long,  3 
mm.  wide,  rigid,  conduplicate  or  involute  with  a  lirm  ol)li(|ue  point, 
U2)per  l)lade  of  culm  1-3  cm.  long.  Panicle  o[>en,  thin.  .S-12 
cm.  long,  ovoid,  rays  slender,  mostly  in  pairs,  the  longer  3-5  cm. 
long,  l)earing  a  few  spikelets  near  the  apex.  Spikelets  lance-ellip- 
tical, G-7  mm.  long,  3-llowered,  lower  joint  of  racliilla  1.5  mm. 
long;  empty  glumes  subequal,  ovato-laiu'eolatc,  3-nerved,  second 
one  3.7  mm.  long;  floral  glume  not  webbed,  4.2  mm.  long,  ciliate 
on  the  lateral  nerves  and  on  the  lower  two-fifths  of  the  keel,  oval, 
subacute  Avhen  spread,  margins  scarious;  palea  truncate,  very 
nearly  as  long  as  its  glume,  ciliate  on  the  keels. 

Colorado  (South  Park).  Wolfe  1131-',  in  herb.  Scrii)ner,  Dr. 
Enyelman,  Lefterman  29,  44. 

2!).  P.  confinis  Vasey,  111.  X.  A.  (Jr.  2:  75  (I8!i3). 

An  erect  tufted  dio'cious  perennial,  10-20-30  cm.  high,  from 
slender  creeping  rootstocks.  The  second  and  often  the  third  and 
fourth  leaves  from  the  top  of  the  culms  containing  erect  leafy,  non- 
flowering  branches  in  their  axils.  Sheaths  smooth;  ligule  involute, 
acute.  1-2  mm.  long;  blades  of  the  branches  smooth,  exteiuling  to 
the  base  or  the  apex  of  the  panicles,  coiuluplicate,  in  cross-section 
ovate  or  oval,  destitute  of  bnlliform  cells,  (i-S  mm.  di'am.,  7-nerved 
with  9  bands  of  sclerencbyma,  the  extreme  a])ex  obli([uely  obtuse, 
the  ui^per  blade  1-3  cm.  loug,  Avith  the  upper  part  of  the  sheath 
involute,'  like  the  blade.     Panicle  dense,  linear,  subsecund,  2-4-5 


n48  POACE^. 

em.  long,  rays  smooth,  in  pairs,  the  longest  1.5-3  cm.  long,  densely 
ilower-beariug  above  the  middle.  Spikelets  oval,  4-G  mm.  long, 
:{-5-ilowered,  softly  scabrid;  empty  glumes  lance-ovate,  acute,  3- 
nerved,  second  3.5-4.3  mm.  long,  reaching  three-fourths  to  four- 
fifths  over  the  glume  above;  floral  glume  Avith  a  few  webby  hairs  at 
the  base.  3-3.7  mm.  long,  involute,  broadly  ovate,  abruptly  acute; 
palea  linear-lanceolate,  ciliate  on  the  keels. 

Oregon,  Howell  in  July  1882.  and  in  1887. 

Some  of  tliese  liavc  been  distributed  as  P.  ahh  rev  lata  W.  Br., 
but  Dr.  Vasey  had  an  opportunity  for  comparison  and  I  follow  him 
in  the  selection  of  name. 

Oregon  to  the  Aretic  Coast. 

30.  P.  Grayana  Vasey,  Contrib.  ^5.  S.  Xat.  Herb.  1:2T2 
(1892). 

Kootstocks  and  sterile  shoots  numerous;  culms  30-50  cm.  high. 
Blades  of  sterile  shoots  conduplicate,  abruptly  pointed,  15-20  cm. 
long,  2  mm.  wide;  leaves  of  the  culm  2  in  number;  liguledecurrent, 
2-1  mm.  long;  upper  blade  4-G  cm.  long.  Panicle  open,  8-12  cm. 
long,  rays  in  pairs,  the  longest  4-6  cm.  long,  bearing  3-G  spikelets 
on  the  outer  third.  Spikelets  tinged  with  purj)le,  the  margins  of 
the  ghunes  broAvn,  Q-'ii  mm.  long,  3-5-ilowered;  empty  glumes  oval, 
subacute,  3-iierved,  first  about  3.5  mm.  long,  second  4-4.5  mm. 
long;  lloral  glume  pubescent  on  tiie  keel  and  marginal  nerves  of  the 
lower  two-fifths,  3.5-T  mm.  long,  ovate,  obtuse,  erose;  palea  but 
little  shorter  than  its  glume, linear  when  closed,  ciliate  on  the  keels. 

Colorado,  Patterson  14  in  1885. 

High  Mountains  about  Gray's  Peak;  altitude  10,000-12,000  feet. 

In  herb.  Y.  S.  Dei)t.  Agricul. 

31.  P.  Thurberiana  (Kuntze)  Vasey(?) 

An  erect  light-green  rather  slender  perennial,  50-80  cm.  high, 
culms  aiul  leaves  smooth  or  scabrid.  Sterile  shoots  few,  the  blades 
20-40  cm.  long,  leaves  of  the  culm  4-5,  sheaths  mostly  longer  than 
the  internodes,  smooth;  ligule  truncate,  lacerate,  4  mm.  long; 
blades  mostly  flat,  acuminate,  2  mm.  wide,  the  upper  extending  to 
tlie  base  of  the  panicle  or  beyond.  Panicle  narrow,  thin,  15-25 
cm.  long,  rays  iu  threes  and  fours,  some  of  them  very  siiort,  the 


FKSTrcK.E.  649 

longest  3-5  cm.  long,  thinly  flower-bearing  for  the  whole  length. 
8pikelets  2-tlowore(l,  tlie  upper  floret  nulimeiitary;  empty  glunu's 
sube<iual,  ;}  mm.  long,  the  first  a  little  the  longer,  botli  .'J-iiervcd. 
the  lateral  nerves  merging  into  tlie  midnerve  above  tlie  middle; 
floral  glume  subcarinate,  smooth,  7-nerved,  oval  and  subacute 
when  .spread,  3.7  mm.  long;  palea  as  long  as  its  glume;  the  second 
floret  consisting  of  an  obtuse  floral  glume  nearly  2  mm.  long  and  a 
palea  much  shorter.  Stamens  3  in  number,  1.5  mm.  long, 
("aliforuia,  HoJnnder. 

32.  P.  Douglasii  Nees,  Ann.  Xat.  Hist.  Scr.  I,  1 :  284  (1838). 
Poa  Californira  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gram.  201  (1855). 

A  slender  smooth  dicecious  tufted  perennial,  10-20  cm.  higli, 
with  short  slender  creeping  rootstocks.  Leaves  ol'  sterile  shoots 
numerous,  sheaths  loose;  ligule  obsolete;  blades  of  sterile  shoots  con- 
duplicate,  curved,  5  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide,  the  extreme  apex  usually 
oblique  and  obtuse,  in  cross-section  oval  or  ("ircular,  O.T-1  mm. 
diam.,  0-nerved.  blades  of  the  culm  like  those  below,  1-5  cm.  long, 
usually  extending  to  the  spike  or  beyond  it.  I'anicle  jialc  gi'ccu, 
dense,  globose,  ovoid  or  linear,  2-0  cm.  long.  1.5  diuni.  PisliUafe 
spikelets  compressed,  oval,  3-G-flowered,  7-10  nun,  long,  joint  of 
rachilla  0.75  nmi.  long,  emjity  glumes  subequal,  linear-lanceolate, 
4.5-0.5  nun.  long,  3-nerved,  scabrous  on  the  keel;  floral  glume  oval 
or  ovate,  acute,  5.5-7  mm.  long,  finely  pubescent  on  the  lower  half 
of  the  keel  and  marginal  nerves;  palea  linear,  2-toothed,  ciliate  on 
the  keels,  4.7-5.5  nim.  long.  Slauiinale  spikelets  5  mm.  long;  empty 
glumes  2.5  mm.  long,  floral  glume  3.5  mm.  long;  palea  as  long  as 
its  glume. 

California,  Jones  3258. 

California,  along  the  seacoast  in  loose  sand. 

33.  P.  glumaris  Trin.  :^[em.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  (VI.)  l:;57a 
(1831).     I\  Kingii  S.  Wats.  l?ot.  King's  Exp.  387  (1871). 

A  more  or  less  glabrous,  strict,  very  stout  dicecious  perenjiial, 
30-00  cm.  high,  and  a  diameter  of  the  culm  of  5-0  mm.  near  tlie 
base:  rootstocks  creeping.  Ligule  nearly  obsolete;  blades  tirin. 
smooth  or  scabrid.  usually  conduplieate.  10-30  cm.  long,  8-12  mm. 
wide,  those  of   the  culm  3  in  number,  2-8   cm.  long.       Panicle 


nno  poACE.E. 

strict,  dense,  linear,  spikelike  or  more  or  less  interrupted,  G-18  cm. 
long,  rays  stout,  nearly  erect,  in  clusters  of  3-5,  densely  flowered  I'oi' 
most  of  their  Icnijth.  Fis/iUafe  spikelets  linear-oblong,  T-9  mm. 
long,  3-o-flowered,  longest  joint  of  rachilla  about  1  mm.  long; 
empty  glumes  smooth,  subequal,  ovate-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong, 
;]-nerved,  lirst  5-0  mm.,  siroud  T-S  mm.  long;  floral  glume  tinged 
with  purple,  carinate,  puberulent,  5  mm.  long,  often  i)ubescent 
near  the  base,  oval,  acute,  mucronate  or  obtuse-erose;  2)alea  as  long 
as  its  glume,  linear,  puberulent,  ciliate  on  the  nerves.  Lodicules  1 
mm.  long.  Ovary  obovoid-oblong,  pubescent,  1-1.7  nnn.  long, 
stigmas  terminal  plumose,  2-2.5  mm.  long.  tSfatiiinafe  spikelets 
with  glumes  and  palea  each  1-2  mm.  longer.  Anthers  3.2  mm. 
long. 

In  my  opinion  this  is  a  very  good  Poa  and  need  not  be  placed 
in  a  distinct  genus,  as  some  have  j)roposed.  Plants  seen  were  from 
the  lower  St.  Lawrence  and  Alaska. 

Labrador,  ,/.  .1.  Alien  24;  Canada,  Prhujlr;  Alaska,  Harrinij- 
foii.  Turner. 

Lower  Canada  to  Alaska,  along  the  coast  in  gravelly  Iteaches. 

34.  P.  pseudopratensis  Scribn.  &  Rydb.  in  herb. 

A  smoo*h  j)erennial,  20-30  cm.  high  with  creeping  rootstooks. 
Culms  terete.  Sheaths  longer  than  their  internodes;  ligules  2  mm. 
long;  blades  flat,  tapering  toward  the  abruptly  keeled  apex,  10-18 
cm.  long,  2.5-3  mm.  wide.  Panicle  ovoid  or  oval,  rays  smooth  in 
pairs,  the  longest  about  4  cm.  long;  pedicels  mostly  1.5  mm.  or 
more  in  length.  iMnjity  glumes  3-nerved,  subequal,  5-5.5  mm.  long, 
3-nerveil ;  floral  glume  5.5-0  mm.  long;  })alea  alxnit  5  mm.  long. 

Alaska  (Adakh  Island),  V(ii/a(/e  of  Ai//a/riiss  July  1,  1893. 

35.  P.  flava  L.  Sp.  PI.  68  (1753).  Fowl  Mi-adow-ohass.  P. 
t<erotinn  Ehrh.  lkMtr.6;  83  (1701),  name  only.  /'.  crocala  Michx. 
Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1  :  08  (1803),  fide  Munro.  P.  jjalusfris  IT.  Mart. 
Prod.  Fl.  :\rosq.  19(1812).  /'.  ncmoraUx  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept. 
1:79  (1814).  P.  Injdrophiihi  Thuill.  Steud.  Norn.  Ed.  1,  630, 
638(1821).  P.trijlnra  rjilib.  Exercit.  531.  P.  elef/nns  Hall.  1'. 
Steud.  Xom.  Ed.  T,  2:359(1841).  P.  anguKfifolia  Peichb.  FL 
Germ.  Excurs.  47  (1850). 


FESTUCE.E.  551 

Loosely  tufted,  erect  from  a  (lecuiiibcnt  base,  40-120  cm.  higli; 
no  creeping  rootstoeks.  J^igulo  -4-5  nun.  long;  bUules  of  sterile 
c^luiots  ;}-8  cm.  long,  soon  fiuling,  those  of  the  culm  5-0,  erect  soft 
and  smooth  or  scabrous,  Hat  or  conduj)licate,  pungent,  acuminate, 
7-15  cm.  long,  2.5-13  mm.  wide.  Panicle  ami)Ic,  oblong  or  jiyi-am- 
idal,  at  length  nodding,  20-i)5  cm.  long,  rays  scabrous  in  half- 
whorls  of  4-10,  some  of  the  lower  sets  of  rays  5-7  cm.  distant,  t!ie 
longest  10-15  cm.  long,  branching  freely,  bearing  nunun'ous  sctat- 
tered  spikelets  on  the  upper  half  or  three-lifths,  S[)ikelets  sliort- 
pedicelled,  often  tinged  with  violet  and  brown,  elliptical  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  2-5-llo«-ered,  a  long  joint  of  rachilla about  0.5  mm.  long; 
empty  glumes  sube(pial,  3-nerved,  llrst  ovate-lanceolate,  second 
oval-lanceolate,  2,11-3.7  mm.  long;  iloi-al  glume  sparingly  webbed  a,fc 
l)ase,  and  thiidy  pubescent  on  the  lateral  nerves  and  lower  half  of 
the  keel,  3.3-2.5  mm.  long,  apex  often  tinged  with  yellowish 
brown,  elliptical,  ol)tuse  or  subacute  Avlien  spread,  though  a[i])ear- 
ing  acute  when  closed,  obscurely  nerved;  ])alea  almost  as  long  as  its 
glume,  linear,  scabrid  on  the  keels. 

New  Hampshire,  E.  F<(.rnn  !);  ^[assachnsetts,  E.  L.  SturtevaiU, 
ncalUS;  New  York  (Uulfalo),  r7//i^;i  for  Clark  lG8o;  Michigan, 
Coolri/,  Chirk  714,  Era!  130,  131,  Wheeler,  Farwell;  Illinois,  Heal 
12'.);  Iowa,  llitchrorlc;  Minnesota,  Arthur  X  6,  M  183, 1U2<3,  P.  510; 
Colorado,  ('assid//;  South  Dakota,  Di/Jfe//;  AVashington,  Lake; 
Oregon,  llowell. 

"Wet  or  moist  ground,  Canada,  Xew  England,  Alaska,  Pennsyl- 
vania, Colorado. 

For  a  further  account  see  \'ol.  \.  }>.  140,  Fig.  (iS,  undi'r  /'. 
f^erotina. 

Colonel  Moiiioe,  the  most  acute  agrostologist  of  his  day, 
l)laced  this  with  7^  /le/iioralis  L.,  while  Grisebaeh,  Pries,  A.  (iray,. 
and  Anderson  keep  it  distinct.  See  Dr.  ,1.  I).  Il()(»ker,  on  Distri- 
])ut,ion  of  Arctic  Plants,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  vol.  23,  ISIH).  ^lonroe 
observes  that  stunted  or  arctic  si)eciniens  of  P.  iieDttiralis  L. ,  /'. 
.^rri)/ina  Ehrh.,  P.  c(vxia  Sm.,  if  not  identical  arc  extremely  difficult 
to  distinguish  the  one  from  tlu'  other. 

36.  r.  fiavicans  Ledu.  Fl.  Poss.  4:373  (1853). 


5r)2  roACK.E. 

IMiiut  nither  soft,  i25-GU  fin.  high.  Leaves  of  tlie  culms  3, 
shoiiths  ('OV(!riu<j  tlie  internodes,  ligulo  broad,  decurreiit,  toothed, 
IJ  mm.  long;  blades  of  the  sterile  slioots  thin,  Hat  or  irregidarly 
involute,  5-10  cm.  long,  3  mm.  wide,  abruptly  pointed,  those  of 
the  culm  4-15  cm.  long.  Panicle  e.xserted,  oval  or  2)yramidal,  8-13 
cm.  long,  rays  in  twos  aud  threes,  1.5  cm.  distant,  the  longest  4-0 
cm.  long,  bearing  3-4  spikeU'ts  on  the  outer  three-fifths.  Spike- 
lets  lax,  oval,  8  mm.  long.  ;j-tlowered  with  a  minute  rudimeut  of  a 
fourth,  joint  of  rachilla  slender,  1.5  mm.  long;  em})ty  glumes  thin, 
-elliptical,  3-nerved,  first  4.5  mm.  long,  second  5  mm.  long;  floral 
glume  thinly  pubescent  on  the  lower  half  of  the  nerves,  oval,  5 
mm.  long;  palea  thinly  pubescent  on  the  keels,  nearly  as  long  as  its 
glume. 

Unalaska,  Turner. 

Its  nearest  alUnities  are  P.  hixpidnJa  \'asey  and  P.  f/rariUima. 

37.  P.  nemoralis  L.  S]».  IM.  00  (l'?r)3).  /'.  rmi(f  Am.  authors 
in  part.  /*.  hnjophihi  'Vv\n.  Hull.  Sc.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  1:09 
(18;5()).     There  are  at  least  35  other  syminyms. 

A  loosely  tufted  erect  perennial,  40-70  cm.  high,  with  no  creep- 
ing rootstocks;  culms  compressed  or  subterete,  smooth.  Sheaths 
smooth ;  ligule  0.5  mm.  long;  blades  of  culm  4  in  number,  scabrous, 
erect,  Hat  or  conduplicate,  pungent-acuminat(>,  7-1'^  cm.  long,  3.5-3 
mm.  wide.  Panicle  linear,  ovoid  or  pyranii<lal.  erect  or  nodding, 
5-12  cm.  long,  rays  scabrous,  inhalf-wlioi-jsof  4-7,  distant  3-3.5  cm., 
the  longest  5-6  cm.  long,  bearing  spikeiets  almost  clustered  on  the 
outer  half  or  third,  some  with  2)edicels  0.7  mm.  long.  Sj)ikelet8 
often  tinged  with  violet,  ellij)tical  or  linear-lanceolate,  3-0-Ho\vered, 
5-0  mm.  long,  a  long  joint  of  rachilla  0.8  mm.  long;  empty 
glumes  acuminate,  3-nerved,  first  ovate-lanceolate.  3.7-3  mm.  long, 
second  oval-lam?eolate,  3.5  mm.  long;  floral  glume  .sparingly  webbed 
ut  base,  3-;5.2  mm.  long,  puljescent  (not  thiidy)  on  the  lateral  nerves 
und  lower  half  of  the  keel,  apex  tinged  with  yellowish  brown,  ellip- 
ti(?al  or  subacute  when  spread,  obscurely  nerved;  palea  linear, 
scabrid  on  the  keels,  2.7  mm.  long. 

'J'lie  above  is  a  description  of  well-grown  typical  plants  intro- 
duced from  Europe  into  Michigan. 


FliSTlCK.K.  /503 

Yermonty  Prill  ffh'  in  ISM;  K'ocky  !Moimtiiins, //r///  iiiid  Har- 
bour '^47;  Moiitiinu,  Tirecdii  <)47,  Caiihij  i(-  Srribtin\  ;U)4,  'M\\)\ 
("olonido,  Leitn-iiiiin  W,  '.55, 37,  6'i  in  1S85-S(3  for  V.  S.  ^iit. 
Herb. 

Viir.  glauca  (Valil).  7W  ///^r«<7^  Valil.  Fl.  Dun.  /.  .%'^(17rM)). 
r.  aesid  J.  K.  Smith.  Kngl.  J?ot.  /.  /77-'y  (17i)3).  /'.  aspera  (iiin- 
din,  Ali)inu  '.i:  :)S  (1S(»S). 

Cnhns  20-00  cm.  liigli,  firm,  HiittencMl;  lignlo  obtnse,  2  nun. 
lon^;  bliidos  3-4  in  nnmber.  I'liuicli^  erect.  '•'>-(>  cm.  long,  snb- 
secund  andspikolikc,  or  10-12  cm.  long  and  open,  tbo  longest  niys  5 
cm.  long.  Spikelets  '^-4-llowered,  part  of  tlietn  snlwessilc;  empty 
glnmes  oval,  acute,  first  3.3  mm.  long,  second  3.5-4  mm.  long; 
floral  glume  3.7-4  mm.  long;  palea  3.5  mm.  long.  Anthers  1.7 
mm.  long. 

New  Ilampsbiro,  (■.  E.  Fd.mn  ;  ^Montana,  Williams;  Arizona, 
IhiHhii  S99. 

Maine  to  Oregon  and  Rocky  Mountains. 

Var.  firmula  Host.  Oram.  Aust.  2:/.  71  (IS()4).  P.  cipxia  var. 
strict ior  A.  (J ray,  Man.  Ed.  r):G-»9  (IS(JS). 

Culms  15-30  cm.  high,  flattened;  panicle  contracted  or  open, 
grayish  purple;  empty  glumes  subequal,  l)road,  '^-".'.7  mm.  long; 
floral  glume  2.5  mm.  long;  palea  '•2.5-'2.7  mm.  long;  anthers  1.2 
mm.  long. 

\'ermont.  Fa.ron,  Ilusfdnl,  l^riiiglr ;  Michigan  (Keweenaw 
Co.).  Fur  veil ;  Canada,  Faxon;  Minnesota,  Arthur;  jNlontana, 
Canhji  tl-  Scribner  ;)S7,  3S!),   Williams. 

38.  P.  Wolfii  (Vasey),  Scribn.  Uull.  Torr.  Chd'),  21:/.  :.';>S 
(1804).     P.  alsodes  A.  Gray,  var.   Woljii  Vasey  ined. 

('ulms  slender,  00-80  cm.  high.  Uladcs  of  sterile  shoots  2.j-;)5 
cm.  long,  1.5-2  mm.  wide;  ligule  1-1.3  mm.  long;  blades  of  culm 
5-10  cm.  long,  acuminate.  Panicle  lax,  7-15  cm.  long,  rays  in 
distant  pairs,  slender,  the  longest  7-10  cm.  long,  bearing  4-7  spike- 
lets  near  the  apex.  Spikelets  open,  0.7  mm.  long,  ;)-4-flowered; 
empty  glumes  oval  when  spread,  acute,  3-nerved,  first  3.5  mm.  long, 
second  4  mm.  long  ;  floral  glume  4.4-5  mm.  long,  pubescent  for 
most  of  its  length,  elliptical,  acute;  jialea  3.5  mm.  long,  puberuleut 


664  POACE^. 

on  the  keels.    Nearly  allied  to  P.  Jlexuosa,  but  its  first  glume  is  3- 
nerved,  the  floral  glume  longer  and  strongly  pubescent. 
Illinois,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  360  from  J.  Wolfe. 

39.  P.  laxa  Haenk.  Sudet.  118  (1791).  P.  flextioaa  J.  E.  Smith,. 
Fl.  Brit.  1:101  (1800),  not  Wahl.  (1824),  not  Muhl.  (1817). 

Tufted,  smootli,  flaccid  throughout,  slender,  ascending  or  erect 
from  a  geniculate  base,  10-25  (rarely  35)  cm.  high.  Ligule  2-2.5 
mm.  long;  blades  flat,  acuminate,  4-6  cm.  long,  1.5-2  mm.  wide, 
those  of  the  culm  2-3  in  number.  Panicle  5-10  cm.  long,  simple, 
linear,  dense  and  interrupted  or  spreading  and  nodding,  rays 
flexuose,  1-5  (mostly  2-3)  at  a  node  of  panicle.  Spikelets  often 
pu'  r'.ii,  sometimes  tinged  with  brown,  oval  or  oval-lanceo- 
law,  2-4-flowered,  5-6  mm.  long,  joint  of  rachilla  0.7  mm.  long; 
empty  glumes  subequal,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oval-lanceolate,  3-nervcd, 
second  3.5-4.2  mm.  long;  floral  glume  3.2-4  mm.  long,  thin,  spar- 
ingly webbed  at  base,  pubescent  on  the  marginal  nerves  and  the 
lower  half  of  the  keel,  oval,  obtuse,  subacute,  emarginate  or  erose 
with  an  extended  scarious  apex;  palea  thin,  3-3.5  mm.  long,  ciliolute 
on  the  keels.     Nearly  allied  to  P.  alpina  L. 

New  Hampshire,  Faxon;  Vermont,  Hosford  tor  U.  S.  Dept. 
Agricul.  654,  Pringle. 

New  England  to  Eocky  Mountains  and  well  northward ;  also  in 
Europe.     In  Hooker's  Flor.  Bor.  Am.  this  is  treated  as  P.  Jlexuosa. 

40.  P.  gracillima  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1 :  272 
(1893). 

A  slender,  densely  tufted  perennial,  30-50  cm.  high,  the  upper 
node  extending  one-fourth  or  less  than  the  len,7:th  of  the  culm. 
Blades  of  sterile  shoots  tliin,  smooth,  acute,  flat  or  conduplicate, 
filiform,  5-10  cm.  long,  0.6-1  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  cnlm  2 ; 
ligule  2.5  mm.  long.  Panicle  open,  pyramidal  or  ovoid,  5-8  cm. 
long,  rays  scabrous  in  twos  to  fives,  the  longest  3-5  cm.  long,  bear- 
ing 3-4  spikelets  on  the  outer  third.  Spikelets  tinged  with  violet, 
oval  or  ovate-lanceolate,  3-5-flowered,  6-10  mm.  long,  a  long  joint- 
er rachilla  1.5  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  oval-lanceolate,  3-nerved, 
flrst  3-4  mm.  long,  second  3.5-5  mm.  long;  floral  glume  elliptical^ 
8-5  mm.  long,  5-neryed,  subacute  or  obtuse  with  a  wide  scarious  tip,. 


FESTUCE^.  650 

scabrid,  pubescent  on  the  nerres  of  the  lower  half;  palea  linear,  as 
long  as  its  glume,  strongly  ciliate  on  the  nerves.  Antliers  3  mm. 
long.     Vasey  says  some  of  the  plants  approach  P.  tennifolia  Nutt. 

Oregon,  Howell,  Cusick  fqr  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  649. 

Washington  and  Oregon. 

41.  P.  hiipidnla  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1:372 
(1893). 

A  stout  perennial,  50-70  cm.  high.  Gnlms  simple,  decumbent  at 
base.  S)ieaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  obtuse,  tlic  central 
portion  3  mm.  long,  appearing  longer;  leaves  of  the  culm  4  iu  num- 
ber, blades  smooth,  flat  or  conduplicate,  5-15  cm.  long,  5-7  mm.  wide, 
the  apex  pungent.  Panicle  pyramidal  to  linear,  6-15  cm.  long,  rays 
in  threes  to  fives,  the  half-whorls  rather  close,  the  longest  3-6  cm. 
long,  bearing  spikelets  on  the  outer  half.  Spikelets  broadly  oval  to 
narrowly  oval,  3-5-flowered,  7-9  mm.  long.  Joint  of  rachilla 
about  1  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  membranous,  subequal,  linear- 
lanceolate  or  elliptical-lanceolate,  3-nerved,  second  5-7  mm.  long; 
florp^  glume  5.5-6.7  mm.  long,  densely  webbed  at  base,  marginal 
nerves  and  three-fourths  of  the  keel  densely  and  conspicuously 
pubescent,  thinly  clothed  between  the  nerves  with  very  short  hairs 
or  nearly  smooth,  oval,  subacute,  denticulate;  palea  linear,  ciliate 
on  the  keels,  5.2  mm.  long. 

TJnalaska,  Harrington  for  IT.  S.  Coast  Surv.  iul871;  Alaska, 
L.  M.  Turner  in  1881  for  Scribner;  liehring  Island,  Macoun  49  in 
1891. 

42.  P.  Bnpreohtii  Peyr.  Linna?a,  30: 6  (1859). 

A  densely  tufted  perennial,  20-50  cm.  high.  Leaves  of  sterile 
shoots  scabrous,  blades  conduplicate,  long-pointed,  30-40  cm.  long, 
3  mm.  wide,  when  old  breaking  near  the  ligule;  those  of  the  culm 
2-3  in  number,  ligule  4  mm.  long ;  blade  10  cm.  long.  Panicle  thin, 
ovoid  or  pyramidal,  8-15  cm.  long,  rays  scabrous,  in  pairs  remote 
from  each  other,  the  longest  4-6  cm.  long,  bearing  3-6  spikelets  on 
the  upper  third.  Spikelets  linear-lanceolate  or  OTate-lanceolatc,  4-6- 
flowered,  6-9  mm.  long,  joint  of  rachilla  0.8  mm.  long;  first 
empty  glume  ovate-lanceolate,  1  nerved,  2.5  mm.  long,  second 
-oval-lanceolate,  3-3.2  mm.  long;  floral  glume  scabrid  on  the  keel. 


906  POACE^. 

not  webbed  at  the  base,  ovate,  acute,  4  mm.  long,  the  upper  third 
soarious;  palea  linear,  3.7  mm.  long,  scabrid  on  the  keels. 

Mexico,  Pringle  1437,  Palmer  1316 ;  New  Mexico,  Tracy. 

43.  P.  Oronttiana  Vasey,  West.  Am.  Scientist  in  Aug.  1887. 

An  erect  perennial,  about  60  cm.  high.  Leaves  of  the  culm  3  in 
number,  sheaths  smooth;  ligule scarious,  fringed,  5  mm.  long;  blades 
of  sterile  shoots  thin,  flat,  taper-iK)inted,  10-15  cm.  long,  the  upper 
blade  of  the  culm  5-7  cm.  long.  Panicle  purplish,  12-15  cm. 
long,  rays  in  fours  and  fives,  the  longest  8-9  cm.  long,  bearing  about 
25  spikelets  on  the  outer  half.  Spikelets  linear,  purplish,  6-8  mm. 
long,  3-5-flowered,  scaberulous;  empty  glumes  thin,  3-nerved  and 
green  only  near  the  base,  first  3  mm.  long,  second  3-4  mm.  long; 
floral  glume  thin,  3.4-4.5  mm.  long,  with  a  trace  of  a  tuft  of  huirs 
at  the  base,  oval,  subacute,  apex  often  erose;  palea  about  the  length 
of  its  glume,  linear  before  spreading,  2-tootheil,  ciliolate  on  the 
keels.     Stamens  3.     Anthers  2.5  mm.  long. 

Lower  California  (northern  i)art),  Orcutt  in  188(>  foi*  U.  S, 
Dept.  Agricul. 

127.  (257).  COLPODnm  Trin.  Fund.  Agrost.  119  (1820).  Arc- 
tophila  Rupr.  Beit.  Pfl.  Russ.  Reich.  2:  62  (1845). 

Spikelets  1-2-flowered,  rarely  3-flowered,  rachilla  arti;  ulate 
above  the  lower  glumes  and  between  the  florets.  Empty  glumes 
awnless,  softly  membranous  or  hyaline,  1-3-nervetl  or  destitute  of 
nerves,  obtuse  or  rather  acute,  unequal;  floral  /^hmie  with  the  tex- 
ture of  the  empty  glumes,  very  broad,  obtuse,  more  or  less  5-nerved, 
the  lateral  ones  short  or  almost  obsolete;  palea  about  as  long  as  its 
glume,  hyaline,  2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short;  distinct. 
Grain  oblong,  without  a  groove,  included,  but  not  adherent.  An- 
nual or  perennial  grasses.  Leaf-blades  flat  or  almost  setaceous. 
Panicle  slender,  effuse,  pyramidal,  branches  capillary.  Spikelets 
often  small,  sometimes  colored. 

Ten  species  are  known  in  Asia,  Europe  and  North  America. 
The  genus  is  very  closely  allied  to  Poa  and  by  some  made  a  section 
of  that  genus. 

The  spikelets  are  small,  containing  only  one  or  two  flowers, 
thus  connecting  Poa  with  the  Agrosteae.     The  Arctic  plant  pub- 


FESTUCEiR 


557 


lished  by  R.  Brown  aa  a  doubtful  Colpodium  now  forms  Grise- 
bach's  genus  Arctagrostis. 

1.  C.  folvum  (Trill.)  Griseb.  Le<lb.  Fl.  Ross.  4:385  (18.53), 
Poa  fulva  Triu.  Act.  Petrop.  (VI.)  I:  378  (1831).  Ghjccrin  fnha 
Fries,  Summ.  Veg.  Seuml.  244  (184G-9).  (irajihephorttm  fultmin 
A.  Gray,  Ann.  Hot.  Soc.  Camula,  67  (1861). 

A  stout  perennial,  30-00  cm.  bigb,  smootb  from  culm  to  floral 
glume.  Leaves  4-G-12;  ligule  lacerate,  3  mm.  long;  blades  flat, 
pungent-pointed  or  sometimes  obtuse,  5-25  cm.  long,  5-8  mnu 
wide.  Panicles  exserted,  open,  thin,  ovoid,  8-15  cm.  long,  rays  in 
fours  and  fives,  drooping,  the  longest  6-8  cm.  long,  bearing  a  few 
spikelets  on  the  outer  half.  Spikelets  pedicellate,  oval  or  oblong, 
4-0-flowered,  5-6  cm.  long;  first  glume  lance-ovate,  1-nervod,  al)out 
3  mm.  long:  second  oval-acute  or  obtuse,  IJ-nerved,  4.6  nun.  long; 
floral  glume  broad-oval,  obtuse,  3-6-nerved,  about  4  mm.  long; 
palea  obtuse  or  2-toothed,  3.5  mm.  long.     Anthers  1.8  mm.  loug. 

Alaska,  Harringlon,  Mnrdock  55;  British  Columbia,  Mr  Kay; 
Greenland,  Wriyhf;  Bering  Sea,  Dr.  C.  Hart  Merriam  in  1801. 

2.  C.  pendulinum  Griseb.  Ledb.  FI.  Ross.  4:386  (1853). 
Qrapheplwriim  pendtiUnuin    A.    Gruy,    Ann.    Bot.    Soc.    Canada 


Fig.  110. — Colpodium  pendulinum.    A,  spikelet;  a,  floret.    (Scrlbner.) 
(1801).     Poa  Laestadii  Rupr.  Beitr.  Pfl.  Russ.  Reich.  2: 63  (1845)* 
Ardophila  LcBstadii  Rupr.;  Iteitr.  Pfl.  Russ.  Reich.  3:63  (1845). 


668  OACEJE. 

Olyceria  pendulina  Laestad.  Wahlenb.  Fl.  Suec.   1088  (1824-6). 
J'oa petiduUna  J.  Vulil,  Fl.  Dun.  /.  2343  (1761). 

An  erect  Hniootli  percimiul,  GO-TO  cm.  Iiigh.  Sheaths  lialf  as 
long  as  the  culm;  ligulc  chartaccous,  4  mm.  long;  blwles  flat, 
acuminate,  10-17  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  wide.  Panicle  much  exsert- 
e(l,  nodding,  ovoid,  12  cm.  long,  rays  in  clusters  of  3-5,  and  2.5-3 
cm.  distant,  reflexed,  sparingly  branching,  bearing  3-4  spikelets  near 
the  apex.  Spikelets  oval,  4-6-flowcrt'd,  4-G  mm.  long;  emj)ty 
glumes  Bubequal,  3-nerved,  4  mm.  long,  joint  of  rachilhi  smooth, 
0.6  mm.  long,  floret  with  a  few  short  hairs  at  the  base;  floral 
glume  broadly  oval  or  ovate,  3-3.6  mm.  long,  3-nervud,  hiteral 
nerves  short,  the  central  extending  to  the  irregularly  toothed  or 
lobed  apex;  pulea  elliptical,  2-lobt'd,  nearly  3  mm.  long. 

British  America  (Muckelung  Kiver),  in  1882,  for  U.  S.  Dept. 
Agricul. 

3.  C.  mnoronata  (Iltick.).  Ardophila  mucronata  llack. ; 
Vasey,  Cat.  Grasses  U.  S.  88  (1885). 

A  smooth  stout  grass,  15-25  cm.  high.  Leaves  6-8  in  num- 
ber, crowded;  ligule  broad,  lacerate,  2  mm.  long;  blades  flat, 
abruptly  pointed,  6-12  cm.  long,  6-9  mm.  wide.  Panicle  shin- 
ing, yellowish,  open,  partially  included,  narrow  or  pyramidal,  5-7 
cm.  long,  rays  in  twos  to  fours,  reflexed,  the  longest  3-7  cm.  long, 
bearing  2-3  spikelets  near  the  apex.  Spikelets  2-flowered,  joint  of 
rachilla  0.6  mm.  long,  smooth  or  very  sparingly  hairy;  empty 
glumes  subequal,  3-3.3  mm.  long,  soft,  thin,  first  ovate,  1-nerved, 
.second  broader,  3-nerved;  floral  glume  broadly  oval,  3.5  mm.  long, 
3  mm.  wide,  6-nerved,  margin  scarious,  apex  irregularly  toothed 
or  torn,  the  central  nerve  extending  to  the  tip  or  into  c  short  muci'o; 
j)alea  broad,  1.5  mm.  long. 

Point  IJarrow  on  Arctic  coast,  Dr.  Murdock  in  1883  for  U.  S. 
Dept.  Agricul. 

128.  (258a).  DUPONTIA  R.  Br.  Parr.  Voy.  App.  290  (1824). 
Spikelets  2-3-flowered  in  a  contracted  i)anicle,  rachilla  articu- 
late above  the  glumes  and  between  the  florets.     Empty  glumes  sub- 
equal,  scarious,  unawned,  longer  than  th^  floral  glume;  floral  glume 


FESTUCE^.  559 

"delicately  membranoas,   unawncd,  distinctly  hairy  at  the  base. 
Ovary  glabrous.     In  other  respects,  the  sume  us  Colpodium. 

There  is  one,  possibly  two,  species  which  belong  to  the  Arctic 
regions. 

1.  D.  Fiiheri  R.  Br.  1.  c. 

A  smooth  erect  grass,  15-25  cm.  high.     Ligule  obtuse,  1-1.5 
mm.  long;  blades  flat  or  concave,  4-10  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide. 
Panicle  simple,  shining,  yellowish  purple,  in- 
terrupted, 4-7  cm.  long.     Spikelets  2-  (rarely 
3-)  flowered,  joint  of   raohilla    1.5  mm.   long; 
empty  glumes  soft,  tliin,  membranous,  first  1- 
iierved,   5  mm.   long,  second  3-6-nerved,   7.5 
mm.    long;    floral   glume   puberulent,   broadly  ^^pi}h^j^~^^^l^i 
ovate,  acute,  3-nerved,  4.5-5  mm.  long;  palcu  a     (Riclmrdson.) 
little  shorter,  hyaline,  2-toothed. 

Hudson's  Bay  near  Bering  Straits,  R.  Bell,  Wnght  in  1853-6; 
Pt.  Barrow,  Prof.  Murdock  88  in  1882. 

Arctic  coast  to  Hudson's  Bay. 

2.  D.  psilosantha  Kupr.  Fl.  Samoj.  Cisural.  t.  6(1848). 

A  smooth  erect  grass,  20-40  cm.  high.  Ligule  obtuse,  2-3 
mm.  long;  blades  concave.  Panicle  simple,  7-12  cm.  long,  rays 
spreading.  Spikelets  1-2-flowered,  G-7  mm.  long;  empty  glumes 
equal,  1-nerved;  floral  glume  a  little  shorter,  3-nerved. 

Behring  Sea  collection,  Macoun  40. 

129.  (258b).  SCOLOCHLOA  Link,  Ilort.  Berol.  1:136  (1827). 
^''luminia  Fries,  Summ.  Veg.  Scand.  247  (1846). 

Spikelets  3-4-flowered,  subterete  in  a  loose  or  narrow  ample 
panicle,  rachilla  articulate  between  the  flowers.  Empty  glumes 
membranous,  unequal,  apex  toothed,  flrst  3-nerved,  second  5- 
nerved;  floral  glume  rigid,  not  keeled,  7-nerved,  toothed  at  the 
apex,  callus  hairy.     Anthers  3.     Ovary  hairy;  stigmas  subsessile. 

There  are  two  tall  perennial  species  found  growing  in  water  in 
the  northern  temperate  zone  of  both  hemispheres. 

1.  S.  arundinaoea  (Lilj.)  MacMillan,  Metasp.  Minn.  Vol.  1:  79 
(1892).     FesUica  arundinacea  Lilj.  Sv.  Fl.  Ed.  2.  2:47(1792). 


660 


POACE^ 


Arundo  festucacM  Willd.   Enum.    Hort.    Berol.    1:126   (1809). 
Donax  featueaceus  Bcauv.  Agrost.  78  (1812). 

Culms  120-180  cm.  high.     Sheaths  smooth  to  scabrous,  thin, 
mostly  longer  than  the  intcrnodes;    ligule  lacerate,  5-10  mm.  long; 
blades  flat,  scabrous,  with  long  narrow  points,  30- 
45  cm.  long,  5-10  mm.  wide.     Panicle  20-30  cm. 
long,  more  or  less  cxserted,  rays  in  half-wliorln  of 
2-4,  distant  4-6  cm.,  the  longest  8-12  cm.  long, 
bearing  4-12  spikelets  on  the  outer  half  or  three- 
fifths.     Lateral  spikelets  on  pedicels  about  2  mm. 
long,  linear-lanceolate  or  wider,  3-5-flowered,  8-0 
mm.  long;  first  empty  glume  linear-lanceolate,  5-7 
mm.  long,  second  oval-lanceolate,  7-8  mm.  long» 
Pio  112  —  Socio-  *P®^  lacerate ;    floral  glume  oval,  about  6  mm. 
eliloa     arundi-  long,  apex  hyaline;    palea  linear-lanceolate  before 
ntieea.  Spikelet.  ,.  •,•  i  ^  ii.ii/.  i 

(RicliiinlHuu.)     spreading,  ciholate  on  the  keels,  6  mm.  long. 

Saskatchewan,  Bourgeau  in  1868;  Northwestern  Territory^ 
Mavoun  in  1880 ;  British  Columbia,  Macoun  in  1887 ;  Iowa,  li.  J. 
Crotty  in  1883. 

130.  (258).  Obaphephobvm  Desv.  Nouv.  Bull.  Soc.  Philonu 
2:189  (1810). 

Spikelets  2-5-flowered,  in  a  narrow  or  spreading  panicle,  racliilla 
hairy,  articulate  below  the  florets,  extending  above  them  as  a  slen- 
der stipe,  flowers  perfect.  Empty  glumes  membranous,  awnless, 
slightly  unequal,  more  or  less  keeled,  as  long  as  the  floral  glumes  or 
shorter,  first  1-3-nerved,  second  8-5-nerved ;  floral  glume  round  on 
the  back,  3-5-7-nerved,  the  lateral  ones  obscure,  denticulate  or  torn 
at  the  apex, awnless;  palea  narrow,  2-keeled,  keels  ciliolate.  Stamens 
3.  Styl'js  distinct.  Grain  oblong,  flattened  on  the  back,  concavo 
in  front,  often  tipped  with  a  soft  appendage,  enclosed  by  the  glume 
and  palea,  but  not  adhering  to  them. 

Erect  grasses  with  flat  leaf-blades.  There  are  three  or  four 
species  known,  peculiar  to  the  cooler  regions  of  America,  Europe, 
and  Asia.  The  genus  differs  chiefly  from  Panicularia  {Glycerin)  in 
having  a  hairy  rachilla.     If  there  were  a  twisted  dorsal  awn  on  tho 


FE8TUCE.B.  661 

floral  glume,  it  would  be  placed  uear  Avma,  to  which  it  is  closely 
allied. 

A.  Floral  glume  2.8-3  mm.  long 1 

B.  Floral  glume  3.5-3.T  mm.  long 2 

C.  Floral  glume  4-6  mm.  long (a) 

a.  Floral  glume  unawned a 

a.  Floral  glume  awued 4 

1.  0.  altyugum  Foum.  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  Fr.  24: 182  (1877). 
An  erect  rather  slender  slightly  tufted  light-colored  perennial, 

30-60  cm.  high.  Sterile  shoots  few;  leaves  of  the  culm  2-3; 
sheaths  smooth,  as  long  as  the  internodes;  ligulo  lacerate,  truncate. 
0.7  mm.  long;  blades  nearly  smooth,  flat,  4-6  cm.  long,  1.5-2  mm. 
long,  apex  acuminate.  Panicle  spikelike,  slender,  slightly  inter- 
rupted, 6-12  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  diam.,  the  longest  ray  about  3  cm. 
long;  flower-bearing  from  near  the  base.  Spikelets  2-flowered, 
3.5-4  mm.  long;  rachilla  slightly  hairy,  produced  above  the  upper 
floret;  first  empty  glume  ovate-lanceolate,  1-nerved,  projecting  be- 
yond the  rest  of  the  spikelet,  second  a  little  shorter  and  3-nerved ; 
floral  glume  oval,  truncate,  5-nerved,  2.8-3  mm.  long;  palea  lance- 
olate before  spreading,  as  long  as  its  glume. 

Mexico,  Pringle  4306. 

Dry  ledges  under  firs. 

2.  0.  Pringlei  Scribn.  ined. 

A  slender  tufted  erect  perennial,  40-60  cm.  high.  Leaves  of 
the  culm  3;  sheaths  and  lower  side  of  blades  velvety,  middle 
sheath  half  as  long  as  its  intemode;  ligule  1  mm.  long;  blades  in- 
volute or  flat,  3-8  cm.  long,  1-1.5  mm.  wide.  Panicle  very  thin, 
flexuose,  8-12  cm.  long,  rays  in  twos  and  threes,  the  longest  4-7  cm. 
long,  bearing  a  few  spikelets  on  the  outer  three-fifths.  Spikelet? 
soft,  2-flowered,  6-6  mm.  long,  first  empty  glume  linear,  l-nerved, 
about  2  mm.  long,  second  elliptical,  3-uerved,  3-4  mm.  long;  floral 
glume  oval,  puberulent  on  the  lower  half,  5-nerved,  3.5-3.7  mm. 
long,  truncate-erose,  the  midnerve  often  protruding  as  a  mucro; 
palea  2.5-3  mm.  long. 

Mexico,  Pringle  4765. 

Summit  of  Sierra  San  Felipe  at  the  altitude  of  10,000  feet. 


662  POACE^. 

3.  G.  melieoideum  (Michz.)  Desv.  1.  c.  Aira  7nelicoide8  Wiohx. 
Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:62  (1803).  G.  melicoidea  Beauv.  Agrost.  77,  /. 
16,/.  8(1812). 

An  erect  rather  slender  slightly  tufted,  light-colored  perennial, 
30-60 cm.  high.  Sterile  shoots  few;  leaves  of  the  culm  5;  sheaths 
4ibout  the  length  of  the  internodes;  ligule  about  2  mm.  long;  blades 


Fio.  118. — Oraphephorum  melicoidea.    Spikelet.    (Richardson.) 

scabrous,  erect,  flat,  15-30  cm.  long,  3-.5  mm.  wide,  apex  long- 
pointed.  Panicle  open,  slightly  nodding,  0-14  cm.  long,  rays  in  twos 
and  threes,  the  longest  7  mm.  long,  flower-bearing  on  the  outer  half. 
Spikelets  usually  2-flowered,  6-8  mm.  long,  rachilla  flattened,  hairy 
on  the  margins  and  slightly  so  on  the  outside ;  first  empty  glume  1- 
nerved.  4-5  mm.  long,  second  a  little  longer,  3-nerved,  widest  above 
the  middle;  floral  glume  4-6  mm.  long,  5-nerved,  mucronate- 
pointed;  palea  3.5-3.7  mm.  long.     Nearly  allied  to  Trisetum. 

Maine  and  Vermont,  Prm/jr/e;  Massachusetts,  Faxon  21',  Michi- 
gan, (Macomb  Co.)  Cooley,  (Hubbardston)  Wheeler  111. 

Dry  bluffs,  northern  Maine,  northern  Vermont,  central  Mich- 
igan and  northward ;  not  common. 

Var.  Cooleyi  (A.  Gray)  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  53  (1895). 
Dupontia  Cooleyi  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  2,  556  (1852).  G.  melicoides 
var.  major  A.  Gray,  Ann.  Bot.  Soc.  Can.  1:  57  (1861). 

A  luxuriant  form,  60-90  cm.  high. 

Borders  of  swamps,  Michigan,  (Macomb  Co.)  Cooley,  (Hubbards- 
ton) Wheeler  109,  (Agricul.  College)  Beal  110. 

4.  0.  Wolfli  Vasey,  Desc.  Cat.  Grasses  U.  S.  55  (1885) ;  Coult. 
Man.  Roc.  Mt.  Bot.  423  (1885).     Trisetum  Wolfii  Vasey,  Wheeler's 


FEHTICE.K.  668 

U.  8.  Oeol.  Surv.  6:204,  /.  27  (18T8).  Tritetum  suhnpicatum 
Tar.  mtttirum  Boluiul.  S.  WatH.  Hot.  (.*ulif.  2:290  (1880). 
Triaetum  lirnnilegei  Scrib.  ino<l. 

Culms  and  blades  like  tlioHo  of  G.  nidivoiihum.  Vi\\\\v\q  up- 
right, Bubspieuto,  6-18  cm.  long.  Spikelets  2-:J-flowered,  rurely  4- 
ilowercdj  purjiIiHli,  rachillii  villous,  empty  glumes  elliptieal-liineeo- 
late,  nearly  equal,  about  6  mm.  long,  first  1-nervcd,  seeond  3- 
nerved ;  floral  glume  <)f  a  largo  floret  over  5  mm.  long,  less  than  2 
mm.  wide,  obscurely  5-n«!rved,  obtuse,  lacerate,  sometimes  split  or 
2-tootl)ed,  bearing  an  awn  often  1  mm.  long;  ]»ulea  shorter  or 
nearly  equal  to  its  glume.  Grain  oblong,  linear.  Very  nearly 
allied  to  G.  meUcoideuin,  and  perhaps  only  a  large  form  having 
awns  on  the  floral  glume. 

Montana,  Williams;  Colorado,  French  \  Oregon,  Cusick  1314. 

Montana,  Colomdo,  Oregon,  California. 

131.  (250).  FAmoVLABIA  Fabr.  Enum.  PI.  llort.  Helmst.  373 
(1763).  Glyceria  U.  Br.  Prodr.  179(1810).  lltjdrochlon  Ilartm. 
Gram.  Skand.  8  (1810),  not  Beauv.  (1812).  Exydra  Kndl.  Fl. 
Posou.  119  (1830).  Devauxia  Beauv.  Kunth,  Enum.  PI.  1 :  307,  in 
syn.  (1833).  Diachroa  Nutt.  Steud.  Nom.  Ed.  2,  1:497  (1840). 
Puccinellia  Pari.  Fl.  Itul.  1:366  (1850).  Porroteranthe  Steud. 
Syn.  PI.  Gram.  287  (1854). 

Spikelets  several-flowered,  pedicellate  in  n  narrow  or  spreading 
panicle,  rachilla  articulate  under  the  floral  glumes,  glabrous  or 
rarely  hairy.  Empty  glumes  obtuse  or  acute,  unawnetl,  slightly 
unequal,  shorter  than  the  floral  glume,  without  nerves  or  3-5- 
nerved;  floral  glume  obtuse,  unawncd,  c<mvex  or  flattish  on  the 
back,  nerves  3-9,  conspicuous,  the  nerves  not  reaching  to  the 
hyaline,  obtuse,  sometimes  slightly  denticulate  apex ;  palea  nearly 
as  long  as  its  glume,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  very  short, 
distinct,  the  plumose  stigmas  frequently  more  branched  than  in 
other  genera.  Lodicules  truncate.  Grain  glabrous,  grooved  on 
the  inner  side,  enclosed  in  the  glume  and  paleu,  free  from  them  or 
slightly  adherent. 

Perennials  or  rarely  annuals,  often  tall,  not  unfrequently 
aquatic,  sheaths  nearly  entire,  blades  usually  flat. 


664  POACK.K. 

Thcro  arc  alwiit  30  rt|KM'iefl,  widely  diHtributcU  over  tlio  tern- 
pcriite  and  somi;  of  the  warmer  n'gioiirf  of  tlio  ^'lul>e.  It  difTfr.s 
from  /W  ill  liuviii^  tin;  llonil  ^'liimu  round  on  tlu>  hack  and  not 
kci'Icd,  from  Fvsiiini  in  liavin;.'  broador  and  moro  obtuse  floral 
^dumcs,  and  tin-  ;(rain  usually  free  from  the  ])alei,  and  from  both 
in  the  shortness  of  the  nerves  of  the  jrlnmes.  Henthum  was  some- 
what in  doubt  as  to  whether  to  inelude  Jfropis  Hupt.  in  this  <,'enus 
or  not,  but  linally  concluded  to  do  so.  The  characters  given  for 
tlic  sections  are  not  constant. 

A.  Spikelets  ovate,  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  3-8  nun.  long,  (b) 
b.  Spikelets  turgitl,  llattened  laterally,  panicle  nodding.  1 
b.   Sjtikclets   somewhat    turgid     and    ihittened,    panicle 

narrow (c) 

c.   Panicle  oblong,  dense,  erect,  S-l*>  cm.  long.     .     .  '2 

c.  I'anicle  slender,  nodding,  !i()-:50  cm.  long.  ...  3 
b.  Floral  glume  truiu-ate,  obtuse,  ])aniele  ditfuse  .     .     .  (d) 

d.  Floral  glume  contracted  near  the  apex,  T-nervcd, 
2.5-3  mm.  long i 

d.  Floral  glume  n(»t  contracted  near  the  apex  .     .     .  (c) 

e.   Floral  glume  obtuse,  7-nerved.  l.t-'^' mm.  long.  ."> 

c.  Floral  glume  obtuse,  i- nerved.  *i-".'.3  jum.  long.  <> 
e.   Floi'al    glume    obtuse,     often     denticulate.     7- 

nerved,  2.5  mm.  long 7 

c.  Floral  glume  obtuse,  irregularly  toothed.  5-T- 

nervcd,  2.2-3  nun.  long S 

B.  Spikelets  linear.   ai)})r<'ssed,  terete  when  not  in  tlowcr, 

20-;5«)  mm.  long (I') 

f.  Floral  glume  3-5  mm.  long it 

f.  Floral  glume  7-8  mm.  long 10 

1.  P.  Canadensis  (Miehx.)  Kuntze,  1{(V.  den.  I'!.  7s;j  (1S!»1). 
Bn'zH  i'iDHuhnsis  Michx.  Fl.  lior.  Am.  1 :  71  (1803).  O'li/reriu 
Canaiknsis  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  (VI.)  1:300(1831). 

A  stout  perennial,  G0-!>0  cm.  high.  Sheaths  rough,  slightly 
compressed,  about  the  length  of  the  internodes;  ligule  2  mm.  long; 
blades  G,  scabrous,  flat,  erect,  20-30  cm.  long,  4-7  mm.  wide. 
Panicle   exserted,   oblong-pyramidal,    soon    drooping,    lS-2.5  cm. 


FKSTCCK.K.  MT} 

long,  rays  mostly  in  twos  nnd  thrcos,  the  longest  two-thinl.'^  lu 
long  :i8  the  panicle,  branching  aii<l  i1owerlN>uring  for  two-thinls  of 
its  Kingtii.  Spikclets  ovate,  hcconiing  broiuli-r,  tiiniid,  like  those 
of  liriza,  6  mm.  long,  O-JMloweied,  pale,  sometimes  tinginl  with 
purple,  joint  of  rachilla  about  ().r>  mm.  long,  and  brittle:  empty 
glumes  ovate,  often  acute,  1 -nerved,  first  l..'»-*2  nmi.  long,  second 
*-J-:{  mm.  long;  floral  glume  oval,  acute  or  bluiit-i>otnte«l,  T-nerved. 
.'{-.'{.*>  mm.  long;  palea  broadly  ovsd,  'J-5  mm,  long,  ti-keeled. 
y-toothed,  tho  keels  bent  backward. 

Vermont,  IWinyJc ;  ^lassachusetts,  Heal  IIU;  liho<le  Island, 
Tirreiii/  for  T".  S.  T)ept.  Agricul.  fi8():  Michigan,  Uniiijlittin,  F.  K. 
Wood,  Fnrm'lh   WIteckr;  Minnesota,  Arthur  H  'HW. 

Wet  places,  Maine,  Canada  to  Miuuesotu  and  bouth  to  Punu- 
sylvania. 

'^.  P.  obtusa  (Mubl.)  Kuntze,  Uev.  Gen.  PI.  7S:i  (181»1).  Pnn 
ohtiisd  Mulil.  Cram.  147  (ISIT).  Clyceria  obtusii  Trin.  Mem. 
Acad.  St.  Petersb.  (VI.)  1:.%6  (1831). 

An  erect  stout  perennial,  3()-*0  cm.  high.  Sheaths  mostly 
longer  than  tho  internodes;  ligule  firm,  less  than  1  mm.  long; 
blades  of  the  culm  G-7,  besides  those  of  sterile  shf>ots,  scabrous  above, 
thick,  flat  or  the  margins  involute.  15-30  cm.  long,  4-7  mm.  wide. 
Panicle  erect,  rigid,  narrowly  ol)long,  dense,  S-1"J  cm.  long,  rays 
numerous,  very  short.  S])ikelets  4-8  mm.  long,  ovate.  3-0-8- 
flowered,  joint  of  rachilla  about  0.,5  mm.  long;  empty  glumes 
Jiearly  equal  when  separated  and  measured,  2.2  mm.  long,  ovatt-, 
1-iierved ;  floral  glume  concave,  coriaceous,  3.5  mm.  long,  oblong  be- 
fore spreading,  indistinctly  7-nerved;  palea  firm,  oval  before 
sj)n'uding,  nearly  as  long  as  its  ghune.  (Jrain  nearly 'J  mm,  long, 
rougliened,  compressed,  oval,  jjoiuted  at  the  base. 

Massachusetts,  11'.  /*.  Conunf,  Ti.  J.  CtmijiUn,  Slurlennil :  New 
Jersey,  Srribiier  for  V.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  090.  Clark  1918,  Co/ihi/, 
Scribner  3406,  Dr.  J.  li.  llrinton,  Ural  113. 

Low  grounds,  New  Englaiul  to  Nortli  Carolina,  near  tlie  coast. 
A  striking  plant,  when  once  seen  not  soon  forgotten. 

3.  P.  elongata  Torr.   Kuntze,  Kev.  Cen.  PI.  7b3  (Ii>91j.     I'liu 


066  POACE^. 

chugafn  Torr.  Fl.  U.S.  1:112(18:24).     GUjccria  clmtijafa 'Vr'm^ 
]{ull.  Sci.  Aciul.  St.  I'otorsb.  l:<;s  (18:5(;). 

A  slender  iiereiiiii!'.!.  ti(»-90  ciii.  lii<,'li.  Sbeallis  closed,  ubout 
the  leii;2;tli  of  the  iiiteriiode.s;  li<i;i'.Ie  1  mm.  long;  blades  l-S  in 
niiniber,  smooth  or  scjibrid,  ihit,  '^()-;{()  em.  long,  '.\-\  mm.  wide. 
Panicle  exserted,  slender,  recnrving,  3()-.']()  cm.  long,  rays  single  or 
in  jtalrs,  distant,  approsscd,  the  longest  5-8  em.  long,  spikelike. 
S})ikelets  4-5  mm.  long,  ;)-4-nowered,  oval  or  oblong,  rachilla  brit- 
tle, ii  joint  0.7  mm.  long;  empty  glumes ovjite-laneeolate,  l-iierved.- 
almost  keeled,  first  1.5-'-J  mm.  long,  second  2-*2.5  mm.  long;  lloral 
glume  oval,  sub-acute  or  obtuse,  7-nerved,  3.7-15.3  mm.  long;  palea 
spatuhile-oblong,  apex  obtuse,  entire,  about  the  length  of  its  glume. 

Xew  ]?rnns\v!'-k,  ,/.  Vnioiii;  Maine,  Fmiiild  180;  Vermont, 
rri>njle,  Jfosfon/,  C.  K.  Faxon  10. 

Wet  woods  from  Canada,  Ne.v  England  to  Minnesota. 

4.  P.    pallida   (Torr.)    Kuntze,    Kev.    (Jen.    I'l.    7s;j    (1801). 

Winihoria  paUida  Torr.    Cat.    PI.   N.    V.    !tl   (1810).       a/i/nria 

l>aUi(/u  Trin.    Ibill.    Sci.  Acad.   St.    Peters)).  1 :  (58   (18:5(1).       Poa 

di'utafa  Torr.  Fl.  V.   S.    1 :  1(»7  (1S34);  Torr.  FI.  N.  Y.  3:  /.  155 

(184:5). 

A  pale  slembn*  aseeiuling  perennial,  30-GO  em.  high,  from  a 
cree]»ing  base.  Sheaths  about  the  length  of  the  internodes;  ligule 
;}-5  mm.  long;  blades  4-<l.  Hat,  pale,  usually  smootii,  shar])-pointed, 
10-15  em.  long,  ;)-4  mm.  wide.  Panicle  often  included  at  the 
base,  open,  linear  or  oval,  10-1:5  em.  long,  rays  mostly  in  pairs, 
sube(|ual,  the  longest  5-8  cm.  long,  llower-bearing  for  the  upper 
two-thirds.  Spikelets  4-(5  mm.  long,  5-0-tlowered,  oblong-linear, 
joint  of  rachilhi  0.7  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  ovate  or  oval,  firs^, 
1.5  mm.  long,  1-3-3-iu'rved,  second  3-4-nerved,  1.5-3  mm.  long; 
lloret  scabrid,  oblong,  contracted  or  i)inched  near  the  apex,  lloral 
glume  3.5-3  mm.  long,  oval  when  spread,  7-nerved,  marginal 
nerves  obscure,  ai)ex  irregularly  toothed:  palea  linear,  scabrid  on 
the  keels,  as  long  as  its  glume  or  a  little  longer. 

Vermont.  PringJe;  Massachusetts,  Coohy;  Michigan,  Fanoell^ 
darkc  3054.  Heal  114,   WJicckr. 

Shallow  water  in  margins  of  ponds. 


FESTl'CK.E.  507 

Virginia  and  Tonnesseo  to  Maims  Micliigan,  and  northwanl. 

A  form  ill  nortlieni  .Mi('liij,'an  is  uxorv  robust;  bladea  0-H  nun. 
wide,  panii'h'  15-18  cm.  Ion;,',  rays  in  tlirces. 

A.  P.  nervata  (Willd.)  Kiintzc.  Ifev.  (ion.  IM.  78;}  (18l»I).  /W 
iwrrti/u  Willd.  Sp.  IM.  1:38!*  (1  :!•:).  ^'.  Muhanjii  Knntlj,  Uov. 
Gram.  1:118,  34:$,  /.  85  (182'.t)-  (ihl<vria  uvrcata  Tiin.  Mom. 
Acad.  St.  PetorsU.  (VI.)  1 :  ;5G5  (1831). 

IVronnlal;  culms  usually  rather  slender,  sometinus  robust,  00- 
120  cm.  lii;;;li.  Sbcatlia  often  scabrous,  variable  in  lcn<,'tli ;  li<^ulo 
2  nun.  loni;;  blades  5-7  in  number,  variable.  Hat,  often  scabrous 
above,  15-;>()cm.  long  or  more,  3-10  mm.  wide.  I'anicle  exserted, 
erect  when  y<)un<r.  at  lengtii  dilTuse  and  pendulous,  U)-".'0  cm. 
lon<r,  rays  in  twos  and  threes,  the  lonjjest  two-thirds  as  Ion<f  as  tlio 
panicle.  Spikelets  ovate-oldonjj:,  4-5  mm.  lou<;,  4-7-llowered,  often 
])ur[)le:  racbilla  0.5  mm.  louir,  very  brittb-  and  soon  separating,  a 
joint  0.5  nnn.  long;  empty  glumes  variable,  tirst  l-nerved,  I  mm. 
long,  second  1-1.5  mm.  long;  llond  glume  1.7-2  mm.  long,  seabrid, 
strongly  convex  near  tlu'  obtuse  apex,  7-norved;  palea  elliptitral, 
often  incurved,  about  as  long  as  its  glume, 

Vermont,  Pn'/if/Ic:  Massachusetts,  /hdl;  Pennsylvania,  Scrili- 
vrr  for  T'.  S.  I>e|tt.  Agrieul.  ()8!);  Michigan,  Coitfei/,  />/•.  Clarke 
708,  2054,  liiiiJ  14,  \Vli('ch't\  Fanrvll,  Wood;  Minnesota,  Arthur 
W  103,  li24!),  ;54!>,  Siiti(//>rr(/  14,  507;  Montana,  Anderson  t;6,  Wil- 
liams; Wasliington,  Lake;  Oregon,  Howell. 

It  thrives  on  wet  land  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Paciiic.  In 
some  ]daces  known  as  "  fowl  meadow-grass*';  a  name  more  appro- 
priate for  I'oajhira  (serofina). 

G.  P.  laxa  Scribn.  I?ull.  Torr.  Club,  37  (18!)4). 

A  stout  perennial,  (50-120  cm.  higli.  Leaves  scabrous  through- 
out, sheaths  slightly  compressed,  mostly  longer  than  the  internodcs; 
ligule  2  mm.  long;  blades  5-G  in  number.  Hat,  acuminate.  l<»-4() 
em.  long,  G-8  mm.  wide.  Panicle  ex.serted,  oval,  18-24  cm.  long, 
rays  scabrous,  mostly  in  twos  and  threes,  the  longest  nearly  two- 
thirds  as  long  as  the  panicle,  flower-bearing  on  the  outer  half. 
Spikelets  green  or  tinged  with  purple,  broadly  oval,  3-5-flowered, 
4-5  inin.  long;  empty  glumes  ovate,  lirst  1.3  mm.  long,  second  1.5 


568 


I'OACEiE. 


mm.  long;  floral  glume  broiully  oval  when  spread,  2-2.3  mm.  long, 
7.nervea;  pulea  nearly  as  long  as  its  glume,  incurved.     SpikeleU 
smaller,  less  turgid  and  greener  than  those  of  P.  Cnuutensis. 
Maine  (Mt.  Desert,  Seal  Harbor),  ./.  H.  IMjiM  in  1894. 
7.  P.    Americana    (Torr.)    Mai^Millan,    Metasp.    Minn.   1:81 
(1802)        Fod  (tqunliM   var.    Amerirom   Torr.  Fl.  V.   S.   1:108 
(1824).      G.   aqnadra  J.    E.    Snuth,   Kngl.    Fl.    110  (1824).   not 
AVahl.     G.grandi^  S.  Wats.  A.  Cray,   Man.  Ed.   G,  COT   (1890). 
Panmaaria  aqiiatua  {li.)K\n\^y.Q^  Kev.  (leu.  PI.  782  (1891). 

A  robust  pereuuial,  with  ereci.ing  rootst.»eks;  eulnis  90-1 '.()  cm. 

high.     Sheaths  m<»stly shorter  than 
the internodes ; li.uide 2-;3 mm.  long; 
blades  4-5  in  number,  flat,  smooth 
or  seabrid,   SO-00  cm.    long,  8-15 
mm.  wide.     Panicle  oblong  or  oval, 
20-40   cm.    long,   rays   numerous, 
ascending,  nodding,  bearing  many   , 
spikelets.        Spikelets     oblong    or 
linear-oblong,  nsiially  jiurplish,  5- 
9-flowered,  4-0  mm.  long,  joint  of 
rachilla    0.7     mm.    long:     empty 
glumes  oblong  or  oval,  acute  or  ob- 
tuse,    1-nerved,    first     1.5-2    mm. 
h)ng,  second  2. 5-;5niiM.  long;  floral 
glume  oval,  2.5  nun.  long,  7-nerved,  apex  truncate,  obtuse,   often 
denticulate  under  a  lens;  palea  elliptical,  2-toothed,  nearly  2.5  mm. 

long. 

Massachusetts,  Beal  115;  Michigan,  Cuolv,,,  Clark  2055:  Mm- 
nesohi,  Arthur  B  97,  1^203;  Monhuv.i,  Ant/ersan  70;  Colorado, 
Cassidy;  Dakota,  Duffei/j  AVyoming,  /luffian  C  52. 

Wet  grounds,  Canada  to  :Montana,  New  Mexico,  Northern  States 

to  Tennessee.  /-.unn 

8.  P.  pauciflora  (Presl)  Kuntzc,   l{ev.   Cien.  PI.  783    (18J1). 

Glyceria paucifiora  Presl,  llcl.  llaMik.  1 :  257  (1830). 

A  robust  perennial,  30-120  cm.  high,  from  creeping  rootstocks. 

Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  or  longer,  in  small  plants;  lig- 


FiG.  W^.—Panicularia  Americana. 
Spikelet.     (Uic'.-.ardson). 


FESTICEK.  569 

ule  broad,  obtuse,  5-7  nun.  long;  bla<les  abont  G  in  nunil)or, 
smooth  or  scabrous  below  and  on  the  mar-'ins.  r.*-30  cmii.  lonsr,  G- 
15  mm.  wide.  Panicle  loose,  oval,  15-20  cm.  long,  rays  in  twos 
and  threes,  llower-bcariiig  from  near  the  middle.  Spikelcts  ellipti- 
cal, -l-O  mm.  long.  4-(j-llowered,  joint  of  rachilla  0.7  mm.  long; 
first  entpty  glume  elliptical,  1-1.3  mm.  long,  l-nerved.  acute,  the 
apex  denticulate,  second  rhombi<'-oval,  nearly  2  mm.  long,  ^-nerved ; 
lloral  glume  2-3  mm.  long,  5-nerve«l,  scubrid.  sonu^times  with  one 
more  obscure  nerve  on  either  side,  often  broadly  oval,  obtuse, 
irregularly  tootheil;  palea  but  little  shorter  than  its  glume. 

^lontana,  Wil/ioins;  Wasiiiugton,  ISiiksdorf  for  U.  S.  Dept. 
Agricul.  03,  Ijikf.  lliiiirll  in  1886. 

British  America  to  California. 

0.  P.  fluitans  (L.)  Kuntze,  T82  (1891).  Fesfiofr  fiviffoislj.  Sp. 
IM.  :5  (I To:}).  ro,i  Jliiiliiiix  Sc(.p.  Fl.  Ciirn.  Kd.  2,  I  :  V^  (1:72). 
a  I yrer  in  fluitans  If.  lir.  Prodr.  179  (181(»).  J^erauxift  ffnifmi.'^ 
]?eauv.  Kunth,  Kinim.  PI.  1:3(>7,  in  Syn.  (1833).  Jli/i/ror/iloa 
(lis/t/Hs  Iliirtm.  Gram.  Skand.  8  (ISIO).  Parrofera)  fJte  Dnnn- 
iiniHdn  Steud.  Syn.  Fl.  (Jrani.  2S7  (18.").")).  Ghjcevin.  armninata 
Scliur.  Enum.  PI.  Transs.  781  (1800).  (iJijceria  tlorlinata  Breb. 
Fl.  Norm.  Fd.  3,  3r)4.  (ilt/ren'a  iii'nfirith(/<f  Duni.  Obs.  dram. 
Uelg.  107  (1S23).  Ghjn'na  hiihndo  'I'owns.  Trans.  Rot.  See. 
Fdiid>.  4:27  (1853).  Glifrrritt  inleynt  Dum.  1.  c.  Ghjcrria 
liiJiarca  Godr.  Fl.  Lorr.  3:  1G8  (18(12).  Glyrcrid  jwdirvUnht  Towns. 
Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (II.)  5:105  (1850).  Gli/reriti  jilirata  Fries, 
Mant.  3: 17G.     G.  spicafa  Guss.  Fl.  Sic.  Syn.  2:  784  (1845). 

Perennial,  witli  creeping  rootstock;  culms  G()-150  cm.  higli. 
Slicatlis  smooth,  compressed;  ligule  broad,  lacerate,  4-7-10  mm. 
long:  blades  5-G.  flat,  usually  smooth,  often  floating,  15-25  cm. 
long,  3-7-15  nun.  wide.  Panicle  usually  narrow,  loose,  30-GO 
cm.  lojig,  rays  mostly  in  threes  and  erect,  the  longest  usually  about 
10  (rarely  20)  cm.  long,  bearing  few  si)ikelets.  Spikelcts  i)ale. 
terete,  except  when  in  flower,  erect,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  6-20-flowered, 
joint  of  rachilla  1.3  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  obtuse,  hyaline  or 
membranous,  l-nerved,  first  2-:5.5  mm.  long,  ovate  to  linear,  sec- 
ond ellipticab  2.5-5  mm.  long;  floral  glume  sca'urid,  oblong,  2.5-5 


570  POAf'E.E. 

mm.  long,  7-nerved,  apex  subacute  to  truncate,  entire,  slij^htly 
denticulate  or  obscurely  lobcd;  palca  narrow,  ".'-tootlied,  about  :),'> 
mm.  lon<,'. 

Vermont,  Prinyh';  .Massachusetts,  Ucal  lli>:  Pennsylvania, 
Scribner  for  U.  S.  Dcpt.  Agricul.  G.S.j:  Miobi^'an,  hr.  Clark  '201, 
Cooh'ii,  1ie((l  110,  lir.  Wheehi;  Favm-U;  Illinois,  Beal  US;  Min- 
nesota, Arthur  X 't.  li  riO;  (^)regon,  JIoiccll. 

Found  in  shallow  water  in  temperate  regions  of  Xorth  America, 
Europe,  northern  Africa,  western  Siberia,  Himalaya,  and  Australia. 
The  Australian  i)lant  has  narrow  blades;  so  have  j)lants  (No.  45)  of 
Xat.  Hist.  Surv.  of  Minn.  In  the  latter  they  are  often  eondupli- 
eate.  The  floral  glume  of  a  plant  from  Berlin.  CJernnmy,  is  .").'» 
mm.  long,  while  one  from  Minnesota  is  'AJ>  mm.  long.  The  blades 
of  the  plants  from  Xiles,  ^lichigan,  and  one  from  Oreg'>  i  aa; 
scabrid. 

10.  P.  acutiflora  (Ton.)  Kuntze,  l{ev.  (Jen.  PI.  T83  (ISIM). 
Ghjceria  arn/ijlora  Torr.  Fl.  V.  S.  1  :  104  (1S24). 

Perennial,  with  creeping  rootstocks;  culms  r)0-l:20  cm.  high. 
Sheaths  smooth,  compressed;  ligule  about  (i  mm.  long;  blades  of 
the  culm  about  4  in  number,  erect,  nearly  smooth.  Hat,  10-1'J  cm. 
long,  ,^-4  mm.  wide.  Panicle  included  at  the  base,  simple,  sleiuler, 
loose,  20-30  cm.  long,  lowest  rays  in  pairs,  one  very  short,  the  other 
3  cm.  long,  beside  the  single  spikelet.  Spikelets  erect,  pale,  terete, 
3-3  cm.  long,  7-13-flowered,  joint  of  rachilla  3  mm.  long:  empty 
glumes  linear-lanceolate,  l-nerved,  first  4  mm.  long,  second  0  mm. 
long;  floral  glume  scabrid,  oblong-lanceolate,  usually  acute,  T-8 
mm.  long,  T-nerved;  i)alea  lanceolate,  8-9  mm.  long,  3-toothed, 
scabrous  on  the  keels. 

Massachusetts,  Dr.  Sturfevanf;  Pennsylvania,  Scribner  348, 
Martindale. 

AVet  places,  Maine  to  Tennessee;  rather  rare. 

133.  (350  a).  Atbopis  Rupr.  Fl.  Samoj.  [Beitr.  Fl.  Russ. 
Reich.  3:]  04  (1845).  Hydrochloa  Ilartm.  Oram.  Skand.  8  (1819), 
not  IJeauv.     PucctneUia  Pari.  Fl.  Itid.  1:300  (1848). 

Spikelets  3-9-flowcred  in  a  panicle  usually  contracted  after 
flowering,  rachilla  articulate  between  the  flowers.     Emjity  glumes 


I'KSTrCK.K  ^^^ 

U-i.crvea  or  the  first  1 -nerved,  umcli  sl.ortor  than  the  florets;  floral 
glume  usiuiUv  eliartueeous,  rarely  l.orbueeous,  convex  on  the  bu.-k, 
sometimes  sU-htly  k.ele.l,  obseurel)  r,-nervea,  the  mi.lnerve  often 
reaching  the  aenti.-nhite  apex  or  extending  as  a  n.ucro,  the  hiteral 
nerves  Til  vanisliin-  at  some  distance  below  the  broad  scarions  apex; 
palea  with  converging  ciliolate  nerves,  --toothed.  Stamens  '^. 
Stvles  short,  the  stigmas  nearly  sessile,  short,  slightly  branched. 
(;rain  more  or  less  obcomi.resse.1,  ench.sed,  but  not  adherent,  ob- 

Bcurelv  grooved. 

pjrennials  or  annuals,  dilTering  from  Pou  in  the  roundel  floral 
cdume  and  in  the  parallel  nerves  of  the  same,  in  the  more  or  less 
scarions  or  chartaceous  ghnnes,  an.l  from  r<nn-r>,h,n„  m  the  ob- 
scure nerves  of  the  floral  glume,  and  the  narrower  and  simpler 
nearly  sessile  stigmas. 

A.    Kirst  ulume  1 -nerved ^'^f 

a.    Ligule  1.5  mm.  long,  rays  in  sets  of  •.',  fl<.ral  glume 

•>.')-'3.r)  mm.  long 

a.  Ligule   l-".'  mm.  long,  rays  S-".,  ilond  glume  -l.r^-'.i 

mm.  long 


\  •> 


a.   Lignle  2-3  mm.  loug.  rays  4-!*,  floral  glume  ii.l-o.' 

mm.  long 

a.    Liiiule  'i  mm.  h.ng,  floral  glume  ^.l-^.'!  mm.  long.  .       4 
a.   Ligule '>-3  mm.  long,  rays  '^.  floral  glume  .-.-:..:.  mm. 

,  5 

Iousj: 

ft.    I.iii-ule  2  mm.  long,  rays  l-!],  floral  gluuH'  ;i,nuM.  long.        b 
a.   Ligule   ;5-4   mm.   h>ng,  rays   •>-:,  floral  glume  -.:-4 

mm.  long 

a.  Ligule  '-5-5  mm.  long,  rays  :>-;'.,  floral  gbnue  4-:.  mm. 

1»>"^' .'. 

B    First  ulunu'  ;}-m>rved ^'  ' 

c     r.hnde  -^-3  uun.  long,  rays  in  sets  of  1-3,  floral  glun.e 

4-5.2  mni.  long 

c    Licrule  2  mm.  Ion-,  floral  ghune  n.2-4.-'  mm.  long.     .        4 
c.  Ligule  2-4  mm.   long,  rtiys   3-5.    floral   glume   4-.. 

mm.  long 

c.  Li-nle  2  -:5.r.  mm.  Imig,  floral  glume  r.-.-..5  mm.  long.     11 


572  i'oack.t:. 

c.  Ligulo  3  mm.  long,  niys  \-'l,  iloral  glunu'  -^-'i.b  mm. 

loiii;- 

*c.  Lif^ulr  ;5-4  mm.  loii-r.  niy.s  •.'-:'.,  tl«>nil  glume  :}  mm. 


r.) 


o 

long.    - 

C.  Ligulc  :'.-4  mm.  long,  niys  '^-:5,  Iloral  glum.-  IJ.     4..) 

1-1 
mm.  long 

0.   Li-rulc  :•..')  mm.  lung,  rays  'i-.\,  Iloral  glume  4-.-)  mm. 

long 

C.  Li'Milc  4-0  mm.  l(»ng.  rays  :5-r),  Iloral  gliimo  ;}.r)-4..) 

mm.  long * 

c    Li<nil('  4-(i  mm.  long,  ravs  :',-'>,  ll«.ral  glnmc  4-5  mm. 
,    '"^  1(5 

C    Lignle  5-12  mm.  long,  rays  '.>,  Il(»ral  glnmo  :5-:].^»  mm. 

\r 


long 


1.  A.  angustata  (V,.  T.r.)  Griseb.  Lfdeb.  Fl.  Ross.  4:  300(1  S53). 
Po^^  oiiiinxlata  W.  Br.  Parry's  1st  Voy.  Supi)l.  [err.  typ.  ISTj  287 
(lS-24).      0/i/reriu  (i/KJiiKfdfd  Fries,  Maut.  o.  7 (J  (1842). 

A  smootii  soft  tnftea  grass,  20-M  cm,  high.  Sheaths  about  the 
length  of  the  internodes;  lignle  1-5  mm.  long;  blades  2-3.  erect, 
ilat°or  c-ondnplioate,  3-G  mm.  long,  abont  2  mm.  wide.  Panicle 
often  included  at  the  base,  lanccohuo  oi  ovate,  G-10  cm.  long,  rays 
mostly  in  pairs,  the  longest  half  the  length  ot  the  panicle,  llower- 
bearing  on  the  upper  half.  Spikelets  linear  U)  oval,  tinged  with 
j.urple,  4-0-llowered,  joint  of  rachilla  1  mm.  long;  empty  glume 
oval  to  ovate-lanceolate,  first  1-nervod,  about  1.5  mm.  long,  second 
2-3  mm.  long;  iloral  glume  2.5-3.5  mm.  long,  very  slightly  hairy 
towards  the  base,  oval,  obtuse  or  acute,  mucronate  or  irregularly 
toothed;  palea  ciliolate  on  the  keels,  nearly  as  long  as  its  glume. 

Hudson  Strait  (Oigge's  Island),  7.'.  />V//;  Alaska,  Hnm^f/fon. 
Turner:  Oregon,  HoireU,  collecte<l  on  tide  ilats,  Umpqua  River, 

m  1888. 

Alaska  to  Oregon  and  Hudson's  Bay,  Arctic  Coast. 

2  A.  DiSTAXS  (Host.)  Rupr.  Fl.  Samoj.  04;  Griseb.  Ledeb,  Fl. 
Ross'  4-388  (1853).  Poa  di>^tans  L.  :Mant.  32  (1707).  Gli/ceria 
pmiiht  Vasey,  herb.  Poa  airohles  Nntt.  Gen.  08  (1818).  IIiKlro- 
chloa  di,tans  Ilartm.  (Jram.   Skand.   8   (1819).     Glyccria  disUms^ 


FKS'I'ICK.E.  r>7.J 

Wuhl.  Fl.  Ups. :)»;  (IS-^o).  Puciuellia  ilhtuns  I'iiil.  Fl.  Ital.  1:  Uur 
(I8.j(»).  (I.  (limiilrs  A.  (iray,  Proc,  Afiul.  Sc.  IMiilu.  3;u;  (^Stj.'Jj, 
and  many  oiIkt   synoiiyiMS. 

IViviiiiial;  oulins  gciiiculato  ut  the  base,  asceiulin<^,  30-00  ciii. 
hi^'li,  witlioiit  (M'(n'])iii^'  rootstocks.  Louvos  2-',\  in  number;  ligiilc 
\-l  mm.  long;  bladi-s  scabrid  al)OV(',  mostly  Hat  or  becoming  invo- 
lute, 5-10  cm.  long.  Panicle  erect,  oval  or  pyramidal,  lO-'^O  i  in. 
long,  rays  in  lialf-wborl.^  of  3-5,  spreading  or  even  dellexed  from 
a  curved  thickened  callus  base,  the  longest  G  8  cm.  Ion;,,  ilower- 
Itearing  from  a  little  below  the  middle.  Spikclcts  oblong  or  linear, 
3-G-llo\vered,  joint  of  rachilla  slender,  0.7  mm.  long;  em])ty  glumes 
membranous,  rounded  on  the  buck,  first  1-nerved,  about  1  mm. 
long,  second  3-nerved,  about  'I  mm.  long;  lloral  glume  2.5-3  mm. 
long,  slightly  jjubescent  below,  tinged  with  purple,  oval,  obtuse  or 
subacute;  i)alea  nearly  or  fully  as  long  as  its  glume. 

Benthain  in  *•  Hritish  Flora."  M'hcn  comi)aring  it  with  (i.  inari- 
tima,  says:  *•  The  leaves  are  tlatter,  the  stem  taller  and  more  slender, 
the  panicle  niucli  more  spreading,  with  long  slender  branches,  and 
tlie  spikelets  smaller,  the  glumes  not  above  a  line  long."  Dr.  'J'hur- 
ber  includes  hero  0.  iHurifitiiaWnh].,  if.  (tinjusfata  Griseb.,  ({.  fcs- 
tii(.'(p/(>r/ti is  Welch.,  G.  ainndes  Tliurb.,  (f.  monfaiKi  liuokl. 

Intr()du(!ed  along  the  coast. 

Var.  CONTEKT.V  (Fries),  (ilifcvria  ronferla  Fries,  Mant.  2:lo 
(1842). 

Stoloniferous,  branches  of  the  panicle  scal)rid,  rachis  not  fur- 
rowed, spikelets  crowded,  smaller,  llorcts  4-1.  apex  of  lloral  glume 
3-toothcd.     Intermediate  between  A.  niuritiiiut  and  .1.  (Uslttux. 

Fouiul  in  western  Europe.     Introduceil  with  ballast. 

The  above  notes  are  adapted  from  1  looker's  Students'  Flora  of 
Jiritish  Islands. 

3.  A.  Lemmoni  (Vasey).  (t.  Lcmmoin  N'asey,  Grass.  U.  S.  43 
(1885),  name  oidy. 

A  slender  erect  tufted  i)erennial,  smooth  or  nearly  smooth 
throughout,  20-40  cm.  high.  Siu'aths  longer  than  the  internodcs: 
ligule  rather  firm,  2-3  mm.  long;  blades  involute,  filiform,  those 
of  the  sterile  shoots  numerous,  erect,  5-10  cm.  long,  those  of  the 


574  POACE.E. 

culm  2-3,  rigid,  1-0  cm.  long.  Pauiclo  exsertcfl,  linoar,  oval  or 
pyrainidul,  0-10  cm.  long,  rays  in  hiilf-whorls  of  4-9,  the  longest 
2-4  «;m.  long,  and  Howcr- bearing  above  tlic  middle.  Si)ikolet8 
tinged  with  red,  linear,  t.*-4 -flowerod,  joint  of  racliilla  1  nun. 
long;  empty  glumes  keeled,  acute,  1 -nerved,  tirst  l-'2  mm.,  secuiid 
2-3  mm.  long;  floral  glume  oval,  abruptly  jwinted,  ".'.i-I'.'J  nun. 
long;  palea  linear,  oiliohite  or  soabrid  on  the  keels,  as  long  or  nearly 
as  long  as  its  glume. 

Nearly  allied  to  A.  ((it(fan,s,  and  perhaps  it  should  be  included 
in  that  species. 

Oregon  (alkali  flats).  IfunrU;  California,  Lennnon. 

Alkaline  soils,  Nevada,  Oregon,  and  California. 

4.  A.  Suksdorfii  (Vasey)      Pcxt  Siihdnrfii  \'iisey  ined. 

A  densely  tufted  liglit-coloretl  grass,  lo-l')  i-m.  long;  no  root- 
stociks.  Ligule  truncate,  decurrcnt,  '2  nun.  long;  blades  of  sterile 
shoots  rigid,  recurved,  conduplicate,  ])ung('nt-i)()iiited,  5-Tcin.  long, 
those  of  the  culm  erect  and  shorter.  Panicjlc  narrow,  simple,  spike- 
like, purplish,  2-5  cm.  long.  Spikolets  linear-lanceolate,  l-o- 
flowered,  4-0  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  linear-laiu-eolate,  fii'st  .'?- 
(rarely  1)  lUM-ved,  3-4  mm.  long;  second  a  little  longer;  floral 
glume  chartaceous,  ovate  when  s[>read,  3.2-4."^  mm.  long;  luilea 
ciliate  on  tlie  keels. 

Washington,  iSuhyilorf  IIU. 

Gravelly  jdaces  near  glaciei-s.     Se|)teinbei\ 

5.  A.  pulchella  (\^asey).  Poa pulchella  N'asey,  Coult.  Bot.  Oaz. 
7:32(1882). 

Densely  tufted,  the  decumbent  base  from  much-branched  root- 
stocks;  culms  slender,  smooth,  erect,  10-20  cm.  high.  Leaves  of 
sterile  shoots  numerous,  blades  conduplicate,  abruptly  pointed,  2-4 
cm.  long,  less  than  1  mm.  wide  when  spread,  those  of  the  culm 
1-2  in  number,  1-2  cm.  long;  ligule  2-3  cm.  long.  Panicle  ovoid 
or  pyramidal,  2-4  cm.  long,  with  rays  mostly  in  pairs,  smooth,  eacli 
bearing  a  single  spikelet.  Spikelets  pur])lisb,  oval  or  linear,  3-5- 
flowered,  0-8  mm.  long,  joint  of  rachilla  scabrid,  1.2  mm.  long; 
empty  glumes  obtuse  or  acute,  often  erosely  denticulate,  broadly 
gcarious-margined,  first  ovate-lauceohite,  l-n(^rved,  second  oval-Ian- 


FESTUCE.E.  r)7a 

rooliitc.  3-nerve(l,  3.5  mm.  long;  floral  gliuiio  5-5.5  mm.  long,  5- 
m-rvtMl  [;{-nerved  Vasey],  ovute-lanceolate,  sometimes  ol»tu.si',  sm- 
berulous,  not  i)ubescent  nor  Avcbbwl  at  the  bast-;  tlio  lateral  nerves 
only  exteniling  half  or  two-thirds  the  way  to  the  ajwx,  and  two  of 
them  obscure;  palea  curved,  linear,  4.5  mm.  long,  2-tootlied,  tiea 
broua  on  the  keels. 

Allied  to  Poa  la.ra  and  Pan  arrfica. 

Oregon,  Howell,  T\  S.  Depf.  Agricul.  G(!4,  Suksdorf. 

Oregon  and  Washington. 

C.  A.  PUOCUMHENS  (Curtis)  Thurb.  S.  Wats.  liot.  Calif.  2:309 
(18S0).  Poa  jmx'umhcm  Gwvi.  Fl.  Lond.  fase.  G:ll  (1817-'JS). 
Sfhrorhloa  procumhtnM  Beau  v.  Agrost.  08  (1S1"2).  (I'lt/rcria  pro- 
cumhens  1)1X111.  Obs.  Gram,  lielg.  145(1823).  Fe.shtca  jtrocumbens 
Kunth.  Rev.  Gram.  1: 129  (1829). 

A  stout  tufted  glaucous  decumbent  annual,  15-25  cm.  higli. 
Sheaths  smooth,  loose,  longer  tlian  the  internodes;  ligulc  3  mm. 
long;  blades  of  tlie  culm  3-4  in  num1)er,  flat  or  becoming  con- 
duplicate,  2-5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  scarious  above.  Panicle 
often  included  at  the  base,  ratlier  dense,  ovate-lanceolate,  2-G  cm. 
long,  rays  stout,  solitary  or  more  often  in  twos  or  threes,  erect 
or  spreading,  the  longest  1-2  cm.  long,  I)earing  distichous  spikelets. 
Spikelets  subsessilo,  linear  or  lanceolate,  2-5-nowered,  joint  of  ra- 
chilla  1.3  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  ovate  or  oval,  first  1 -nerved, 
1-2  mm.  long,  second  3-5-norved,  2-3  mm.  long;  floral  glume  3 
mm.  long,  pubescent  below,  oval,  obtuse,  erose-toothed  or  mucro- 
nate ;  palea  ciliate,  as  long  as  its  glume. 

Pennsylvania  (Philadelphia),  Scribncr  3473  a,  from  Dr.  Brinton. 

Introduced  from  Europe  witli  ballast  on  the  coast  at  various 
places. 

7.  A.  MAUITIXA  (Iluds.)  Griseb.  Fl.  Ross.  4:380  (1853).  Poa 
maritima  Iluds.  Fl.  Angl,  Ed.  1,  35  (17G2).  PurrincUia  nurri/ima 
Pari.  Fl.  Ital.  1:3G7  (1850).  Sdfrorhha  marifima  lleichenb.  Fl. 
Exc.  3C  (1830-2).  Ghjceria  maritima  M.  &  K.  Deutsch.  Fl.  1 : 
588  (1823).  DiacJtroa  maritima  Nutt.  ex  Steud.  Xom.  Ed.  2.  1: 
407  (1840).  IIi/drocMoa  marifima  Ilartm.  Gram.  Skaud.  8  (1810), 
and  many  more  synonyms. 


576  i'(».\(i:.K. 

A  (locuiiil)cnt  or  erect  pcreniiiiil.  :\0-^A)  cm.  hi^li,  witli  cree])iii^ 
rootsto«'ks.  lUtitlea  of  sterile  slioots  j-S  ein.  long,  ;.'-3  iiiiii.  wide; 
ligiile  ;U4  nun.  loii<;;  blatlcs  uf  ciilni  smooth,  lusnully  :>,  Miostiv  in- 
volute. Piiniele  erect,  S-lt!  em.  Ion;;,  rays  mostly  in  twos  to 
seven.s.  erecit  or  tlie  lower  ont-s  s])rea(liti<;,  the  longest  (J  mm.  lon^r, 
flower-hearing  ahove  the  middle.  Spikelets  ohlong  or  linear,  iniiied 
to  one  side  of  the  rays,  2-4-H-llower('d.  joint  of  rachilla  ].',)  mm. 
long;  empty  glumes  scarious,  rounded  on  fho  hack,  firtit  l-iicrved, 
l..')-;J  mm.  long,  second  :>-.")-nerved,  'l-'.i.i)  mm.  long;  lloral  glume 
'■2.T-4  mm.  Ktng,  slightly  puhcscent  helow,  tinged  with  |tur|»le.  oval, 
obtuse,  or  suluieute;  jtaleii  hut  little  shorter. 

Much  like  J.  ilisUuis,  which  si^c.  I  have  followed  Kuropean 
authors  in  keeping  them  distinct,  though  perha]»s  they  should 
be  united. 

Oregon,  IIoii'vll;  California,  Lcniiiinn. 

S.  A.  Fendleriana  (Steud.).  Hragrnstis  f^tmlhritnia  Steud. 
Syn.  IM.  fJram.  I :  •»T.S  (IBoo).  A.  CaJifornini  Munro.  A,  (Jray, 
I'roe.  Aeud.  Sei.  Pliila.  WM)  (iSOt.').  /'w  amfiiiu  Nutt.  S.  Wats, 
in  l?ot.  Kings  Exp.  3SH  (ls;i).  /W  L\i/(un  S.  Wats.  Hot. 
King's  Exp.  ;3S0  (ISTl).  Pon  orifla  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Xat. 
Herb.  1  :  t»70  (1S!>;5).  /W  huiila  Vasey,  Contrib.  V.  S.  Nut.  Herb. 
1:".':4  (181»:J). 

.V  strict  scubrid  densely  tufted  ])ali'-green  perennial,  30-50-70 
cm  high,  usually  dicpeious,  from  short  rootstoeks.  l?lades  of  sterile 
shoots  flat  or  eondui»licate,  <I-10  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide:  leaves  of 
culm  2-3  in  number,  upper  ligide  3-5  mm.  long;  blades  condu|)li- 
cate.  1-4-10  cm.  long  or  reduced  to  a  mucro.  Panicle  spikelike, 
lanceolate  or  slightly  s})reading,  5-10-15  cm.  long,  rays  in  twos 
or  threes,  the  longest  3-0  cm,  long,  llower-bcaring  on  the  upper 
half.  Spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  flattish,  jiale  green,  often  tinged 
with  purple.  :}-7-llowered,  joint  of  rachilla  0.0-0.7  mm.  long: 
emiity  glumes  subequal,  compressed,  oval,  acute,  irregularly  toothed 
or  obtuse,  first  l-.3-nerved,  3-4-5  mm.  long,  second  5-5.5  mm. 
long;  floral  glume  oblong,  4-5  mm.  long,  often  denticulate  at  the 
apex,  scabrous,  u  few  short  hairs  at  the  base;    palea  lanceolate. 


KKSTITK/K.  r)77 

Boui»r(>us,  as  long  nn  its  jrlnmo  or  shorter.  A  very  viiriahlo  uml 
puzzliiijr  spccios. 

Ort>;foii,  lliiii'vll:  Cfilit'oniia.  J'rinf//o  in  ISSI.  I^nrish  r»88. 

I'tali.  Wvoiniii,!,'.  On';;on.  ('aliroiiiiii,  ami  vicinity. 

{>.  A.  Nevadensis  (N'a.si'v).  /'.  yinuhnsis  Nascv.  Ilnll.  'I'orr. 
Club,  \{):Wi  (ISh:}). 

An  erect  lij;lit-git'en  or  ^ianenns  ju'reiiiiial,  ."io-SO  cm.  Iii;:li: 
enlnis  and  leaves  oltcn  seubrons,  sometimes,  if  not  always,  iliu'eious. 
Second  sluiatli  from  the  top  lon^jer  than  the  internode,  or  half  as 
Ion;,'  on  plants  of  the  same  hei^dil ;  li^^Miie  ohtnsi^  or  acute,  linn,  •.'-;5 
mm.  ion;;;  blades  (!ondui)licate  or  Hat,  tiiose  (tf  sleriK'  shoots  1(»-:J() 
cm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide,  the  itoint  often  lon^'  and  narrow, 
those  of  the  culm  ?-'.{  in  number,  erect,  the  n|»pcr  5-*2i>  cm.  Ion;;. 
Panicle  linear  or  slightly  spreading,  rather  densely  llowerod.  l()-".'() 
cm.  long,  many  of  the  rays  single,  but  some  near  the  mitldle  in  threes 
or  fours,  the  longest  5-7  cm.  long,  tlower-bearing  on  the  upper 
third  to  two-thirds.  Spikelets  linear,  linear-huiceolate  or  oval, 
;j-8-flowered,  C-12  mm.  long,  u  long  joint  of  raehilla,  l.;J-l.r  mm. 
long;  empty  glumes  ecabrid,  sul)e(iual,  or  the  second  usually  the 
longer,  IJ-uerveil,  first  ovute-laneecdato  to  elliptical,  3-5  mm.  long, 
second  ovul-lanceolate  to  oval,  3.'~*-(!  mm.  long;  floral  glunu*  sca- 
brid,  oval,  narrowly  elliptical,  with  a  lew  slntrt  hairs  at  the  base, 
purple  and  yellowish  brown  above,  4-5.".*  mm.  long,  apex  often 
eroso  and  with  a  niucro,  the  4  lateral  nerves  extending  two-thirds 
the  distance  from  base  to  Jipex;  ))alea  linear,  ^'-toothed,  .scabrid, 
ciliate  on  the  keels,  3.5-4. "3  mm.  long.  The  above  is  the  result  of 
careful  measurements  in  all  the  details  of  nine  different  jjlants;  no 
two  are  alike  in  all  important  respects.  I  must  either  make  each 
a  variety,  or  rather  prefer  for  the  i)reseut  to  make  uo  varieties.  It 
shades  off  into  A.  lien's. 

Montana,  Scribner  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  058,  WiUimnx 
579;  Nevada,  »/«««.*;;  Oregon,  I fotrelL 

Utah,  Nevada,  Montana  to  Oregon. 

10.  A.  Isevis  (^'ascy).  J'oa  Iwris  Vasey,  ("ontrib.  IT.  S.  Nat. 
Herb.  l:-273  (1893),  not  liorb.  (Is::). 

A  tufted  rather  slender  perennial.  30-80  cm.  high,  with  creep- 


/578  I'OACH/K. 

ing  rnotHtock.  Hlodos  of  storile  ghootri  Hut  or  coiuliiplicato,  scu- 
brous  ahovo,  lioldiiij^  tlioir  width  to  iirur  the  piiiigont  upcx.  IO-;i() 
cm.  long,  3-4  iiiiii.  wide,  those  of  thu  oulni  'i-'-i  in  iniinbcr,  5-10 
cm.  long;  ligulu  2-4  mm.  long.  I'linido  thin,  open,  ovuti^hincoo- 
luto  or  linear  when  in  fruit,  12-20  cm.  long,  riiva  Hcuhi-ouH,  Hlcnder 
or  rather  stont,  tin-  middio  ones  in  tlireoM,  fours,  or  lives,  tho  long- 
ost  4-«t  cm.  long,  llower-hearing  o.i  the  iijjper  third  or  half.  Spike- 
lets  oval  or  ovute-Ianceolate,  ll-.'i-flowered,  5-7  mm.  long;  empty 
glumes  sul)u(|iuil,  thin,  seuhrid,  i-T)  mm.  long,  li-ncrved,  linear- 
lanceolate,  each  nearly  covering  the  Moral  glume  above  it;  iloral 
gli'.rnt!  4-5  mm.  long,  scarious  or  pul»orulous,  ovato  or  oval,  acute 
or  obtuse,  u  few  short  hairs  near  the  base;  palea4  mm.  long,  linear, 
scabrid  on  the  keels,  2-toothed.  It  shades  ol!  into  J.  KemdfHsis 
and  -1.  Fendhrinna, 

Colorado,  Vnseii  i)T\'.\,  Let  term  an  13,  15,  54,  etc. ;  Montana,  Scrih- 
iicr,   Williams  5i:S,  A ndrrsou  41;  Nevada,  Trary;  Washington. 

\'ar.  rigida.  Leaves  of  .sterile  shoots  numerous,  rigid,  20-40 
cm.  long. 

Utah,  Jon  ex. 

Distributed  as  P.  tninifoUa. 

11.  A.  Pringleii  (Scribn.).  Pixt  Pri nf/Iei i  ficr'ihn.  Bull.  Torr. 
Club,  10:31  (1883).  Pou  Palkrsoni  Vasey,  Contrib.  V.  S.  Nat. 
Herb.  1:275  (189.3). 

A  densely  tufted  strict  glalirous  perennial,  15-20  cm.  liigli,  from 
creei)ing  rootstocks.  Sterile  shoots  numerous,  the  blades  3-5  cm. 
hmg,  conduplicato,  curved,  smooth,  7-10  mm.  diam.,  the  apex  ob- 
tuse; leaves  of  the  culm  1,  starting  below  the  middle  of  the  culm; 
ligule  2-3,5  mm.  long;  blades  5-12  mm.  long,  apex  pungent  or 
obtuse.  Panicle  linear,  strict,  2-3  cm.  long,  bearing  few  spikelots. 
Spikelets  brown  and  purplish,  5-7  mm.  long,  3-5-flowered,  linear- 
lanceolate;  empty  glumes  broadly  lanceolate,  about  5  mm.  long, 
3-nerved  below,  margins  scarious,  broad,  subequal;  floral  glume 
elliptical-lanceolate,  5-5.5  mm.  long,  minutely  punctulate-Bcabrous 
throughout;  palea  one-fourth  shorter  than  its  glume,  2-toothcd, 
ciliate  on  the  keels.     Spikelets  variable,  of  a  membranous  or  char- 


FEHTic  K.K.  571) 

tacoons  appenranco,  apparently  (lia>cioug,  tlic  stamiuatc  plant  the 
nioru  Hlondcr.  with  more  lUMito  iloruts. 

C'liliforniii,  /'rin(/fr  in  1H82. 

Mouiitaiiirt  iihoiit  tlu!  lioiul-watrrs  of  the  Sarrumciito  Hivcr. 

12.  A.  Lettermani  (Nuscy).  /W  Lrf/frmani  Vwwy,  i'ouinh. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1:273  (ISJKJ). 

A  dwarf  tuftod  percniiiul,  4-10  cm.  Iii^'li.  SlieatliM  tooH<<;  iipptT 
lipilu  3  mm.  loii^'  uoiito,  lacitiiatc;  Ifladc.H  rondiipliraic  1-2. f)  cm. 
Ion;;,  1.5  mm.  wid(>,  abruptly  pointed.  I'aiiiclc  linear,  1-2..')  cm. 
Ion;;,  rays  in  paira  or  win^jlc.  Spikclcts  tin;rc*«l  with  jturplo  and 
brown,  oval,  3-3. T)  mm.  Ion;;,  2-4-fIowcrcd.  empty  ;;liini  -^  Hiibcipial, 
cxtcnilin;;  nearly  to  tiio  tip  of  the  upi>cr  tlon-t,  cIliptical-laiKrcolatc. 
3-ncrvctI;  floral  ;;lnmo  2-2.5  mm.  Ion;;,  minutely  scalirid,  broadly 
oval  when  spread,  denticulato;  ])aleH  bntlittluriliorter  than  its  glume. 

Colorado  ((Jray'.s  Peak),  Lrffermnn  in  1885,  .lonett.  Colleele*! 
12,500  feut  altitiidu  on  the  mouutuin.s. 

13.  A.  pauciflora  Tliiirb.  S.  WatH.  Hot.  Talif.  2: 310  (ISSO). 
Poa paiicljJoi'a  Hentli.  Vasey,  Cat.  <irass.  V.  S.  42  (I«S,'»). 

A  pale-green  tufted  jterennial.  «»t)-r."»  cm.  Iiigli.  IMades  <»f 
sterile  shoots  about  30  n\\.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide,  condupli(;ate,  sca- 
brous, pungent-pointed,  leaves  of  the  culm  2-3  in  numlicr;  ligido 
3-4  mm.  long,  wider  than  the  blades,  thcuppiT  blade  3-7  cm.  long, 
3-4  mm.  wide.  Panicle  12-30  cm.  long,  linear,  rather  thin,  inter- 
rupted b"low,  rays  mostly  in  twos  and  threes,  3-7  mm.  long, 
braiudiing,  flower-bearing  to  near  the  base.  Spikelets  1-2-nowered; 
sometimes  with  a  rudiment  of  a  third;  empty  glumes  sube(pial, 
smooth,  first  3-ncrved,  3-3.5  mm.  long:  floral  glume  3  mm.  long, 
8(!abrid,  oval;  palea  as  long  as  its  glume. 

California,  Itohnuhr,  growing  in  wet  metidows. 

14.  A.  tenuifolia  Thurb.  S.  Wats.  Hot.  Calif.  2:  310  (18H0). 
Poa  tenuifolia  Buckl.  in  Proc.  Aca<l.  Sci.  I»6  (1S(;3),  not  Itich. 
(18.'>1).  J'oa  SheldoHi  Y'dsey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1:276 
(1893). 

A  strict  slender  tufted  perennial,  40-60  cm.  high,  usually  gla- 
brous and  tinged  with  brown  or  pink.  Ligule  a<-ute.  3-4  cm.  long; 
blades  conduplicate,  those  of  the  sterile  shoots  5-15  mm.  long,  1-2 


r>80 


POACK.K. 


mm.  wide,  apex  abruptly  pointed,  tliosc  of  the  cnlm  2  in  number, 
0.5-5  cm.  l«»Uf;.  I'auiclo  erect,  rarely  sprendiuj,'.  5-15  em.  lon;^, 
rays  in  twos  or  threes.  Si)ikelets  ratlier  llrm,  5-S  mm.  lon<r,  '*~b- 
(mostly  [?-)  (lowered,  pubeseeut,  elliptieal-latieeolate,  joint  of 
rachilla  1-1.5  mm.  louii;;  empty  jjlunu's  obtusely  keeled,  ."{-nerved 
near  the  base,  first  linear-lanceolate,  about  '.\  nun.  lonj^'.  second  el- 
liptical-lanceolate, alutut  4  mm.  lon<r;  lloral  ulume  ;?.5-4.">  mm. 
Un\*f,  elliptical  or  linear-oblont;;,  aeute  or  obtuse,  entire  or  erose. 
bluntly  keeled  or  almost  round  on  the  back,  pubescent  on  the  lower 
third,  puberulent  above:  palca  linear,  '^'-toothed.  '.]Ji  mm.  loiiijf,  mi- 
nutely scabrous  on  the  buck  and  keels. 

Dr.  \'asey,  al'ter  prolonj^ed  study  of  lar<;e  nundiers  of  a])ecimeus. 
found  them  very  variable  and  perjdexinp^,  and  says  in  Coult,  iiot. 
Gaz.  (»:•.'!):  (18S1):  '"It  nuiy  well  be  conjectured  that  Nature  is 
now  eniiUii'ed  in  the  work  of  dilTerentiation,  and  that  in  process  of 
time  the  lines  will  beconu!  more  sharply  delined,  and  several  new 
species  establislu'd.'" 

Montana,   Scrihiirr  ;!!•(;,  and    for    L\    *b'.    JJi'pf.    J(/n'cul.    G70, 
Tirci'di/ iuVl,  {)'S'7 :  ()re<i-on,  llonrU. 
l{ocky  j\lou!itains  to  Califorida. 
Var.  stenophyla  \'asey.  ined. 

Panicle  slender,  o])en,  first  _i>lume  4  mm.  lonpf.  second  5  mm. 
loni;-;  floral  sjjbnne  5  mm.  louij;  the  latter 
minuti'ly  scabrid  below  or  smooth;  palea  4.7 
mm.  long. 

Oretron,  IToircll  in  ISSi. 
]\Iontana,  Orej^on,  and  Califorida. 
15.  A.  Canbyi  (Scribn.).  (lljurria  Cahhyi 
Soribn.  Hull.  Torr.  i'hxh,  10:7:.  /.  (IHs;]). 

An  erect  snu)oth   stout  ])erennial.  (i()-lt() 
em,    high,   culms  simple.      Sheaths   shorter 
F\Q.  W^.—Atropis  Can-  than  the  internodes;  ligule  broad,  obtuse.  4-('> 

6v/    Spiia-lets.  (Sciil)-       ,     |^,        blades  of  the  culm  :]-4  in  num- 
ner.)  '^ 

ber,  flat  below,  eonduplicate  above,  scabrous, 

the  upper  about  15  cm.  long,  4-0  cm.  wide.     l*aiuele  exscrted, 

linear  or  lanceolate,  usmiUy  interrupted  below,  about  15  cm.  long, 


KKS'riX'KJ-:.  581 

rays  3-5  in  hiilf-wliorls.  oreot  or  asciMulinf:;,  donsely  llowerod,  tho 
loiigi'si  4  S  ciii.  long.  Spikt'lt'ts  ;5-5-llo\voiV(l,  tlic  longest  joint  of 
rncliilla  I  nun.  long;  i'mi)ty  gltunos  ovmI,  aciitt^  or  olttnso,  aliiiost 
keeled.  IJ-nerved,  (Irst  '1  '•)  mm.  long,  seeoiul  ;>-4  mm.  long;  lloral 
glnme  oval,  seabrous.  I}..")-!.')  mm.  long,  .")-nerved,  apex  acute, 
often  irregularly  tootiied ;  jtaK'a  ;'>.."»  mm.  long,  narrow,  '.'-lootliod, 
shortly  eiliate  on  the  nerves.     Allied  to  .1.  Inniifoliit  'riinrber. 

So'ihiivr  'I;>  from  Tweedy;  Wasliington  (Casrade  Mountains), 
/Irandegrem:),  ll!>(). 

J(j.  A.  unilaterale  (Serihn.).      /'ai/  inn'/u/rnilr  Serih.  int«d. 

A  tufted  glaucous  |terennial,  XM)-:>()  cm.  liigli,  from  ascouding 
bases;  culms  smooth,  rather  stout,  liigule  acute,  t-tJ  mm.  long; 
lilad(>s  of  sterile  shoots  Hut  or  conduplicafe,  soft,  lleNUo.s(>,  ST.' 
em.  long,  2  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  culm  ".'  in  number,  the  blades 
shorti^r  and  widiM*.  Panicle  si)ikelike,  dense,  oval-lanceolate.  .")-•') 
em.  long,  rays  stout,  very  short,  in  throes,  fours,  or  lives.  Spikelets 
oval  or  linear,  O-T-ilowered,  T-lO  mm.  long,  joint  of  rachilla  1  mm. 
long;  empty  glumes  oval,  obtuse  or  mucronate,  subearinate;  lirst  ;!- 
lU'rved,  ;).r)-4  nnn.  long,  .second  Il-.'i-nervi'd,  4-r»  mm.  long;  lloral 
glume  4-.")  mm.  long,  nearly  smooth,  chartaceous,  subearinate,  oval. 
abrnj)tly  or  irregularly  acute,  mucronate;  i)aleu  liiu'ar,  4-r»  mm. 
long,    drain  lu-arly  terete,  "iJt  mm.  long,  including  thes])ongy  apex. 

California  (Santa  Cru/,),  ('.  L.  AiKlcrsmi. 

17.  A.  scabrella  Thurb.  S.  Wats.  I'.ot.  Calif,  '.'iino  (ISSO). 
Poa  srahrvlhi  Vasey,  ('at.  Crass,  l'.  S.  S4  (ISS.')). 

A  slender  perennial,  40-70  em.  high,  seabrid.  IMades  of  sterile 
shoots  Hat  or  eonduplieatci,  12-'20  em.  long,  1-'.'  nun.  wide,  curved; 
leaves  of  the  eulm  'i.-\\,  ligule  5-1'.*  mm.  long,  aeute;  bhules  r»-7  tin. 
long.  Panicle  narrow,  r-J-I.')  em.  long,  rather  dense,  rays  in  pairs, 
\\\v  longest  5-7  em.  long,  branching  and  mostly  llower-lH'aring  lo 
lh(^  base.  S])iki'lets  5-t!  mm.  long,  3-5-llowered,  joint  of  raehilla 
1  mm.  long;  empty  ghnnes  IJ-iu-rved,  lirst  about  '-3.5  mm.,  si'eontl 
about  ;5  mm.  long;  floral  glume  W-W.^l  mm.  long,  o\al.  rough-hairy 
on  the  lower  part  of  the  nerves,  apex  denticulate,  often  unieronate; 
piilea  but  little  shorter. 

Lower  California,  Miss  F.  K.  Fish  for  Nat.  Mus. 


/)82  POACE^. 

Calfornia  and  Lower  California,  and  probably  in  Mexico. 

133.  ('^'GO).  Festuca  L.  Sp.  I'l,  73  (1753).  A mp/ii(/enes  J ai\- 
ka,  Linna'a  30:  Olif  (1859-00).  Cmldlia  Tiueo,  V\.  liar.  Sic.  1? 
(1817).  Cutapoilium\Ank,\lo\'\.  Herol.  1:  44  (18-.»7).  Chloanmin 
liafin.  Neogenyt.  4  (182*)).  Dishmusfhns  Diilac,  Fl.  llautes-Pyr. 
fll  (18()7).  DrynioiKPtex  l£\\r\\.  Heitr.  4:147  (1789).  Fcsfiiraria 
Link,  Linniva,  17:398  (1843).  Goinnia  Founi.  Hcntli.  &  Hook, 
f.  Gen.  3:1178  (18S3).  IMhria  Founi.  1.  c.  1199  (18s:i). 
L^)retiaT)\\^^'A\.-^o\\\.  Kev.  Se.  Nat.  (If.)  2:38(1880).  Mirn,- 
pyrnm  Link.  Liiuh'va,  17:397  (1843).  Mi/(/a!nnis  Link,  EniiTii. 
llort.  lierol.  1:92  (1821).  Xonhinis  Heielib.  Xoni.  39  (1841). 
Prosphi/ttis  Dulue,  Fl.  ILintes-Pyr.  (!7  (18(57).  Srhcdonontx  Heauv. 
Agrost.  99.  t.  JO.  f.  ;.'(1812).  SderochJmi  Heiclib.  To.  Fl.  (ierni. 
1:23.  /.  J.^  (1834).  ,sV7mv>»«  Griseb.  Spicil.  I*''-  Ifmiiel.  2:431 
(1844).  Stj na phe  V>\\\iic,V\.  llautes-Pyr.  90  (18(;7).  Vnlpioi'. 
0.  Gniel.  Fl.  Had.  1:8  (1805).  Zenia  Panz.  Deuksehr.  Akail. 
Mueneb.  290  (1814),  in  part. 

Spikelets  2-inany-fl()\vered,  podicollate,  varioui^ly  ])aniculate. 
racbilla  articulate  under  tlie  floral  glimies  and  between  tbe  florets. 
Eniptyglnmespersistejit,  narrow,  usually  acutely  keeled,  more  or  less 
uneqtml,  flrst  l-nerved,  second  usually  3-nerved;  floral  glumes  nar- 
row, membranous,  cbartaceous,  acute  or  tapering  into  an  untwisted 
awn  or  rarely  obtuse,  rounded  on  tbe  back  below,  often  keeled 
above,  faintly  5-uerved;  palea  a  little  shorter,  luirrow,  witb  two 
prominent  keels.  Stamens  1-3.  Ovary  glabrous  or  pilose  at  tbe 
apex.  Styles  very  sbort,  distinct.  Grain  enclosed  in  tbe  glume 
and  palea  and  more  or  less  adherent.  Mostly  i>erenuial  grasses, 
usually  tufted,  low  or  tall,  blades  flat  or  coudui)licate.  Panicle 
sometimes  narrow,  se(Uind  and  strict,  sometimes  open  and  nodding. 
Tbe  genus  is  very  widely  spread  over  the  globe,  especially  in  tem- 
perate or  mountainous  regions.  There  are  about  80  well-marked 
species,  tliough  some  authors  have  extended  the  number  to  230 
species. 

The  genus  is  one  as  to  whose  limits  botanists  are  the  least 
agreed.  It  is  generally  distinguished  by  having  the  floral  glumes 
round,  without  any  prominent  keel  at  least  at  the  base,  and  acute 


FESTUCK.E.  ^8'S 

or  awned  at  the  end,  and  by  tlie  glabrous  grain  adhering  to  the 
jialea.  Hut  there  are  exceptions  to  eaeli  of  these  characters  ;  some 
species  run  very  much  into  Puu  and  Alropin,  others  into  /Irnmtts. 
If  we  had  only  European  species,  Vulpia  might  well  have  been 
retained  as  a  geiuis;  but  in  some  of  the  South  American  s])ccies  the 
panicle  is  loose,  the  awn  sometimes  very  short  ami  the  inflorescence 
rather  that  of  Eufedma.  Jienthum  proposed  as  sections  tho 
following: 

1.  Vnlpia  (Gmel.  as  a  genus). 

2.  Eiiffstura.  Panicle  loose,  spreading  or  narrow,  empty  ghnnes 
nearly  equal,  iloral  glumes  acute  or  muoronate;  stamens  3,  anthers 
and  stigmas  iirojecting  from  the  glumes  at  the  time  of  flowering: 
])erenniuls. 

;J.  SrhedoHorufi  (Reauv.  as  a  genus).  Panich^  loose,  narrow  or 
spreading,  glumes  awnless  and  the  grain  quite  free  from  the  palea. 

4.  C((t(ipii(liiitn  (Link,  as  a  genus).  Infloresceiu'e  nearly  simple, 
like  that  of  llordew,  but  the  racliis  not  notohe*!,  aiid  the  spikelets 
not  quite  sessile,  the  lower  ones  of  ten  two  or  three  together  on  a  very 
short  branch. 

5.  Sclcropfid  (fSriseb.  as  a  geinis). 

I  have  lu'arly  followed  E.  Ilackel  in  the  selection  and  use  of 
the  sections  of  Fesluca,  believing  them  preferable  to  those  given  by 
Bentham  or  others. 

A.  Vii.i'i.v.  Lcaf-hUulcssoff,  thin,  involute.  Panirhsecund^ 
iisiKiUt/  iiarrotr  and  densf,  einptij  fflnniis  usually  ve.ij 
unequal,  thefrst  l-nerred,  scrond  •i-nereed,  jioral  ffluuie.^ 
awned,  ''>-nenrd.  Stanit'ns  usnally  -/-;.'.  Anthers  and 
sfiijnuis  reniaininy  within  the  glume  (indjjalea  at  time  of 

flowering.      Onrx  are  annuals (a) 

a.   Spikelets  l-rj-tlowered.  Iloral  glume  4-7  mm.  long.     .        1 
a.  Spikelets  .>-S-llowt;red,  Horal  glume  4-()  mm.  long.     .        2 
a.   Spikelets  7-13-llowered,  fhtral  glume  tJ-t  mm.  long.  .       3 
}\.   ScLKUOPOA.      Leaf-fdades  thin,  fltd.      Panicle   semnd, 
rags   short,  rigid,   hearing  frw  (dmost  .srssile   sjdk-rlets, 
floral  glumes  sidn'arinate  toward  the  apex,  awnlrss,  hiluni 
j)unrf(de.     Annuals 4 


684  POACE.^l. 

€.  TioviNM:  Hack.     Ligulc  very  short,  truncate,  throat  of 
sheath  o/tni  falcate-aurirnhte,   hhules   usuallif  all  flat, 
rarely  sii/>ronvohite.      Ovary  ohovoid,  glabrous.     Grain 
often  adherent  to  ylnnie  and 2>alea. 

a.  Arctic;  jfrasses.  small 5 

a.  Not  arctic,  larger (b) 

b.  Ujiper  ligulc  1-2-5  mm.  long,  floral  glume  6-8 

mm.  long G 

b.  Upper  ligulc  1  mm.  long,  or  less (c) 

c.  Floral  glume  4  mm.  long,  coriaceous,  obscurely 

nerved 7 

C.  Floral  glume   5    mm.    long,    cliartaceous,   ob- 
scurely nerved 8 

c.  Floral  glume  5-!*  mm.  long,  not  eoriaceoiis.     .    (d) 
d.  Floral  glume  (5--S  nun.  long,  seabrid,  awn  8- 

12  mm.  long 0 

d.  Floral  glume  8-!)  mm.  long,  scaljrous,  sliort 

awned 10 

d.  Floral  glume  7-8  mm.  long,  scabrous,  sliort 

awned 11 

d.  Floral  glume  G  nim.  long,  S(!al)rous,  sliort 

awned 12 

d.  Floral  glume  0-7  nun.  long,  scabrid  toward 

the  apex,  rarely  awned 13,  14 

d.  Floral  glume  5-7  mm.  long,  awn  5-12  mm. 

long 15 

D.  Ovix.'i:  IFaek.  Lirpdc  very  short,  trnncote,  itsnally  lii- 
anricnlate,  hlades  all  condnplintte  or  thosr  of  the  nilm 
more  or  less  jhitfened.  Ovary  ohovatc-ohltmy,  ylafirons.  or 
the  apex  rarely  thinly  hispid.     Grain  adhering  closely  to 

Jloral  (jlume  a)ul  palea (e) 

e.  Ligule  very  sliort,  symmetrically  biauriculate,  blades 
more  tlian  2  cm.  long,  all  conduplicate.  in  transverse 
section,   oval  to  oblong  or  cuueatc,   oblong.     Ovary 

very  smooth (ni; 

m.  Leaves  oi"  culm  2-3 16 


FESTrcKj-:.  58r) 

m.  Leaves  of  culm  4-5 17 

C.  Lij,MiIo  1-3  mm.  long,  biauriculate,  blades  of  the  culm 
1-2  cm.  long,  rigid,  curved,  setaceous.     Ovary  obo- 

vate,  glabrous 18 

e.  Ligulo  minutely  biauriculate,  blade  conduplicate,  sub- 

sctacoous,  in  transverse  section  obtusely  six-angled.     .     10 
e.  Ligule  symmetrically  biauriculate,  blade    involute  or 

conduplicate (n) 

n.  Apex  of  ovary  pubescent 30,  31 

Ti-  Apex  of  ovary  glabrous (k) 

k.  Kays  single 33 

k.  Hays  in  twos,  threes,  or  fours 3:),  ;3+ 

e.  Ligule  of  cdm-leaves  inecpiilaterally  biatiriculate.       .    (o) 

o.  Blades  filiform,  involute 35 

0.  Blades  usually  ilat,  rarely  conduplicate,  3  mm .  diam.     3(» 
e.  Ligule  of  culm-leaves  auricnilate  on  one  side,  Idades 

often  of  two  forms 37 

1.  F.  microstachys  (Monro)  Xutt.  Journ.  Acad.  I'hila.  N.  S.  1  : 
187(184:).  Vuljiia  microstitrhiia  :\[unro,  Henth.  IM.  llartw.  ;U3 
(18:u»-o7). 

("ulms  slender,  erect,  10-40  cm.  high.  Sheaths  shorter  llian  the 
internodes,  smooth  or  pubescent;  ligule  0.5  mm.  or  less  in  length; 
blades  3-4,  erect,  slender,  ;>-8  cm.  long.  Panicle  erect,  i-acemose 
or  spicate,  3-9  cm.  long,  rays  stilT,  channoUed,  single  or  some  of  tht! 
lowest  in  pairs,  ere(;t,  spreading  or  deflexed,  the  longest^  1  - :)  cm. 
long  bearing  1-8  spikelets.  Spiki'lets  l-5-Howered  on  clavate  pedi- 
cels, joint  of  racliilla  over  I  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  involiiic,  lirst 
3-5  mm.  long,  second  5-8  mm.  long;  floral  glume  convi'x,  in- 
volute, acuminate,  scabrous,  4-7  mm.  long,  besides  the  awn,  which 
is  G-10  mm.  long;  palca  scabrous,  bearing  two  short  awns.  Stamen 
I.     Very  variable. 

Oregon,  Jlnireil;  C'alifornia,  Joiivs^  Ormtl . 
Arizona  to  British  America. 

Yar.  ciliata  A.  Cray.  Axis,  rays  of  panicle,  glumes  and  tloral 
glume  strongly  ciliato. 

Oregon,  Hoicr/l;  also  found  in  California. 


586  I'(JACE.E. 

Viir.  pauciflora  Scribii. ;  N'liscy,  Cut.  Gmsses  U.  S.  00  (1885), 
without  ilescription.     S[)ikolcts  l-S-tlowercd. 

Oroiioii,  llnicrll, 

'I.  F.  Myckos  Ti.  Sp.  IM.  74  (irr):J).  Vnlpia  Jfi/nrHs  riniol. 
Fl.  Had.  1:S(1S(h;). 

Culiiis  .sIciKltT,  sniootli,  jLjoiiiculiito  or  cri'ct,  i)0-80  cm.  hi,i,di. 
Shoatlis  sinootli,  longer  tli;in  tlio  intcniotles;  liifulo  less  tliiin  1  iiiiii. 
long;  bliidos  of  the  cuhiis  .'5-.')  in  iiunihcr,  croct,  slender,  G-l"i  cm. 
loiiij:.  Piiiiiclo  narrow,  8-;i(>-:ir)  ctri.  long,  rays  scabrous,  tri(|uctr()iis 
in  twos  and  ihn^cs  below,  approsscd,  the  longest  racemose,  (l-l".' 
cm.  long.  S|)il\elet3  on  stout  jiedicels,  linear,  5-8-flowere(l,  8-1  o 
mm.  long  besides  the  awns,  joint  of  rachillaa  little  more  than  1  nun. 
long;  (irst  glume  2  mm.  or  much  less  in  length,  second  involute, 
lanceolate,  4-G  mm.  long;  lloral  glume  scabrous,  involute,  acuminate, 
4-0  mm.  long,  besides  the  awn,  0-18  mm.  long;  palea  lanceolate, 
scabrous  on  the  keels,  nearly  as  long  as  its  glunu^,  bearing  2  very 
short  awns.     Stamen  1. 

Pennsylvania  (I'hiladelphia,  ballast  grounds),  Srrihner  ;'.5(t.") 
from  Hurk;  Virginia,  Cid'tiffs;  Oregon,  Ilotrell;  California  (Sail 
liernanliuo).  Parish  6,  55. 

Introiluced  from  Europe  and  naturalized. 

3.  F.  octoflora  Walt.  VI  Car.  81  (ir88).  /:  hromoi<]es  Michx. 
Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1 :  GG  (1803).  F.  svlumi  Poir.  Eucyc.  Suppl.  2 :  638 
(1S04).     F.  tviU'Ua  Willd.  Knum.  1:113(1 80!i). 

Au  erect  slender  annual  or  biennial,  culms  sparingly  branched 
on  large  jdants,  20-40  cm.  high.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  sometimes  pubescent;  ligule  about  1  mm.  long;  blades  of  the 
cidm  2-5  in  number,  erect,  slender,  mostly  4-7  cm,  lojig.  Panicle 
simple,  erect,  5-10  cm.  long,  narrow  or  spreading  at  the  base,  rays 
in  i)airs  or  single,  the  longest  2-4  (rarely  7),  cm.  long.  Spikelcts 
flat,  oval,  6-10  mm.  long,  7-13-flowored,  often  becoming  brown 
when  old,  joint"  of  rachilla  0.5-0.7  mm.  long;  emj)ty  glumes  invo- 
lute so  as  to  aj)pear  subulate,  first  3  mm.  long,  seciond  about  4  mm. 
long;  (loral  glume  convex,  involute,  acuminate,  scabrous,  nerves 
obscure,  3-4  mm.  long  besides  the  awn,  which  is  1-7  mm.  long: 
palea  lanceolate,  a  little  shorter  than  its  glume.    Stamens  2.    Plants 


FESTUCE.E.  n87 

In  M'liich  the  awns  were  5-7  nun.  long  were  called  vur.  aristuhtdt 
by  'J'orrey,  but  llorets  uro  ol'teu  long-uwned,  wliilo  otliers  on  tlie 
same  })lant  are  short-awned. 

Massachusetts,  Dr.  Citoh'ii;  Micliigan,  Dr.  Coule//,  />/■.  C/tn'/r, 
Wlii'eh')',  Jk'iil  lo'-];  Illinois,  7)V7//  l;}',':  Minnesota,  //iih:iii;/rr  Ki; 
Iowa,  Jfi/rJirockj  Colorado,  Casnithj;  Montana,  Andcrxon  t**^; 
Texas,  JiercnJion  I'^Ml,  S.  Jcniiei/,  Jones  '37 o'^,  yvoUfn;  Washing- 
ton, Luke;  Oregon,  Iloii'eJl. 

Dry  barren  land,  Kew  England  and  Canada  to  Florida  and  the 
Paeillc. 

4.  V.  uiiilDA  (L.)  Kunth.  IJev.  Gram.  1:12!)  (18'!!i).  Pua 
rigiila  L.  Cent.  Tl.  IJar.  1:5  (irSo). 

Culms  slender,  geniculate  or  erect,  10-40  cm.  higli.  Sheaths 
smooth,  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  about  3  mm.  long; 
blades  3-4  in  number,  sinooth,  5-1.")  cm.  long,  about  3  mm.  wide. 
Panicle  oblong,  4-9  cm.  long,  rays  single,  large,  sti IT,  tri(inetrous, 
diverging,  brancliiug,  the  longest  \.'i-Z  cm.  long.  Spikeli'ts  linear- 
lanceolate,  5-l:-*-l1o\vered,  7-10  mm.  long,  joint  of  rachilla  1  mm. 
long;  empty  glumes  ovate,  oblong,  acute  or  ol)tuse,  first  1.5  mm. 
long,  second  1.5-"2  mm.  long;  Ihn'al  glume  scabrid,  ovate-elliptical. 
2.5-".\7  mm.  long;  i)alea  nearly  as  long  aa  its  glume,  short-eiliate 
on  the  keels,  2-toothed. 
*      Introduced  on  ballast  from  luirope. 

5.  F.  Richardsonii  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:250,  /.  230  (1840). 
A  tufted  brown  geniculate  perennial,  15-20  cm.  high.     Blades 

of  the  sterile  shoots  flaccitl,  3-8  cm.  long;  ligulo  very  short;  blades 
of  the  culm  flat,  the  upper  10-15  mm.  long,  2  mm.  wide.  Panicle 
dense,  more  or  less  interrupted,  3-4  cm.  long;  sjiikelets  G-12  in 
number,  approxinuite,  ovate  on  short  pedicels,  densely  pilose. 
Spikelets  3-4-flowered,  G-7  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  oblong-ovate, 
unecpud,  obtuse;  floral  glume  broadly  ovate,  yellowish  puride,  5-G 
mm.  long,  acuminate  or  with  a  short  awn;  palea  hirsute  on  the 
keels. 

Ar(^tio  coast,  Alaska. 

6.  F.  confinis  Vasey,  liull.  Torr.  Club,  11:120  (1884). 

A  tufted   stout  rigid,  light-green  perenniMl,  40-120  cm.  high. 


588  POACE^. 

liladcs  of  sterile  shoots  lialf  as  lon<j;  as  the  culm,  with  luug  sk-ndei' 
points,  leavesof  theeiiliii  3  to  .1  in  number;  sheaths  on  suuiU  planter 
loose,  shorter  than  the  internodes;  lij^Miie  truncate,  l-:i-5  mm.  long; 
blades  15  cm.  long,  4-0  mm.  wide,  Mat  or  involute,  smooth  or 
scabrous,  i)anicle  narrow,  strict,  7-13  em.  long,  rays  in  twos  ami 
threes,  erect,  the  longest  '^-3  cm.  long,  tlower-hearing  above  the 
middle.  Spikelets  ol)l(»ng  or  ovate- lanceolate,  G-10  mm.  long,  3-5- 
flowered,  joint  of  rachilla  0.7-1  mm.  long;  emiUy  glunu's  cliar- 
taceous,  first  ovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  3—4.5  mm.  long,  1-iierved, 
second  liiu'ar-lanceolate,  5-0  mm.  long,  3-nerved;  floral  glume 
5.5-8  mm.  long,  linear-lanceolate,  scabrous,  rather  firm,  subcari- 
nate  or  round  on  the  back,  acute  to  acuminate,  awidess;  }»alea 
elliptical,  obtusi".  nearly  as  long  as  its  ghune,  keels  scabrous-ciliate. 
Grain  Avith  apex  truncate  and  i)ubesceut.     Anthers  4.5  mm.  long. 

Dr.  Vasey  says:  "This  ditTers  froni  Poii  chiefly  in  the  rigiility 
of  the  culms  and  the  thicker,  harsher,  more  rounded  flowering- 
glumes." 

Utah,  Jones  ll'2i,  Ifdi/defi,  Tracij;  Yellowstone  Park,  Twceily; 
Oregon  (Stein's  Mountain),  Jlowell  in  1885. 

7.  F.  nutans  Si)rcng.  Fl.  Hal.  Mant.  34.  Poa  nutans  Link, 
Enum.  Hort.  li(;rol.  1:80  (18-27). 

A  tufted  i)erennial,  r»0-l'20  cm.  high.  Sterile  shoots  few,  leaves, 
of  the  culm  3-4  in  number,  sheaths  much  shorter  than  the  intcr- 
nodes;  ligule  1  mm.  or  less  long;  blades  flat,  scabrous  or  pubescent, 
taper-pointed,  15-20  cm.  long,  4-0  mm.  wide.  Panicle  12-2".*  em. 
long,  erect,  bending  with  age,  simple,  open,  sccund,  rays  in  remote 
pairs,  the  longest  8-1"-*  cm.  long,  bearing  3-13  sj)ikclcts  on  the 
upper  third  or  fourth.  Sj)ikelets  pedicellate,  ovate-oblong  5-8 
mm.  long,  3-6-flowcred,  joint  of  rachilla  O.G  mm.  long;  empty 
glumes  firm,  scabrid,  first  lanceolate,  about  3  mm.  long,  second 
oval-lanceolate,  3-4  mm.  long;  floral  glume  4  mm.  long,  ovate- 
oblong,  sul)acute,  coriaceous;  j)alea  firm,  narrowly  elliptical,  nearly 
us  long  as  its  glume. 

Vermont,  Primjlc;  Pennsylvania  (Phila.),  Scrihner  710;  New 
York  (Cayuga  County),  lieaJ;  ^lichigan,  Cooley,  Clark,  Bealy 
Wheeler;  Minnesota,  Goodhue,  Jfohinger, 


fkstick.t:.  ^H^ 

It  Viiries  cousitlcrably  in  loii^'tli  ol'  pjinicle  and  in  nunihcr  of 
si»ikt'lets. 

Open  woods,  New  Enj^land  to  Minnesota  and  Texas. 

Var.  Shortii  (Kiintli)  /'.  Shorlii  Kuntli,  Wood's  Ciass-liook,  TH-t 
(18G;J).  F.  ohinsn  Spren;,'.  Mant.  Fl.  Hal.  ;!4  (ISOT).  /'.  nutans, 
\ar.  pahtsfn's  \\\)Qi\,  Hot.  and  Flor.  ;>!»!»  (ISTo).  F.  intlans  iiuijor 
Vasey,  Grasses  U.  S.  Si*.  Kept.  V.  S.  l)ei)t.  A«,m-.  No.  GI],  43  (lss:5), 
name  only. 

Panicle  more  or  less  contracted,  rays  l)eariii,i;  ni(»re  nunieroiis 
clustered  spikelet.s. 

Iowa,  llitchcurk;  ^lississippi,  Tranj:   Minnesota,  Siindhi'ry. 

Kentucky,  Illinois,  Mis.souri  to  Iowa,  and  Minnesota. 

8.  F.  versuta,  now  name.  /'.  Tc.nnut  N'asey,  Hull.  'J'orr.  ("lul), 
13:  110  (1SS()).  not  Steud).  ISr)*)). 

Culms  rather  stout,  GO-SO  cn^  liij,di.  Sheatlis  shorter  tluin  (he 
interuodes;  li<!fule  a  mere  callous  ring:  hliides  of  the  culm  ;!-4  in 
number,  flat  or  involutes,  scarious.  10-20  cm.  long.  <i-10  mm.  wide, 
apex  taper-pointed.  Panicle  thin,  pyramidal,  about  15  cm.  long, 
rays  in  pairs  below,  scabrous,  nodding,  somewhat  distant,  the  longest 
7-10  cm.  long,  t'ew-llowered  on  the  outer  fourth  or  third.  .Si»ike- 
lets  pedieelltite,  light  green,  glaucous,  linear,  3-5-llowered,  aljout  S 
mm.  long,  joint  of  rachilla  O.G  mm.  long,  empty  glumes  rigid, 
scabrous  on  the  lu'rves,  first  linear-lanceolate,  3.5-4.5  mm.  long, 
second  broader,  4.5-5  mm.  long;  floral  glunu;  5  mm.  long,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  suViacute,  mucrouate  or  short-awned,  chartaceous;  j>alea 
nearly  as  long  as  its  glume. 

Texas,  lieva-chon  in  1884  for  Scribn. 

!t.  F.  denticulata,  new  name.  /'.  rf ////>/// //r/ \'asey.  Con t rib.  I '.  S. 
Nat.  Herb.  1::.':7  (18!»3).  not  Le  (lall.  (185-.»). 

A  rather  stout  erect  perennial,  00-00  cm.  high.  Leaves  of 
sterile  shoots  rather  rigid,  15-20  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide;  those 
of  the  culm  4,  slieaths  scabrous,  longer  than  the  internodes;  ligule 
very  short,  slightly  unsymmetrical ;  blades  attenmite,  jiointed,  flat  or 
becoming  involute.  Panicle  15-20  em.  long,  the  iiodes  distant, 
rays  flexuose,  chiefly  in  pairs,  the  longest  7-10  cm.  long,  bi-aring 
spikelets  above  the  middle.    Spikelets  i)urplish,  3-4-flowered,  empty 


690  I'OACt.K. 

gliimos  narrow,  first  2  nun.  loiij^,  scnoml  4  nun.  lonrr,  H-norvod; 
joint  of  nicliillii  iiliout  ;.'  nun.  long,  scabrid,  hcnt  and  i'nlur<,'('d  and 
di.sarticuhilin;,'  nearly  niidway  iK^twcen  the  contiguous  llon-ts;  lloral 
giunicO-S  nini.  long,  ol)S(Mnvly  /i-nurvcd,  scabrid,  acuniinatf.  tcctli 
niu'ciual,  awn  S-l'i  nun.  long;  palcu  as  longas  its  glume,  ".'-tttotiu'd. 
Antlu'rs  ?>  nun.  long.     Apex  of  ovary  |»ul)('SCL'iit. 

Oregon,  JfoiirU  in  1H80  for  V.  N.  Dcpt.  Agricul.  l»0. 

10.  F.  Californica  Vascy,  Contrih.  U.  S.  Nat.  llcrh.  1 ::.'?? 
(1893). 

An  erect  rather  stout  pereTUjial,  1»()-120,  rarely  ;)()-(!()  cm.  liigli. 
Leaves  of  sterile  shoots  scabrous,  blades  involute,  half  as  long  as 
the  culm,  about  4  mm.  wide,  the  bladed  breaking  away,  leaving  the 
sheaths,  those  of  the  culm  usually  2  in  number,  the  uj)per  [)-lO 
cm.  long;  sheaths  scabrous,  shorter  than  the  internodes,  hairy  at 
the  throat;  ligulo  a  ciliate  fringi;.  Panicle  open,  i>yramidal,  S-IT) 
cm.  long,  the  hnviw  rays  slender,  ilexuose;  distant  in  j)airs.  llie 
longest  .')-]()  cm.  long,  llower-bearing  above  the  middle.  Spikclets 
4-()-llowered,  10-15  nun.  long,  joint  of  ra(Oiilla  scabrid,  :*  nun. 
long,  empty  glumes  ovate-lauceohite.  lirst  T)  mm.,  secoiul  G  nun. 
long;  iloral  glume  scabrous,  linear-lanceolate,  8-0  nun.  long,  be- 
sides the  awn  ;'  mm.  long;  palea  scabrid,  liiu'ai',  2-tootlied.  about 
the  length  of  its  glume.     A  native  grass  valuable  for  cattle. 

Oregon  (near  i'ortland),  Jfoivcll  in  1886,  distribute(l  as  /'. 
.scadreUa. 

Uocky  ^[ountains  to  Oregon. 

11.  F.  viridula  Vasoy,  Hi.  N.  A.  (!r.  •.•:(i:;  (IS!):',).  /■'.  ,/niri/. 
limn  Thurb.  S.  Wats.  Hot.  Calif.  r.':;)lS  (1880),  not  Hooker. 

("ulms  tufted,  ere(;t,  50-TO  cm.  high,  mostly  smooth  throughout. 
Leaves  of  sterile  shoots  nunu'rous,  blades  mostly  involute,  narrow, 
30-40  cm.  long.  Sheaths  of  the  culm  mostly  '^  in  uund)cr.  the  lower 
iibout  the  length  of  its  internode;  ligulo  short,  blades  5-8  cm.  long, 
^-3  mm.  wide.  I'anicle  8-10  cm.  long,  rays  erect,  mostly  in  ])airs, 
the  longest  5-7  cm.  long,  bearing  1-4  spikclets.  Spikelets  10-15 
mm.  long,  G-9-llowered,  rachilla  scabrous-pubescent;  empty  glumes 
lanceolate;   iloral  glume  oval-lanceolate,   7-8  nun.   long,  awu  1-C 


FKSTl'CK.K.  591 

mm.  long,  intormediato  nerves  somctiiiu's  ol)scure;  puleu  nearly  us 
long,  cilioliite  on  the  keels.     Anthers  T)  nun.  long. 

Montana,  Ctnibn  *''  >^'f'il»K'f'  -l^'T;  Washington,  (I.  li.  Vosey; 
(.'alil'oniia,  linhttuhr  d'  KeJhijij  in  ISi:.'. 

\'l.  F.  Howellii  Mack. 

An  erect  perennial,  alxmt  70  cm.  liigh.  Ulailes  of  sterile sho<its 
short,  those  of  the  ciilni  ".'  -3  in  nuinhor,  scahrid,  ereet,  involutf,  s 
1()  cm.  long,  ;)-4nim.  wide;  sheaths  of  the  culm-leaves  mucii  shorter 
than  the  internodes;  ligide  less  than  !  mm.  long.  Panicle  erect, 
oj)en,  thin,  secaind,  lO-l'.'  cm.  long,  rays  scabrous,  mostly  in  pjiirs, 
s|)reading,  the  longest  Ct-T  cm.  long,  hearing  a  fi'W  spikelets  on  the 
outer  third.  Spikelets  tinged  with  red,  linear-lanceolate,  ht-l*.'  mm. 
long,  4-r)- (lowered .  joint  of  rachilla  1  mm.  long;  lirst  eniiity  glnmi- 
ovate-lanceolate, '-.'-:»  mm.  long,  second  linear-lanceolate, ahoiil  4  mm. 
long;  ll(jral  glume  about  (i  nun.  long,  awn  'i.  mm.  long,  scahntus, 
membranous,  linear-lanceohite,  with  live  conspicuous  nerves;  paloa 
lanceol.ite,  a  little  exceeding  its  glume,  scabrous  below  and  on 
the  keels. 

Oregon  (Deer  Creek  Mountains),  IfoireU  in  18S7,  distributed  l»y 
Vi.  S.  l)e|»t.  Agricid. 

i;}.  K  i:i,.\Ti()H  I..  Sp.  IM.  ;r)  (i:r);{).  Tali.  Kkscti:.  /'.  njien- 
niiKi  I>e  i\ot.  Prosp.  \^\.  Ligust.  5(1.  /•'.  mrlivti  Schur.  Knum. 
I'l.  Transs.  709  (iSliC).  /•'.  arliviilohi  De  .Not.  I'ari.  V\.  Itul. 
1:455.  /'.  anxh'uJis  Sclu.r,  1.  c.  TDS  (ISIK]).  /'.  nclira  Wmk. 
Nym.  Consp.  8-~*5(lHT8).  /'.  7'W/^^s•  Lag.  (Jen.  et  Sj>.  Nov.  4  (Isk;), 
/•'.  hHcroiiuiUa  Pourr.  Mem.  Acad.  Toul.  ;i :;{!!»  (ir«.S).  /•'.  ///- 
tvrrupla  Desf.  I'l.  Atlaiit.  1:89  (1798).  /'.  hillfulin  Dulac  Fl. 
Ilautes-Pyr.  93  (18GT).  /'.  la.at  (laud.  Agrost.  llelv.  1  :-.'(> I 
(1811).  /'.  lilomi  Hack.  Monog.  Fest.  Ku.  15:;  (188-.').  /•'.  Inlimn, 
Lam.  Encyc.  :.*:4C:-  (178:'.).  /•'.  w/-/V;/A///.s'  Kern.  Hack.  .Monog. 
Fest.  Eu.  154  (1882).  F.  mdicans  Steud.  Syn.  IM.  Cram.  ;5(»9 
(1855).  F.  simplex  lioiss.  &  Jial.  Diagn.  (II.)  4:  1:58  (1859).  F. 
.yimh'rnt  Mcench,  :Meth.  190  (1794). 

A  tufted  i)erennial,  5()-r^*0  cm.  high,  often  with  short  creeping 
rootstocks.  Sheaths  smootli,  striate,  sliorti  ban  the  internodes; 
ligule  of  npper  sheath  short,  blades  of  the  culm  3  in  number.  Hat, 


f)l)2  POACK.K. 

Hinooth  or  scubrid  iibovo,  15-20  cm.  loii;;,  4-(i  mm.  wido.  I'uiiido 
contnictcd  tiflcr  llowcrin^',  H-IA-'^O  cm.  loii^',  riiys  mortlly  in  [m'wA, 
tlio  l()n;;i'st  (i-K)  cm.  lon^',  llower-bt'iiriiij:^  lor  thnr-liltlirt  of  llio 
upper  part.  SpikcleU  liiioar-oldoiij;,  ^Mvcii  or  tingiMl  with  piirph;, 
U-1  l-l1o\verr(l,  Iv'-IH  mm.  loii^'.  joint  of  racliillii  1./)  mm.  Ion;;; 
empty  glumes  liiiicoolutc,  lirst  3  mm.,  second  about  4  mm.  Ion;;; 
tlonil  fjlunu'  oblong,  acute,  Hubrid  toward  tbo  tip,  rarely  awiied, 
A-nerved,  G-T  tnm.  long;  j>alea  linear  before  spreading,  as  long  an 
itri  ghime,  scabrid  on  the  keels. 

Introduced  from  Europe;  cultivated  and  very  variable.  See 
Vol.  I,  Kig.  05,  for  a  full  account  of  ibis  and  subspecies  onimli' 
nacca,  i""ig.  66,  Vol.  1. 

Var.  i'UATKNsis(Iluds.)  Hack,  ^fonog.  Fest.  Europ,  l.".(i  (ISS'.'). 
F.  jyrntensitt  lluds.  El.  Augl.  Ed.  1,  37  (176".').   S.mai,i,i;k  Mkauow- 

KKSCl'K. 

I'anicle  subsecuml,  luirrower,  simpler;  rays  sborter,  very  near 
tbo  above,  into  wbicb  it  i)asse3  imperceptibly.  Eoun<l  witb  otlier 
varieties  and  siibvariotiea  in  <'ultivation.  Wlum  tbo  s]>ikelets  aro 
racemost!  it  is  tlie  form  known  as  loliacen, 

14.  F.  fratercula  liuin-.  liuU.  Acad.  Hrux.  {»:  |»art  )l,  3J0  (184:.'). 

A  slender  perennial,  (!0-80  cm.  bigli,  glabrous  tbrougbout  ex- 
cepting tbe  spikelets.  Sterile  slioots  few,  witb  leaves  like  tbose  of 
the  culm.  Sheaths  shorter  than  tbe  internodes;  ligide  a  mere 
fringe,  slightly  ol)li(pic;  blades  flat,  1*2-18  cm.  long,  3-4.5  mm. 
wide.  Panicle  slender,  15-;iO  mm.  long;  rays  single  or  tbe  lower 
in  pairs,  10-15  cm.  long,  bearing  l)l-'lO  spikelets  on  tbo  outer  half 
or  third.  Spikelets  linear-lanceolate,  7-8  mm.  long, IJ-llowered,  lirst 
glume  subulate,  3  mm.  long,  1-nerved,  second  oval,  6  mm.  long, 
3-nerved,  subacute;  floral  glume  membranous,  scabrous,  6-7  mm. 
long,  5-nerved,  ovate-lanceolate,  the  awn  0.5-2  mm.  long;  palea 
linear  obtuse,  6.5  mm.  long.  Apex  of  ovary  hairy.  Somewhat 
nearly  allied  to  F.  suhulnta. 

Arizona,  Xcallei/  for  V.  S.  Dept.  Agricid.  177  in  1891. 

Dr.  Vasey  placed  this  under  the  above  name  "with  much 
doubt"     I  do  the  same. 


15.  F.  Joneiii  Viwoy,  (irass.  U.  8.  43  (18H5);  Coniril..  l*.  S.  Nut. 
Horb.  1:278  (18»:i). 

A  Bli'iiiItT  ort'(!t  perennial,  40-120  cm.  high.  Sheuthn  UHually 
scuhroiiB,  shorter  than  the  internuderi;  ligule  usuuily  not  uvcr  1  mm. 
long;  bhideB  of  rudical  tufts  about  half  as  long  an  tin*  eiilm,  thoHeof 
thu  culm  3-4  in  number,  Hat  or  involute,  xmooth  or  hcabroiis,  10- 
30  cm.  long,  3-8  mm.  wide.  I'anielo  fllendcr,  open,  l't-'M)vui.  long, 
ruys  cupiliary,  spreading,  (lexuose,  in  jtairs  or  «ingle,  rarely  in 
threes,  the  lowest  retnole,  the  longest  7-10  «-m.  in  length,  sparingly 
branching  above  the  middle.  Spikelets  narrow,  3-.')-llowered.  T  10 
mm.  long,  joint  of  rachiliaBtiabroiis,  l.'i-'i  mm.  Imh;:,  geeoiul  3-r)  mm. 
long;  llorul  glume  scabrous,  eonve.x-subcarinate,  linear-lanr»'niate, 
6-7  mm.  long,  3-r>-nerved,  lateral  nerves  obscure,  awn  t*lender, 
5-12  mm.  long;  paloa  lincar-lanceolute  before  opening,  as  long  as 
its  glume.  Stamens  3.  (i  rain  hairy.  Sometimes  distributed  us /'. 
occit/eiifalin  Hook,  and  F.  jxiiirijlora. 

Idaho,  IhilatKlvr  G073;  T'tali,  Jonex  IsOft;  Wushingtou,  Sukx- 
dorf,  S((U(lherii,  Lake,  HvtiderxDii;  Oregon,  J/mrrll. 

Idaho,  Oregon  to  Hrifish  America. 

Var.  conferta  K.  Ilackel  iiied.  Panicle  denser,  rays  bearing 
many  sj)ikolets  on  the  upper  half,  awn  1-3  nwn.  long. 

California,  C,  S.  Dejit.  Ayrirul.  from  Nornud  School  San  dose, 
■now  in  Herb.  Scribner  and  seen  by  K.  Ilackel. 

16.  F.  ovina  L.  Sp.  PI.  73  (1753).  SiikkKs  Fkhch:.  Tiiu 
number  of  synonyms  and  varieties  is  very  large. 

A  sleiuler  densely  tufted  or  slowly  cn-eping  glaucous-green 
perennial,  15-00  cm.  higli.  Sheaths  split  Icngthwis**  nmre  or  less, 
3-8-nerved,  throat  conspicuously  and  .symmetrically  biituriculatc; 
ligule  very  short;  bhulcs  of  sterile  shoots  very  niiini'rous.  those  of 
the  culm  2-3  in  nuniber,  the  blades  all  more  or  less  conduplicatc, 
e8i)ecially  toward  the  ai)ex,  often  with  longitudinal  grooves,  oval, 
subcircular,  oblong  or  cuneate-oblong  in  transverse  section,  3-'.t- 
nerved  on  the  up[)er  or  inner  side,  1-3-  (rarely  "»-)  ribbed,  the 
sclerenchyma  even  and  continuous  on  the  lower  side  or  more  or  less 
interrupted;  bulliform  cells  absent.  Panicle  rather  compact  and 
subsecund,  3-10  cm.  long.     S])ikelet8  ellijttical  or  oblong-elliptical. 


694  POACE.E. 

3-8-flowcrccl ;  floral  glume  niirrow,  witli  scarions  margins,  involute 
with  age.  Ovury  obovatc-yblong.  smooth,  rarely  with  a  his])idulous 
line  on  one  side.  Styles  terminal.  Grain  oblong,  with  a  deep 
groove,  adhering  to  glume  and  palea. 

A  wonderfully  variable  or  polymorphous  s])ecies,  widely  distrib- 
uted in  the  Xorthern  llemisi)here.  'riiost^  interested  are  referred 
for  details  to  Monoiirapliia  Fcsiumruin  Enropwanimhy  K.  JIaekel. 

Var.  CAPILLATA  (Lam.)  Iluek.  Monog.  Fest.  Eu.  8.")  (LS8"i). 
Feahtm  capillafa  Lam.  Fl.  Fr.  ;{:  .')!»:  (ITiS). 

Densely  tufted,  '^0-30  em.  higli.  Culms  liliform,  0.3-0.4  mm. 
diam..  eom])ressed  or  four-  to  five-sided.  Hlades  of  sterile  slioots  .">- 
15  em.  long,  filiform,  0.3  mm.  diam.,  those  of  the  culm  2-3  in  num- 
ber, ■i-3  em.  long.  I'aniek'  4-G  em.  long,  rays  single,  soon  divid- 
ing, 1.5-3  cm,  long.  S])ikelets  elliptical,  3-8-flowered.  4-7  mm. 
long,  lirst  glume  "i  mm.  long,  second  3  mm.  long;  floral  glume  3-3.5 
mm.  long,  awnless.  Anthers  lu'arly  '*  mm.  long.  A  very  ])retty 
grass. 

Michigau,  Ih'dl  iov  V .  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  M'.*,  Htr  Agricul.  Coll. 
134. 

Introduced  into  lawns  at  AgricviUual  College,  Michigan,  and 
elsewhere. 

Var.  vulgaris  Koch.  Syn.  Ed.  1,  'i-.SVi  (1837);  Hack.  Monog. 
Fest.  Eu.  80  (188-.»). 

Densely  tufted,  *^0-30  cm.  high;  culms  slender,  firm,  with  two 
nodes.  Sheaths  scaberulous  or  smooth;  blades  setaceous,  firm,  ob- 
tuse, 0.4-0.(5  mm.  tliam.,  5-7-nerved,  cylindrical  or  compressed, 
sclerenchyma  continuous  on  the  lower  side.  Panicle  oblong,  erect, 
rather  dense,  5  cm.  long,  rachia  and  rays  scabrid.  Spikelets  ellipti- 
cal or  ol^long-elliptical.  tl-7.5  mm.  long,  densely  3-8-flowered,  more 
or  less  purplish;  empty  glumes  unequal,  second  ovate-lanceolate,  4 
mm.  long;  floral  glume  3.5  mm.  long,  the  awn  1-'^  mm.  long. 

^linnesota  (Vermillion  Lake,  Agate  Jiay,  respectively),  Arthur 
d-  Baih'i/  B  450,  489. 

Var.  supina  (Schur)  Hack.  F.  mpina  Schur,  Enum  PI.  Transs. 
784  (18GG). 

Culms  P2-30  cm.  high,  firm  with  two  nodes,  four-angled,  and 


scrtbenilous  below  the  piiniclo.  Slicutlis  smootli ;  blados  sotiioeous, 
0.3-0.6  iliiiin.,  smooth,  green,  extending  more  or  less  above  tiio 
middle  of  the  culm.  I'anicle  linear-oldoug,  ",'-4  cm.  long,  dense, 
ruehis  and  rays  seaberulous.  Spikelets  G-8  mm.  long,  vuriegutod; 
floral  glume  ;5..")-5  mm.  long,  hearing  an  awn  of  varying  length. 
Some  of  the  florets  viviparous,  i.e.  l)ecoming  foliaceou.s. 

New  llam])shire  (Ml.  Washington.  Great  (Julf),  C.  E.  Faxon. 

Alpine  summits  of  theWliite  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire  and 
high  northward;  also  in  Euro[)e. 

Var.  Di'iuusci'L.v  (L.)  Hack.  Monog.  Fest.  Eu.  89  (18S-,').  /'. 
(hiriuscidn  L.  S]).  1*1.  T-i  (1T5;}).     IIauo  Fesci-k. 

Culms  15-30-70  cm.  high,  usually  lirni  with  'i,  nodes,  the  upper 
one-third  the  way  to  the  to})  and  more  or  less  angled  below  the 
panicle,  smooth  or  seaberulons.  Sheaths  smootli  or  seaherulous  or 
slightly  pubescent;  blades  firm.  0.(i-l.l  mm.  diam.,  green  or 
glaucescent,  usually  smooth,  7-9-nerved,  sclcrenchyma  continuous 
on  the  lower  side,  rarely  interrupted.  Pani(^le  variable.  Spikelets 
elliptical  or  oblong-elliptical,  G-IO  mm.  long,  -i-O-flowered ;  floral 
glume  lanceolate,  4-0  mm.  long,  more  or  less  awned.  Variable, 
exhibiting  many  subvarieties  and  fonns. 

Common  iu  cultivation  in  the  older  Northern  States. 

Sub.  var.  trachypiiyll.v  Hack.  1.  c. 

Culms  50-70  cm.  Iiigh.  lilades  firm,  0.7-0.8  mm.  diam. 
Panicle  4-10-15  cm.  long,  oblong,  erect,  rather  dense,  rachis  and 
rays  scabrous.  Spikelets  green  or  tinged  with  violet,  0-10  mm. 
long;  floral  glume  broadly  lanceolate,  4-0  mm.  long,  with  a 
short  awn. 

Chicheriny  for  U.  S.  T)ept,  Agricul.  700;  also  cultivated  at 
Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  anil  elsewhere. 

Var.  pseudovina  Hack.  1.  c.  F.  pseadorina  Hack.  \Viesb. 
Oestr.  Bot.  Zeit.  30:  130  (1880). 

Culms  slender,  20-40  cm.  high.  Blades  filiform,  5-nerved, 
jibout  0.5  mm.  diam.,  sclerenchyma  in  three  bumlles,  scabrous. 
Panicle  ovate-oblong,  5-9  cm.  long,  rachis  and  ra3's  scabrous. 
Sjjikelets  elliptical-oblong,  5-G  mm.  long,  4-8-flowered.  green  or 
tinged   with  violet,  glumes  all  subulate-lanceolate,  second  3  mm. 


596  POACK.IO. 

long,  3-nerve(l ;  floral  glume  4  nun.  long,  the  awn  I     5  nun.  long. 
Anthers  1.5  mm.  long. 

Michigan  (Benzie,  Bay,  Crawford,  and  Macomb  countie-s), 
probably  indigenous;  also  in  Europe, 

A  pretty  careful  examination  of  many  j>lants  lias  been  made, 
all  compared  with  llackel's  description. 

Subsp.  sulcata  Hack.  Monog.  Fest.  Eu.  100  (188;J).  F.  .siilrafx 
Hack.  Bot.  Centralb.  8:405  (1881). 

Culms  70  cm.  high,  with  two  nodes,  leaf-blades  5-T-nerved, 
capillary,  0.5-0.6  mm.  diam.  Panicle  5-10  cm.  long.  Spikelets 
8-10  nun.  long,  5-flowered. 

Montana,  Canby  d;  Scribner  407. 

Var.  MARGINATA  Hack.  1.  c. 

Densely  tufted ;  culms  slender.  30-40  cm.  high,  with  2  nodes,  the 
upper  one  one-fifth  to  one-third  the  heiglit  of  the  culm,  angled  be- 
low the  panicle.  Sterile  shoots  numerous,  the  leaves  half  as  long 
as  the  culm,  the  blade  obtuse,  conduplicate,  3-ribbed,  the 
sclerenchyma  in  three  bands  (at  tlie  keel  and  the  margins  only), 
0.6-0.8  mm.  diam.,  rigid,  glaucescent;  ligule  obsolete,  ciliate, 
blades  of  the  culm  3-6  cm.  long.  I'anicle  3-8  cm.  long,  ovate, 
spreading  when  in  flower,  rachis  and  rays  scaln'ous.  Spikelets  ob- 
long-lanceolate, 6-10  mm.  long,  a-8  f'.GVvored;  empty  glumes 
sliglitly  unequal,  first  oljjong,  secoml  linear-oblong,  subulate,  ex- 
tending two-thirds  of  the  way  over  the  floral  glume  next  above: 
Horal  glume  linear-lanceolate;  4.5-5  mm.  long,  glabrous,  smootii, 
nuicronate  or  aristate;  palea  linear-oblong,  with  ~  short  teeth, 
scabrous  on  tlie  keels.     Anthers  2.2  mm.  long. 

Michigan,  HeaJ  135;  Colorado,  Clarl- ^O^jS. 

In  cultivation  on  the  lawns,  Agricultural  College,  Michigan, 
and  elsewhere,  often  mistaken  for  var.  (InriuHCulu. 

Subspecies  Borderii  JIack.  Monog.  Fest.  Eu.  113  (1882),  F. 
Borderi i  Ihn^k.  Bot.  Centralb.  8:406  (1881). 

Culms  firm,  smooth,  J 0-20  (in  this  case  40)  cm.  high,  with 
one  node,  and  another  among  tlie  lower  leaves,  lilades  of  sterile 
shoots  O.T-0.8  mm.  diam.,  rigid,  glabrous,  compressed,  the 
sclerenchvnni  in  9  bands.     Sheaths  smooth,  entire  almost  to  the 


FESTUCE.E.  697 

apex;  ligule  obsolete,  of  those  on  the  culm  bianricmlHte,  ciliolate; 
blades  of  the  culm  loosely  conduplicate  when  living.  Panicle  2.5-7 
cm.  long,  dense,  linear,  oblong,  lower  rays  bearing  3-4  spikelets. 
Spikelets  with  short  pedicels,  7-10  mm.  long,  oblong-elliptical,  3-6- 
flowered,  strongly  tinged  with  violet  or  red ;  empty  glumes  acute, 
subequal,  first  3  mm.  long,  second  4  mm.  long  and  reaching  three- 
fourths  of  the  distance  over  the  floral  glume  next  above  it;  floral 
glume  lanceolate,  4-5  mm.  long,  acute,  keeled  even  below  the 
middle,  scabrous  on  the  keel,  awn  2  mm.  long;  palea  linear-ob- 
long, obsoletely  bidenticulate,  keels  ciliolate.  Anthers  1.75-2  mm, 
long.     Ovary  obovate-cuneate,  truncate,  apex  s^     Ah. 

Vermont,  Hosford  for  C.  E.  Faxon,  collected  in  lumber-yards 
at  Burlington.  Specimens  are  larger  than  the  European  plants. 
Probably  introduced  from  Europe. 

Subspecies,  brevifolia  (R.  Br.)  Hack.  Monog.  Fest.  Eu.  117 
(1882).     F.  brevifolia  R.  Br.  Parry,  1st  Voy.  Suppl.  289  (1824). 

Densely  tufted.  Culms  rigid,  5-10  cm.  high,  nodes  1-2  in 
number,  the  upper  one  near  the  ground,  nearly  terete  above, 
glabrous  or  ])uberulent.  Blades  of  sterile  shoots  setaceous,  0.5-0.6 
mm.  diam.,  2-6  cm.  long,  smooth  or  scabrid,  those  of  the  oulm 
shorter  or  almost  obsolete,  3-5-nerved,  1-3-ribbed  on  the  inside, 
sck'renchyma  in  5-7  bundles;  sheaths  entire  to  the  throat,  soon 
splitting  with  age.  Panicle  dense,  linear,  simple,  racemose,  3-6 
cm.  long,  the  lowest  branch  bearing  2-3  spikelets.  S])ikelet.v 
elliptical,  6  mm.  long,  1-4-tlowered,  varying  from  green  to  violet; 
empty  glumes  scarcely  equal,  second  broadly  lanceolate,  acute  or 
obtuse,  scarcely  exceeding  the  middle  of  the  floret;  floral  glume 
3-4  mm.  long,  elliptical-lanceolate,  smooth  or  scabrid,  keeled  above 
the  apex,  awn  about  1-2  mm.  lung;  palea  oblong,  acute,  2-toothed. 
Anthers  oblong.  0.75-1  mm.  long. 

Colorado,  Letterman  for  Y.  8.  Dept.  Agricul.  714;  Arizona, 
Knowlton  in  1889,  Lemmon  in  1884. 

Rocky  Mountains,  also  Melville  Island  and  Europe. 

A'ar.    polyphylla  Vasey  ined. 

Culms  00-70  cm.  high,  grooved  below  the  i)anicle.  Leaves  of 
sterile  shoots  numerous,  sheaths  split  for  most  of  their  length; 


598  POACE.B. 

blades  20-40  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  pungent,  smooth,  nather  3oft, 
5-aiigled,  7  bundles  of  sclerenchyma,  5.7  mm.  diam.,  tbose  of  the 
culm  2  in  number,  of  same  form  as  those  below.  Panicle  thin, 
open,  8-16  cm.  long,  rays  in  pairs  or  single,  distant,  the  longest 
5-7  cm.  long,  bearing  a  few  spikelets  on  the  upper  one-third. 
Spikelets  linear-lanceolate,  10  mm.  long,  5-flowered,  second  glume 
ovate-lanceolate,  3.2  nmi.  long,  3-nerved:  floral  glume  slender, 
5-6  mm.  long,  the  awn  3-0  mm.  long;  palea  about  the  length  of 
its  glume.     Anthers  2-2.2  mm.  long. 

Oregon,  Hoivell  d-  Henderson. 

Oregon  and  California. 

Var.  Arizonica  (Vasey)  Hack.  ined.  F.  arizonirn  Vasey,  Cou- 
trib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1 :  77  (1893). 

A  rather  stout  scabrid,  pale,  glaucous  grass,  50-00  cm.  high; 
nodes  2  in  number,  the  upper  two-lifths  of  the  -vay  up  the  culm. 
Blades  of  sterile  shoots  numerous,  30-40  cm.  long,  scabrous,  con- 
duplicate,  in  cross-section  circular  or  oval  with  obtuse  angles,  sclei'en- 
chyma  in  .") -7  rather  broad  bands,  about  0.5  mm.  diam.;  ligule 
consisting  of  two  equal  ciliate  teeth,  0.7  mm.  long;  blades  of  tlie 
culm  like  those  of  the  sterile  shoots;  ligule  symmetrically  biauri- 
culato,  1.3  mm.  long.  Panicle  simple,  erect,  10-1.')  cm.  long,  rays 
single,  erect,  rather  stout,  scabrid,  soon  branching,  the  longest  ray 
4-7  cm.  long,  bearing  a  few  s])ikelets.  Spikelets  linear  or  linear-lan- 
ceolate, 7-9-llowered,  10-15  mm.  long;  emi)ty  glumes  keeled  above, 
scabrid,  first  awl-shaped,  4-5  mm.  long,  second  ovate-lanceolate,  5-0 
mm.  long,  reaching  two-thirds  of  the  way  to  the  apex  of  the  floral 
glume  next  above;  iloral glume  6-7  mm.  long,  elliptical-lanceolate, 
obscurely  nerved,  slightly  keeled  below  the  apex,  the  awu  0.5-1 
mm.  long;  palea  linear,  5.5-8  mm.  long,  2-toothed.  Anthers  3.7 
mm.  long.     Ovary  obovate,  apex  pubescent  under  a  lens. 

Colorado,  Wolfe  in  1873,  labelled  F.  ovinn  var.;  Arizona,  Tracy. 

The  plant  from  Flagstalf,  Arizona,  collected  by  'I'raey,  is  the 
same  us  one  above  named  l)y  Ilackel,  and  comes  under  F.  ovina  as 
defined  by  him, 

Var.  ingrata  Hack,  in  herb. 

Culms  40-60  em.  high.     Leaves  of  sterile  shoots  scabrous,  18-20 


FESTUCE.E.  f)!)!) 

cm.  long,  elliptical  in  section,  0.5  mm.  diam.,  5-nerved,  those  of 
tlie  culm  7-!t  cm.  long.  Tiinicle  8-11  (to.  long,  rays  in  pairs  or 
single,  the  longest  about  4  cm.  long,  bearing  4-r  spikelets  on  the 
outer  lialf.  Spikelets  C-S-Uowered ;  secoiul  ghime  linear,  acute, 
3-nerved.  about  0  mm. long;  floral  glumeelliptieal-lauceoljite,  aljout 
6  mm.  long,  tlie  awn  1-5  mm.  long;  palea  about  7  mm.  long. 
Anthers  o.S  mm.  long. 

Identified  by  E.  llackel  and  named  "  imjrata"  because  he 
presumed  it  would  be  disagreeable  to  cattle. 

Oregon,  Howell  in  1880  forU.  S.  Dept.  Agricul. 

Var.  Columbiana  n.  var. 

Cnlms  40-60  cm.  high,  with  2  nodes,  scaberulous.  Sheaths 
smooth,  entire  at  the  base,  split  for  most  of  their  length;  blades 
0.4-O.G  mm.  diam..  those  of  the  sterile  shoots  15-25  em.  loni'. 
firm,  glaucous..  scal)rous,  5-7-nerved,  nearly  cylindrical,  grooved. 
Panicle  thin,  oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  9-14  cm.  long,  the  erect 
rachis  and  branches  scabrous,  longest  ray  4-Tcni.  long,  bearing  1-4 
si)ikelets.  S})ikelets  lanceolate  to  elliptical,  S-IG  mm.  long,  rather 
loosely  3-7-flowered,  first  empty  glume  narrow,  4-5  mm.  long, 
secoiul  linear,  acute.  G-7  mm.  long;  iloral  glume  G-8  mm.  loii"-, 
the  awn  1-5  mm.  long;  palea  7-8  mm.  long.  Anthers  about  4  mm. 
long.  Ovule  obovoid,  0.7  mm.  long.  So  far  as  I  am  able  to  learn 
this  is  new,  possibly  a  species,  bnt  T  think  better  to  consider  it  a 
variety.  There  were  three  jdants,  one  of  which  had  the  longer 
florets. 

Washington  (Pulman  in  ISfci),  E.  //.  TMke. 

"Var.  Oregona  Hack.  ined. 

('ulms  slender,  2o-;}5  cm.  high.  Leaves  of  sterile  shoots  S-i;j 
cm.  long,  the  blades  0.5-O.G  diam.,  i)i  section  cuncate-oblon<>-,  5- 
nerved;  upper  blade  2-G  cm.  long.  Panicle  thin,  5-7  cm.  long, 
rays  single,  the  longest  3-4  cm.  long,  bearing  2-4  spikelets  on  tlie 
outer  two-thirds.  Spikelets  2-G-flowered,  second  glume  linear,  sub- 
acute, 0.5  mm.  long;  floral  glume  linear  when  spread,  7  mm.  long, 
the  awn  about  4  mm.  long;  i)alea  a  little  longer  than  its  glume. 
Anthers  3  mm.  long. 

Oregon,  Cusirh  in  1SS4,    T.  S.  Dcpt.  Afjrind.  753. 


600  POAC'E.^i. 

17.  F.  parviflora  Kll.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  1 :  170  (1816). 

A  slentlor  T^labrous  percMinisil.  Chilms  geniculate,  30-fiO  cm. 
high.  Leaves  oi'  the  i;jihn  4-5  in  nunibor,  slieaths  about  tlio  length 
of  the  internotles;  ligule  aoiliate  fringe,  subauriculate;  blades  invo- 
lutc-iilifonn,  scabrous  above,  G-13  cm.  long,  0.2-0.6  mm.  cliam. 
Panicle  scarcely  exsorted,  narrow,  8-U)  cm.  long,  rays  mostly  in  pairs, 
the  lowest  internode  of  panicle  -4-5  cm.  long,  longest  ray  5-S  cm. 
long,  bearing  4-7  spikelets  on  the  outer  half.  Spikelets  4-5- 
ilowered,  about  6  mm.  long;  cmj)ty  glumes  lanceolate,  even  when 
spread,  first  1 -nerved,  4  mm.  long,  second  ;5-nerved,  5  or  more  mm. 
long;  floral  glume  5-nervcd.  5-0  mm.  long,  lanceolate  when  spread, 
awn  4-6  mm.  long;  j>alea  acuminiite.  5.5  mm.  long.  Anthers  1.2 
mm.  long.     Ovary  glabrous,  stigmas  linear. 

Texas,  Xealley  in  1800  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul. 

There  is  some  uncertainty  about  the  correct  identification  of 
this  grass,  though  the  plant  answers  well  to  Elliott's  description. 

South  Carolina  to  Texas. 

18.  F.  ilYSTitix  Hoiss.  Elench.  8!)  (18;{8).  F.  duriusculn  var. 
HijHtrix  lioiss.  Voy.  Ksp.  2:671  (1845).  /'.  indUjesta  var.  Hystrix 
Willd.  IVod.  Fl.  Ilisp.  94  (1870). 

Culms  slender,  erect,  8-30  cm.  high,  the  upi)er  node  4-6 
cm.  from  the  roots  and  concealed.  Ligule  biauriculate,  1-2 
mm.  long,  blades  of  sterile  shoots  ascending,  curved.  4-0  cm. 
long,  terete,  smooth;  those  of  the  culm  l-l  cm.  long,  3- 
ncrved,  setaceous,  rigid,  curved.  Panicle  1-4  cm.  long,  dense, 
linear,  simple,  rachis  scabrous.  Spikelets  pedicellate,  lanceolate, 
;5-5-fi()werod,  the  longest  7  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  une(|ual,  acute, 
dark  violet,  second  lanceolate  reacliing  Ui  the  mitldle  of  the  floral 
glume  next  above;  floral  glume  4  mm.  long,  lanceolate,  acute,  sub- 
carinate  below  the  apex,  smooth,  nerves  obscure,  green  or  light- 
<'olored  near  the  apex,  margins  scarious,  the  awn  short;  palea  ob- 
lojig-lanceolate,  acute,  2-toothed,  ciliate  on  the  keels.  Anthers  2. 
mm.  long.     Ovary  obovate-oblong,  glabrous. 

Michigan,  (Hancock,)  /'.  J].  Woinl. 

Probably  introduced  from  Europe.     The   description  answers 


FESTlTEJi. 


601 


well  to  that  given  by  E.  llackol,  excepting  that  the  plant  is  a  little 
taller  and  the  spike  a  little  longer. 

19.  F.  amethystina  L.  Sp.  PI.  T4  (1753). 
Perennial ;  culms  rather  slender,  50-80  cm.  high,  slightly  genic- 
ulate at  the  base,  with  2-3  nodes.     Sheaths  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  anriculate;    ligule  a  mere  ciliolate  ring;   blades  of  steiilo 
shoots  flacoi<l,  eonduplieate,  5-G-sided  in  cross-section,  10-30  cm. 
long,  about  0.5  mm.  diam.,  those  of  the  culm  2-3  in  number,  the 
upper  6-10  cm.  long.    Taniclo  simple,  socund,  narrow  or  spreading, 
8-15  cm.  long,  lower  rays  usually  in  pairs,  scabrous,  flowor-bcariug 
on  the  upper  half  or  two-thirds,  the  longest  8-10  cm.  long.    Spike- 
lots   linear-lanceolate   or  oval,  green  or   tinged  with   violet,  3-7- 
flowered,  7-8  mm.  long,  joint  of  iiu'.ulla  1.3  mm.  long;  first  empty 
glume  lanceolate,  3  mm.  long,  second  linear-lanceolate,  about  5  mm. 
lou<r;  floral  glume  scarious,  lanceolate-oblong,  5-6  mm.  long,  invo- 
lute, awnless,  or  with  an  awn  1-2  mm.  long,  subcarinat')  toward 
the  apex;  palea  linear,  2-toothcd,  scabrid  on  the  keels. 
Oregon,  Howell  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul. 
Oregon  and  California;  also  in  Europe. 

Var.  asperrima  Hack.  incd.     Plant  rather  taller  and  more  slen- 
der, panicle  more  slender,  empty  glumes  sharper  pointed,    floral 
trlume  luu-rowcr.  subcarinate,  palea  a  little  longer. 
Arizona.  //.  //.  Unshy  901. 
20.  F.  Vaseyana  Hack  ined. 

A  tufted  erect  perennial.  30-80  cm.  high.  Blades  of  sterile 
shoots  erect,  scabrid,  eonduplieate,  filiform,  2(»-40  cm.  long,  0.4-0..-) 
mm.  diam.,  those  of  tlie  culm  2  in  number  (the  upper  node  below 
the  middle  of  the  culm),  filiform.  10-30  cm.  long;  ligule  ciliatc, 
symmetrically  biauriculate,  1  mm.  long.  Panicle  linear-lanceolate, 
strict,  9-12  cm.  long,  rays  scabrous,  single,  soon  branching,  the 
longest  4-7  cm.  long,  bearing  2-5  spikelets  on  the  outer  two-tbii'ds. 
Spikelets  purplish,  linear  oblong,  6-flowered,  11-13  mm.  long,  jt)int 
of  rachilla  1.5  mm.  long;  first  empty  glume  awl-shaped.  4  mm. 
long,  second  linear-lanceolate,  6  mm.  long:  floral  glume  oval- 
lanceolate,  6-7  mm.  long,  the  awn  2  mm.  long;  palea  7  mm.  long, 
keels  scarcely  scabrid.     Ovary  obtuse,  hispid ulous. 


602  POACK/K. 

Colorado  (Veta  Pass),  Yascy  in  1884. 

Tlio  plants  wore  mixed  witli  tliose  la])elled  F.  srahrella. 

21.  F.  dasyelada  Hack.  ined. 

A  geniculate  perennial.  20-40  cm.  liigli.  Shoatlis  smooth, 
shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligide  very  short,  symmetrically  biuu- 
riculate;  blades  of  sterile  shoots  involute  or  conduplicate,  the  ex- 
treme apex  obtuse,  10-15  em.  long,  2  mm.  M'idewheii  sjjread,  those 
of  the  culm  13-4  in  number  and  shorter.  Panicle  barely  exserted, 
ovoid  or  pyramidal,  7-12  cm.  long,  rays  in  twos,  threes,  and  fours, 
flat,  with  ciliate  margins,  the  longest  5-7  em.  long,  bearing  spikelets 
on  one  side  of  the  upper  half  or  third.  Spikelets  elliptical-lanceolate, 
2-llowered,  7  mm.  long,  joint  of  rachilla  1.5  mm.  long;  empty 
glumes  lanceolate,  first  1-3-nerved,  second  3-nerved,  G  mm.  long; 
floral  glume  scabrous,  oval-lanceolate,  5-nerved,  0  mm.  long,  in- 
cluding the  short  teeth,  awn  3  mm.  long;  palea  linear,  ciliate  on 
the  keels,  almost  as  long  as  its  glume.  Anthers  1.7  mm.  long. 
Ovary  obovoid,  apex  pubescent. 

Utah,  Parry  in  herb.  Scribner;  and  Rocky  Mountains. 

22.  F.  livida  Willd.  Spreng.  Syst.  1:353  (180G).  Browns  livi- 
dus  H.  B.  K.  Nov.  (Jen.  et  Sp.  1 :  150,  /.  089  (1815).  Schedonorus 
lividm  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:707  (1817).  Helkria  livida  Fourn.  llemsl. 
Biol.  ("entr.  Am.  Bot.  3:582  (1880). 

Culms  and  leaves  glabrous,  the  former  15-20  cm.  high.  Sterile 
shoots  numerous,  the  ligule  0.2  mm.  long;  blades  involute,  striate 
5-sided,  pungent-pointed,  2-5  cm.  long,  0.6-0.8  nmi.  diam.  Pan- 
icle simple,  rays  single,  the  longest  2-2.5  cm.  long,  including  the 
3-4  spikelets.  Spikelets  puri)le,  10-12  mm.  long,  4-flowered,  first 
empty  glume  often  2-nerved,  10-11  mm.  long,  second  1-2  mm. 
longer;  floral  glume,  elliptical,  acute  at  both  ends,  9  mm.  long; 
palea  3-8  mm.  long,  smooth.  Grain  flat.  Anthers  elliptical,  O.S- 
0.9  mm.  long. 

Mexico,  Prinyle  4304.  In  the  crater  of  a  volcano  14,000  feel 
altitude. 

23.  F.  amplissima  Rupr.  Bull.  Acad.  Brux.  (II.)  9:236  (1842). 
Culms  rather  stout,  30-180  em.  high,  subscabrid.     Leaves  of 


FESTUCK.K.  OOU 

the  culm  7-8  in  number,  scabrous,  sheatlis  sliorter  tlian  tlio  inter- 
nodes;  ligule  very  short;  bhides  iuvohite,  very  Ion*,',  some  of  tliem 
usually  extending  to  tlio  top  of  the  pjinicle,  long-pointed,  4-8  mm. 
wide.  Panicle  spreading,  about  30  cm.  long,  rays  mostly  in  twos, 
llexuose,  16-30  cm.  long,  bearing  capillary  brandies,  tlie  spikeleta 
on  the  outer  half.  Spikelets  scabrid,  oval,  10-13  mm.  long,  5-G- 
flowered,  joint  of  rachilla  1.3  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  lanceolate, 
lirst  about  3.5  mm.  long,  1-nerved,  second  5-0  mm.  long,  3-nerved; 
lloral  glume  6-7  mm.  long,  linear,  muoronatc.  5-nerved;  palea 
acute,  as  long  as  its  glume.  Anthers  3.T  mm.  long.  Ovary  glabrous. 

Mexico,  Priiigle  3945,  mountains  at  an  altitude  of  8500  feet. 

Var.  elliptica  n.  var. 

Culms  glabrous.  Sterile  shoots  rather  numerous,  their  sheaths 
mostly  split  to  the  base;  leaves  of  the  culm  2-3  in  immlu'r,  blades  a 
little  wider  than  those  of  the  sterile  slioots.  Panicle  much  exserted, 
simple,  thin,  14-18  cm.  long,  scabrid,  the  longest  ray  5-8  cm.  long, 
bearing  4-6  spikelets  on  the  outer  half.  Spikelets  10-17  mm.  long, 
0-10  flowered,  hispidulous;  first  empty  glume  awl-shaped,  4  mm. 
long;  floral  glume  7-9  mm.  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  palea  linear, 
minutely  2-toothed,  aa  long  as  its  glume.  Anthers  2.7  mm. 
long. 

Mexico  (Chihuahua),  Pringle  1438;  distributed  as  F.  ovina  L., 

var.  ? 

Moist  canyons  of  the  Sierra  Madre. 

24.  F.  altaica  Trin.  Ledeb.  Fl.  Alt.  1:109  (1829).  F.  stibu- 
lata  Vasey,  Grass.  Pacif.  Slope  2:92  (1893),  not  Bong. 

An  erect  tufted  perennial,  60-90  cm.  high.  Sheatlis  nearly 
smooth;  ligule  very  short,  symmetrical;  blades  of  sterile  shoots  15- 
30  cm.  long,  usually  deciduous  at  the  sheath,  those  of  the  culm  7-12 
cm.  long,  involute.  Panicle  open,  10-17  em.  long,  rays  mostly  in 
pairs,  flexuose,  flower-bearing  above  the  middle.  Spikelets  brown. 
3-5-flowered,  12-14  mm.  long,  first  empty  glume  narrowly  ovate, 
hispid  on  the  keel,  6  mm.  long,  second  broader,  3-nerved,  8  mm. 
long;  floral  glume  lanceolate,  scabrous,  5-nerved,  10-12  mm.  long; 
palea  a  little  shorter  than  its  glume.     Ovary  glabrous. 

Alaska,  Turner  1186  in  1880  forU.  S.  Dept.  Agricul. 


004  POACE.E, 

There  may  be  some  doubt  iia  to  tlie  correct  identification  of  this 
specimen. 

25.  F.  pauciflora  Thunb.  Fl.  Jap.  63  (1784).  F.  occUlentaUa 
Hook.  Fl.  Wov.  Am.  2 :  24i>  (1840). 

An  erect  perennial,  50-70  cm.  high.  Leaves  of  the  sterile 
shoots  numerous,  blades  smootli,  involute,  5-angled,  filiform, 
20-40  cm.  long,  0  ;j-0.6  mm.  diani.,  loaves  of  the  culm  3  in  number; 
sheatlis  longer  than  the  internodes;  ligule  vory  short,  slightly  un- 
symmetrically  biauriculate;  blades  C-10  cm.  long.  Panicle  slender, 
12-18  cm.  long,  but  little  exserted,  rays  mostly  in  pairs,  the  lowest 
two  hal f- whorls  G-7  cm.  distant,  the  longest  ray  6-8  (im.  long,  bear- 
ing a  few  scattered  spikelots  on  the  outer  half.  Spikelets  linear,  4- 
fiowered,  10  mm.  long,  first  acute,  1-nerved,  4  mm.  long,  second 
subacute,  3-nerved,  5  nun.  long;  floral  glume  scabrous,  5-ncrved, 
5.5-6.5  mm.  long,  2  mm.  wide  when  spread,  the  terminal  awn  5-10 
mm.  long;  palea  6  mm.  long.  Anthers  2.3  mm.  long.  Ovary 
obovoid,  pubescent  above. 

California,  Bulander,  Nash  for  Thurber,  and  both  now  in 
Herb.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul. 

26.  F.  scabrella  Torr.  Hook.  Fl.  Wov.  Am.  2:  252,  /.  233  (1840). 
/:  Thurberi  Vasey,  Rothr.  l{ep.  Bot.  U.  S.  Surv.6:  292  (1878). 

An  erect  tufted  perennial,  40-90  cm.  high.  Leaves  of  sterile 
shoots  numerous,  the  .sheaths  smooth  and  persistent;  blades  smooth 
or  scabrous,  involute,  15-40  cm.  long,  0.8-1.2  mm.  diam.,  mostly 
deciduous  at  the  base,  leaves  of  the  culm  2  in  num])cr,  sheaths 
striate,  smooth;  ligule  acute,  3-4 mm.  long,  unsymmetrically  auricu- 
late,  blades  smooth  below,  scabrous  above,  involute,  rigid,  6-10  cm. 
long,  about  2  mm.  diam.  Panicle  thin,  10-15  vm.  long,  rays  mostly 
in  twos,  6-9  cm.  long,  flower-bearing  on  the  outer  half.  Spikelets 
more  or  less  red,  3-5-7-flowered,  8-10-14  mm.  long;  empty  glumes 
chartaceous,  ovate-lanceolate,  first  1-nerved,  5-6  mm.  long,  second 
3-nerved,  4-7  mm.  long;  floral  glume  o1)long.  scabrid,  5-nerved,6-7 
mm.  long,  sometimes  with  a  stout  awn  about  1  mm.  long;  palea 
as  long  as  its  glume.  This  resembles  some  species  of  Melivit  con- 
siderably. 

Yukon  River,  Macoun  in  1887;  Mt.  Albert  Gaspe,  Macoun  in 


FES'IL'C'E.E.  005 

188'2,  both  for  tlie  U.  S,  Dept.  Agrieul. ;  Colorado,  Patterson  in 
l«y2, 

Cuiuulii,  lowii,  (volorudo,  liritish  Anierioji. 

Vur.  Vaseyana  lluuk.  iiieJ. 

Blades  of  sterile  shoots  Ulil'orm,  firm,  scabrous,  10-25  cm.  lonj?, 
0.3-0.5  mm.  ditim.,  those  of  the  cuhn  2-3  in  niinibor,  narrow,  invo- 
lute; ligulo  truncate,  very  short.  Spikelets  linear  or  elliptical- 
lanceolate,  5-G-llo\vered;  lirst  glume  J-ncrved,  second  almost  keckMl, 
lanceolate,  3-nervcd,  G-7  mm.  Ion;/,  the  lateral  nerves  extending 
half  the  length  of  the  glume;  floral  glume  obscurely  nerved,  ovate- 
lanocohite,  keeled  above,  T  mm.  long,  the  awn  1  mm.  long. 
Anthers  ^'.7  mm.  long.  Ovary  cuneate-obovoid,  apex  liispidulous 
under  the  lens. 

Colorado  (Vota  Pass),  Vttsei/,  at  an  altitude  of  t»3oO  feet. 

27.  F.  rubra  I..  Sp.  74  (1753).  The  number  of  syncmyms  and 
varieties  is  very  large. 

Culms  geniculate,  ascending  at  the  base,  terete  or  more  or  less 
angled.  Sheaths  of  the  sterile  shoots  all  entire,  thin,  splitting 
with  age,  destitute  of  longitudinal  grooves,  closely  tilled  by  the 
culms,  5-9-1  lerved,  the  nerves  except  the  marginal  ones  extending 
into  the  blade;  ligule  very  short,  those  of  the  culm  unsymmetri- 
cally  biauriculate  or  aurieuhite  on  one  side;  blades  often  of  two 
forms,  rarely  of  one  form.  Floral  glume  obtusely  keeled  below  the 
apex,  rather  obscurely  3-o-nerved,  with  a  narrow  scarious  margin. 
Anthers  linear,  about  half  as  long  as  the  palea. 

Widely  distributed  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific. 

Subspecies  hetrophylla  (Lam.)  Hack.  Mon<»g.  Fest.  Eu.  130 
(1882).     F.  heterophijlla  Lam.  Fl.  Fr.  Ed.  1,  OUO  (177H). 

Densely  caispitose,  50-00  cm.  high,  nodes  of  culm  often  3  in 
number,  blades  of  two  forms,  smooth,  soft,  those  of  the  sterile  shoots 
deltoid  in  section,!). -4-0. (>  mm.  diam.,  3-nerved,  ol)tuse,  sheaths  tri- 
angular; blades  of  the  culm  wider,  flat,  7-11-nerved.  Panicle  6-16 
cm.  long,  lax,  ovate,  nodding,  rays  scabrous  in  twos  or  threes.  Spike- 
lets  linear-oblong,  8-10  mm.  long,  remotely  3-9-flowered,  green  or 
tinged  with  violet;  empty  glumes  unequal,  very  acute,  second  sub- 
ulate-lanceolate, ^{-iKM'ved,   the  lateral  nerves  short;    floral  glume 


0<>6  I'OACK.K. 

Imcur-liiiircnlutc,  5-0. Tt  iiiin.  Imip,  vt'iy  acute,  ^'lnlnous,  tlic  awn 
liulf  as  long  as  tlic  glniiic  or  longi'r;  j)al('a  liiiour-oMong.  apex  en- 
tiro  or  with  two  short  Icetli. 

Nortiicrn  Michigan.  FancrJI,  \\  herkr ;  Itritisii  Coliinihia, 
Macoun;   Washington,  E.  li.  Lnhi'. 

Var.  glaucescens  ihick.  Monog.  Kcst.  Eu.  !;{!•  (IHM'J).  /•'. 
(jlnmu'st't'tix  Ilcgctschw.  V\.  Schw.  93  (1840). 

It  rescnilth'S  /'  rnhjaris,  o.\-ccj)tiiig  that  the  spikoh'ts  arc  10 
nun.  or  more  long:  floral  gluini'  (1-7  nun.  long,  the  awn  rather  long. 

'rcnnesscc  (('nnil)orlan<l  IJiver),  (f<i//in(/i'r  in  lSH»i. 

Var.  fallax  ('riuiill)  Hack.  Fes.  En.  I4-'  (lH8-,»).  F.  fiiUar 
ThnillFl.  Tar.  Kd.  '.:•.'>{)  (iroo). 

Densely  ca'S{)itose.  glan(H)us.  strongly  tinged  with  purple  <»r 
violet,  40-00  cm.  high,  blades  obtuse,  in  sci-tion  obtusely  0-angled, 
rarely  suboval.  0.7-O.S  mm.  diam.  Panicle  G-8  cm.  long,  ra_\s 
densely  ilowered.  the  longest  15-4  cm.  long.  Spikelets  elliptical- 
lanceolate,  .^>-7- flowered,  8-10  mm.  long,  second  ginmo  lanceo- 
late, 3-iu'rved,  extending  to  the  middle  of  the  floral  glume; 
floral  glume  5-0  mm.  long,  rather  abruptly  pointed,  with  a  very 
short  awn.     Anthers  3.7  mm.  long. 

Montana,  Ant/i'rso)i:  Washington  (Seattle),  Jfo/ivJI  \u  1S80. 

Washington,  Oregon,  and  Uocky  Mountains. 

Var.  trichophylla  (iaud.  Hack.  Monog.  Fes.  Eu.  141  (1883). 
/'.  irirhophyUa  Ducros.  Gaud.  Fl.  Helv.  \:'l^>>  (1838). 

Culms  slender,  about  00  cm.  high,  curved  below  and  ascending 
from  creeping  rootstocks.  lilades  obtuse  at  the  extrenu'  apex, 
folded,  setaceous,  destitute  of  buUiform  cells,  0.4-0.5  mm.  diam., 
tlio  lower  sheaths  torn  into  shreds,  glabrous.  Panicle  linear-ob- 
long, 0-10  cm.  long.  Spikelets  lanceolate,  7  mm.  long;  floral 
glume  linear-lanceolate,  4..'>-5  mm.  long,  glabrous,  bearing  a  very 
short  awn. 

Oregon,  Howell;  also  found  in  Europe. 

Var.  longiseta  Hack,  iiied.  F.  longiiteta  Ilegetschw.  Fl.  Schw. 
93  (1840). 

Culms  30-70  cm.  high.  Leaves  3  in  number,  blades  involute  or 
conduplicate,  smooth,  faintly  nerved,  terete  or  oval,  ir)-30cm.  long, 


FKSTICK.K.  6(>7 

0.7-1.2  mm.  dium.  Punicle  tliiii,  o|h'|i.  0-1*2-18  cm.  long,  rays 
Hingle,  l)i'iiit(hiii;{,  '.'.T)  em.  loii);,  hcariii;;  a  few  Hpikdcts.  >S|)iki>- 
lotH  lanceolate,  'j-IJ-U-llowerotI,  about  7  mm.  Ion;:,  joint  of  raeliilla 
1..')  mm.  loii;;.  jointed  near  the  middle;  .second  ;.'lume  lane(>-lineai-. 
:(-nerved,  '.\Ji  mm.  lon^^;  lloral  glume  r.itlier  tliin,  oval-latieeolate. 
5  mm.  long,  hearing  an  awn  twice  its  length:  palea  longer  than 
its  glume. 

\'an(!ouver  Island.  Mdcoitu  in  1SH7. 

\'ar.  pubescens  Vasey  ined. 

Iioosoly  tufted,  50-SO  cm.  Iiigli.  Sheaths  of  sterile  shooti' 
mostly  torn  into  strips,  blades  en-et,  •,N>-40  cm.  long,  in  section 
triangular,  7-I>  mm.  diam..  those  of  the  culm  tlat  or  condu plicate, 
'.'  mm.  wide,  7-l>-nerved.  Panicle  10-1,'»  cm.  long,  interrupted, 
more  or  less  pubesiiont  throughout:  lower  rays  in  jiairs,  .')-S  cm. 
long,  rather  densely  flowered  on  the  u|tj)er  two-third>.  Spikelets 
linear-lancoolatc,  11-1:5  nun.  long,  .')-.S-tl<»wered.  more  or  less 
tinged  with  violet,  second  glume  oblong,  abruptly  acute,  .'{-nerved 
to  near  the  apex;  floral  glume  oval,  acute,  6  mm.  long,  the  awn 
2-5  mm.  long;  palea  linear,  acute,  subeutire,  longer  than  its 
glume.     Anthers  over  3  mm.  long. 

Oregon,  ffoivell  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul. 

Var.  littoralis  Vasey  ined. 

Glaucous  and  .smooth;  culms  lO-l.'i  cm.  high  from  creeping 
rootstocks.  Blades  obtuse,  involute,  grooved,  5-ribbed.  oval  to  tri- 
angular, about  0.7  mm.  diam.  Panicle  dense,  scarcely  exserted, 
secund,  3-5  cm.  long,  6-8  mm.  diam.  Spikelets  oval  to  linear- 
lanceolate,  5-flowered,  7-8  mm.  long:  second  ghune  ovate-lanceo- 
late, 3-nerved;  floral  glume  oval,  acute,  5  nun.  long,  awn  1-2 
mm.  long;  palea  as  long  as  its  glume.     Anthers  2.7  mm.  long. 

Oregon  (on  sand-dunes  by  the  sea),  Ifonrlf  in  1882. 

Var.  genuina  Hack.  Monog.  Fest.  Eu.  132  (1882). 

Loosely  ctvspitose,  creeping  more  <>r  less.  ."JO-.'iO  cm.  liigli. 
Hlaues  of  sterile  shoots  obtuse,  setaceous,  obtusely  hexagonal.  0-7- 
nerved,  O.G-0.7  diam.,  those  of  the  culm  flat,  pubescent  above; 
sheaths  glal)rous.  Panicle  secund.  3-T  cm.  long,  rather  dense. 
Spikelets  oblong-lanceolate,  T-8   nun.  long;  second  glume  lanceo- 


608  POACE.E. 

late,  3-nervc(l,  extending  to  the  middle  of  the  glume  neiir  it;  floral 
glume  glabrous,  4-5  mm.  long,  mucronatc  or  with  a  short  awn. 

Vancouver  Island,  Mavonn  in  188T;  found  also  in  Europe. 
i:U.  (tiG;{).  BromusL.  Sp.  PI.  70  (1753).  AnimHtha  C.  Koch^ 
Tiinna^a,  "21 :  304  (1848).  Jironwpsis  Fourn.  Ann.  Soc.  Linn.  Lyon. 
X.  S.  17:  187  (ISO!)).  CeraforhJm  IJeauv.  Agrost.  75.  t.  ir>.  /'.  7 
(1812).  Laaiopoa  Elirh.  l^oitr.  4:147  (1789).  LihcHiii  Lej.. 
Nov.  Act.  Nat.  Our.  13:755.  /.  65(1825y.  Mirhelaria\)\\m.  Ohs. 
(Irani.  Iklg.  77.  /.  16  (1823).  Schc.  lorus  Beauv.  Agrost.  !t9 
(1812),  in  part.  Sorrnfalcm  Pari.  PI.  Nov.  75  (1842).  THnius,( 
Stond.  Syn.  PI.  Gram.  328  (1854).  Zerna  Panz.  Denkschr.  Acad. 
Muenoh.  290  (1814),  in  part. 

Spikclets  several -flowered,  oval  to  lanceolate,  pedicellate,  erect, 
or  drooping,  in  a  more  or  less  braiKjlied  exserted  panicle,  racliillu 
articulate  between  the  floral  glumes,  glabrous  or  scabrous-])ube.scenc. 
Empty  glumes  unequally  acute  or  flue-pointed,  unawned,  1-5- 
nerved  or  the  second  with  a  very  short  awn;  floral  glume  longer^ 
keeled  or  convex  on  the  back,  5-0-nerved,  the  hyaline  apex  usually 
shortly  bifid,  the  midrib  produced  into  a  straight  or  curved  awn> 
free  from  or  little  below  the  apex;  palea  nearly  as  long  as  the 
glume,  the  two  jn'ominent  keels  usually  pectinate-ciliate.  Stamens 
3  or  rarely  fewer.  Ovary  oliovate  or  linear,  crowned  by  a  hairy 
membranous  apendage,  the  very  short  distinct  styles  more  or  less 
lateral.  Grain  oljlong  or  linear,  often  more  or  less  conduplicato,. 
adhering  to  the  palea  or  more  or  less  to  the  base  of  tlie  lloral  glume. 

Annuals  or  perennials,  witli  flat  blades,  the  sheaths  often  closed. 
The  genus  is  a  fairly  natural  one,  widely  distributed  over  the  tem- 
perate regions  of  the  globe,  and  contains  about  40  species.  It  is 
very  closely  allied  to  Festnra,  into  which  it  passes  imijcrceptibly 
through  F.  (/i(/nnlea  Vill. 

Bentliam  proposed  the  following  sections: 

1.  Fcsfiiroidcs  Coss.  &  Dur. — tall  pereiuiials  coming  near  to. 
Festuca,  with  the  awns  usually  very  short  or  I'educed  to  small 
points. 

2.  Stcnohromns  Griseb.— -mostly  annuals,  with  narrow  long- 
awned  ijlumes. 


FKSTrCK.E.  0(){> 

3.  Zeohromns  Griseb. — spikelcts  usuully  hroad  luid  thick,  the 
floral  glume  awuecl,  and  the  nerves  of  all  the  gluine.s  more  numer- 
ous than  in  the  preceding  sections. 

4.  Ceratochloa  DC.  (or  lieauv.). — spikes  Hat,  not  uidike  those 
of  Vniola,  but  at  length  often  thickened  as  in  Zeobromiis,  iloral 
glume  scarcely  notched  at  the  end,  and  the  awn  very  short. 

Tiie  following  artificial  key  nuiybe  J'ound  easier  for  the  student 
than  the  sections  al)ove  named: 

A.  Panicle  densely  obovate-cuneate 1 

li.   Panicle  otherwise  than  the  above (a) 

a.  Floral  glume  23-27  mm.  long,  awn  35-45  mm.  long  .       3 
a.  Floral  glunui  about  20  mm.  long,  awn  4-8  mm.  long.       3 

u.   Floral  ghnne  shorter (b) 

b.    Panicle  5-10  cm.  long;  Iloral  glume  about  i.S  mm. 

long,  awn  20-25  mm.  long 4 

b.  Panicle  13-18  cm.  long;  iloral  glume  9-10  mm. 

long,  awn  very  short  or  0 5 

b.  Panicle  15-18  cm.  long;  floral  glume  11  mm.  long.       G 
b.  Panicle   15-25  cm.  long;  Iloral  gume  16-10  nmi. 

long,  awn  20-30  mm.  long T 

b.   Panicle  15-30  cm.  long;   Iloral  glunu'  15-17  mm. 

long,  awn  5-12  mm.  long S 

b.  Panicle  about  30  cm.  long;  Iloral  glume  about  14 

mm.  long,  awn  5  mm.  long *J 

b.   Panicle  8-18  cm.  long;  floral  glume  10  mm.  long. 

awn  3-5  mm.  long 10 

b.   Panicle  5-15  cm.  long;   floral  glunu'  13  mm.  long, 

awn  4-0  mm.  long 11 

b.   Panicle    about    30  cm.  long;    iloral    glume  about 

10-14  mm.  long,  awn  20  mm.  long.     Var.  vutjor.     10 
b.  Panicle  15-20  cm.  long;  floral  glume  12-18  mm. 

long,  awn  2-4  mm.  long 13 

b.  Plant  otherwise  than  those  above (c) 

c.  Branches  of  panicle  drooj)ing;  spikelets  smooth, 
flat,  oval;  floral  glume  broad-oval,  awn  1  mm. 
long  or  less IS 


610  POACE.E. 

c.  Branches  of  panicle  flexuose;  spikelets  smooth, 
flat,  oval,  floral  glume  broadly  oval,  awns  5-10 
mm.  long I'* 

c.  Branches  of  panicle  short,  ascending;  spikelets 
pubescent,  flat,  oval,  floral  glume  broadly  oval, 

uwn  G-S  mm.  long 15 

c.  Plant  otherwise  than  those  above (d) 

d.  First   glume    1-  (rarely  :}-)  nerved,   second 

3-nerved (e) 

e.  Joint  of  rachilla  2  mm.  long  or  less,  spike- 
lots  r-12-flowered 10 

e.  Joint  of  rachilla  3  mm.  long,    spikelets 

3-C-flow('red 1~ 

e.  Joint  of  racliilla  more  than  2  mm.  long.  .   (  f  ) 
f.   lilades  involute,  2-3  mm.  wide.     .     .     18 

1".   Blades  flat,  2-3  mm.  wide 10 

f.   lihules  flat,  4  or  moro  mm.  wide.     .     .    (g) 

g.  Awn  2-3  mm.  long 20 

g.  Awn  4  or  more  mm.  long.     .     .     .    (h) 
li.   Longest  rays  8-10  cm.  long,  an 

exotic  annual 21 

h.  Longest   rays   3-5   cm.   long,  a 

native  pereimial 22 

d.  First  glume  3-nerved  (rarely  l-nerved),  sec- 
ond glunui  3-nerved 23 

d.  First  glume  3-nerved,  second  o-T-iu'rved.     .     (i) 

i.  Spikelets  scabrid 24 

i.  Spikelets  densely  silky  hairy 25 

d.  First  glume  3-nerved  (rarely  5-nerved),  sec- 
ond glume  7-nerved,  spikelets  firm,  flat, 
floral  glume  turgid,  broadly  oval,  apex  obtuse, 

exotics 2G,  27,  28 

1.  B.  RUBEXS  L.  Cent.  1:5  (1755).     Festnra  ruhcns  Pers.  Syn. 
1:94  (1805).     B.  ranescens  Viv.  Fl.  Lyb.  Spec.  5  (1824). 

A  soft  densely  tufted  slender  annual,  20-40  cm.  high.     Leaves 
3  in   number,    ligule    lacerate,    1.5-2   mm.    long ;    blades    pale 


FKsrrcK.E.  611 

green,  pilose,  3-6  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide.  Panicle  erect,  dense, 
tinged  with  purple,  obovate-cuneate,  4-6  cm.  long.  Spikelets. 
6-9-llowered,  joint  of  rachilla  2.5  mm.  long;  first  glume  narrowly 
lanceolate,  nearly  10  mm.  long,  1-nerved,  second  linear-lanceolate, 
3-nerved,  about  14  mm.  long;  floral  glume  linear-lanceolate, 
7-uerved,  about  15  mm.  long,  including  the  two  hyaline  points, 
awn  12-18  mm.  long;  palea  linear-lanceolate,  ciliatc-pectinate, 
13  mm.  long. 

Kansas;  California,  Sones. 

Introduced  from  Europe. 

2.  W.  RKJiDUs  Koth.  Koem.  &  Ust.  Mag.  Bot.  4:  21  (1790).  B. 
maximvs  Desf.  Fl.  Atl.  1:95.  (1800).  B.  amhigcns  Jord.  Xym. 
Consp.  8-U  (1878).     B.  asperijxs  Jord.  I.  c. 

An  erect  annual,  30-50  cm.  high.  Sheatlis  scabrid;  ligule 
broad,  lacerate,  4  mm.  long;  blades  of  the  culm  dark  green,  sca- 
brous or  i)ubescent,  5-15  cm.  long,  4-7  mm.  wide.  Panicle  erect, 
12-20  cm.  long,  rays  mostly  in  twos  and  threes,  the  longest  4  cm. 
long,  each  usually  bearing  a  single  nodding  fipikelet.  Spikelets 
scabrid,  5-8-flowered;  joint  of  rachilla  4  mm.  long,  empty  glumes 
narrow,  first  1-nerved,  14-18  mm.  long,  including  the  narrow  apex, 
second  linear-lanceolate,  5-nerved,  18-25  mm.  long,  including  the 
narrow  apex;  floral  glume  linear-lanceolate,  convex  below,  com- 
pressed above,  5-7-nerved,  22-27  mm.  long  to  the  tip  of  the  two 
slender  teeth  (4  mm.  long),  awn  35-45  mm.  long;  palea  linear, 
pectiiuite-ciliate,  15  mm.  long. 

Michigan,  II.  E.  Owen;  Colorado,  Cassidy;  California,  Sanes, 
Pringle.  * 

Colorado,  California,  and  Arizona,  introduced  from  Europe. 

3.  B.  aleutensis  Trin.  Ledb.  FI.  Ross.  4:  3G1  (1853). 

Culms  smooth,  erect,  stout,  9(t-120  cm.  higli.  Slieatlis smooth, 
shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  fringed,  5  mm  long;  l)Iades  fiat, 
scabrous.  30-40  cm.  long,  7-10  mm.  wide.  Panicle  erect,  simple,, 
lanceolate,  15-25  em.  long,  rays  scabrous,  stifi",  single  or  in  pairs, 
the  longest  5-8  cm.  long,  bearing  2-3  spikelets,  other  rays  mostly 
bearing  single  spikelets.  S]>ikelets  erect,  com})ressetl,  5-7-fiowered, 
joint  of  rachilla  5  mm.  long,  first  glume  ovate,  acute,  5-nerved,  10- 


g^2  POACE^. 

mm.  long,  second  oval,  acute,  T-ncrvod,  13  mm.  long;  floral  glume 

scabrous,    compressed,   elliptical,    acute  when   spread,    11-nerved 

about  20  mm.  long,  awn  4-8  mm.  long;  palea  narrowly  elhptvcal, 

2.toothed,  keels  pectinate-ciliate,  U  mm.  long. 

An  incomplete   specimen   examined.     The   spikelets   resenible 

those  of  B.  ntiiohmles,  though  larger. 

Alaska,  M.  1)'.  Harritigton  in  1871-3.  „      .,.  , 

4    B.   MAniUTEX.is   L.    Cent.    Tl.    1:5    (1755).      B    cd^a^s 

nudl  Fl.  Angl.  Ed.  1,  40  (1703).     B.  n.n-alis  ""^Jj' ^\f"^'\^^; 

9    1-50  (1778)      B.   fj^inatuh-vs  Ifoth.  l^.en..  cS:  I'st.  Mag.   4.30 

Curt.  Fl.  Lond.  fasc.  C:  ^  5  (1838).     B.  polystachyus  DC.  Fl.  Fi. 

^'T'soft  erect  slender  annual.  20-40  cm.  high,  from  a  genicu- 
hvtebase.     Sheaths  longer  than  the  hiternodes;  liguleentn-e,  ob- 
tuse, nearly  2  mm.  long;  blades  of  the  culm  5-(>,  scabrous    .-10 
cm    long,  2-3  mm.  wide.     Panicle  oval,   compressed,    o-lO   cm. 
long,  rays  scabrid,  n.ostly  in  threes  or  fours,  the  longest  abou    .1 
mm   long,  not  including  the  spikelets.     Spikelets  dull  green    .-H- 
flowered,  joint  of  rachilla  3  mm.  long;    lirst  glume  slender,   1- 
iierved,    about   10  mm.    long,    second  linear-lancoolate,    ;{-nerve.l 
ubout  15  mm.  long;  floral  glume  linear-lanceolate,  7-nerved    about 
18  mm.  long,  including  the  two  slender  points,  awn  30-2o  mm. 
long;  palea  linear,  pectinate-ciliute,  14  mm.  long. 

Michigan.  //.  E.  Owen  137,  Beal  138;  Californ.u,  Paush  1994; 
southern  California,  ParUi. 
Introduced  from  Europe. 

*5  \^  iNEUMis  L.  Mant.  3:180  (1707).  Awnless  Buomk 
(^^,^^.'  Fctnea  inennis  DC.  Fl.  Fr.  3:49  (1805).  B.  enrt.s 
Ledeb.Fl.Koss.  4:358   (1853). 

A  rather  coarse  erect  perennial,  60-130  cu..  high,  w.th  creep- 
in<r  rootstocks.  Sheaths  striate,  smooth  or  pilose;  ligule  truncate, 
lacerate,  1  mm.  long;  blades  scabrous  or  pilose,  flat,  lO-.O  en,, 
long,  G-lOmnu  long.  Panicle  oval,  erect,  13-18  cnu  long,  rays 
in  fives  and  sevens.  Spikelets  5-9-ilowered,  3-3  en,,  long  rachdla 
pubescent,  first  gbane  1-nerved,  5-G  mm.  long,  second  3-nerved 


FESTUCEiE.  013 

•and  longer;  floral  glume  slightly  keeled,  elliptical  when  spread,  5-7- 
nerved,  0-10  mm.  long,  awnless  or  with  a  very  short  awn. 

Introduced  from  Europe,  and  in  some  places  highly  spoken  of 
as  a  rather  coarse  grass  for  light  soil. 

«5.  B.  depauperatus  Presl.  Ilel.  Ilaenk.  1 :  263  (1830). 

A  rather  slender  erect  annual,  00-flO  cm.  high.  Blades  of 
sterile  shoots  convolute-setaceous,  30-40  cm.  long,  sheaths  of  tlie 
cnlm-leaves  smooth  or  pubescent,  half  or  two-thirds  as  long  as  the 
internodes;  ligule  2  mm.  long;  blades  of  the  culm  flat,  smooth  or 
scabrous,  7-12  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  wide.  Panicle  much  exserted, 
thin,  pyramidal  or  ovoid,  15-18  cm,  long,  rays  in  twos  or  throes. 
3-5  cm,  distant,  s])roading.  the  longest  4-7  cm.  long,  bearing  2 
spikelets.  Spikelets  lanceolate,  3-llo\vered,  a])Out  2  cm.  long; 
empty  glumes  thin,  first  7  mm,  long,  second  10  mm,  long;  floral 
glume  lanceolate,  becoming  terete,  scabrous,  5-nerved,  11  mm,  long; 
palea  as  long  as  its  glume  or  longer, 

(.!alifornia  (Sun  Diego),  Bitlander,  Kelloycf. 

7.  B,  STKRiLis  L,  So.  PI.  77  (1753),  H.  aniplux  0.  Kooli, 
Linuiva,  21:41S  (1848), 

A  soft  erect  annual,  30-!t0  cm,  higli,  Slioaths  about  tbe  length 
of  the  internodes,  til roat  ciliato;  ligiilo  fringed,  2  nini.  lojig;  bhides 
of  the  culm  4  in  number,  flat,  jiilose,  12-15  cm.  long,  3-G  mm,  wide. 
Panicle  lax  and  open,  15-25  cm,  long,  niys  scabrous  in  lialf-whorls  of 
throe  to  four,  the  longest  8-10  cm.  long,  and  nearly  all  bearing  each 
only  a  single  drooping  s])ikolet.  Spikelets  linear-lanceolate.  0-8- 
flowcrod,  joints  of  rachilla  3  mm.  long;  em])ty  glumes  tapering 
from  the  base,  first  1-norved,  S-10  mm.  long,  less  than  1  mm,  wide 
at  the  base,  second  3-nerve(l,  10-14  mm.  long,  1,7  mm.  wide;  floral 
glume  5-7-nerved,  lG-19  mm.  long,  including  tlie  slender  hyaline 
points,  awn  20-30  mm.  long;  ])alea.  concealed  by  the  boat-shaped 
grain.  Widely  distributed  in  cultivation  in  waste  i)laces. 
.Litroduccd  from  Euro[)e. 

8.  B,  virens  Buckl,  Proc.  Acad,  Phila.  98  (1803).  GeniUwlihn 
yrnndijlora  Hook,  Fl.  lior.  Am.  2:253.  (1840).  />'.  iraokcrinnus 
Thurb.  Bot,  Wilkes  Exped.  2:493  (1874), 

An   erect   tufted    rather  slender  perennial,    20-00  cm.    high. 


614  POACE.E. 

Slieaths  smootli  or  densely  ciliate,  eiliutc  at  the  tliroat ;  ligule  1-2  mm. 
long;  blades  of  the  culm  3—4  in  number,  smooth  or  scabrid  or  thinly 
pubescent,  15-25  cm.  long,  4-G  n)m.  wide.  Panicle  simple,  very 
variable,  rays  erect  or  the  lower  spreading,  iry-'M)  cm.  long,  rays  in 
threes,  fours,  or  fives,  or  tlie  lowest  and  tliose  above  in  twos,  the 
longest  bearing  2-4  spilvek'ts.  Sjjikelets  compressed,  linear  or  oval- 
lanceolate,  G-10-llowercd,  longest  joint  of  racliilla  5  mm.  long; 
empty  glumes  sn)ootli,  comi)res8i'(l,  oval-lanceolate,  acute,  first  5- 
nerved,  ll-ll)  mm.  long,  second  T-9-nerved,  lo-ll  mm.  long;  floral 
glume  oval-lanceolate,  conduplicate,  scabrous  or  i)ubescent,  9- 
uerved,  15-17  mm.  long,  awn  5-12  mm.  long,  starting  below  the 
entire  apex  of  its  glume;  palea  linear,  13  mm.  long,  finely  pecti- 
nate-ciliate. 

Wyoming,  7>//^'?/m  10;*;  Washington,  *S'//^.s7/o/7;  Oregon,  JIowelL 

British  America  to  California. 

Var.  minor  Scribn.  Macoun.  Cat.  4:238  (1888). 

Leaves  finely  pubescent,  blades  scarcely  3  mm.  wide;  panicle 
thin,  slender,  with  few  si)ikelets. 

Arizona  and  Oregon. 

!».  B.  segetum  II.  B.  K.  Nov.  Gen.  et  Sp.  1 :  153  (1815). 

Annual;  culms  simple,  erect,  glabrous,  80-120  cm.  high. 
Sheaths  about  the  length  of  the  internodes;  ligule  2  mm.  long; 
blades  4  in  number,  flat,  scabrous,  15-20  cm.  long,  3-7  mm.  wide. 
Panicle  simple,  secund,  nodding,  about  30  cm.  long,  axis  and 
rays  scabrous,  the  lowest  half-whorl  of  rays  5  in  luimber,  the  next 
above  fewer,  8-9  cm.  distant,  the  longest  13-15  cm.  long,  bear- 
ing about  3  spikclets  near  the  apex.  Spikelets  scabrous,  com- 
pressed, linear-oblong,  nearly  3  cm.  long,  3-10-flowered,  joint  of 
racliilla  2  nun.  long,  empty  glumes  linear-lanceolate,  compressed, 
first  5-nerved,  about  10  mm.  long,  second  7-nerved  and  about  12 
mm.  long;  floral  glume  ovul-lanceolate,  7-nerved,  about  14  mm. 
long  to  the  acute  single  joint,  awn  5  mm.  long,  more  or  less;  palea 
concealed  in  the  conduplicate  grain. 

Introduced  into  California  from  Mexico  and  South  America. 

10.  B.  brrbatoides,  I'rmtnm  harhatum  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gram. 
229  (1855). 


FESTUrK.E.  615 

Culms  smooth  erect  brannhiiig  below,  30-50  cm.  liigh.  Leaf- 
hlades  flat,  sparsely  pubescent,  ;j-8  cm.  long^  2  mm,  wide.  Panicle 
simple,  8-18  cm.  long,  rays  in  half-whorls  of  4,  tlio  lowest  often 
remote  from  those  above.  Spikdets  ;.*-4-lIowerc(l,  the  riicliilla 
smooth,  each  joint  .5  mm,  long.  Cilumes  I'ougli,  pubcsci'iit, 
narrowly  lanceolate,  first  1-nerveil,  8  mm.  long,  with  a  bristle  4 
mm.  long,  second  ovate-lanceolate.  JJ-u-nerved,  17  mm.  long,  with 
a  bristle  !>  nmi.  long,  the  mai'gins  and  s[)ace  between  the  nerves 
thin  iuid  ])nbescent;  floral  glume  compressed,  softly  membranous, 
oval-lanceolate,  7-nerved,  10  mm.  hmg  to  the  bases  of  the  awn,  iind 
seta',  the  latter  3-5  mm.  long;  palea  pubescent  on  the  keels.  10 
mm,  long. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  reasons  for  considering  this  a 
species  of  lirnvins  and  not  Winefviii :  the  sheaths  mostly  closed, 
florets  of  a  large  spikelet  several  to  many,  and  large  second  em})ty 
glume  5-nerved;  tloral  glume  7-nerved,  grain  plicate  and  adhering 
to  glume  and  palea, 

(luadidoupe  Island,  off  Lower  California,  Pabiier  99;  California, 
0.  n.  Alhu.  Oirult. 

Oregon,  California,  and  Chili. 

Var,  sulcatus,  T.  harbalmn  major  Vasey,  ined. 

A  rather  stout  grass,  braui^hing  near  the  base,  GO-TO  or  more 
cm.  high.  Sheaths  about  the  length  of  the  internod^s,  mostly 
closed,  clothed  with  short  ])ubescence;  ligule  obtuse,  1  mm,  long; 
blades  flat,  scabrous,  15-20  cm,  long,  8-13  mm.  wide.  Panicle 
ovate-lanceolate,  30  cm.  long,  rays  in  half-whorls  of  5-7,  the  sets 
5-9  cm.  distant,  the  longest  10  cm.  long,  bearing  about  5  spikelets 
on  the  outer  half.  Spikelets  somewluit  com[»ressed,  S-rf-flowered, 
;)-4  cm.  long;  empty  glumes  subequal,  l)ristly-pointed,  l,5-"2  cm. 
long;  floral  glumes  scabrid-pubescent,  compressed,  7-iu'i-ved,  10-14 
mm.  long  to  the  base  of  2  teeth,  which  are  4  mm.  loiiir;  awn  fi'om 
the  notch  between  the  teeth,  irregulai'ly  twisted  and  bent,  about  2 
cm.  long,  (irain  compressed,  deeply  grooved,  adherent  to  floral 
glume  and  palea. 

Mexico,  Pcihner  GOT. 

11,  B.  laciniatus  n.  sp. 


616  POACE.E. 

Porennial;  10-00  cm.  high.  Leaves  of  tlie  culm  3  in  number,  the 
shoatli  of  the  middle  one  usually  sliorter  than  tlio  interuodo;  ligulo 
truncate,  laciniate,  1  mm.  loii;,^  blades  ilut,  5-15  cm.  long,  .'{-4  mm. 
wide.  Panicle  erect,  thin,  5-15  om.  long,  rays  of  the  larger  panicles 
mostly  in  fours,  the  longest  0-10  cm.  long,  bearing  1-3  spikelcts. 
Spikelets  3-5-flowered,  20  mm.  long,  first  glume  ovate-lanccoliitc, 
3-5-nerved,  G-7  mm.  long,  second  oval,  7-nerved,  8  nun,  long,  joiiit 
of  raciiilla  3  mm.  long;  Horal  glume  cliartaceous,  ovate-lanoeolatc, 
5-nerved,  13  mm.  long,  awn  4-0  mm.  long;  i»al('a  10  mm,  long. 

Mexico  (Oaxaca),  Prinyle  4S07,  growing  at  an  altitude  of  1)500 
feet.     Professor  Serlbncr  identifies  it  as  near  />'.  grandijlorus  Hook. 

Vi.  B.  unioloides  (Willd.)  II.  H.  K.  ^'ov.  Gen.  et  Sp.  1:151 
(1815).  SciiHADEii's  liuGMi's.  KKscuK-dUASs.  Fentitca  uiiidloides 
AVilld.  Ilort.  lierol.  1:3,  /.  5  (ISOG).  lironms  cathaHiciis  Vald, 
,Symb.  liot.  2:23  (1790-94).  Cemfochloa  fcsfitroides  Beauv. 
Agrost.  75  (1812).  Ccratochloa  unioloides  PC.  Cat.  Ilort.  Monsp. 
f)2  (1813).  Bromus  Willdenowii  Kuntli,  Rev.  Gram.  1: 134  (1829- 
35).  Ceratochlo(t2)cndiiIaSdn'ai\.  Tnd.  Sem.  Ilort.  Gotting.  (1830). 
B.  Svhradcri  Kxnith,  Fauixu.  PI.  1:410  (1833).  Bromus  Ilaen- 
keamis  Kuntli,  Enum.  PI.  1:410  (1833).  Ceratochha  aifsfndis 
Spreug.  Steud.  Nom.  Ed.  2,  1:332  (1841). 

A  stout  erectannual.  00-90 cm.  high.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the 
internodes,  often  pubescent,  throat  si)aringly  ciliate,  ligule  3-5  mm. 
long;  blades  flat,  4-5  in  numbei',  mostly  smooth  on  the  lower  side, 
scabrous  on  the  upper,  20-30  cm.  long,  5-8  mm.  wide.  Panicle  strict, 
linear  or  spreading,  15-20  cm.  long,  rays  rather  stout,  mostly  in 
twos  and  threes,  rather  remote,  10-18  cm.  long,  bearing  each  1  to  few 
spikelets  along  three-fifths  of  the  upper  part.  Spikelets  much  com- 
pressed, oval  to  linear-lanceolate,  2.5-3.5  cm.  long,  joint  of  rachilla 
scubrid  above,  al)Out  3  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  firm,  lanceolate, 
first  5-nerved,  9-12  mm.  long,  second  7-9-nerved,  11-14  mm.  long; 
floral  glume  firm,  scabrid,  ovate-lanceolate,  9-nerved,  12-18  mm. 
long,  the  awn  2-4  mm.  long;  palea  linear,  pectinate-ciliate,  in- 
«ourved,  10  mm.  long.     Grain  conduplicate. 

AVashington  (l).  C.),Vasei/  750;  Mississippi,  Tracy;    Colorado, 
Cassidy;  Texas,  Jenny. 


FKSTITCK.K.  617 

Tfixas  to  Arizona. 

Tliis  lias  been  cultivated  for  fodjler  to  ii  limited  extent,  l»ut 
doubtless  almost  every  re<,Mon  wliicli  can  <iro\v  tliis  can  livow  sonie- 
thin}X  b(!ttev.  At  one  time  it  was  extensively  advertised  under  ono 
or  both  of  the  al)ovo  eumnion  names. 

l.>.  15.  nuizjiroioiis  Fisch.  &  Mey.  Ind.  Sem.  llort.  Potrop. 
3::J0  (18:50). 

A  soft  nodding  annual  or  biennial,  20-50  cm.  liigli.  Leaves  5 
to  7,  s()ft-pu])e.scent,  ligule  about '.'  mm.  long;  blades  ilat,  7-10  cm. 
long,  .'5  mm.  wide.  I'anicle  at  leiigtb  nodding,  10-1")  nim.  long, 
riiys  in  tbrees  to  fives,  the  longest  5-7  cm.  long,  usually  bearing 
single  spikelets.  Spikelets  nodding,  ovate-oblong,  compressed, 
lO-lo-llowered.  2-2.5  cm.  long,  joint  of  raeliilla  \.'>  mm.  long; 
first  glume  ovate-oblong,  almost  acute,  ;}-r)-nerved,  '>-()  mm.  long, 
second  broadly  oval,  acute  or  obtuse,  7-nerved,  7-8  mm.  long;  fioral 
glume  compressed,  broadly  oval  or  rliombic-obovate  when  s])read, 
9-nerved,  awn  seldom  1  mm.  long;  i)alca  obtuse,  i)ectiuate-ciliato 
on  tbe  keels,  about  G  mm.  long. 

Vermont,  Pritif/Ie;  Nevada,  Tracy. 

Introduced  into  cultivation  as  an  ornamental  grass  from  south- 
eastern J^^uropo.  It  lias  considerably  tbe  api)earance  of  Briza 
maxinM. 

\A.  B.  SQUAUROSUS  L.  8p.  PI.  70  (1753).  />'.  hii-Kiihis  Scbrank, 
Denkscbr.  Bot.  Ges.  Regensb.  IGl  (ISIS). 

A  soft  slender  erect  grass,  30-40  cm.  bigb.  Slieatlis  ])ubescent, 
shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  short;  blades  3  in  number,  fiat, 
pubescent  or  scabrid,  5-10  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide.  I'anicle  simple, 
6-10  cm.  long,  rays  in  twos,  threes,  or  fours,  filiform,  llexuose,  the 
longest  4-5  cm.  long,  bearing  a  single  spikelet.  Si)ikelets  fiat.  sca1)rid, 
linear  or  ovate,  elliptical,  8-10-fiowered,  joint  of  raeliilla  l.f)  mm. 
long;  first  empty  glume  ovate,  acute,  5-nerved,  5  mm.  long,  second 
acute,  7-uerved,  7  mm.  long;  fioral  glume  oval-obovate.  0-nervcd, 
10  mm.  long,  apex  entire  or  notched,  hardly  acute,  awns  of  lower 
fiorets  5  mm.  long,  straight,  those  above  10  mm.  long,  bent 
and  slightly  twisted;  palea  oblanceolate,  8  mm.  long,  pectinate 
ciliate. 


618  I'uAri:.!:. 

The  plant  seen  for  (lo.scripiion  cjinie  from  Italy  from  the  Her- 
barium of  I.  Hurk,  uiid  is  now  owned  l»y  !•'.  \u  Scribner. 

15.  u.  iioKDKACKis  T..  Sp.  ri.  ;;  (i;r>:{).    //.  hio/UsI,.  sp.  v\. 

Ed.  2:llii  {l:^'>'l). 

A  tomt'Utosoor  iiiib('S(!ont^dim('oiis>_M'(rn  eroctor^^'cniculiiteiri'iif^!^. 
30-50  cm.  hijj:li.  Shi'iitlis  id)oiil  tho  Iciifftli  of  the  intornodcs;  li^iiilc 
1  mm.  long;  blatU's  Hat,  4-5  in  niinihcr,  S-15  cm.  lony;,  4-('»  nun. 
wi(U'.  Panich'O  void,  erect  or  noddinu;.  rays  in  fours  or  lives,  I'cw- 
llowered,  the  lonj^est  3-4  cm.  Ion;,'  beside  the  spikelets,  but  most  of 
them  less  tlum  I  cm.  long.  S[iikclets  0-10-llowered,  oblong,  acute, 
sliglitly  compressed,  1.5-'i  cm.  long,  joints  of  the  racliilla  I  nun. 
h»ng;  emi)ty  glumes  ovate,  acute,  lirst  ;j-5-nerved,  G-S  nun.  long, 
second  T-D-iu'rved.  8-10  nun.  long;  lloral  glume  oval-obovate,  5-T- 
nerved,  billd.  (5-8  nun.  long,  tlie  awn  from  the  sinus  0-8  mm.  long; 
palea  pectinate-ciliate,  reaching  neai'ly  to  the  simis  of  its  glume, 
(irain  linear,  ilat.  licgardcd  by  Bentham  as  only  a  variety  or  form 
of  fi.  (inu'iiniK  L.,  but  usually  named  as  above. 

IVruisylvauia,  Ciuthy  for  ('lark  ISi'ii'i)  jMicliigan,  Beal  140;  Cal- 
ifornia, Pruif/h: 

Introduced  from  Europe  into  nu-adowa  and  lawns. 

16.  B.  ciliatus  L.  Sp.  PI.  7(5  (1:53).  B.  Canmli-nsis  ^lichx. 
Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:G5  (1803).  B.  pithescem  Muhl.  Willd.  Euum. 
Ilort.  Berol.  120  (1809). 

Au  erect  jjerennial,  60-90  or  even  150  cm.  high.  Sheaths 
longer  than  the  internodes.  smooth,  scabrous,  or  hairy;  ligulealirm 
ring,  1  nun.  or  less  in  length ;  blades  G-0  or  rarely  14  in  number,  ilat  or 
involute  above  when  dry,  tapering  toward  the  base,  smooth,  scabrous 
or  somewhat  hairy,  20-30  cm.  long,  5-10-17  mm.  wide.  Panicle 
open,  oval  ov  pyramidal,  slightly  nodding,  10-25  cm.  long,  rays  in 
twos,  threes,  or  fours,  the  longest  0-10  cm.  long,  branching  near 
the  middle,  each  bearing  1-2  or  few  spikelets.  Spikelets  terete- 
lanceolate  when  young,  but  when  older  flattened,  oblong  or  oval- 
cuneate,  7-12-flowered,  longest  joint  of  racliilla  1.5-2  mm.  long, 
with  a  few  hairs  at  least  on  the  convex  side;  first  empty  glume 
compressed,  linear-lanceolate,  5.5-7  mm.  long,  usually  1-nerved, 
sometimes  3-nerved,  both  forms  on  the  same  panicle,  seconil  glume 


FESTI'CE/E.  619 

sli^'htly  compresaod,  linear,  7-9  mm.  lonjr,  IJ-norved,  usually  obtuse 
wlicti  s))ri'a(L  mucroiialo,  appoariiij,'  ucu<c  owinj,'  to  the  itivolutioiis 
of  the  mar^riiis  near  tlu;  apex,  rarely  acute;  lloral  <,'liimt'  almost 
ioiiikIimI  oh  tlui  back  below,  usually  coinpresseil  ab(>ve  wlieu  in 
lliiwcr,  or  later  narrowly  elliptical,  apex  nearly  flat,  entire,  obtuse, 
when  spread,  lO-K!  mm.  lon^^  T-tU'rved,  the  alternate  nerves  lon;r<'r, 
jiubescent  near  the  marjiins,  usually  on  the  lower  hall'  only,  awn 
back  of  the  a)>e.\.  about  4  mm.  lon^';  jmleu  linear,  jiectinate-(!iliate, 
8-10  mm.  lonj,'. 

Massachusi  tis,  Unil  1  Ki ;  Miehifjan.  I)(iiifihis  lldinihldti.  Utal 
14-'.  144.  14.'),  /'.  E.  low,  WhcchrXU,  \A'.\\  Ohio,  Fraid-  in  is:!r; 
l(jwa.  AilliKi' "t'.W  of  tlu'  I'.  S.  Dcpt.  Ajjricul. ;  Minnesota,  Aiiliur 
W  .').  Siii/i//irrf/  1,  4!t!);  Kansas,  J'cfrr  Frlkrr:  Colorado.  Ciissii/i/; 
Wyoming',  /liijfinn  ('  ;i();  Montana.  Srrihni'r.  ]\  i//itiiiis.  Andirson 
10:  Ari/(uia,  Toinncij  7l<»;  Washin<,'toii,  Lokv;  ()re<f(»n.  Ctisivlc 
1-.'S1I;  ('alir(.rnia.  .hmvs  ;.':.'ST. 

Var.  Coloradensis  Vasey,  Hull.  Torr.  Club,  15:10(l.S8,s).  A 
small  form:  llorets  W-'i:   iloral  ylume  <lensely  (»ubescent. 

\'ar.  minor  Munro:  N'asey.  (Irassi-s  V.  S.  l)ept.  Aj,'rie.  Spec. 
l{ej)t.  44  (lSs:5).  name  only.  About  40  cm.  hiirh:  leaves  nearly 
smooth;  panicle  (1-S  cm.  long;  .spikelets  l.'i-lS  mm.  long,  llorets 
(J-7  mm.  long. 

Texas,  JLtntrd.  XeaUi'n;  Arizona,  Jones  4071. 

Yarmontanis  Vasey,  Bot.  Wheel.  Exi)d.  '^\)-l  (1878). 

Culms  ;J0-()0  cm.  high;  panicle  erect;  spikelets  5-(»-llowered. 

Colorado,  J'df/ernon  ~(34,  also  found  in  Arizona. 

Var  pauciflorus  Vasey,  Macoun,  Cat.  4:  "^38  (1888).  Plants  60 
cm.  high,  slender,  smooth,  spikelets  5-10  in  number  and  in  a  raceme, 

Oregon,  Howell. 

Var.  purgans  (L.)  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  1,  noo  (1848).  B.  jmr- 
f/a)is  L.  Sp.  PI.  70  (1753).  Floral  glume  clothed  over  the  back 
with  api)rcssed  hairs. 

17.   B.  uiGAXTKis  L.  Sp.  PI.  77  (1753). 

An  erect  glabrous  perennial,  90-120  cm.  high.  Sheaths 
smooth,  about  as  long  as  the  internodes;  ligule  a  mere  ring;  blades 
Hat,  scabrous  above,  30  cm.  long,  10-15  mm.  wide.     Panicle  loose, 


620  i'.)A«  i;.K. 

(lr()0[)ing,  20-30  cm.  long,  nivrt  Kcuibrous,  nlnglc  or  in  pairs, 
8-imgl»'(l,  tliu  lowest  rcniotc.  10  cm.  long,  lu'sidcs  tlio  spikdcta, 
which  uro  few  and  liorno  ubovcithc  middle.  S[»ikelets  ll-r.-llowercd, 
joint  ol"  riichillii  'i  mm.  long;  lirst  empty  glume  iiwl-sliaped. 
l-nerved,  (i  mm.  long,  second  linear-laneeolute,  ;j-neived,  8-1)  mm. 
long;  lloral  glume  wabrons, lance-elliptical,  obscurely  r)-nerved.  S-!) 
mm.  long,  including  two  very  short  hyaline  points,  awn  slender, 
15-;iO  mm.  long;  paluii  scubroua  on  tlio   kecU,  laucu-uUiptical,  H 

mm.  long. 

Introduced  from  liussia. 

IS.  B.  KHK.rris  lluds.  Fl.  Angl.  Ed.  1,  30  (1702).  //.  aririisis 
Lam.  Fl.  Fr.  3 :  007  (1778).  7,'.  (t(/rvsf,\s  All.  Fl.  IVd.  2 :  "AU  ( 1 ;  sr,). 
Ji.  asjwr  I'all.  Ind.  Taur.  ex  l»eb.  Fl.  Taur.  Cauc.  1:73  (1808). 
li.  (Oii/iis/ifoliiis  Schrank,  Baier.  Fl.  1 :  3(50  (1811).  /Iro/im/isis 
crecia  Fourn.  Ann.  Soc.  Linn.  Lyon,  ^'.  S.  17:187  (18(19). 

An  erect  glaucous-green  perennial,  30-(J0  cm.  high,  from  short, 
stout  rootstocks.       Sheaths  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  internodes. 
pubescent;  ligulo  tt  mere  callus  or  ring;  blades  thiidy  pubescent, 
narrow,  involute,  those  of  the  sterile  shoots  30  cm.  long,  those  of 
the  culm    '■  in  number,  10-15  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide.      I'aiucle 
strict,  linear,  10-12  (!m.  long,  2-3  cm.  wide,  rays  sciibious,  in  twos 
and  threes,  the  longest  3-5  cm.  long,  bearing  2-3  spikelets,  mostly 
on  !  hort  i)edicols.     Spikelets  linear,  often  tinged  with  purple.  ()-10. 
flowered,  joint   of   rachilla   3   mm.  long;    first  glume   lanceolate, 
l-nerved,  7-9  mm.  long,  second  linear-hmceolate,  3-nerved,  9-10 
mm.  long;  lloral  glume  scabrid,  lant!e-oval,  5-nerved,  10-12  mm. 
long,   in(^luding   the   2    hyaline  jjoints,  awn    5    mm.    long;   palea 
linear,  ciliate  on  the  keels,  10  mm.  long. 

Vermont,  Pringle  for  TJ.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  738;  Mississipi)i, 
Tracy;  California,  Jones  3270. 

Introduced  from  Euro})e. 

19.  li.  TKCTOKUM  L.  Sp.  ri.  77  (1753).  B.  avenaceus  Lam. 
Illustr.  J  :  194  (1791).  B.  abort ijlonis  St.  Amans,  Fl.  Agen.  44 
(1811).     AnUanfhaiJontim  C.  Koch,  Linmea  21:  394  (1848). 

A  rather  soft  and  slender  perennial,  20-70  cm.  high.  Sheaths 
pubescent,  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  very  short;  blades  4 


KKS'ircK.K. 


(521 


ill  iiuiiilu'i-,  Hut,  Mol'tly  pul)L'sct'nt,  5-10  cm.  lon^',  2-3  mm  wido. 
riuiido  |»ynimi(lul,  7-iy  cm.  long,  rayH  very  bIi-ikKt,  llexnosio  in 
liult'-wli(trl.s  of  4-0,  the  longivst  4-5  cm.  long  hoidfrf  tin-  wpikolot, 
ciich  iicaring  1-4  idiltosct-nt  spikclets.  Spikt-lnt.s  slcnMcr,  .'>  (J- 
flowori'il,  joint  of  racliillu  1)  mm.  long;  empty  gin iiu-s  nurrow,  with 
hIciuUm',  liyulino  points,  first  l-ntTveil.  0  mm.  l(Mig,  stTond  li-nt'iVfd. 
8-I(>  mm.  long;  llonil  ghimc  mirrowly  flliptical,  •'i-T-norvcd,  Id  I-.* 
mm.  long  including  tiio  liyulini*  ti't-tli  at  the  upcx,  uwn  l()-:.'()  mm. 
long;  paloa  shortor.  (jrain  coticave,  round  on  the  hack,  7-.S  mm. 
long. 

('.   S.   Dcpl.   Aiji'inil.   Tr)5;  \'frmont.  /'n'lif/k;  Massacdnisotts, 
L.  II,  /tdilri/j  New  .ItM'.sey,  *SV7*/7iwt'r  ;jj1T  u 

Introduced  from  Kuropo. 

20.  B.  Pumpellianus  Sciihn.  I^nll.  'i'oir.  Cluh,  15:9  (18SS). 

An  crccit  .stout  perennial,  5l)-l()(>  mi.  high,  with  creopiug' 
rootfltoeks.  Sheaths  4-r).  smooth,  or  .sjiaringly  pubcacont;  ligiilo 
tirm,  I. it  mm.  long;  hhules  .sjnooth 
below,  scabrous  above.  Hat,  with  long 
involute  points,  tlie  blades  15-25  cm. 
long,  4-8  mm.  broad.  Panicle  iisnally 
erect,  linear,  rather  dense.  8-20  cm. 
long,  rays  2- .')  at  each  joint,  the 
longest  5- 10  cm.  long,  each  bearing 
1-3  spikelets.  S[»ikeli'ts  linear-lanceo- 
late, compressed,  tinged  with  purple, 
4-lO-llowered,  2-4  cm.  long,  the 
longest  joint  of  rachilla  pulH'.scent,  8 
mm.  long;  empty  glumes  smooth,  first 
lineur-lanceohite,  l-nervcd,  5-9  mm. 
long,  second  elliptioal-lanceolati',  o- 
itevred,  7-11  mm.  long;  lloral  glume 
softly  pubescent,  oval-lanceolate,  T-9-nerved,  the  lateral  nerves 
obscure,  10-17  mm.  long,  including  the  eiitin;  acute  a])e.\,  nwu  2-t> 
mm.  long  ;  palea  linear,  13  mm.  long,  finely  ciliate  on  the  kecl.-^. 

(Colorado,   Vusey  for   U.    S.    Dept.    Agricul.    740;    Wyoming, 
Bujfum  C  35. 


m 


Fio.  116. — Bromns  PuinpclU- 
anus.  A,  .'^pikelet  ;  a,  llorot. 
(.Sciibner.) 


^22  i'OACE.E. 

Nearly  allied  to  B.  hreviaridatus.     The  itiilicized  words  above 
mark   the   most  distinctive   points  which  separate  this   from   B. 

(jfcridrisfatufi- 

IJocky  ^louiitains,  Coloi'ado  to  Montana. 

Var.  Tweedyi  Scribii.  ined. 

Panicle  villous,  smaller,  rather  slender,  more  pubescent. 

Montana,  Tweedy  5S;. 

•>1     r,     ssi-KU  Murr.    Prod.   Stirp.  Gott.  42   (ITTO).     B.  alt  is- 

,i,HHs  Web.  Wi-.  J'riin.  Fl.  Hols.  9  (1780),  teste  Kunth.     Fe^Uica 
a.prnt  M.  &.  K.  Deutsch.  Fl.  1 :  07-2  (IS:>:5). 

An   erect  annual    or   perennial,    00-150    cm.    high.     Sheaths 
clotlu'd  more  or  less  with  relloxed  hairs;  ligule  short;  blades  5-0, 
iUit,  scabrous  or  thinly  pubescent,  3-4  cm.  long,  5-8  mm.   wide. 
Panicle  open.  8-15  cm.  long,  lowest  rays  scabrous,  mostly  m^  twos 
ami  threes,  the  longest  8-10  cm.  long,  branched  sparingly.     Spike- 
lets  ol)U.ng   or   lanceolate,    compressed,    O-lO-ilowered,    2-3    cm. 
Ion.-,  joint   or   rachilla  scabrid,  with    few  iiairs,   3.5   nun.    long  ; 
lirst  enu.ty  glume  lanceolate,    1-nerved,  0  mm.  long,  second  oval- 
lanceolate,    3-nerved,    9  mm.     long,    with    the    apex    mucronate; 
iloral   glume    scabrid,   hairy,   elliptical-lanceolate,  5-7-nerved,    13 
1  nn.  long  including  the  very  short  teeth,  awn  5-8  mm.  long;  palea 
narrowly  ol^lanceolate,  short-ciliato  on  the  keels,  9-10  mm.  long. 
Michigan  (near  Lansing),  Bailey  in  1880. 
Introduced  from  Europe. 

22.  B.  Orcuttianus  Vasey,  Coult.  Bot.  Caz.  10:223  (1885). 
An  erect  perennial,  leafy  below,  scabrous  above,   90-120  cm. 
hi<rh;   nodes  pubescent.     Sheaths  pubescent;   Hguie  firm,   1  mm. 
long;  blades  4,  besides  several  crowded  near  tlie  base  of  the  culm,  or 
8  cm  tall  plants  from  the  forest,  erect,  firm,  nearly  smooth,  10-15- 
30  cm.  long,  5-9  mm.  wide.     Panicle  erect,  thin,  10-15  cm.  long, 
ravs  in  twos  and  threes,  the  longest  3-5  cm.  long,  not  including 
the  2-3  spikclets,  spreading.     Spikelets  4-8-fiowered,  longest  jomt 
of  rachilla  scabrous,  3.5  mm.  long,  first  empty  glume  linear,  acute, 
1-3-nerved,  7  mm.  long,  secoiul  Ihiear,  almost  acute,  3-nerved,  9- 
11  mm.  long;  floral  glume  scabrous-pubescent,  round  on  the  back, 
lance-elliptical,  5-7-nerved,  10-12  mm.  long,  apex  entire,  obtuse, 


FKS'irCK.K.  62'6 

awn  4-8  mm.  long;  palea  linoar,  uiievoiily  oiliato  on  tlio  keels,  nearly 
as  long  as  its  glume. 

Washington,    Suksdorf,    HoiocU ;    Oregon,    Howell;    .southern 
Calitornia,  Palmer,  5*iJ.'j  ;  Lower  (."alifornia,  Orcutt, 

Wasliiuglon  to  southern  Calirornia. 

~»:5.  B.  Suksdorfti  Vasey,  Coult.  Bot.  Chi?..  10:223  (1885). 

A  stout  ereet  tufted  smootli  perennial,  60-80  cm.  Iiigli. 
Sheaths  smooth,  all  exeept  the  lower,  shorter  than  the  internodes; 
ligule  thick,  1  mm.  long;  hlade,  Ti-Gs  ereet,  ilat,  smootli,  rather 
ahruptly  jminted,  8-15  cm.  long,  0-8  mm.  wide.  I'aniclo  erect, 
linear,  7-10  em.  long;  rays  in  twos  and  threes,  the  longest  ;]~4  em. 
long,  bearing  2-3  spikelets.  Spikelets  linear-laneeolate,  3-5- 
flowered,  longest  joint  of  rat'iiilla  seabrous,  3  mm.  long;  em])ty 
glumes  smootli,  scarcely  acute,  lirst  lanceolate,  3-nerved,  the  lateral 
nerves  obscure,  n  mm.  long,  second  oldong-lanceolate,  3-nerved,  12 
mm.  long;  floral  glume  oblong-lanceolate,  round  on  the  back,  softly 
pubescent.  r)-T-nerved,  12-11  mm.  long,  including  tlie  entire  rather 
obtuse  apex,  awn  1  mm.  long,  leaving  its  glume  on  the  back  a  little 
below  thea})ex;  palea  linear,  finely  pectinate-ciliate,  3  mm.  shorter 
than  its  glume. 

Washington,  Suksdorf ;  Orvgon,  IlouM'll. 

Wasliington  and  Oregon,  7000  feet  above  the  sea. 

24.  B.  breviaristatus  (Hook.)  liuckl.  I'roc  Acad.  Phila.  98 
(18<;:)).  CcnUuchloa  breviariskda  llook.  Fl.  l?or.  Am.  2:353 
(1840). 

A  rather  stoitt  erect  jierennial,  50-70  cm.  high.  Sheaths 
about  the  length  of  the  internodes,  often  })ubescent;  ligule  1  mm. 
long;  blades  4  in  number,  flat,  pubescent  or  scabrous,  12-20  cm. 
long,  4-8  mm.  wide.  Panicle  loose,  mostly  erect,  10-20  cm.  long, 
rays  erect,  in  twos  or  tlirees  or  often  single,  the  longest  5-7  cm. 
long,  not  including  the  1-3  spikelets.  S[>ikelets  lanceolate,  com- 
pressed, scabrid,  G-8-flo\vered,  joint  of  racdiilla  scabrid,  3  mm. 
long,  first  empty  glume  lanceolate,  3-nerved,  8-10  mm.  long,  second 
oval-lanceolate,  5-7-nerved,  10-12  mm.  long;  fioral  glume  shortly 
pubescent  or  scabrous,  elliptical-lanceolate,  obscurely  7-nerved, 
11-13  mm.  long,  including  3  very  short  tips,  awn  3-8  mm.  long; 


pulea  lanceolate,  pectiuate-ciliate,  7-9  mm.  long.     Grain   condn- 

plicate. 

Micl.iKan,  (Petoskey)  Wlwdcr,  (Charlevoix)  Spalding;  Wyom- 
ing Biifuni  c  ;}4;  Montana,  Amlerson  VZ,  13,  WilUams ;  Vtuh, 
jr^es  •■Vanconver  Island,  J/aco..«  ;  Washington,  Lake,  Smnlhcrg 
450  ;  Oregon,  Ihwell  Joi-  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricnl.  743  ;  California, 
Jones  2487,   3V08  ;  Arizona,  Pr/»r;/(^  Tracy,  Tourney  747. 

Nortliei  n  ^liclngan,  Kooky  Mountains  to  Oregon. 

25    B.  Kalmii  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  1:G00  (1848).      B.  eiUafus 
Mnhl.  firani.  100  (1817),  not  L.    B.  pnryans  Torr.  Fl.  ^^  Y.  2:408 

(1843),  not  L. 

An   erect   slender  perennial,    00-90   cm.  high,  with   droopmg 
panicles.     Sheaths  mostly  shorter  than  the  internodcs;  ligule  about 
0  5  mm.  long ;  blades  4-5,  usually  conspicuously  hairy,  flat  or  becom- 
in-  invoh;te  in  adry  climate,  12-18  cm.  long,  5-8  mm.  wide.     Pani- 
clls-lScm.  long,    ravs   slender,   mostly   in  twos   and  threes,  the 
longest   4-G    cm.    long,    bearing   1-2   spikelets.       Spikdcts   oval, 
drooping,    7-13-flowcred,   the  glumes  densely  silky  all  over,  espe- 
cially the  floral  glume,  joint  o\'  rachilla  pubescent,  about  2  mm. 
lono-    first   glume   linear-lanceolate,     3-nerved,    5-G    mm.    long, 
secoiid  oval,  scarcely  acute,  7-nerved,  7    mm.   long;  floral  glume 
round  on  the  back,  oval,  obtuse,  even  near  the  apex  when  mature, 
7-0-nervod,   9-U  mm.  long;  awu  2-3  mm.     long;    palea  linear, 
strongly  pectinate-ciliate,  7  mm.  long.      Di:  Gray  was  folio   ed  m 
some  respects  in  the  above  description. 

Michigan,  Beal  d-  Wheeler  147;  ^linuesota,  Art/arrj  Montana, 

Anderson.  . 

Dry  grounds,  New  England,  New  York,  Michigan,  Montana, 

and  northward. 

Var.  occidentalis  Vasey,  ined. 

Blades  narrower,  not  so  hairy,  joint  of  rachilla  3  mm.  long, 
first  glume  obtuse,  5-7.5  mm.  long,  second  oval,  almost  obtuse, 
6-8  5''mm.  long;  floral  glume  with  shorter  hairs. 

Montana,    Canby  di   Scrihier    384,   Anderson    11;  Colorado, 

Cassidy. 

llocky  Mountains. 


FESrUCE.E.  625 

26.  B.  SECALiNusL.  Sp.  PI.  ro  (1T5;3).  Ciikss.  Cheat.  B. 
arvensis  Oed.  Fl.  Dau.  t.  293  (Koy).  B.  baiknsis  C.  Gruel.  Fl. 
Bad.  4:75.  t.  5  (183G).  B.  Billotii  Scli.  Bip.  Fl.  3:2:333  (ISIO). 
B.  Ehrlmrfi  Claud.  Itoem.  Collect.  10.  B.  (jrosaus  D  C.  Fl.  Fr. 
3:  08  (1805).  B.  honlmreus  D  C.  Gmel.  Fl.  Bad.  4:  GS  (1805-:i(;j. 
B.  via.n'miis  Gilib.  Exercit.  2:535.  B.  ttHidtiH  Dum.  Ob.s.  (Jrain. 
Belg.  llt)(18;23).     B.  scijvfalisA.  liraun,  Xym.  Consp.  S?Jl  (1878). 

All  erect  stout  annual,  nearly  smooth,  30-120  em.  liiuii. 
Sheaths  about  the  length  of  the  internodes;  ligule  1.5  mm.  long; 
blades  4  in  iiumber;  scabrid  above,  12-20  em.  long,  4-0  cm.  wide. 
Panicle  oblong,  8-18  cm.  long,  rays  in  threes,  fours,  and  fives,  the 
longest  0-7  cm.  long,  benring  a  few  spikelets  near  the  end.  Spikelets 
compressed,  oblong-ovate,  8-lG  mm.  long,  5-10-llowereil;  joints  of 
rachilla  nearly  2  mm.  long,  first  empty  glume  ovate-acute,  3-nerved, 
5  mm.  long,  seeoiul  broadly  oval,  mucroiuite,  7-nerved,  0  mm.  long; 
floral  glume  broadly  oval  when  spread,  7-i)-nerved,  at  length  coria- 
ceous, 7  mm.  long,  awn  variable,  usually  5  mm.  or  less  long;  palea 
as  long  as  its  glume,  pectinate-ciliate.  Grain  in  section  shaped 
like  a  horseshoe.  Kegarded  1)y  Bentham  as  only  a  variety  or  form 
of  B.  arrrnsis  L. 

Pennsylvania,  SrrUnicr  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  749;  Michi- 
gan, Conlcy,  Bcdl  148,  149,  151,   W/icekr  150. 

Introduced  from  Europe  and  too  common  in  fields  of  winter 
wheat. 

27.15.  KACKMOsus  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2:114  (1702).  Cjirss. 
CiiKAT.  B.  (inriisis  Knap[),  Gram,  lirit.  /.  82  (1804),  not  L. 
B.  comnmtatns  Schrad.  Fl.  (ierm.  1:353  (1800).  B.  af/rariiis 
Ilornung,  Steud.  ^'om.  Ed.  2.  t.  22G  (1841). 

An  erect  annual,  00-90  cm.  high.  Sheaths  half  or  two-tliirds 
as  long  as  the  internodes:  ligule  2  mm.  long;  blades  and  slu'aths 
smooth  or  more  often  pubescent,  4  in  number,  8-15  cm.  long,  3-6 
mm.  Avidc.  Panicle  narrow,  about  15  cm.  long,  rays  in  threes, 
fours,  and  fives,  the  longest  4-5  cm.  long,  besides  the  spikelet. 
Spikelet  ovate-lanceolate,  G-10-flowercd,  15-25  mm.  long,  joint  of 
rachilla  nearly  2  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  oval,  acute,  nearly 
smooth,  first  3-uerved,  6  mm.  long,  second  7-nerved,  8  mm.  long; 


626  POACE.E. 

floral  glume  oval-obovate,  5-7-uervcd,  bifid,  7-8  mm.  long,  the 
awn  from  the  sinus  about  the  length  of  its  glume;  i»alea  pectinate- 
ciliate,  extending  nearly  to  tlie  sinus. 

Ilooker  in  his  Britisli  Flora  says:  "  Very  similar  to  J5.  imillis, 
but  subglabrous,  often  3-3  ft.,  rigid;  leaves  rigid,  more  ciliate; 
branches  of  panicle  3-5-nate,  long  and  slender;  spikelets  narrower, 
more  acute,  scabrid;  empty  glumes  inirrower,  esiiecially  the 
lower;  floral  glume  broadest  above  the  middle,  margin  obtusely 
angled." 

Dr.  Thurber  in  Bot.  Calif,  says:  *'  Some  European  botanists 
regard  this  species,  B.  mollis  and  B.  secalunis,  all  as  varieties  of 
B.  arvensis." 

Vermont,  Pritnjh;  Massachusetts,  Deal  IT)"?,  153;  Pennsyl- 
vania, Scribner  for  U.  S.  l)ept.  Agricul.  747;  iMichigan,  Farwell; 
Washington,  Lake. 

Introduced  from  Europe. 

28.  B.  AiiVEXsis  L.  Sp.  PI.  77  (1753).  B.  althsimus  Gilil). 
Exercit.  '2 :  537. 

An  erect  annual  or  biennial,  often  softly  downy,  30-00-00  cm. 
high.  Sheaths  mostly  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  2  mm. 
long;  blades  Hat,  6-13  cm.  long,  3-3  nmi.  wide.  Panicle  erect  or 
at  length  nodding,  oval,  8-15  mm.  long,  rays  in  threes  to  lives,  the 
longest  4-5  cm.  long,  usually  bearing  a  single  spikelet.  Spikelets 
slightly  compressed,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  0-10-flowered, 
15-25  mm.  long,  joint  of  rachilla  over  1  mm.  long,  ihst  empty 
ghime  lanceolate,  3-5-nerved,  5-0  mm.  long,  second  oval,  acute, 
7-nerved,  6-7  mm.  long;  floral  glume  oval,  acute,  or  sometimes 
almost  rhombic-obovate,  7-9  mm.  long,  the  awn  3-7  mm.  long; 
palea  linear,  pectinate-ciliate.     Grain  involute. 

New  Jersey,  Scribn.  for  V.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  730;  Michigan, 
Beal  154. 

Bentiiam  in  his  British  Flora  says:  "  Many  of  the  forms  assumed 
by  this  ubiquitous  species,  difficult  as  they  are  to  distinguish,  and 
passing  gradually  into  one  another,  have  been  universally  recog- 
nized as  species,  although  with  characters  very  differently  marked 
-out  by  ditfereut  authors."     lie  includes  as  varieties  or  forms  of  the 


FKSTrci'LE. 


627 


above  B.  secalimis  L.,  B.  mollis  L.,  B.  racemosus  L.,  B.  mnlti- 
jlonis  L. 

Iiitroduceil  from  Europe. 

135.  (2()4).  Beachypodium  Beauv.  Agrost.  100  (1812).  7>/.s'- 
lichcla  Elirli.  Bortr.  4 :  14S  (ITS!)).  Trachynia  Link,  llort.  Borol. 
1  :  4.:  (lH'i7).     Iletnibromus  Steiul.   Syn.  PI.  Griini.  1  :  317  (Lsaa). 

Spikiilt'ts  niiiiiy-flowert'd,  coin])resse(l  or  snbterete,  few  in  ji 
simple  spike,  subsessile  or  witli  fc„  )vi  pedicels,  rjicliilla  ;.diibroiis, 
jirtieulute  between  tbe  florets.  Empty  glumes  shorter  thau  the 
llorul  gliimo,  shortly  uwjied  or  awn- 
k'ss;  lloral  glume  firm,  narrow,  round 
on  the  back,  T-9-nerved,  entire  or 
producing  a  sliort  awn;  palca  but 
little  shorter  tlian  its  glu»ne,  bi'oad, 
2-keeled,  eiliate.  Stamens  3,  rarely 
3.  Ovary  ciliate,  styles  very  short. 
Grain  linear  or  narrowly  oblong, 
flattened  on  tlie  back,  grooved  or 
concave  in  front,  adhering  more  or 
less  to  ghime  and  palea. 

Erect  perennials  or  annuals, 
blades  flat  or  involute,  terete. 
Spikek'ts  distant. 

'I'lierc   are   six    to   eight   species 
found  in  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  Mex- 
ico,   and    South   America,   three  of  A 
which  belong  in  North  America.  ^ 

1.  B.  Pringlei  Scribn.  ined. 

.    1         1     i    (?i.    1     1      1      1  1      Fig.  117. — BracJn/podii/m  Mixira. 

A  densely  tufted  slender  branch-     „„„,     Spikeletl     A,     empiy 

ing  perennial,  erect  or  ditfuse,  20-70  Kl'inu's;  n,  b,  views  of  11. .ret. 
cm.  bigh.     Culms  slender,  sometimes 

capillar}',  nodes  pilose.  Sheatbs  often  loose;  ligule  very  short; 
blades  of  the  culm  variable,  firm  and  closely  involute,  rigid,  3-4  cm. 
long,  or  thin,  flat,  scabrid,  10-15  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  wide,  ta[)ering 
froTU  the  middle  toward  each  end.  Spikes  bearing  4-G  erect 
spikelets,  which  are  linear,  5-9-flowered,  lG-23  cm.  long.     Empty 


028  POAC'E.E. 

glumes  linear,  obtuse,  S-ncrved,  first  4  mm.  long,  second  about 
5  mm.  long;  floral  gluiiie  about  (i  mm.  long;  palea  G.5  mm.  long, 
spatulatc-linear  before  s[)roatliiig,  rovolutc. 

]\[exico,  I'l-imjlc  ;>5-3.5  in  1889. 

^loist  banks  near  Moiiteroy. 

'2.  B.  Mexicana  (IJ.  «!t  S.)  Link,  Ilort.  Berol.  1:41  (1827). 
Fvxtvm  Me.rinnia  \{.  Ik  S.  Sy.st.  3:733  (1817).  F.  srahm 
Lag.  (jen.  et  Sf).  Nov.  4  (181()). 

A  slender  brandling  perennial,  30-30  cm.  high,  with  a  few  root- 
stocks.  Culms  slender,  nodes  smooth.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the 
internodes;  ligule  about  0.5  mm.  long;  blades  mostly  Hat,  seabrid, 
pungent-pointed,  3-4  cm.  long,  1.5-3.5  mm.  wide,  tapering 
towards  the  base.  Spikes  bearing  1-3  erect  linear-lanceolate  spike- 
lets,  3-G-flowered,  1.5-3  cm.  long;  empty  glumes  ovate-lanceo- 
late, abruptly  pointed,  first  5-nervcd,  5-G  mm.  long,  second  7-9- 
nerved,  7-8  mm.  long:  floral  glume  elliptical,  7-nerved,  8  mm, 
long,  the  terminal  awn  3-4  mm.  long. 

Mexico,  Pringle  4331. 

Triije   XIL— HORDEiE. 

Spikelets  1-many-flowcred,  sessile  in  the  alternate  notches  oi 
the  rachis  of  a  simple  spike,  rachilla  usually  i)roduced  beyond  the 
upi)er  floret. 

i;5('..  (205).  LOLIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  83  (1753).  CnrpaUa  Schrank, 
I'.aier.  Fl.  1:103.  382  (1789).  Cn/j)f/iri(s  Link,  Limuva.  17:387 
(1843).     Ai-throrhortus  Lowe,  Hook.  Kew.  Journ.  8:301  (1850). 

S[)ikelets  several-flowered,  sessile,  single  (or  al)normally  branch- 
ing) at  each  joint  of  the  single  S2)ike,  distichous,  compressed,  turn- 
ing one  edge  (or  the  backs  of  one  row  of  glumes)  to  the  rachis; 
I'achilla  articulate  between  the  florets,  which  are  jierfect,  or  the 
upj)er  one  imperfect.  fJlumes  firm,  5-7-nerved,  round  on  the 
l)ack,  not  keeled,  obtuse,  acute,  acumiiuite  or  the  Tii;rves  above  ex- 
tending into  an  awn;  the  lower  glume  of  the  lateral  spikelets  and 
the  3  lower  glumes  of  the  terminal  spikelets  empty;  palea  shortei 
than  the  floral  glume,  narrow,  2-keeled.     Stamens  three.     Styles 


IlOUDKiE.  020 

distinct,  vory  short,  with  feuthi'iT  stigniiis.  Gi'iiiu  oblong,  ghibi'ous 
whon  niiiturc,  udliering  to  tlie  palt'ti. 

Annuals  or  perennials  with  Ihit  bhulos.  Spikes  terminal,  often 
quite  long. 

According  to  some  authors  tlu'ro  are  twenty  or  more  8i)ecies, 
but  iJcntliatn  roduccil  tliem  to  2  or  3. 

Indigenous  to  Europe,  the  cooler  parts  of  Africaund  Asia;  culti- 
vated in  other  countries  also. 

The  genus  is  at  once  distinguished  from  all  others  of  the 
tribe  by  the  position  of  the  flat  spikelots  with  their  c^Ige  to  the 
racliis. 

1.  Fi.   I'ERENNK  L.  Sp.  PI.  83  (1753).       PkUKN'XIAL  l{YK-(iKAS3 

on  Kay-ouass.  Daknkl.  L.  (lyrcsfe  llort.  Ko-ni.  »S:  Scliidt.  Syst. 
3:748  (1817),  L.  anmmni  Kernh.  Sein.  Ilort.  Erf.  (I8(»l).  L. 
arcnarinni  Kouv.  ]\Ionog.  ;58.  L.  anpcrum  Hoth,  Kunth,  Eiium. 
PI.  1:430  (1833).  L.  rnnadcnsc  Bernli.  Waw.  .>[onog.  37.  L. 
aristatina  Pers.  Syn.  1:110  (1805).  //.  PseiKlo-italinim  >Schur, 
Euum.  PI.  Transs.  81'i  (1SG6).  L.  rcmoium  Schrank,  Baier.  Fl. 
1:382  (1789).  L.  stricfiim  Presl.  Oyp.  &  Gram.  Sicul.  49  (1820). 
L.  temie  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  122  (1703).  L.  vuhjare  ITort,  Gram. 
Austr.  1:25  (1801);  and  other  synonyms. 

A  smooth  erect  or  slightly  decumbent  perennial,  00-90  cm. 
high.  Culms  slightly  compressed.  Ligulc  short;  blades  of  sterile 
shoots  abundant,  shining.  Spike  strict,  10-30  cm.  long,  slender. 
Spikelets  8-20  in  number,  the  lower  often  sej)arated  2-3  cm.,  obtuse 
or  acute,  8-13  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  stiff,  linear-lanceolate, 
strongly  nerved,  shorter  than  the  spikelet;  floral  glume  0-1 G  mm. 
long,  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  acute  or  rarely  short-awned. 

Europe  and  Xorthern  Asia. 

Extensively  cultivated  and  very  variable.  (See  p.  159  and  Fig. 
74  of  Vol.  I.) 

2.  L.  MULTiFLORUM  Lam.  Fl,  Fr.  3:021.  Italian  IIye  ou 
IvAY-GKASS.  L.  ariHtattim  Lag.  Xym.  Consp.  445.  L.  rerhinon 
Opig.  Oekon.  Tcckn.  Fl.  lioehm.  379  (1830).  X.  ehimjatum  llort. 
Rouv.  :Monog.  35.  L.  itaUcum  A.  Br.  Flora,  17:259  (1834);  and 
other  synonyms. 


630  POACILE 

An  annual,  taller  and  more  vif?orous  than  the  apocica;  floral 
glumes  turniinatod  hy  slondur  awns.  Muoh  employed  in  Great 
Hritain  for  irri«j;ated  nu'iidows.     Sec  ]).  101,  Vol.  I. 

Michi^iiin,  Chirk  1081,  jSml  15'),  156. 

3.    L.   TKMLLKNTl  M      L.     .Sp.     IM.    83    (175:}).      POISOX-DAUXKL. 

L.  aujupliriiHi  liell.  Kouv.  Mouog.  4:}.  A.  idhim  Steud.  Noin. 
Ed.  1,  4!>:>  (18'M).  A.  (iHiniiiiii  liiini.  Fl.  Fr.  :):(5v!0  (1TT8).  L. 
(lenpii'iis  Diim.  Ohs.  (iniiii.  liol^.  l>8  (18->;}).  L.  infrlix  KNniv. 
Moiio.ii-.  ;>!).     L.  hidduin  Diim.  1.  c. ;  and  other  syiionynis. 

Aiimiid;  taller  and  stouter  than  L.  perciine.  Empty  .diimes 
equal  or  usually  exceeding  the  5-7-now('red  .spikelet;  floral  -rlume 
shorter,  hroader,  firmer  and  more  turgid  than  in  L.  jHiritne, 
usuiilly  termiuatiug  in  an  awn  as  long  as  tlie  spikelet. 

Europe,   north    Africa,    west    Siberia,  India;    introduced   into 

North  America. 

A  wei'd  in  waste  phices,  seldom  very  common.  Said  to  he  very 
poisonous,  though  this  statement  is  (pu'stioned  hy  many. 

Delaware,  ('(iii/>i/  for  Scribner  3527',  Virginiii,  Chich-rimj  for 
U.  S.  I)ei)t.  Agricul.  700. 

Var.  AUVi'NSK  (With.).     L.  arreiise  With.  Arr.  Brit.  PI.  Ed. 

3,  '-3:108  {\':\m). 

Si)ikelets  more  turgid,  awn  very  short  or  none. 

Europe. 

(15)4).  JouVEAFourn.  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  Belg.  15:475  (1870). 

"Si)ikelets  unisexual,  dia-cious,  very  dissimilar,  the  staminate 
cues  comi)ressed,  many-llowered.  spikatc  on  slender  terminal  or  lat- 
eral pedicels,  rachilla  continuous.  Empty  glumes  2,  thin,  the 
second  1-ncrved  and  longer  than  the  first  (in  old  specimens  the 
empty  glumes,  particularly  the  first,  are  rarely  present) ;  flowering 
<dumes  lonsxer  and  broader,  carinate,  acute,  herhacco-ohartaceous, 
3-nerved;  palea  broad  and  jiromiiK'ntly  24:eeled.  Stamens  3. 
Female  spikes  1-several  in  terminal  fascicles  on  the  culm  or  its 
branches,  enclosed  below  by  the  leaf-sheaths  or  broad  prophyllii, 
terete,  acute,  articulated  at  base  and  falling  off  entire.  Spike- 
lets  1-flowered.  embedded  in  the  contimious  riiohis.  adnate  below. 
Outer  glume  cartilaginous,   abruptly  narrowed   towards   the   free 


IIOHDEiE.  631 

apex.    Style  single,  long,  exsertetl,  stigmiia  2,  plumose.    Grain  sub- 
terete,  free." 

F.  L.  Scrilmer,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  17:22:  (1800). 

1.  J.  straminea  Fourn.  1.  e. 

Rootstoc'ks  frooping.  Cuhna  erect,  branching,  about  30  cm. 
high,  smooth,  solid,  fluttenod.  Sheaths  short,  slightly  iiillated: 
ligule  a  ciliate  fringe;  blades  scabrous,  narrow,  conduplicate,  I-IO 
cm.  long,  i)ungent-point('d.  Staminate  spikes  IJ-G  ctn.  long. 
Spikek't.s  3-0  in  number,  sessile  on  alternate  notches  of  the  slender 
rachis,  much  compressed,  1.5-3  cm.  long,  about  3  mm.  wide,  10-18- 
flowered.  lloral  glume  4-5  mm.  long,  broadly  lanceolate;  palea  a 
little  shorter  than  its  glume.  Pistillate  spii\es  2-3  cm.  long,  mostly 
terete,  sharp-pointed;  spikelets  1-3  in  number,  G-8  mm.  long, 
deeply  embedded  in  the  rachis;  glumes  adnate  for  four-fifths  of 
their  length.  Style  emerging  through  the  conical  apex  of  the 
glumes.     (Jrain  about  G  mm.  long. 

From  imperfect  specimens  Dr.  A.  (!ray  referred  the  plant  to 
Disticlilis.  Founder  placed  this  near  Buchloii.  Prof.  E.  Ilackel 
placed  it  near  Moiierma. 

Lower  California  and  Mexico. 

2.  J.  pilosa  Scrilm.  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  23:143  (ISOG).  Juvca 
stramineo  Scribn.  not  Fourn.  Jiachidiuxpernivm  .Vt'.rirtniUDi  \'asey, 
Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  15:110  (1890).  I'ni()l(i  /i/in(/r>ts  b'npr.  Hull.  Acad. 
lioy.  Brux.  1»:  excluding  the  synonym,  hrizojnirinii  /ti/osmii  I'resl, 
Eel.  Ibenk.  1:2S0. 

''J.  sfrotiiinva  Fourn.  is  readily  distinguished  from  ,1.  inloxa 
Scribn.  by  its  more  slender  habit,  less  rigid  leaves,  less  crowded 
inllorescence,  more  slender  and  proportionately  mueli  longer  spike- 
lets.  In  J.  piloxa  the  glumes  are  grown  to  the  axis  for  almost  tlieir 
entire  length,  and  there  are  paleas  or  rudimentary  pistils  of  a  second 
flower  within  the  floral  cavities.''     Scribner,  1.  c. 

138.  (2G9).  Lepturus  I{.  Br.  Prod.  207  (1810).  nolfhwUia 
Host,  Gram.  Anstr.  1 :/.  24  (1801).  Leptoi-crcux  Batin.  Am.  ^lonth. 
^[ag.  100  (181(1),  PholiuruH  Trin.  Fund.  Agrost.  131  (1820). 
Lepinrm  Duni.  Obs.  Giani,  Belg.  140  (1823). 

Spikelets  1-2-ilowered  on  a  simple  sj)ike,  single,  sessile,  narrow. 


632 


PUACE.E. 


distichous  ill  the  exeiiv.atiourt  of  tlio  jointed  nicliis.     JJachilla  very 
.short,  articulate  above  tiie  lower  glumes,  extemliiig  as  a  short  awn 


Fig.  lis— Jourm  strtiminea.  J,  pistillate  spikelets  ;  a,  portion  of  staminate 
Inflorescence  ;  h,  two-Howered  i)istillate  spike ;  d,  staminate  floret ;  e,  floral 
f^lunie  of  same  ;  c,  grain.     (Scril^ner.) 

above  the  flowers,  which  are  perfect  or  the  upper  one  imperfect. 
Empty  glumes  1-2,  persistent,  narrow,  firm,  acute,  5-nerved  ;  the 
floral  glume  much  shorter,  slender,  hyaline;  palea  hyaline,  2-nerved. 
Stamens  3  or  fewer.  Stylos  short,  distnict,  distant,  stigmas  feathery. 
Grain  narrow,  glabrous,  enclosed  by  the  glumes,  but  not  adherent. 
Low  branching  annuals  or  sometimes  taller  and  perennial,  blades 


IIOHDK.K. 


688 


narrow.  Spiko  terminal,  sloiulor,  linn,  striii<j;lit  or  curved,  one 
glunio  spreadinj?  wlion  in  ll(»wor.  They  are  (listin^'uiMlied  by  rijjid 
outer  <(luu)es,  oik-  or  two  in  nunil)er,  inueli  ](tnj,'er  tlian  tlio  hyaline 
llorul  j,'luine,  sliowin;;  a  relatioM«liii)  to  Jk'off/jn'Uid.  Some  species 
liave  l)e((n  i)laeed  in  Oji/iiin'iin. 

Tiiero  are  G  spi'cies  belon<,'iu^'  to   the  Kastern  Continent,  and  1 
to  Calit'ornia  and  ()re;,'on. 

1.  L.    riMi'ouMis  (Koth).     Trin.  Fund.  Aj^'rost.    I'^IJ  (1820). 
liiitll,n'lliaJi]iformis\ii){\\,  I'steri,  Ann.  Mot.  10: 38  (ir!i4). 

A  slender  branching?  <rlabroiis  decunibcnt  annual,  !.'0-:J0  cm. 
hi^di.  Slioatlis  shorter  than  the  intenujdes;  ligule  about  1  mm. 
long;  blades  l-Il  em.  long,  llrm,  involute. 
Spike  I'ucloried  at  the  base,  5-15  em.  long, 
straight  or  curved,  rachis  stilT.  Spikelets 
5-T  mm.  long;  empty  glumes  oblitpie,  linear- 
oblong,  acuti. ;  iloral  glume  1 -nerved. 

lionU'rs  of  brackish  marshes. 

Occasiomd;  introduced  from  Europe. 

Var.      iNfiuvATrs    (L.).     Trin.    Fund. 
Agrost.    i;;}    (18-^(»).     UotUiwUia   incur vaia 
L.  1".  Suppl.  114  (1781). 

Culm  and  spike  stouter;   tlie  hitter  much 

^"'■^'^^^-  KiG.  \\^.—Le]itnrm  flli- 

Pennsylvania,  Scrihiicr  liSSSa.  formix.    A,  a  pmiion 

..    ^,     ,  of  spikf ;   n,   sinUelet. 

1;J9.  (2G9a).  SCRIBNERIA  E.  Hack.  Coult.     (Uici.anlsoii.) 

Bot.  Caz.  13:105  (1888). 

S[)ikelets  l-ilowered,  sessile  and  lialf  embedded  in  the  alternate 

notches  of  a  more  or  less  articulate,  usually  simple  spike.     Kachilla 

very  short,  articulate  above  the  lower  glume,  extending  as  a  short 

hairy  awu  beside  the  floret.     Empty  glumes  3  in  number,  narrow, 

firm,  acute,  slightly  unerpud,  inequilateral,  having  no  nerves  next  the 

rachis  and  two  beside  the  keel  in  front;  floral  glume  a  third  shorter 

than  the  first,  membranous,  keeled,  bearing  a  stout  awn  between 

the  teeth  ;  ])alea  hyaline,  2-nerved,  2-toothed,  longer  than  its  glume. 

Stamen  1,  anthers  3  mm.   long.     Stigmas  short,  sessile,  feathery. 

Grain  linear,  laterally  compressed,  free,  without  a  groove,  embryo 


634 


I'OACK.K. 


Bmail.  A  low  slender  annuul  with  .short,  mirrow  bhuUs.  Spike 
tcrniinul,  sltMuicr,  llrm,  Htruight,  slijjhtly  coinpniHHi'd.  Its  iitliiiitios 
nro  with  Lc/diinix,  Kmlikia  ami  Psihiniff. 

A   jjeims   iminiid    I'or    Prof.    I',    liiimsoii    Scribiier   Ity    Knioat 
lluckol,  and  by  ThiirlMT  iiK'liub'd  in  Lijifiinis. 

1.  S.    Bolanderi    ('riiurl>.).     Hack.    1.    c.    Lvjihinis  liiibnidvii 
Thurb.  I'loc.  Am.  Awid.  7:  101. 
Tho  rhuracters  of  liii'  \ii'\\m. 
Calironiiii  and  Oregon. 

140.  ('^(5t)).  AOROPYRON  J.  (Ja'itn.  Nov.  Comm.  Petrop.  14: 
(I)  5:5!)  (1T70).  Aiilliosarhtu'  SteiHl.  Syn.  IM.  (inim.  237  (ISoD). 
JJraconoim    Codr.    I.e.    Ed.    l.:5  :  ltd    (1844).      ('o.s/ia   Willk. 

Hot.  Zoit.  :577  (1S5S).  f'rentopi/ritm  Sclmr, 
Enuni.  PI.  Transs.  807  (ISOO).  Cfi/hopi/nua 
lloi-t.  Pnig.  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  (Irani.  ^44 
(1855).  J-Uiilriijia  Desv.  Nonv.  liuU.  Sou. 
Pliiloni.  '^:  l!iO  (1810).  J'Jrcmo/ii/rinn  Janb. 
&  Spucb,  Illustr.  PI.  Or.  4:!.m;  (IS.V)-',:]). 
Jlayiialdia  Sduir,  Ennm.  PI.  'J'ranss.  807 
(180G).  J/e/ertnifheJiiiin  lloclist.  Jaul).  & 
Spacli,  Illustr.  PI.  Or.  4:24  (1850).  hWr/- 
neria  C.  Kocli,  Linna'a,  21 :  41 :5  (184S).  Se- 
mUdiiim  Schnr,  Verb.  SielK'ub.  Yer.  Natnrw. 
4:01  (185:1). 

Spikelots;J-8-llowc'red,  comprossod,  sessile 
at  each  joint  of  the  simple  spike,  distichous, 
turning  one  side  or  sometimes  oblicpie  to  the 
rucbis,  racbilhi  often  articulate  between  the 
flowers,  which  are  perfect  or  the  upper  im- 
perfect. Empty  glumes  rounded  on  the  buck, 
not  inflated,  narrower  than  the  lloral  and 
Pig.  120.-5m6nma7?.- witli  fewer  nerves;  floral  glumes  firm,  round 

lamhri.    A,  spikolet ;  on  the  back,  very  little  if  at  all  keeled,  5-7- 

a.      floret ;    d,    grain.  ,        ,  .  ^  l\ 

(ScribMcr.)  nerved,   obtuse,  acute,   or  the  upper  nerves 

extending  into  an  awn,  the  upper  smaller,  often  emi)ty  or  enclosing 

an  imperfect  flower;    palea  shorter  (sometimes   longer)    than    the 


iiuuDK.K.  o:w 

floriil  gliimo,  koolH  oftoi\  ciliatc.  Stum(»ii8  .'I.  SlyltH  very  Hliort, 
(listinot.  (Jriiin  imrrowly  oldoiig,  roin|»r('HHo<l  from  llio  Imck.  oftcji 
coiK'uvo  oil  tliu  inside,  iiion,'  or  less  hairy  ut  tlio  apex,  wlicn  <lry 
jullit'rinjj  to  tlio  pah'U  or  frue. 

IN'rcniiials  or  aiimialM,  with  Itial'-hhulcs  Hat  or  roiivohitc  Spiko 
terminal,  usually  stilT,  spikch'ts  hirgf.  JSpecit'S  )H)-'M\  b('ionj,'iiig  to 
temj)('rato  ro|i;l(»ns  of  America  an<l  l-iiirope. 

Meiitham  propuaetl  sections  as  follows: 

1.  Jf/ropi/ron  jiroper,  mostly  ju'rcnnials.  spikelots  more  or  less 
distant  a]on<r  the  common  ra(;his,  outer  ^dumes  usually  uiu>riual- 
sided  and  not  keeled. 

2.  J'Jn'»i(>pi/niin  Lcdel*.  — mostly  anniuils.  spikelets  disticlious 
anil  close  to^'etlier  in  a  short  dense  spike,  the  narrow  empty  glumes 
nearly  e(|ual-si(led  an<l  keeled. 

A.  Spike  1 -sided 1 

B.  Spike  not  1 -sided (a) 

a.   Florets  soft,  woolly 3 

a.  Florets  not  woolly (1>) 

I).   Kootstooks  numerous,  plant  not  glaucous,     ...       3 

b.   Ifootstocks  present,  jtlant  glaucous 4- 

b.  No  rootstocks (c) 

c.   Awns  slender,  recurved 5-6 

c.  Spike  long,   Hexuose,  nerves  of  empty  glumes 

conspicuous 7 

c.  fjiko  No.  T,  oidy  with  short  erect  spikes.  .  .8,1) 
1.  A.  violacescens  (If.  I'ound).  -/.  rauinum  (forma)  riolarcsreus 
R.  Pound.  Minn.  Hot.  Studies,  liull.  f»  (III)  lor  (lSf»4).  A.  imi- 
laterale  Cassidy,  I?ull.  Col.  Agr.  Fxp.  Sta.  12:  O;}  (1800).  A.  rani- 
num  loiihtferale  Vasey,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb,  1  :  2711  (I SI);;). 
A.  nnildfenilo  lieuuv.  is  a  synonym  of  Feufncd  Icndijlora  Sclirad. 

A  i)erennial,  OO-SO  cm.  high;  culms  strict,  smooth.  Leaves 
!>-4  in  num])er,  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  very 
short;  blades  r();igh,  involute,  ])ungcnt-pointed,  5-7  cm.  l<»ng,  5-12 
mm.  wide.  Spike  cxserted,  1-sided,  7-10  cm.  long,  5-S  mm.  wide, 
often  purple;  internodes  of  rachis  at  the  middle  3-4  mm.  long. 
Spikelets  3-4-tlowered,  regularly  breaking  in   pieces,  first  glume  9 


C36  POAtE.E. 

mm.  lon<,%  witl-  3  strong  nerves,  short-awned,  second  U  mm.  long,, 
witli  0  very  strong  nerves,  awn  5  mm.  long;  llonil  glume  «-!»  mm. 
long,  witli  5  ol)scure  nerves,  awn  about  Ji  mm.  l..ng;  palea  shorter 
than  its  glume,  with  2  ciliate  nerves.     Grain  adlierent. 

IMonlana,  Scribncr  4:i2,   the  type;  Colora.lo,   (Wn,s-/V///.    I  ^'.st//; 
Iowa.  llUchrork;  northerti  ^lichigan,  Heal 

The  speeilic  name  HnihUcrah  had  been  used  before  Cassidy  ap- 
plied it  to  this  species. 

2.  A.  dasystachyum  (Hook.)  Scribn.  Bull.  lorr.  Club,  10:  .b 
(1SS;3);  Vasev.  Grasses  U.  S.,  Special  Kej-t.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr. 
Js'o.  (;;5,  45  (IH8;5).  TritirumrepenxS'AW  ,/(is//s/achi/>nii  llcolv  M. 
Bor.  Am.  :.':  254  (1840),  teste  A.  Gray.      T.  <las,/,(,>r/n/H>H  A.  Gray, 

Man.  Kd.  1,  ('.0->  (1S48). 

A  smootli  glauous  perennial,  GO-90  em.  high.  Avitli  slender 
rootstocks  having  internudes  3-4  em.  long.  T.eaves  of  ster.lo 
shoots  ,iunu>rous,  bl.des  involute,  ;)0-40  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide, 
those  of  the  culm  3-4  in  number,  siieaths  nearly  as  long  as  the  inter- 
nodes;  ligule  a  mere  ring;  bhules  G-12  cm.  long.  Spike  exserted, 
14-20  cm.  long,  Joints  of  ra.diiUa  1  cm.  long,  or  near  the  base  longer. 
Spikelets  muTOW,  2  or  more  cm.  long,  5-9-llowered;  empty  glumes 
smooth  or  puberuleiit,  lirst  T  mm.  long,  3-nerved,  second  10-12  mm. 
long,  5-nerved;  ilorul  glume  U  mm.  long,  soft-hairy  throughout, 
awnles ;  or  with  short  awns,  margins  scarious.  Abr  rnial  or  thrifty 
plants  bear  branching  spikes. 

Jklichigan,   n-heeler  15G,  157,  158,  Seal  158,  159. 

Shores  of  the  Great  Lakes,  British  America   and   the   Kocky 

Mountains. 

3.  A.  repens  (L.)  Beauv.  Agrost.  102  (1812).     Quick-,  Couch-, 
Quack-,  Twjtcii-Guass.     Trillcmn  repem  L.  Sp.  Tl.  8G  (1753). 

A  smooth  pale  green  or  glaucous  perennial,  very  variable, 
30-120  cm.  high,  with  the  internodes  of  the  vootstock  1-1.5  em. 
long  Liy-ulc  very  short;  blades  Hat,  scabrous,  5-10  mm.  wide,  the 
upper  10-20  cm.  long.  Spike  G-20  cm.  long,  c/ect  or  bending, 
mostlv  rigid,  joint  of  rachis  5-15  mm.  long.  Spikelets  10-20  mm. 
long,'2-8-llowered,  florets  at  the  middle  of  the  spike  overlapping 
for  three-fourths  of  tlieir  length  01   more;  empty  glumes  each  un- 


IIOHDE.E.  637 

symmetrical,  7-11  mm.  long,  first  strongly  5-G-nervcd,  second  .   •< 
nerved,  acute  or  notched,  margins  si-arious;  lloral  glume  uboui  t 
cm.  long,  those  above  shorter,  5-nerved  at  the  cuspidate  or  short- 
awned  a])ex. 

Found  in  Europe,  north  Africa,  Asia,  and  extensively  natural- 
ized in  (uUivatcd  grounds  in  Xorth  America. 

Vcniiont  l^rhiyle ;  Massachusetts,  lical  Ifil  ;  f'ennsylviiiiia, 
Srrilnici'  for  T'.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  TG7;  iMicliigan,  Bcallb\),  HiO, 
Clark  ;2:'.10;  Towa,  Ililclicock;  ^Minnesota,  ArlliKr  Ji  511;  Mon- 
tana, Aiidcr.sdn,  9. 

For  an  extended  iiotice  see  Vol.  T..  p.  107,  Fig.  7G. 

A'ar.  tenerum  (Vasey).  A.  tcnerum  Vasey,  Coult.  liot.  (iaz. 
10:;.'r)8  (1SS5). 

t)estitute  of  rootstocks;  blades  usually  narrower  and  shorter 
and  rather  more  rigid;  spike  riither  inoi-e  slender,  sometimes 
tinged  Avith  purple.  After  growing  i)atches,  from  seed  obtained 
from  more  tlnin  one  source,  in  a  variety  of  soils  for  more  thnn  15 
years,  1  am  umiljle  to  indicate  any  differences  other  than  those  here 
given  to  distinguish  this  from  A.  rcjwns  L. 

A  promising  grass  for  cultivation. 

Coloriido,  Cd.ssidi/;  Montami,  Anderson  37;  Arizona,  Tourney y 
Sandhurg  "X'-IS),  WM;  California,  Lotinioii. 

4.  A.  glaucum  (Desf.)  K.  &  S.  Hyst.  2:  753  (1817).  Trilicnm 
(jhiiiriiiii  Desf.  Tabl.  Bot.  Mus.  IG  (1804).  A.  rcpens,  various 
authors. 

A  smooth  usually  glaucous  perennial,  30-l()0  cm.  high.  r'ree[)- 
ing  rootstocks  numerous.  Sterile  shoots  numerous;  leaves  of  the 
culm  :!-+  in  number,  blades  3-12  cm.  long,  narrow,  involute.  Spike 
1;.'-14  cm.  long,  with  internodes  about  7  mm.  long,  the  lower  some- 
times twice  as  long.  Spikelets  occasionally  ".'  ala  node,  2  cm.  long, 
5-tt-ilowered,  smooth  or  rough,  llorels  in  the  middle  of  the  spike 
overlajiping  for  three-fourths  of  their  lengt^';  empty  gluni(>s  nar- 
I'owly  lanceolate,  first  7  mm.  long,  l)-nerved,  second  10  or  nH)re 
nun.  Inn-',  5-nerved,  incfiuihiteral ;  tlorid  glnmi'  a  litlh^  longer 
than  the  empty  glumes,  lanceolate,  obtuse,  acute  or  avvu-j)oiuted, 
5-nerved. 


638  POACE.E. 

Iowa,  Hitchcock;  Colorado,  Vasey,  Cassidy,  Jones;  Montana, 
Anderson  ^(i;  Texas,  Nealley;  Utah,  Jones;  New  ^lexico,  Vasey; 
Wyoming,  Buff  urn  C  5,  ('  40.  ('95;  New  ^[exico,  Vasey;  Wasliiiig- 
ton,  Sandhery  310,  435,466;  Oregon,  Howell;  Arizona,  Jones  4012. 

A  native  of  the  western  plains  from  Texas  to  Montana,  much 
valued  for  hay.  See  Vol.  I.,  pp.  93,93.  Also  found  in  Europe 
and  Asia. 

5.  A.  divergens  Nees,  Stoud.  Syn.  PI.  Gram.  347  (1855). 
Triticmn  strigosum  Les.  Linnjta,  9:170  (1834). 

A  slender  dense!v  tufted  glaucous  perennial,  30-80  cm.  high. 
Leaves  3-4  in  number,  sheaths  about  the  length  of  the  internodes; 
ligulo  very  short ;  blades  narrow,  convolute,  setaceous,  nearly  smooth, 
the  upjjcr  4-8  em.  long.  Spikes  6-14  cm.  long,  very  slender.  Spike- 
lets  o-O-flowci'ed,  rather  distant,  first  em])ty  glume  (i  mm.  long, 
3-nerved,  margins  scarious,  second  8  nnn.  long,  5-nerved,  witli  the 
midrib  at  one  side,  awnless;  floral  glume  7-8  mm.  long,  })lainly 
5-nerved  above,  awn  stout,  diverging  or  recurved  when  dry, 
longer  than  the  floral  glume;  i)alea  about  as  long  as  its  glume  or 
longer. 

Colorado,  Cassidy;  New  Mexico,  Vasey;  Montunu,  Anderson 
35,  40;  AVyoming,  Btiffnm  C  94,  ('97;  Washington,  Sandhery  583, 
Lake;  Oregon,  Howell,  Cusick;  California,  Parish;  Mexico,  Pringle 
1439. 

Kocky  Mountains  to  tlie  Pacific. 

G.  A.  Scribneri  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  10: 128  (1883). 

Culms  densely  tufted,  geniculate  and  decundjent  near  tlie  base, 
30-00  cm.  high,  rather  slender.  The  upi)er  sheath  thrice  as  long 
as  tlie  blade;  ligule  obsolete;  blade  3.5-3.5  cm.  long,  involute, 
narrow,  rigid.  Spikes  exserted,  5-7  cm.  long,  their  internodes  4-5 
mm.  long.  Sj)ikelets  3-0-flowered;  empty  glumes  5-7  mm.  long, 
linear-lanceolate,  3-5-nerved,  extending  into  along  point,  10-35 
mm.  long;  floral  glume  oblong-lanceolate,  the  base  about  8  mm. 
long,  smooth,  5-uerved,  sometimes  slightly  bidentate,  the  mid- 
lurve  extended  into  a  strong,  spreading  or  recurved  hispid  awn; 
palea  equalling  the  floral  glume,  acute,  margins  hispid.  The  spike 
resptnlil'S  that  of  A.  caninum,  but  the  plant  dilTers  in  its  tufted 


HOKDE.E.  639 

habit,  low  size,  and  smooth,  rigid,  sometimes  glaucous  leaves. 
Found  only  high  up  on  mountains  near  the  timber  line,  growing 
in  scattered  tufts.     Named  for  Prof.  F.  L.  Scribner. 

In  the  Sierras,  Priii(jh>;  Colorado,  Patterson;  Montana,  Scrib- 
ner; Wasliington,   Tiveeihj. 

7.  A.  caninum  (L.)  lioauv.  Agrost.  102  (1812).  Tritirum 
rammim  L.  Sp.  PI.  86  (ir53). 

A  smooth  perennial,  70-90  cm.  high,  culms  slender,  rather  weak. 
Leaves  4-5  in  number,  sheatlis  smootli;  ligule  very  short;  blades 
thin,  10-35  cm.  long,  5-12  mm.  wide,  taper-pointed.  Spike  nar- 
row, flexuose  or  slightly  nodding,  10-17  cm.  long.  Spikelets  3-5- 
flowero;!;  empty  glumes  with  scarious  wing-margins  above,  nearly 
equal,  with  3-5  conspicuous  nerves,  first  7-9  mm.  long,  second  a 
little  longer;  lloral  glume  8-9  mm.  loTig,  awn  2-18  mm.  long, 
flexuose;  paloa  longer  than  the  floral  glume.     fJrain  adherent. 

Maine,  Feruahl  196;  Vermont,  Prim/tc;  Michigan,  Prentiss, 
Beat  164,  KiG.  Wlwelcr  165,  Farwell;  Montana,  Anderson  28; 
Utah,  Jones;  Arizona,  7h /imei/  7 Gl;  Minnesota,  Arthur  }\  4^2. 

New  Kngland  to  California. 

8.  A.  violaceum  (Tlornm.)  Vasey,  Grass.  V.  S.,  Special  Kept. 
Dept.  Agricul.  45  (1883).  Triticnm  violaceum  Ilornm.  Fl.  Dan. 
t.  2044  (1832). 

Perhaps  this  is  a  northern  or  alpine  form  of  A.  rn)ii}iiiui  R.  Sc 
S.,  from  which  it  dill'ers  in  having  a  culm  30-50  cm.  liigh,  leaves 
3-4  in  number.  l)hi(les  proportionally  shorter.  S])ike  3-S-12  cm. 
long,  narrow,  strict,  more  or  less  tinged  with  violet.  Si)ikelets  3-5- 
flowered ;  floral  glume  wider  than  in  A.  raninnin,  not  so  firm, 
nerves  more  })ro!nincnt,  awn  short  or  none;  ])alea  shorter  than  the 
floral  glume,  pectiuate-ciliute. 

New  ITaiiipshire.  Pri//f/Je,  Faxon  20.  23,  TLisfuril :  Colorado, 
Cfassidy  for  U.  S.  Dept  Agricul.:  ^lichigaii.  Wlirvlcr,  F((ni'rU ; 
Minnesota,  Arflntr  li  494;  AVvoiiiin--,  A'////'/////  C  30.  C  4."). 

Mountains  of  New  England.  New  ^'ork.  nonlierii  Minnesota, 
Colorado.  California,  and  northward;  also  found  in  Europe. 

Plants  collected  in  Crinnell  Land  by  Lieut.  Greely  are  8-15 
cm.  high,  with  short  spikes  ami  densely  pubescent  glumes,  which 


(540  POAC'E.E. 

are  very  broad  with  short  awns.  Pl.iuts  are  found  in  various  places 
whicli  sliado  oit'  uhnost  inipercoptibly  into  .1.  caniiium. 

9.  A.  caniuoides  (R.  Pound).  A.  violaccnm  (rornia)  canuioitles 
R.  Pound,  .^riuu.  Hot.  Stuilios,  Bull.  9  (III),  lOT  (KS94). 

PtM'onniul  with  no  rootstocks.  Culuis  ri<fid.  30-140  cm.  hi^fli. 
LeavL'S  5-<)  in  nunibiT,  sheutlis  sliorter  tlmn  tlu;  intornodi's;  li^aile  1 
mm.  or  loss  l(m<i;;  hliidos  Hat,  rutluT  thin,  pungoiit-pointed.  IH-IJO 
cm.  loni:-.  5-7  mm.  wide.  Si)iko  lo-lij  cm.lon^',  erect,  nichis  Avitli 
<frccn  marjiins.  Spikelets  ^-3-fluwered ;  empty  <^^]unu>s  7-9  mm. 
long,  with  scarious  margins,  5-7-nervcd,  the  awn  2-5  mm.  long; 
floral  glume  7  mm.  long,  hearing  a  rather  stil!  awn,  10-;20  mm. 
long.     Usually  compared  with  A.  nni'untm. 

Micliigan  (Agricultural  (Allege).   Ihal  tf-   Whcclcr,  1G3,  103. 

Dry  knolls  or  low  hiiul  and  hoi'ders  of  woods;  growing  in 
isolated  hunches.     ]*romising  for  cultivation. 

Xew  Hampshire,  ^richigan,  Minnesota  to  Rocky  ]\rountains. 

141.  (;2()7).  Secale  L.  Sp.  PI.  84  (17r)3).     Ryk. 

Spikelcts  usually  li-llowered  in  a  (^yliiulricul  or  flattened  sjiike, 
sessile,  compressed,  one  at  each  joint  on  alternate  sides  of  tlio 
raehis,  not  inllated,  convex  on  the  outer  side  and  Hat  next  tlic 
rachis,  racliilla  becoming  a  slender  stipe  above  the  ilowers.  Em})ty 
glumes  firm,  narrowly  linear,  compressed-keeled,  acute,  acuminate 
or  with  a  short  awn;  floral  glume  lu'oader,  com[)rcssed-keeled, 
scarcely  longer,  not  counting  the  long  aun,  5-nerved,  the  outer 
ones  prominent,  those  next  the  rachis  obscure;  })alea  a  little  shorter 
than  the  floral  glume,  narrow,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  very 
short,  distinct,  stigmas  feathery,  drain  oblong,  subterete,  furrowed 
on  the  inside,  hairy  at  the  apex,  included  by  the  glume  and  palea, 
free  or  slightly  adhering  to  the  palea. 

Erect  annuals  with  flat  blades.  Spike  terminal,  compact, 
jointed  at  the  nodes  of  the  slender  rachis,  which  is  usually  hairy. 

Species  3  or  2>erhapso]dy  1,  indigenous  to  tlie  country  bordering 
the  ]\[editerranean  Sea.  The  genus  differs  slightly  froin  the  section 
Eremopyrum  of  Agropyron  in  the  dense  cylindrical  spike,  and  in 
the  spikelets  usually  containing  only  3  ilowers. 

1.    S.    fEIlKALK  L.  1.  c. 


I1UUDE.E. 


641 


An  erect  glaucous  annual,  with  slender  but  stilt'  culms  1-2  in. 
high.     Glumes  1-nervetl. 

A  valuable  cereal,  tlio  grain  inferior  to  that  of  wheat.  Much 
grown  in  cool  regions  where  the  land  is  liglit  and  poor;  also  grown 
as  a  forage-crop  and  for  green  manuring.     See  Vol.  I. 

141.  (rJfiS).  TriticumL.  Sp.  ri.  S")  (its:]).  Wiikat.  ("("orn"' 
in  England.)  .AV//7f>yy.s'  L,  Coroll.  (Jen. '20  (IS:??).  JifoiNKs  Scop. 
Introd.  74  (1777).  Crithodium  Link,  Linmea,  9:i;5;i  (IS;54). 
Cn//if(>pi/n/ni  lleynh.  Norn.  '2:  174  (lS4i;). 

Spikelets  2-5-flowered,  the  fertile  ones  inflated,  distichous, 
sessile,  somewhat  compressed,  single  at  the  alternate  notches  of  the 


Fig.  121. — Secale  cereale.     Spikelet,    (Richardson.) 

rachis  of  a  simple  spike,  one  side  of  the  spikelet  next  the  rachis; 
rachilla  often  jointed  between  the  flowers,  1-5  of  the  lower  flowftrs 
perfect,  the  upper  often  nude  or  neuter.  Enii)(y  glumes  iirni,  shorter 
and  often  narrower  than  the  iloral  glume,  usually  ine([uilateral,  with 
few  nerves,  awn  short  or  none,  Iloral  glume  ventricose,  broadly 
obhmg,  round  on  the  back  or  keeled  above,  often  toothed  or  awned, 
5-9-nerved,  nerves  not  meeting  at  the  a[)e\;  palea  shorter  than  its 
glume,  witli  two  ciliate  keels.  Stamens  -5.  Styles  2,  very  short, 
stigmas  plumose.  Grain  ovoid  or  oblong,  usually  villous  at  tlui 
i.pex,  with  a  groove  on  the  inside,  included  by  the  glume  aiul  palea, 
not  adhering  to  them  or  slightly  adhering  to   the  palea.     Erect 


042 


POACE^. 


annuals  or  winter  annuals  with   flat  leaf-blades.     Spikes  terminal, 

cvliiulrical,  or  somewhat  llattened.     Speckles  not  over  10,  I'ounil  in 

the  vieinity  of  tlie  Mctliterraneiin  Sea. 

The  genus  Triliciiin  excludes  A(/ro/)i/ron.   Ihe  species  of  wliich 

were  at  one  time  included  in  it,   and  now  includes  .Kyilopx.      In 

Triticnin  the  lateral  nerves  of  the  floral  gflumo  are  not  connivent, 

but  parallel  or  nearly  so,  and  either  stop  sliort  of  the  apex  or  are 

produced  beyond  it  into  distinct  teeth  or  awns.     There  are  three 

groups: 

I.    U7/«;/,s  in  cultivation.     Floral  ulumes  keeled  at  the  apex  and 

sometimes  at  the  base,  and  terminate  in  a  single  awn;  lateral  nerves 

usually  barely  reaching  to  the  end  of  the  glume. 

3.    ('rifliodium.  Link.     Spikelets  with  only  1  fertile  flower,  floral 

ghune  keeled  from  the  base  and  ends  in  a  single  awn.     One  s])e('ie3 

sometimes   has  two  or   even    three  fertile  flowers,  and  the  lateral 

nerves  of  the  floral  glumes  sometinu'S  produceil  into  sliori  teeth. 

3.    .Kf/ilop.^  L.     DilTering  from  the  cereal  wheats  in  iiaving  a 

floral  glume  more  rounded  on  the  ])ack  and  not  at  all  keeled,  lateral 

nerves    of    floral    glume  often  produced 

into  long  awns;  hybridizes  freely  with  the 

cultivated  wheats. 

1.  T.  vrL(.AKE  Vill  Hist.  PI.  Dauph. 

2:15;}.     AViiKAT. 

This  includes  all  the  well-knoAvn  races 

cultivated     in      this     t'ountry,      whether 

"bearded"  or   "bald,"'   "  i-cd  clKitf  "  or 

"white  chall'."'  spring  wheat   or  winter 

wheat.     ^J'lie  luitive  countrv  of  this  very 
Fig.  123. — Triticiim  milgare.  '  . 

Spiki'let,     (Hiclitmisou.)      valual)le  cereal  is  not  Kiu)wn.      it   is  not 

improbable     that    a    wild    plant    of    southern    Europe    known   as 

^Egilops  L.  is  the  original  form. 

143.  (274).  HORDEUM  L.  Sj).  PI.  84  (IT.-);]).  B.mm.kv.  Citri- 
eni  Koel.  Gram.  ;52S  (1802).  Zcorrilun  Heauv.  Agrost.  114  (1812). 
Crifcsion  Eafin.  Journ.  Pliys.  89: 103  (181!)).  Cri/Jw  E.  Mey.  Ind. 
Sem.  ITort.  Kogiom.  5  (1848). 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  3  together,   distichous,  sessile  or  on  short 


U()[U)K.E.  ()43 

stipes,  one  aide  next  the  racliis  at  the  nodes  or  notches  of  a  simple 
spike.  KachiUa  very  short,  artieuhite  above  tlie  lower  glunxes, 
extending  above  the  llower  as  a  long  slender  awn  or  a  very  narrow 
glume,  llowers  perfect  or  those  of  the  lateral  spikelets  male  or  rudi- 
mentary. Kmpty  glumes  sul)ulato  or  lance-linear,  firm,  ])ersistent, 
the  G  at  each  joint  ap[)earing  like  an  involucre;  lloral  glume  lance- 
olate, round  on  the  back,  5-nerved  above,  extended  into  a  straight 
or  s[)rcading  awn;  palea  1)ut  little  shorter  than  the  lloral  glume, 
;i-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Lodicules  2,  ciliate.  Styles  very  short, 
distinct.  drain  ovoid-oblong  or  narrow,  hirsute  at  the  apex, 
grooved  on  the  inside,  adhering  to  the  palca  or  rarely  free.  Erect 
annuals  or  rarely  })ereiniials,  with  Hat  leaf-blades.  Spike  cylindri- 
cal, usually  densely  llowered  with  long,  or  rarely  short  awns. 

Species  l*.*-l(j,  iiuligenous  to  Europe,  north  Africa,  temperate 
Asia,  North  and  South  America. 

Heauvois  restricted  Ilorileuiti  to  the  common  cultivated  barley, 
which  appears  in  a  great  variety  of  forms.  'J'he  genus,  as  here 
understood,  is  distinguished  from  J'JIi/mus  by  the  single  flower  in 
each  spikelet,  and  is  distributeil  into  three  sections: 

1.  Zoorn'foH  lieauv.  Central  spikelet  alone  of  each  three  is 
fertile,  the  lateral  ones  sterile  or  reduced  to  em})ty  glumes. 

2.  Cri/hopsis  Jaul).  Two  perfect  spikelets  at  each  notch,  the 
intermediate  one  defuuent  or  rarely  represented  by  one  or  two 
empty  glumes. 

3.  < 'Hi'ierd  Koo\.     Spikelets  3  and  collateral,  all  fertile. 

A.  Not  in  cultivation (a) 

B.  Cidtivated  for  grain (e) 

a.  Awns  -l-G  cm.  long 1 

a.  Awns  3  cm.  long  or  less (b) 

b.  Empty  glumes  0.5-0.7  mm.  wide,  upper  blades  1- 

3  cm.  long 3 

b.  Empty  glumes  0.3-0.5  mm.  wide,  upper  blades  10- 

15  em.  long 2 

b.  Empty  glumes  narrower (c) 

c.   Spike  7  mm.  wide ;5 

c.   Spike  wider (d) 


044  POACEiE. 

(1.  Joint  of  r.'icliis  1  mm.  long 4,5 

(1.  Joint  of  nic'his  ;{  mm.  long 6 

0.   Spikclets  all  furtilc 7 

e.  SpikeUfts  with  tlio  latonil  onc'9  stcrilo 8 

1.  H.  jubatum  L.  Sp.  Tl.  H5  (1T5;3).  SqiiiMu-.L-TAn.  Grass. 
CritesKin  (irnirnlatuiit  Kiilin.  ,Tonr.  Piiys.  8!):  lo;{  (ISI!)). 

A  smootli  annual  or  biennial,  30-45  em.  high.  Culms  slender, 
protruding  5-15  cm.  above  the  sheath.  Slieuths  sliorter  than  the 
internodes;  ligule  1  mm.  long;  blades  of  tho  upper  leaves  4-7  cm, 
long.  8])ike  4-7  em.  long,  raoliia  very  slender,  breaking  in  pieces 
when  mature,  each  piece  1.3  mm.  long.  Lateral  spikclets  on  2)edi- 
cels  1  nun.  long,  central  one  sessile;  emjjty  glumes  ca])illary,  j)alo 
straw-color  or  purple,  4-6  cm.  long,  recurved  wlicn  mature  and 
dry;  iloral  glume  of  the  lateral  florets  small  and  sliort-awned,  tluit 
of  tho  perfect  floret  with  an  awn  much  like  tiioso  of  tlie  emi)ty 
glumes.     Grain  elliptical,  flat-concavo,  3  mm.  long, 

Vermont,  Pringlc ;  Micliigan,  Clark,  Ileal,  Fnrwell ;  Iowa, 
Hitchcock;  Illinois,  Ikhh,  HeancA;  .Minnesota,  Arthnr  B  128; 
Montana,  Anderson  39;  Colorado,  Cass  id y ;  Wasliington,  L((ke, 
Sandhcry  2i'  \  Oregon,  IloircU. 

On  tho  seacoast  and  saline  soil,  about  tlie  Great  Lakes  and 
elsewhere. 

AVidely  distributed. 

Were  it  not  for  the  breaking  of  the  spikes  so  freely,  it  would  bo 
cultivated  as  an  ornamental  grass. 

2.  H.  Montanense  Scribn.  ined. 

Culms  smooth,  slender,  about  80  cm.  high.  Leaf-blades  flat, 
scabrid,  10-15  cm.  long,  4-7  mm.  wide.  Spike  exserted,  some- 
times purplish,  6-8  cm.  long,  Avith  internodes  about  3  mm.  long. 
Empty  glumes  10-20  mm.  long,  0.3-0. 5  nmi.  wide.  Central  spike- 
kt  9  mm.  long,  the  perfect  floret  bearing  an  awn  15-25  mm.  long; 
second  floret  merely  an  empty  glume ;  floral  glume  scabrid  or  shortly 
hairy,  5-nerved;  palea  a  little  shorter  than  its  glume;  florets  of 
lateral  spikclets  raised  on  a  pedicel  about  1  mm.  above  the  central, 
each  consisting  of  floral  glume,  i)alea,  lodicules,  a  rudimentary  pistil 
and  sometinu'S  a  se(!ond  floret  reduced  to  a  small  empty  glume. 


ii(»in)K.K, 


045 


INFontana,  Srribner  4'^*0,  430. 

Sliuued  borders,  lloiuul  Cret'k,  und  by  si)ring3  iioiir  tlio  liciid  of 
Jim  ('oulic  or  Ti<,'er  J^attle,  An;,'.  3,  1883.  Nimihcr  430  lias  tlio 
shorter  iiwiis,  and  tlio  llorul  gliimt'S  st-abrid;  number  4^!)  has  tho 
lon<,'t!r  awns  and  tlio  floral  glunica  pnborulont. 

3.  H.  pratense  Iliids.  Fl,  Anj;l,  I'M.  '.',50  (\7i>2).  II.  mdosinn. 
L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  l-.'G  (17(1'^).  H.  .svfaliniim  Sclirel).  Siiioil.  Fl. 
Lips.  148  (1771).     JI.  pusiUuin  Niitt.  Gon.  1:  87  (1818). 

Culms  20-70  cm.  liigli.  often  ^fonioulato  below,  lieaf-blados 
Hat  or  involute,  usually  nearly  smooth,  10-13  cm.  long.  Spiko 
exsertod,  3-7  cm.  long,  about  7  mm. 
wide,  readily  se|)arating  when  ma- 
ture, each  joint  of  rachis  1.3-2  mm. 
long.  Empty  glumes  all  very  nar- 
row, subulate  from  tho  base  and 
slightly  scabrous  ;  lateral  spikelets 
borne  on  stipes  0..5-().7  mm.  long, 
lanceolate,  awn-pointed  ;  central 
floret  cylindrical,  about  8  mm.  long 
with  a  sbort  awn.     Cirain  elliptical. 

Col.    W.   ]\[unro   in    Proc.    Lin. 
Soc.  p.  50,    1802,   says  in  reference 

to  tho  grasses  of  Linna3us' llerbari-  Fm.    m.  —  irordenm      pratense. 
°  Two  views  ot  !i  spikelet.    (Scnb- 

um:   "  //.  noilusnm  2d  Edit.  Sj).  PI.      uaw) 

p.  120,  is  certainly  II. pratense  Iluds.,  of  which  there  are  also  two 

other  specimens  without  any  name,  and  the  species  does  not  seem 

to  have  been  taken  up  by  Linna3us." 

low  a,  Hit,  I'lcork;  Illinois,  Patterson  for  U.  S.  I)ei)t.  Agricul. 
778.  Canl)ij,  lleht)  for  Dr.  Clark  29GG;  Missouri,  Hvl>t,;  Montana, 
W Uliams  h'$)\\  houmiina,  Lanfftois;  Wyoming,  iy////"?<w  C  42;  Ari- 
zona, Tourney  763,  773;  Vancouver  Island,  Macounj  Washington, 
Lake,  Suksdurf;  California,  Jones  2522. 

Found  in  western  States  and  Territories,  usually  in  alkaline 
soils. 

4.  II.  MAKiTisirM  With.  Bot.  Arr.  1: 172  (177G).  Ska-uahley. 
H.  chilenscW.   &  S.  Syst.  2:7i)G  (1817).     I/,  [/cnictdat inn  AW.  Fl. 


Pedem.  2:l>5')  (ITH')).  //.  //y.s/y/r  Kotli,  Ciitiilcct.  1:23  (1707). 
11.  piihescrnx  (iiiss.  V\.  Sic.  I'nxi.  I  :  U4  (IS2T). 

A  sinootli  soiiu'wliiit  {jliuit'oiis  ainl  tlccimibciit  aiimml,  lO-liUciii. 
lii^'li.  Slicallis  iiltoiit  tin'  Icii^Mli  of  tile  iiiU'rnodi's,  tlii>  upper  oiio 
iiillatcd;  li<,aik' a  inert' riii;,S  l)liitle.s  '.•-()  cm.  loii^,  mostly  iiivoliito. 
Spiko  .suhlcrett',  sciircely  cxserteil,  2-t  cm.  l<ni;i,'.  racliis  breaking 
wlien  ripe,  tlio  joijitd  1  mm.  long.  Spikelets  1  cm.  \o\\<^,  iiicliidiiij^ 
tlio  stilT  spreadiiij,' uwns;  stipes  of  lateral  Hitikelets  1.2  mm.  lung; 
empty  glumes  all  lanceolate,  not  ciliate,  one  of  ouch  lateral  spikelet 
a  little  broader. 

New  Jersey  (ballast-grounds),  Srribner  for  U.  S.  Dept.  ;\gri- 
cul.  T7<);  Oregon,  J/owcU. 

Found  along  the  tioast  in  tbe  Old  World  from  Denmark  to  north 
Africa.     Introduced  into  North  .Vmerica. 

5.  II.  (iissoNKANi  M  Pari.  PI.  Palerni.  244,  ol)s. — Sicil. 
Culms  smooth,  often  deciumbejit,  2()-.')0  cm.  long.     Leaf-blades 

flat,  thin,  iinoly  pubescent.  2-.'j  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide.  Spikes 
Hubterete,  not  included,  2-4  cm,  long,  1  cm.  diatneter,  breaking 
when  ripe,  joints  of  the  rachis  1  mm.  long.  Lateral  si)ikelets 
raised  ou  stijies  1  mm.  l<»iig;  emj)ty  ghnnes  mere  bristles  12  mm. 
long,  excepting  that  the  iniu-r  one  to  ca(;]i  lateral  spikelet  is  twice 
as  wide  as  the  others;  central  iloret  G  mm.  long;  the  floral  glume 
rough,  oval  when  s^jread,  5-nerved,  the  awn  12  mm.  long;  palea  as 
long  as  its  glume.  Tjalei-al  florets  small  rudiments  2-4  mm.  long, 
including  the  awn.  This  is  much  like  our  specimi'us  of  If.  niariti- 
mnvi.  When  c()m{)ared,  //.  Clnssoiieaniiin  has  the  iniuT  lateral 
empty  glunu'S  half  as  long  as  wide,  the  ra(!his  and  base  of  glumes 
less  callous,  the  lateral  florets  smiiller,  softer  and  less  developed. 
Introduced  into  Oregon  and  California  from  Europe. 

6.  H.  MriiiM-M  L.  Sp.  PI.  85  (1753).  Wall-isaulky.  Way 
Bkxt.  //.  cilialum  (Jilib.  Kxercit.  2:520.  Zvocritan  inurimitii 
Beauv.  Agrost.  115  (1812).  //.  leporinuin  iiink,  Linna'a,  9:1:!:! 
(1835). 

A  coarse  decumbent  annual,  30-00  cm.  high.  Leaves  often 
hairy  ;  sheaths  about  the  length  of  tiie  internodes;  ligule  very 
sliort ;  blades  .'5-(I  cm.  long.     Spike  4-8  cm.   long,   often  partially 


IIOHDK.K.  647 

included  in  tlic  upper  slioatli,  slij^litly  compressed,  light  ;rreen,  hoou 
hnaking  wlien  mature,  eiicli  joint  of  the  rachis  3  mm.  iong,  ahont 
I  null.  wide.  SpikeletH,  inciudiiij,'  awns,  4-5  cm.  lon^r ;  emj»ty 
;,duni('.s  of  llio  middle  one  lanceolate,  cjliiite  on  the  margins;  lloral 
glume  scabrous  above,  Hat  on  the  back,  l','-14  mm.  long;  palca  but 
little  shorter.  Stijies  of  lateral  spikelets  1.5  mm.  long;  empty 
glumes  setaceous,  2-3  mm.  long;  lloral  glumes  and  palea'  like  those 
of  the  central  floret.  (Jrain  flat,  narrowly  elliptical,  5.5  mm.  long. 
New  Jersey  (ballast-grounds),  Sirilnivr  for  l'.  S.  Dept.  Agrieul. 

lit. 

A  native  of  Kurope,  but  now  Avidely  distributed  in  numy  parts  of 
the  world,  rather  sj)aringly  introduced  into  North  America. 

:.  II.  iiKXASTK  iiox  L.  Sp.  IM.  H5(ir5;{).  Six-Ko\vi:i)  Haulky. 
//.  /irfenisfi/chi/on  Heauv.  Agrost.  Ill  (IS  12). 

An  erect  annual,  (iO-SO  cm.  high.  Spikes  compressed,  about 
10  cm.  long,  not  counting  the  erect  awns,  which  are  often  15  cm. 
long;  rachis  stout,  each  joint  4  mm.  long,  not  readily  separating. 
Spikelets  all  sessile  and  all  fertile;  emi)ty  glumes  slender, 
bristles  1-3  cm.  long;  lloral  glume  jirominently  nerved  jibove,  10-12 
mm.  long,  adhering  to  the  grain. 

A  well-knowji  valuable  plant,  cultivated  in  a  wider  range  of 
clinuito  than  any  other  cereal. 

8.  11.  KisTiciiON' L.  S^).  I'l.  85(17'5;{).  T\vo-uo\vKit  Uahlky. 
ZeorrHon  disticlnon  lieauv.  Agrost.  115  (1812).  II.  inil/crhe  Ar- 
duini.  K.  &  S.  Syst.  2:;();}  (1817).  This  differs  from  the  above 
chiefly  as  follows:  lateral  spikelets  stipitatc;,  neutral;  floral  glume 
of  lateral  spikelets  obtuse,  acute,  or  short  awned. 

Often  cultivated. 

144.  (275).  Elymus  L.  Sp.  PI.  S3  (175:5).  Cnlhnp.sis  .luub.  & 
Spach,  Illustr.  4 :  ;3(),  /.  ;521  (1850).  Lri/»ii>s  llochst.  Flora  31 :  118 
(1848)  in  foot-note.  Or/Iiusfarhi/s  Elirli.  I'.eitr.  4 :  140  (1789).  Po- 
?//rt><///cri.c  Xees,  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  (I)  1 :  284  (1838).  Silanidn  Ifalin. 
Journ.  Phys.  80 :  103  (1810).     Sifospdo!^  Adans.  Fam.  2  :  3G  (1763). 

Spikelets  2-0-flowered,  2-0  together,  sessile  at  the  nodes  of  the 
more  or  less  excavated  rachis  of  the  simple  spike,  raehilhi  articulate 
below  the  ilorets,  flowers  perfect  or  the  upper  imperfect  or  reduced 


648  POACEiE. 

to  ail  emiity  glume.  Empty  glumes  firm,  narrowly  linear,  1-15-5- 
norved,  short-  or  long-awiieil,  persistent,  all  those  at  one  node 
resembling  an  involucre,  rarely  the  glumes  split  into  many  awns; 
ilorul  glume  sliorter,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  round  on  the  back,  5- 
nerved,  obtuse  or  acute,  awned  or  awnless;  palea  as  long  as  the 
lloral  glume  or  shorter,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  very  short, 
distinct,  stigmas  feathery.  (J rain  ol)long,  hairy  at  the  apex,  grooved 
on  tlio  inside,  adiiering  to  the  palea. 

Perennial  grasses,  xisually  with  broad  Hat  or  firm  convolute  blades. 
Spikes  terminal,  cylindrical,  compact,  often  covered  witli  many  awns, 
rachis  breaking  in  pieces  or  not,  densely  or  loosely  niany-fiowered. 

Species  '-I't-'M),  belonging  to  the  temperate  regions  of  Europe, 
is-.i,  and  North  America. 

Eh/iiius  i^  distinguished  from  Hordeitni  in  having  two  or  more 
flowers  to  each  spikelet,  and  is  distributed  into  three  sections: 

I.  Sif anion,  Rafin.  PoIyaHf/icri/x  Nees.  Kachis  articulate; 
floral  glume  usually  15-awned. 

3.  CUnchjim  Griseb.  l{a(;iiis  continuous;  spikelets  usually  2 
only  at  each  notch,  floral  glume  witii  one  long  awn. 

3.  rsaiiinu'hjiia  ( i  riseb.  Tall  rigid  species,  often  with  more  than 
two  spikelets  to  each  notcli ;  floral  glume  unawned  or  with  only 
very  short  awnlikc  points. 

A.  Spike  soft,  ciliate,  awn  short  or  none 1,2,  .'{,4 

B.  Spike  smooth  or  hirsute,  awns  iu)ne  or  very  short.     .  5,  (5,  7 

C.  Glumes  awned ("■) 

a.  Some  of  the  empty  glumes  divided 1',  S,  9 

a.  Empty  glumes  not  divided (b) 

b.   Spike  rigid,  upright (c) 

c.  Spike  stout,  partly  included 10 

c.  Spike  narrow,  exserted 11 

c.  Spike  stout,  short,  exserted 12 

b.  Spike  exserted,  usually  nodding (d) 

d.  Spike  large,  10-15  cm.  long,  floral  glume  often 
flexuose l-^ 

d.   Spike  more  slender,  awns  more  slender.     '     .     14 
d.  Spike  dense,  villous,  awns  stniight 15 


HOHDILE.  G49 

1.  E.  arenarius  L.  Sp.  PI.  «:>  (IT"):}).     Iiaucheuia  Grass. 
Culms  stout,  glaucous,    \-:l   m.  or  more  high,  from  creepiug 

rootstocks.  Sheaths  smooth,  ligulo  very  short;  blades  strict,  pun- 
gent, 30  cm.  long,  10-15  mm.  wide,  the  upper  sliort.  Spike  dense, 
strict,  15-30  cm.  long,  1.5  cm.  broad;  rachis  hirsute.  Spikelets 
2-3  at  a  joint,  2-3  cm.  long,  appressed.  pubescent,  mostly  3-llo\vered ; 
empty  glumes  linear-lanceolate,  o-'i-nerved ;  floral  glume  rigid, 
ciliate,  keeled  toward  the  cuspidate  a])ex ;  palea  a?  long  as  its  glume. 

It  considerably  resembles  B.  mollis. 

Alaska,  Fumton  for  Nat.  Herb.  140;  Washington,  Iloioell, 
Sul-sthrf  \{)?,S. 

Sandy  seashores,  Alask'a  to  California,  also  in  Europe  and 
northern  Asia. 

2.  E.  mollis  Trin.  Spreng.  N.  Endt.  2:  72  (1821). 

Culms  stout,  .SO-170  cm.  iiigh.  Leaves  much  like  those  of 
E.  arc/Kirius.  Spike  erect,  20-30  cm.  long.  Spikelets  2-3  at 
each  joint,  2-3  cm.  long,  5-8-llowered,  more  or  less  soft-pubescent. 
Empty  glumes  as  long  as  the  spikelets,  5-7-nerved;  floral  glume 
^  j-20  mm.  long,  T-nerved. 

'J'his  is  much  like  JJ.  arenarius.  The  leaves  and  spikes  are 
softer,  the  empty  glumes  more  ciliate  and  broader  and  often 
7-nerved. 

Maine  (Kastport),  Iicall(\2;  Isle  of  Shoals,  Caiihy. 

3.  E.   dasystachys  Trin.  Ledeb.    Fl.  Alt.   1:J20  (1829).     E. 
Vancourerensis  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  15:48  (1888). 

Culms  smooth,  rather  stout,  60-SO  cm.  high  from  creeping 
rootstocks.  Leaves  scabrous  throughout,  or  the  sheaths  smooth; 
ligule  very  short;  blades  rigid,  more  or  less  involute,  pungent- 
pointed,  20-35  cm.  long,  5-8  mm.  witie.  Spike  strict,  8-12  cm. 
long.  Spikelets  2  at  each  joint,  15-20  mm.  long,  closely  imbri- 
cate, 4-7-flowered ;  empty  glumes  equal,  13-15  mm.  long,  more  or 
less  ciliate,  sliort-uwned,  narrowly -lanceolate,  3-nerved ;  floral  glume 
slightly  ciliate,  the  lower  one  12  mm.  long,  besides  the  short  awn. 

Montana,  William h  ;  Vancouver  Island,  J/«to?</<;  Washington, 
Howell. 

Alaska  to  Wtishington. 


660  POACE-E. 

4.  E.  innovatns  n.  sp. 

A  rather  slender  perennial,  60-70  cm.  high,  from  creeping 
rootstocks.  Sterile  slioots  abundant,  blades  20-30  cm.  long,  2-3 
mm.  wide,  scabrous,  flat  or  involute,  leaves  of  the  culm  3  in  num- 
ber, sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  very  short;  blades 
4-10  cm.  long.  Spike  erect,  slightly  exserted,  7-10  cm.  long. 
Spikelets  puberulent,  2  at  a  joint,  3-4-flowered,  15  mm.  long; 
empty  glumes  mere  bristles,  4-12  mm.  long;  floral  glume  oval- 
lanceolate,  8-9  mm.  long;  palea  as  long  as  its  glume. 

Montana  (north  fork  of  the  Sims  River  in  188T),  IL  S. 
Williams. 

5.  E.  triticoides  Buckl.  Proe.  Acad.  Pliila.  09  (1863).  E. 
Orcnttianus  Vasey,  Coult.  Bot.  (;az.  10:258  (1885). 

Rootstocks  at  least  sometimes  present.  Culms  rather  slender^ 
00-100  cm.  high,  nodes  3-5.  Ligule  very  short;  blades  15-25  cm. 
long,  erect,  narrow,  often  involute,  smooth  or  scabrous,  the  ui>per 
equalling  or  exceeding  the  culm.  S])ike  7-15  cm.  long,  erect,  loosely 
or  rather  closely  flowered.  Spikelets  2,  sometimes  3  or  only  1  at  a 
joint,  4-8-flowered,  sometimes  glaucous:  empty  glumes  equal,  linear- 
lanceolate,  rigid,  long-pointed,  6-10  mm.  long,  about  as  long  as 
the  floret;  floral  glume  firm,  lanceolate,  acumiiuite  or  short-awned, 
nerves  indistinct  below,  7  above. 

Very  near  to  Agropyron,  for  which  it  would  pass  in  cades  Avhere 
this  jilaut  is  slender  and  has  1  spikelet  at  a  joint.  E.  Onuttianns 
Vasey  is  a  slender  or  small  form  of  the  above,  and  perhai)s  even  that 
passes  insensibly  into  E.  condcnsatns,  which  see  for  a  full  account. 

Washington,  Stikxdorf  ^V2^;  Oregon,  Howell;  (JaWiovma, Parish 
1102,  1162  A,  Orcntt ;  Arizona,  linsby  909^,  Pr ingle.  Tourney 
750,  762. 

Rocky  Mountains,  Colorado,  Oregon,  and  California. 

6.  E.  condensatus  Presl,  Reliq.  IIa?nk.  1:205  (1S30).  Giant 
Rye-guass. 

Culms  in  dense  tufts,  stout,  reed-like,  1-4  m.  higli.  Ligule 
very  short,  auricled ;  blades  flat,  smooth,  often  glaucous,  2  cm.  or 
more  wide.  Spike  15-40  cm.  long,  compact  or  interrupted,  bear- 
ing branching  clusters  of  spikelets  at  each  joint.     Spikelets  3-6- 


IIOKDE.E.  651 

flowered;  empty  glumes  subulate,  setaceous,  as  long  as  the  florets 
or  longer  or  shorter;  floral  glume  8-10  mm.  long,  firm,  smooth  or 
rough,  mucronate,  5-nerved  above. 

"  This  is  perhaps  the  most  strikingly  variable  grass  upon  the 
coast,  and  would  furnish  several  species  were  the  characters  con- 
stant. At  one  extreme  its  stems,  according  to  Mr.  Bolander,  are 
13  ft.  high  and  its  roots  do  good  service  in  retaining  the  soil  of  the 
banks  of  streams.  In  these  luxuriant  forms  the  culm  is  as  large  as 
the  little  finger,  and  the  leaves,  an  inch  or  more  broad,  are  over  8 
ft.  long.  The  spike  is  sometimes  an  incli  and  a  half  thick,  dense 
and  continuous,  with  erect  appressed  branches  2  inches  long,  or  it 
is  much  lobed  or  sometimes  interrupted,  with  the  branches  in  sep- 
arate clusters.  In  most  of  these  large  forms  the  florets  are  jiale 
straw-coloi  i,  membranaceous,  though  in  some  they  are  greenish 
and  coriaceous,  in  which  respect  they  approach  the  variety  friii- 
coidi's ;  indeed  no  strict  line  can  bo  drawn  to  separate  them,  and 
the  variety  is  proposed  for  those  forms  that  are  liable  to  be  taken 
for  some  large  Tn'ficuin.  When  it  violates  the  diaracter  of  the 
genus  so  far  as  to  have  but  1  spikelet  at  a  joint,  there  is  uotliing  to 
distinguish  the  specimens  from  Triticuni,  tliough  none  have  been 
noticed  in  winch  there  were  not  somewhere  upon  the  spike  two 
spikelets  to  the  joint.  The  triticoid  forms  sometimes  branch,  and 
Nuttall  collected  on  Wapatoo  Island  a  subpaniculate  form,  with 
branches  naked  below."     Thurb.  S.  AVats.  liot.  Calif.  t» :  Siij  ( 1S80). 

Colorado,  CuKsidy ;  Montana,  Anderxon  (»;  Wasliiiigtoii,  Smid- 
Icrg  437,  Suksdorf  WH^',  California,  Orruti  473:  Lower  California, 
Orrntt. 

Coloratlo  to  Washington  and  California. 

7.  E.  ambiguuB  V.  &  S.  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  1:280 
(1893). 

A  densely  tufted,  rigid  perennial,  00-120  cm.  high.  Leaves  of 
the  sterile  shoots  erect,  the  blades  involute,  .<mooth  or  scabrous, 
30-45  cm.  long.  2-4  mm.  wide,  leaves  of  the  culm  about  4  in  num- 
ber; ligule  very  short;  blades  15-25  cm.  long.  Spikes  erect.  8-13 
cm.  long;  rachis  scabrous.  Spikelets  2  at  each  j«)iut  or  sometimes 
«ingle  at  the  extremities  of  the  spike,  scabrous,  5-9-flowered,  8-22 


662  POACE.E. 

mm.  long,  empty  glumes  subulate,  12-15  mm.  long,  0.5-0.7  mm. 
wide;  tlorul  glume  firm,  obscurely  S-nerved,  8-13  mm.  long,  tlie 
short  teeth  une(iual,  awn  about  3  mm.  loug;  pulea  as  loug  as  its 
glume.     Grain  about  7  mm.  long. 

Type  specimen,  Colorado  (Pen  Gulch),  Vascy  in  1884;  also 
collected  in  Montana  by  Andvrmn  in  1889. 

8.  E.  elymoidcB  (Kafin.)  Sweozy,  Cat.  Neb.  PI.  15  (1891). 
^fjgilops  Injstrix  Nutt.  (Jen.  1:86  (1818).  Sifaniun  elymoidcs 
Ralin.  Jour.  Phys.  89:103(1819).  B.  Sitanion  U.  &  S.  Miint. 
2  :436  (1824). 

Culms  tufted,  10-60  cm.  high.  Leaves  glabrous,  scabrous,  or 
hirsute;  sheaths  of  the  culm  3-4  in  number,  longer  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  the  upper  inflated;  ligule  a  mere  line;  blades  mostly  flat,  the 
apex  setaceously  pungent,  the  upper  one  3-5  cm.  long,  3-3  mm. 
wide.  Spikes  included  at  the  base  or  on  short  pedicels,  5-15  cm. 
long,  easily  breaking  into  pieces.  Spikelets  2,  sometimes  3,  at  each 
joint  of  the  rachis,  2-4-flowered;  empty  glumes  single,  or  some  or 
all  of  them  unequally  divided  to  the  base,  extending  insensibly  into 
stiff  diverging  awns  4-9  cm.  long;  floral  glume  7-10  mm.  long,  sca- 
brous, 5-nerved  above,  bearing  an  awn  as^long  as  those  of  the  empty 
glumes,  often  with  a  short  awn  on  either  side  of  the  apex;  palea 
entire,  emargiiuite  or  bearing  3  short  bristles. 

A  very  variable  grass,  concerning  a  collection  of  which  General 
Munro,  as  quoted  by  Dr.  Thurber  in  S.  Wats.  liot.  Calif.,  said: 
"A  valuable  series,  showing  how  many  species  and  even  genera 
might  be  made  out  of  this  one." 

Colorado,  Jones  531,  Patterson  153,  Lctterman  '6S;  Montana, 
Anderson 'i'i,,  Williams;  Arizoim,  Rusbi/,  Tonmei/ '7*Jo,  797;  Wash- 
ington, Hoioell;  California,  Pringle,  Orcntt. 

Kocky  Mountains  to  Texas,  California,  and  Mexico. 

9.  E.  Saundersii  Vasey,  liuU.  Torr.  Club,  11:  126  (1884). 
This  is  closely  related  to  £.  cicmoidcs,  of  whicii  it  is  perhaps 

only  a  variety.     The  leaves  are  a  little  longer,  spikelets  often  only 
one  at  a  joint  of  the  spike,  empty  glumes  narrowly  elliptical,  with 
a  shorter  awn,  unequally  divided  at  the  apex. 
Colorado,  \'asey. 


IIOKDE^.  663 

10.  E.  Virginicus  L.  Sp.  PI.  84  (175.'}).  E.  Carolinianus  Walt. 
Fl.  Car.  82  (1788). 

Culms  upright,  firm,  slender,  00-100  cm.  high.  Leaves  5-7  in 
numher,  sheaths  about  the  length  of  the  interuodes;  ligulo  very  short, 
auriculate;  blades  Hat,  scabrous,  15-20  cm.  long,  S-10  mm.  Avide. 
Spike  Tisually  partially  included  by  the  sheatli,  rigid,  dense.  5-15 
cm.  long,  1  cm.  thick.  Spikelets  2-3  at  each  joint,  2-4-tlowered, 
enij)ty  glumes  glabrous,  12-15  mm.  long,  thick,  spreading  at  the 
base,  incurved,  each  usually  unsymmetrical,  6-S-nerved,  j)ointed 
or  short-awned ;  lloral  glume  8-10  mm.  long,  linn,  hirsute,  short- 
awned.     E.  Canadensis  var.  minor  V'asey,  from  Texas,  belongs  here. 

lihode  Island,  Tweedy;  New  York,  Clinton;  Pennsylvania,  iS>r/i- 
?/c;'3535;  Michigan. //«'«/ 1 03;  Jowa,  Ilifrlirork;  M'mncsotu,  Arthur 
li  205;  Kansas,  Cassidi/;  Wyoming,  liuffuni  C  41. 

Low  land,  Xew  England,  Minnesota,  Colorado  to  Texas. 

Var.  glaucus  n.  vai-.  Glaucous  throughout  and  seedlings  also 
glaucous.  15-20  cm.  taller  than  the  species. 

Michigan  (Agricultural  College),  Beat  1G4,  105. 

Var.  submuticus  Hook  Fl.  lior.  Am.  2:255  (1840).  Awns 
none,  empty  glumes  acute  or  acuminate.  This  passes  insensibly 
into  the  species. 

Michigan,  Heal;  Illinois,  J.  Wolfe. 

11.  E.  Macounii  Vasey,  (irass.  IT.  S.  40  (1883),  name  only;  in 
Bull.  Torr.  Club,  13:  1H»  (1880).     /;.  nilidns  Vasey,  1.  c. 

Culms  in  dense  tufts,  00-!»0  cm.  high.  Leaves  of  culms  3  or  4 
.n  inimber,  ligulc  1  mm.  long;  blades  erect,  scabrous,  S-15  cm.  long, 
4-10  cm.  wide.  Spike  erect,  slender,  cylindrical,  exserted,  5-12  cm. 
long,  0.5-1  cm.  broad,  an  internode  of  the  rachis  near  the  middle 
4  mm.  long.  Some  of  the  lower  spikeb'ts  in  pairs,  those  above 
often  single.  1-3-tlowered;  empty  glumes  2  to  a  spikelet,  8  mm. 
long,  about  1.3  mm,  wide,  3-5-nerved,  or  for  1  or  2  spikelets  there 
may  be  3  emjity  glumes,  1  each  side  and  1  in  front,  all  alike  or  the 
middle  one  wider,  awns  slender,  1.5  cm.  long,  some  of  them  with  a 
short  awn  at  one  side.  Spikelets  when  in  pairs  arc  alike  or  one  is 
smaller  and  raised  on  a  })edicel;  lloral  glume  oblong-lanceolate, 
scabrous,  margins  hyaline,  ciliate;  2  lower  llorets  of  a  si)ikelet  very 


654  POAC'E^. 

nearly  the  same  height,  the  third  raised  2  mm.  or  more.     In  one  case 
a  10-uerved  glume  with  2  awns  covered  2  paleae  and  the  stamens 
and  pistil;  palea  obtuse  or  retuse,  equal  to  its  glume.     This  resem- 
bles Agropyron  iu  having  some  single  spikelets,  Ilordeum  in  having 
a  small  spikelot  raised  on  a  pedicel,  and  Elynrux  in  other  particulars. 
Colorado,  Vamjm  1S84;  Montana,  Anihrson'i^;  British  Amer- 
ica, Macoim  (4500  ft.  alt);  Oregon,  Cusich  (GOOO  ft.  alt.). 
Mountains  of  Colorado  to  Oregon  and  British  America. 
12.  E.   Caput-Medus.e  L.    Sp.  PI.  84  (ITSS).     E.  rrimfva 
Schreb.  Beschr.  Graes.  1').  /.  24  (1810). 

Culms  slender,  geniculate,  30-40  cm.  high,  the  upper  node  not 
over  one-fifth  as  high  as  the  culm.  Leaves  of  the  culm  '2  in  number, 
upper  sheath  slightly  inflated;  ligule  very  short;  l)lades  involute, 
narrow,  3-<;  cm.  long.  Spike  dense,  stout,  3-4  cm.  long,  with 
spreading  awns,  some  of  which  are  5  cm.  long.  Spikelets  2  at  a 
joint  or  only  1  on  the  lower  part  of  the  spike,  1-floweretl,  racliilla 
bearing  an  empty  glume  of  a  second  Horet;  empty  glumes  narrow, 
rough,  spreading,  2  cm.  long;  floral  glume  liispid,  7  nun.  long, 
gradually  merging  into  the  long  awn. 
Oregon,  Ilovell  132G. 
Introduced  from  Europe. 

13.  E.  Canadensis  L.  Sp.  V\.  83  (1753).     E.  riiilmJeJpJnnfs  L. 
Amu'n.     Acad.  4:200  (i:5i>). 

Culms  stout,  GO-120  cm.  high.  Leaves  rough,  4-5,  sheaths 
mostly  louger  than  the  internodes;  ligule  about  1  mm.  long,  auric- 
idate;  blades  flat  or  involute,  15-30  cm.  long,  5-15  mm.  wide. 
Spikes  exserted,  nodding,  12-15  cm.  long.  Spikelets  usually  2  at  a 
joint,  3-5-flowered  ;  empty  glumes  subulatt;,  1  mm.  wide,  3-4- 
nerved,  the  nerves  tapering  into  an  awn  usually  shorter  than  itself; 
floral  glume  10-12  mm.  long,  rough  hairy  with  a  slender  awn  2-3- 
cm.  long,  usually  spreading. 

Michigan,  Be((l  IGO;  Illinois,  Beat  107;  Colorado,  Casxidy; 
Montana.  Anderson  27. 

New  Endand  to  California. 

Yar.  glaucifolius  (Muhl.)  Torr.  Fl.  U.  S.  1:137  (1824).  E. 
glaucifoUns  Muhl.  Willd.  Enum.  1:131  (1809). 


HORDED 


665 


Pale  and  glaucous  throughout;  awns  usually  more  slender. 

Massiichusetts,  Cooky;  Michigan,   Wheehr;  Texas,  yealley. 

14.  E.  glaucuB.  Viir.  tenuis  Vascy,  Contrib.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb, 
1:280(1893).  E.  Sihiricus  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:255(1840), 
not  L.  E.  Aniericanns  V.  &  S.  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  Pt.  4,  245 
(1888).  E.  Sibiriciis  var.  Americamis  Wats.  &  Coult.  A.  Gray, 
Man.  Ed.  G,  673  (1890). 

Smooth  tlironghout  excepting  the 
awns,  or  scabrous,  or  culms  and  leaves 
puberulent,  rather  slender,  60-100  cm. 
high.  Leaves  4  in  number,  shcatlis  three- 
fourths  as  long  as  the  internodes;  ligule 
very  sliort;  blades  flat,  15-25  cm.  long, 
7-10  mm.  wide.  Spikes  exsorted,  5-18 
cm.  long,  erect  or  nodding.  Spikelets  in 
pairs,  sometimes  single,  2-6-flowcred; 
empty  glumes  about  8  mm.  long,  linear- 
lanceohite,  3-5-nerved,  with  an  awn  3-35 
Bnm.  long;  floral  glume  rough,  firm,  10 

mm.  long,  with  an  awn  1-3  cm.  long.   ForFio.   124  — 7?Z//to««    glavcua. 

,    ,        .  A.  spiktlet ;  b,  empty  glume, 

some  years  supposed  by  American  au-     (liichurdsou.) 

thors  to  be  E,  Sihiricus  Jj. 

Washington,  IToiveU,  E.  C.  Smith;  Oregon,  Howell,  CiisicJc: 
southern  California,  Pariah.     Very  variable. 

Lake  Superior  to  the  Pacific  Coast. 

15.  E.  striatus  Willd.  Sj).  PI.  1 :  470  (1797).  E.  striatus  vil- 
lostis  A.  Gray,  Man.    1 :  603  (1848). 

Plant  usually  more  or  le.-<3  pubescent.  Culms  slender,  30-GO 
cm.  high,  often  not  over  0.7  mm.  diam.  just  below  the  spike. 
Leaves  5-C  in  number,  sheaths  about  as  long  as  the  internodes, 
unsymnu'trically  auriculate  ;  ligule  very  sliort ;  blades  scabrous, 
flat,  15-18  cm.  long,  5-12  mm.  wide.  Spike  dense,  often 
nodding,  5-10  cm.  long.  Spikelets  usually  in  pairs,  2-3- 
flowered  ;  empty  glumes  awl-shaped,  1-4  nerved,  twice  as  long 
as  the  florets  and  half  as  wide  as  the  floral  glunu^,  which  is  6-7  mm. 
long,  not  including  the  slender  awn  1-3  cm.  l<»ng. 


066  POACE.E. 

New  York,  Clinton  for  Dr.  Chi  He  U'.Ml;  Delaware,  Martinilale; 
District  of  Columbia,  McCarthy;  Micliigau  (Fliut),  Dr.  Clarke 
(Rolliu)  Beal 

River-banks,  New  England  to  Minnesota  and  southward. 

145.  (276).  ASPEBELLA  llunib.  Roeni.  &  Ust.  :Ma«,'.  ]>art  7,  3: 
6  (1790).  Ifiistrix  Ma'ucli,  Metli.  294  (1794).  Giimioslii-lnim 
Sclircb.  licsclir.  Griics.  '.' :  127,  t.  47  (1810).  Asprella  Will.l.  Eiiuni. 
llort.  lierol.  i:}2  (180!»). 

Spikelets  1-4-flowi'red,  2  or  rarely  J  in  number,  sessile  at  the 
nodes  of  the  excavated  racliis  of  the  simple  spike,  rachilla  urtieulato 
below  the  florets,  which  are  perfect  or  the  ujiper  imi)erfect.  Em])ty 
glumes  0,  or  represented  by  1-2  small  spines  below  the  K]>ikelets; 
floral  glume  narrowly  lanceolate,  involute,  firm,  round  on  the  back, 
5-nerved  above,  extending  into  an  awn;  palea  shorter  than  the 
glume,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  very  short,  distinct,  stignuis 
jdumose.  Grain  narrow,  oblong,  villous  at  the  apex,  grooved  on 
the  inside,  adhering  to  the  palea.  Perennial  grasses;  spikes  ter- 
minal, looser  and  more  slender  than  in  Lli/tniis. 

Sj)eeies  4,  of  which  2  belong  to  North  Anu'rica,  1  to  Siberia, 
and  a  fourth  to  Xew  Zealand. 

1.  A.  Hystrix  (L.)  Micnch,  .Afetli.  2!)4  (1794).  Hottlk-mucsh 
Grass.  Asprella  Jfi/.sfri.r  Willd.  Enuni.  132  (1S09).  Elynius 
Hystrix  L.  Sp.  PI.  5G0  (I7r)3).  (iytnnostivhnni  /fys/ri.c  Schreb. 
lieschr.  Griies.  2:127  (1810).  (ryiiuiosf  ichnmmaj  us  Uaynh.  ^oin. 
l:3;i.  Hystrix  jxttula  Mwnch,  Meth.  295  (1794);  Ify.strix 
Hystrix  Millsp.  Fl.  W.  Va.  474  (1S!»2). 

A  rather  smooth  or  sparingly  scal)rous  tufted  grass,  60-120  cm. 
high.  Leaves  5-0  in  number;  sheaths  shorter  than  the  in t  "modes  ; 
ligule  a  mere  ring;  blades  flat,  inverted,  15-20  cm.  long,  8-15 
mm.  wide.  S[>ike  loose,  rachis  slender,  6-15  cm.  long.  S])ikeleta 
1-3  at  a  joint,  spreading,  early  deciduous;  empty  glumes  sometimca 
rei)resented  by  slender  rudiments;  floral  glume  smooth  or  rough,  9 
mm.  long,  tipped  with  an  awn  2-4  times  its  length ;  i)ah'a  as  long 
as  its  glume,  obtuse.  Glaucous  plants  were  found  by  0.  F, 
AVheeler  in  Ionia  County,  Michigan. 

Vermont,    Pringk ;      Pennsylvania,    Scritmer  ^or  V.   S.  Dept» 


BAMBUSEiE. 


657 


Apricul.  790;   Now  York,  lien}  108;    Michigan,  Wheeler,     Heal, 
CVflrX;  734;  WLsconsin,  Ilohiuyvr. 

Moist  woods.  New  Eiijijliiml  to  Miiiiiesotji  and 
Texas, 

'i.  A.  Californica   (lioland.).     (rf/miios/irhinn 
Catifornicum  lioland.  Cat.  .'Jo  (1870);   Tliurl).  S. 
Wats.   Hot.  Calif.  2:327  (18H0).     Asprella  Cult- 
fontica  Hentli. 

Culms  1-2  m.  liigli.  Slioaths,  at  least  the 
lower,  clotlu'd  with  short  stiff  spreading  hairs; 
ligule  very  short ;  blades  Hat,  ample,  scahrous, 
10-25  mm.  wide.  Spikes  15-25  cm.  long,  llexuose, 
interrupted  below,  dense  above.  Spikelefs  mostly 
in  pairs,  1-3-llowered,  on  very  short  eallus-like 
pedicels,  with  little  trace  of  empty  glumes,  ap- 
pressed,  at  least  when  young ;  floral  glume  12 
mm.  long,  broadly  lanceolate,  5-0-nerved  above, 
the  nerves,  especially  the  marginal  ones,  ciliate- 
hispid  with  short  stiff  rather  distant  white  hairs; 
awn  stout,  rough,  straight,  one-half  longe.'  than 
its  glume;  palea  equal  to  its  glume,  ciliate  above. 
When  young  much  resembling  Elyinus  conilen* 
safufi. 

California,  Anderson  for  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb. 

California. 


Trttji:  III.— BAMBUSEiE. 


Fio.  135. —  ^«- 
perella  II  y  a . 
trix.  Spike, 
k't.   (Scribner.) 


Spikelets  2-8-  (rarely  1-)  flowcre<],  in  i)anicles  or  racemes. 
Empty  glumes  2  to  many,  shorter  than  the  nearest  tloral  glumes: 
floral  glume  many-nerved,  awnless  or  with  a  sliort  straight  terminal 
awn ;  palea  2-  to  many-nerved,  rarely  nerveless.  Lodicules  usually  3. 
very  large.  Stamens  3  to  many.  Styles  2-3,  often  united  at  the 
base.  Grain  free.  Tall  woody  grasses,  with  broad  blades  usually 
articulate  at  the  sheath. 

151.  (277).  AruNDINARIA  Michx.  Fl.  IJor.  Am.  1:73  (1803). 
Miegia  Pers.   Syn.   1:101  (1805).     Ludoljia  Willd.  (Jes.    Naturf. 


668  POACE^. 

Fr.  Berl.  Mag.  2  :  320  (1808),  Macrotmx  Rafin.  Mod.  Rejios. 
N.  Y.  5  :  '.]b'l  (1808).  Tnghmum  Fisch.  Cat.  Jard.  (Jorenk. 
(1812).  Thamnovuhimns  Miinro,  Trans.  Linn.  Soe.  20  :  33 
(1868). 

Spikelets  many-flowered,  often  long,  compressed,  vacemosc  or 
paniculate,  rachilla  at  lengtli  articulate  below  the  flowers,  which 
are  j)crfect  or  the  upper  imperfect,  rarely  the  lower  nude.  Empty 
glumes  1-2,  unequal,  the  lower  sometimes  absent ;  floral  glunie 
longer,  membranaceo-herl)aceous,  convex  on  the  back,  not  keeled, 
many-nerved,  acute,  acuminate,  or  bristle-pointed ;  palea  a  little 
shorter  than  its  glume,  or  equal  to  it,  strongly  2-keeled.  Lodicules 
3.  Stamens  3.  Ovary  often  hairy  aliove ;  styles  2-3,  joined  for 
a  little  way  at  the  base;  stignuis  clothed  with  long  feathery 
branches.  Grain  oval  or  narrowly  oblong,  grooved,  included  by 
the  glume  and  palea,  but  not  atlherent. 

1  all  woody  grasses,  with  clustered  branches,  broad,  flat,  persist- 
ent blades,  often  with  short-jointed  petioles,  transverse  nerves 
obscure  or  conspicuous.  Inflorescence  usually  terminal,  simple  and 
close,  or  loosely  panicled.  Spikelets  large,  green  or  colored,  the 
long  glumes  finally  spreading. 

Species  24,  belonging  to  the  warmer  or  tropical  parts  of  Asia 
and  America. 

The  Bamboos  have  l)een  admirably  monographed  by  General 
Munro  in  the  twenty-sixth  voluine  of  the  Transactions  of  the  Lin- 
mwan  Society. 

1.  A.  macrosperma  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:T4  (1803).  Caxe. 
A.  hamhusiana  Trin.  Fund.  Agrost.  97  (I81'i).  .1.  (jigantm 
Chapm.  Fl.  S.  States,  561  (1860). 

Culms  erect,  hard,  woody,  3-12  m.  higli,  0.5-7  cm.  diam., 
jointed  every  20-30  cm.  for  lialf  its  length,  simple  the  first  year, 
branching  the  second,  fruiting  after  (?)  years,  and  then  dying  to  the 
ground.  Ligule  cut-fringed;  blades  lanceolate,  acuminate,  nearly 
smooth,  2-5  cm.  wide.  Panicles  lateral,  racemed.  Spikelets 
purple,  erect,  elliptical-lanceolate,  4-5  cm.  long,  7-12-flowered, 
first  empty  glume  5  mm.  long,  ovate-obtuse,  7-nerved,  second  10 
mm.  long,  clasping,  ovate-acute,    11-nerved;   floral  glume  ovate. 


BAMBl'SK.E. 


eno 


short-pointed,  l7-norvctl,  margins  ciliutc  ;  palea  equal  to  its  glume, 
2-toothe(l.    ll-nerved,    two  of 
wliioli  uro  ciliutf. 

Arkansas,  \Vorthi»yton  for 
U.  S.  De|)t.  A<,'ricul. 

Banks  of  the  larger  rivers 
in  the  Soutliern  States. 

'I'ho  young  growth  is  some- 
times used  for  forage  ;  the 
mature  stems  for  lish-rods, 
scatTolds  for  drying  cotton, 
pieces  for  pij)e-stenisand  pipes, 
and  the  bottoms  of  chairs, 
mats,  and  for  other  purjjoses. 

Var.  tecta  (Walt.). 
SwiTcii-cANE.  Small  Cane. 
Kekd.  Arundinan'a  frcta 
Muhl.  Desc.  Uber.  liU  (1817). 
Aruudo  tecta  Walt.  Fl.  Car. 
81  (1788),  teste  Muhl. 

Culms  suffruticose,  slender, 
branching,  60-300  cm.  high. 
Sheaths  bearded  at  the  throat, 
often  purple ;  blades  linear- 
lanceolate,    acuminate,    nearly 

smooth.      Spikelets  solitary  or    Fio.  '[26.—Arundinaria  macrotperma. 

t  ,     fl  1-     1        -1,  spikolet;  a,  floret.     (Scribiier.) 

raccmeu    on     leafless      radical  ^  ' 

culms,   lance-elliptical,  2-3   cm.   long,    ."i-D-flowered ;    first  eni))ty 

glume  oval,  abruptly   pointed,  7-nerved,  5  mm.  long  ;  second  oval, 

abruptly   pointed,    15-nerved,   9   mm.  long  ;    lloral  glume  ovate, 

mucronate,  17-nerved,  13  mm.  long;    palea  emarginate,  equalling 

its  glume,  about  13-nerved,  liis})id  on  'i  nerves. 

Virginia,  Chirkeri}ig  for  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.  79S. 

General  W.  Monro,  in  his  Monograjyli,  says:  "This  one  species 
bears  no  less  than  nine  different  generic  'uid  nineteen  specific  names. 
It  varies  much  in  form." 

Swamps,  Maryland,  Illinois,  and  south. 


660  GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION  OF 


GEOGRAPHICAL    DISTRIBUTION    OF    THE 
GRAMINE.E  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Grasses  are  very  widely  distributed  over  the  earth's  surface. 
The  species  are  most  numerous  in  tropical  regions,  where  the 
plants  are  usually  scattered,  while  in  a  moist,  temperate  climate, 
though  the  species  are  less  numerous,  the  number  of  plants  is 
enormous,  often  clothing  vast  areas  and  open  places  with  a  close 
growth.  In  temperate  regions,  wliere  sufficient  moisture  is  wanting 
to  sustain  a  dense  growth,  the  grasses  appear  in  tufts  or  bunches 
more  or  less  isolated. 

The  species  of  grasses  of  many  parts  of  North  America  have  not 
yet  been  sufficiently  studied  to  enable  anyone  to  outline  with  much 
precision  their  distribution.  Tl.is  is  partly  ov.'ing  to  the  difficulty 
of  the  subject  and  partly  to  the  lack  of  thorougli  exploration  in 
the  newer  sections,  especially  in  ^Mexico  and  countries  to  the  south. 

In  Genera  Plantarnm  of  Bentliam  and  Hooker  the  genera  of 
Gramineae  have  been  recorded  at  298;  the  species,  at  the  highest, 
about  3200.  The  number  of  genera  is  now  known  to  be  a  little 
larger,  and  the  number  of  species  discovered  has  increased  con- 
siderably. 

Many  botanists  are  inclined  to  separate  grasses  into  more  genera 
and  more  species  than  have  the  authors  of  the  standard  work  above 
mentioned. 

The  number  of  genera  native  to  North  America,  including  the 
West  Indies,  so  far  as  discovered  and  described,  is  about  140, 

The  number  of  genera  introduced,  mostly  as  weeds,  25. 

The  number  of  species  native  to  North  America,  about  1275. 

The  number  introduced  as  weeds,  etc.,  about  105. 

The  whole  number  of  genera,  IGo. 

The  whole  number  of  species  now  known  here,  1380. 

No  doubt  there  are  still  a  considerable  number  especially  of 
native  southern  species  yet  to  be  discovered,  and  some  others  will 
ere  long  find  a  home  as  emigrants  from  foreign  lands. 


THE  GRAMINE^  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  661 

The  lists  of  grasses  to  bo  fouud  in  Asia,  Africa,  and  Soutli 
America  are  too  imperfectly  known  to  be  mentioned  here. 

For  Europe  we  are  more  fortunate  in  having  the  excellent 
Conspectus  of  C.  F.  Nyman,  published  in  1882.  According  to 
Nyman,  the  number  of  genera  of  grasses  in  Europe  is  -iT ;  the  num- 
ber of  species,  5T0. 

In  1877  was  publislied  lientham's  Flora  Aiistraliensis.  In  this 
work  the  author  records  the  number  of  genera  of  grasses,  native 
and  exotic,  as  41 ;  the  species  as  338. 

In  these  enumerations  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  Eu- 
ropean rej)ort  is  the  more  recent,  that  the  grasses  of  Europe  have 
been  the  more  thoroughly  studied,  and  that  Nyman  makes  more 
species  than  woukl  Mr.  Bentham  in  the  same  territory.  No  doubt 
by  this  time  a  considerable  number  of  species  have  been  added  to 
that  given  by  Bentham  in  his  Australian  Flora. 

Most  likely  the  various  persons  who  have  from  time  to  time 
described  the  grasses  found  on  this  continent  have  nuide  many 
more  species,  and  some  more  genera,  tlum  Mr.  Bentliam  would 
have  done,  and  we  are  using  his  list  as  our  standard  in  comparing 
the  grasses  of  these  countries.  Even  with  these  explanations,  the 
reader  must  understand  that  the  figures  here  given  are  somewhat 
misleading  and  in  favor  of  North  America. 

Below  I  include  the  species  introduced  and  established,  as  well 
as  those  which  are  endemic. 

Among  the  genera  of  grasses  in  the  world  there  are  at  least 
twenty-four  which  contains  each  thirty  or  more  siiecies. 


-.  \..-.v  y-' 


'>:x- ...... 

■I 

1 

\ 

-:^     '       >    ., 

-1 

~  6  ---/-^A'^ 

b 

fi     >    V 


o- 


"i 


•  -»■.,, I 


^ 
^^v. 


t.    I. 

y  >^  .,,  ...  ;■  f  ■ '  •'"'J  X-#-v»-^ 


U.    ,(..,       .0     ^ 


0   x^-^^' 


u.^'^,  ...      %^ 


662 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION  OF 


Pivnicum. 
PuspuUira 


Species. 


.    ,  <  Chrysopogon  ) 

Audiopogon  ^  Heteropogou  ] 


Calamagrostis 

Agrostis 

Arlstida,. 

Eiagrostis 

Stipa 

Danthonia 

Muhlenbcrgia 

Poaaud  Atropis 

Sporobolus 

Festuca 

Trisetum 

ChamiBraphis  (Setaria). 

Broinvis 

Pennisetum 

Cliloris 

Avena 

Melica 

Bouteloua 

Paniculaiia  (Glyceiia). 

Clnis(iuea 

IscluL'inum. 


250 
160 

130 

120 
105 
100 
100 
100 
100 
89 
80 
80 
80 
50 
42 
40 
40 
40 
40 
32 
30 
30 
30 
30 


III  N.  A. 


85 
74 

59 

31 

37 

51 

38 

31 
6 

76 

58 

49 

46 
18 

40 
27 
18 
17 
11 
23 
30 
16 
8 
1 


I'er  Cent  of 
all  In  N.  A. 


84 
46 

45 

26 
35 
51 
38 
31 
6 
85 
73 
61 
57 
36 
95 
67 
43 
43 
27 
68 
100 
53 
27 
3 


Of  genera  of  medium  or  small  size,  containing  from  2-28  speeiea 


each,  the  following  are  named,  viz. 


Species. 


Ill  N.  A. 


Per  Cent  of 
all  ill  N.  A. 


Leptochloa  (Diplachue). . 

Oryzopsis 

Aiuiidinaria • .  • 

Arundinella 

Biunbusa 

Cenchrus 

Elymiis 

Siegliugia  (Triodia) 

Agropyroii 

l)escluunpsia 

Alopecurus 

Eriochloa 

Ichnauthus 

Pappophonim 

Olyra 

Isiicbne 

Miitiisiinis  (RottbffiUia.) . 

Oplismcnus 

Epicanipes 

Gaudca 

Hordeum 

Arlbrostylidiuin 

Ellonurus 

Eriantbus 

Saccharum 


28 

24 

24 

34 

24 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

18 

16 

16 

15 

12 

12 

13 

12 

12 


18 

10 
4 
4 
2 

19 

18 

14 

13 

13 
7 
7 
7 
6 
4 
8 
3 

16 

13 
6 
8 
3 
3 
8 
2 


64 
40 
17 
17 
8 
95 
90 
70 
60 
60 
35 
35 
35 
30 
20 
15 
17 
100 
81 
40 
41 


THE  GUAM1NE.E  OF   NOKTH   AMERICA. 


663 


Kneleria 

Tnichypogou 

Polypogou 

Phiilaris 

Hi'iza 

Phleum 

Pariunii 

SaviistiiDa  (HierocbloC). . . 

Spartina 

Grapliepliuruin 

Hclcochloa 

Cainpiilusus  (Cttiiiium). . . 

Eleusine 

Bracliy  podium 

Eiitunia 

GyinnopogoD 

Zeiigites 

Hilaria 

Leptiirus 

Luziola 

Milium 

HoinalocencUrus  (Lcersia) 

Dislichlis 

Tricliloris  

IMiarus 

Arthophora 

Oryza 

Platonia 

Uniola 

Ammophila 

Tripsiicuni 

Iinperita 

Sclt'iopogou 

Munroa 

Reiniaria 

^Egopogoii 

Anthttiiitinthia 

Catliesteclium 

Cha;tiiim 

Ciniiii 

Euchlicim 

Tripliispis 

Asperellti 

Disantlielium 

Pleuropogon 

Gyiiericuui 

Heiiiiirthria 

Ampliiciirpuni 

Boiilia 

Ert'inoclila' 

Eriocoma  

OrcuUia 

Ortiioclada 

Tliurberia 

Konycarpus  (Diarrheua). . 
Piiragmites. 


Species. 

lu  N.  A. 

IVr  Cent  of 
all  in  N.  A. 

13 

1 

8 

11 

3 

27 

10 

5 

50 

10 

5 

m 

10 

4 

40 

10 

3 

20 

10 

1 

10 

9 

5 

55 

8 

6 

T5 

8 

4 

50 

8 

2 

25 

7 

3 

43 

7 

3 

43 

6 

3 

50 

6 

6 

100 

6 

r, 

83 

6 

0 

83 

6 

4 

66 

6 

3 

33 

6 

2 

33 

6 

1 

17 

5 

5 

100 

5 

3 

60 

5 

3 

60 

5 

2 

40 

5 

1 

20 

5 

1 

20 

5 

1 

20 

5 

5 

100 

4 

4 

100 

4 

4 

100 

4 

3 

75 

4 

2 

50 

4 

1 

35 

4 

1 

25 

3 

3 

100 

3 

3 

100 

3 

3 

100 

3 

3 

100 

3 

3 

100 

3 

3 

100 

8 

3 

100 

3 

2 

67 

3 

2 

67 

3 

67 

3 

1 

33 

3 

1 

33 

2 

2 

100 

2 

2 

100 

2 

2 

100 

2 

2 

100 

2 

2 

100 

2 

2 

100 

2 

2 

100 

2 

1 

50 

2 

1 

50 

664  GEOaitAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION^  OF 

The  following  genera  of  only  one  si)ecies  eacli  are  found  in  North 
America  and  elsewhere :  Catabrosa,  Coleanthus,  Cottea,  Phippsia. 

The  following  genera,  containing  one  species  each,  arc  limited 
to  North  America:  Bavchea,  Brachychjtrmn,  Bulbilis,  Calamachloa, 
Ifydrochloa,  Monanthochloc,  Opiziu,  llachidospei'mmn,  licdfieldia, 
lieynadia,  Schaffncra,  Schedonnardus,  Scrihneria,  Zizaniu,  Zi- 
zaniopsis. 

The  following  species  found  in  North  America  are  very  widely 
distributed  elsewhere,  viz. : 

Agrostis  {scahrit)  hyemalis  B.  S.  P.    Cool  N.  A.  and  Australia. 

Andropogon  con  tortus.  Tropical  and  subtropical  America, 
Asia,  Africa,  Australia. 

Ardagrostis  Uitifolia  Gris.  Arctic  Ai^ia,  Europe,  and  North 
America. 

Beckinamtia  erncceformis  Host.  Tonii)eriite  Europe,  Toniperato 
Asia,  Western  North  America. 

Ciitabrosa  aquativa  lieauv.  Tennterate  Europe,  Asia,  Nortli 
America. 

Cetichrus  tribuloides  L.  North  America,  South  America,  Asia, 
Africa. 

Coleanthus  subtilis  Seid. 

Cottwa  p(ij)pophoroides  Kunth. 

Deschampsia  ciespitosa  Bcauv.  Temperate  and  cool  regions  of 
the  world. 

BisticJiUs  marititna  Raf.     Seacoast  of  America  and  Australia. 

Erayrostis  ciUaris  Link.  Nortli  America,  South  America,  East 
Indies,  Africa. 

Eragrostis  reptaus  hypnoides  !>.  S.  P.  Nortli  America.  South 
America. 

Festuca  ovina  L.     Temperate  regions  of  the  world. 

Panicularia  {(Hyrvria)  Jlnitans  \{.  \\r.  Temperate  anil  cool 
Northern  Hemisphere  and  Australia. 

Savastana  {Hierochlo'd)  cdpina  R.  &  S.  Cold  Northern  Jfemi- 
sphere. 

Savastana  {IlicrocJdoc)  borealis  R.  &  8.  Cold  and  temperate 
Northern  Hemisphere. 


New     England     to     Kocky 
Mountains. 


THE  UUAMINE.E  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  665 

K(vlcria  cristata  Pers.   Temp,  and  subtrop.  X.  Ileniis.  and  Aust. 

Homaloceiichnis  (Leersia)  hcjranilrn  Swz.    Soutli  Eastern  North 
America  to  Buenos  Ayres,  Al'rica,  Australia,  East  Indies. 

Lycurus  phlvoiiles  II.  H.  K. 

jilani.su r us  granularis  Swz.     All  tropical  regions. 

PaHumm  capillare  L.     All  cool  and  warm  regions. 

Paniciim  Crus-galli  L.     All  cool  and  warm  regions. 

Paninun  lulunum  L.     Most  warm  and  tropical  regions. 

P((nicuin prosirafttm  Lam.     Most  warm  and  tropical  regions. 

Paxpahim  coxjugatum  Borg.     Warm  parts  of  North  America, 
Soutli  America,  Australia,  Africa. 

PasiHtlutn  distich II m  L.     AVarm  parts  of  North  America,  South 
America,  Australia,  Africa. 

Phippsia  algida  R.  Br. 

Spartina  cynosuruides  Willd. 

Spurt ina  polystachya  Willd. 

Spartina  striata  Both. 

Sporobolus  Virginicus  Kth.     All  warm  regions. 

Chamcprap/iis  (Sefaria)  glauva  Beauv.     All    temp,   and   trop. 
regions. 

Xazia  (Tragus)  racemos^^s  Hall. 

Trisi'tum    sHhspicatum    Beauv.      Temperate   and   cool    North 
America  and  Austral ia. 

The  following  species  of  North  America  are  couliuvil  to  limited 
areas,  viz. : 

Aiiifthiriirpmih  Fioviuainnn  Fla.  Orcnttin  ^r/vv /i(7  Vascy.     Calif. 

Aiidrnjioi/D/i  tiivliitux  C\m\).  I  Uuinlii  Piifnui^i  Vnsvy,    Mouth  of  Colo- 

"        bnicfii/M/iK'/ii/ UK  L'hii\K   ',    ^  rado  River. 

"        (//v/r/Vi.v  Spreiii:.  I ''^'^'  Anxtida  F/nrulniKi  Viisvy.     Fla. 

"         liiii/i/ii  rlii.iUnck.  J  "       (///riiii.t  i'\\»\).     Kla. 

Eriorhloa  iiioIUs  Kth.     I'hi.  "       JunesH  Vasey.     Arizona. 

Uoiiiiilofenfliru.t      (Lk  vxi.i)      inonanld        "       Orriitfidun  Yixi^vy.     Arizona 

Swz.     Fla.  "       Pidinivi  Vasey.     Arizona. 

Liiziila  Alidiniiivnsis  C\\A\K     Ala.  "      piduxtvixXaaey.     Fla. 

Eriocldoii  Li  iiniiiini  \ .  IL 'A,     Arizona.  "       «ca/>/v/ Chap.     Fla. 

Jlitiiria  rii/idii  Vasoy.     Arizona.  "      simplkifoUa,     Fla, 

P/ndiiri-i  Li'iitinoiii  Vasey.     Arizona.  "       spkifoninx  Ell.     Fla. 

■OrctitlUi     Cidi/oruicu    Vasey.        South 
Calif. 


666 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION  Oi 


Ninety  genera  are  represented  by  species  in  both  hemispheres. 
In  comparing  some  of  the  genera  of  Europe  with  some  of  thoso 
of  North  America,  we  find  that 

Europe  has  40  species  of  Arena  ;       North  America  has  11  species. 

"         "    28       "      *'  FeHtiica;         "  "  "   40      " 

*i        *'    12       "      *•  Kwhria;        •'  "         '•     1      " 

"      9       "      "  Phleum;        "■  "         "     1 

North  America  has  171  species  of  Panicmn  ;       Europe  lias  0  species, 

•  •  «>       Q  H, 


70 

"  Mithlenbergia; 

59 

"  Andropogon  ; 

51 

"  Aristida; 

49 

"  Sporobidus  ; 

74 

"  Pasjndum  ; 

38 

"  Eragrostis  ; 

30 

"  Bouteloua; 

10 

"  Oryzopsis; 

*'  1 
"  1 

t « 


0     •• 

'    5       " 
<   0 

One  species  each  of  foar  small  though  conspicuous  European 
genera  are  cultivated  in  North  America,  viz.:  Anfhoxanfhiwiy 
ArrhenntJiernm,  Dadylis,  Lolium. 

In  comparing  some  of  the  genera  of  Australia  with  some  of 
those  of  North  America,  we  find  that  Australia  has  no  large  genus 
of  grasses  not  represented  in  North  America,  though  that  country 
has  a  few  genera  of  medium  size  and  many  of  a  small  size  not  rep- 
resented in  this  country. 


North  America  h 


(i 
tt 
n 
tt 

t( 
<( 
tt 
tt 

ct 


IS  70  Sp.  of  Muhlenberg ia  ;     Australia  has  0  Sp. 


30  " 

"  Bouteloua; 

<< 

i  t 

0   '' 

10  " 

"  Oryzopsis; 

<< 

'• 

0  " 

6  " 

"  Hilar  ia; 

<( 

t . 

0   " 

G  " 

"  Spariina  ; 

<( 

.  li 

0  " 

12   " 

*'  Deschampsia  ; 

4( 

tt 

1  " 

40  " 

"  Festnca; 

(< 

tt 

3   " 

37  " 

"  Agrostis  ; 

(< 

It 

3   *' 

74  " 

"  Paitpalum  ; 

<< 

tt 

4  " 

49  '• 

"■  Sporobolus  ; 

tt 

tt 

0   " 

76  " 

"  Poa  (A/ropis); 

>< 

tt 

8  " 

THE  GRAMINEiE  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  667 

t 
North  America,  as  would  be  expected  from  its  extent  and  con- 
figuration, has  a  greater  number  and  variety  of  grasses  than  Eu- 
rope, and  Europe  a  greater  number  and  variety  than  Australia. 
Europe  lacks  many  of  the  species  found  in  tropical  and  subtropical 
North  America  and  Australia.  North  America  compares  favorably 
with  both  Europe  and  Australia  combined.  In  the  north  of  North 
America  are  species  of  European  genera;  in  the  south,  species  of 
many  of  the  Australian  genera. 

CENTRES  OF  CERTAIN  LARGE  GENERA,  SO  FAR  AS 
NORTH  AMERICA  IS  CONCERNED. 

Agros/is.     Cool  west  North  America. 
Andi'opogon.     East  of  Rocky  Mountains  in  warm  states. 
A  ristkla.     East  of  Rocky  Mountains  in  warm  states. 
Bouteloua.     Arizona  and  Texas. 
Bromus.     Cool  west  North  America. 
Eragrostis.     Warm  east  North  America. 
Mclica.     Pacific  coast  to  Rocky  Mountains. 
Muldenbergia.     Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 
Panicv.m.     Warm  southeastern  North  America. 
Paspalmn,     Warm    southeastern     North    America,    especially 
Florida. 

Poa.     Cool  regions  of  west  North  America. 
Sporobolus.     Warm  regions  of  west  North  America. 
Stipa.     Warm  regions  of  west  North  America. 


The  following  upon  the  same  subject  was  taken  from  a  paper 
read  at  a  meeting  of  the  A.  A.  A.  S.  in  189;}  by  Prof.  S.  M.  Tracy: 

"  Agrostis,  with  its  37  species  and  great  number  of  varieties,  is, 
as  the  manuals  say,  'common  everywhere,' New  England  having 
6  species,  Minnesota  3,  Oregon  21,  Texas  6,  and  Florida  3;  14  of 
the  37  species  are  confined  to  the  Pacific  coast. 

"  Agropyron,  with  its  9  species,  is  distinctively  western,  all  the 
species  being  found  in  Colorado,  the  only  instance  in  which  so  large 
a  genus  has  representatives  of  all  its  forms  in  a  single  state. 


668  GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION  OF 

*'  Alopecurnx  is  a  Piicilic-coast  genus,  7  of  its  9  species  being 
found  iu  Oregon,  wJiile  only  one  other  state,  Colorado,  has  more 

than  3. 

"  Andropogon.  If  we  omit  those  species  which  have  commonly 
been  called  (linjsopogon  and  Sonjhum,  we  shall  still  have  33  left, 
and  these  are  largely  southern  and  eastern.  Florida  leads  the  list 
with  25,  of  which  7  are  peculiar  to  that  state. 

"  Arisfida  is  well  distributed  over  tlie  entire  country,  though 
more  abundant  in  the  south  and  west.  A.  pu rpu rmcens  is  the 
common  type  of  the  genus,  being  credited  to  31  states. 

"  Boufelom  finds  its  home  on  the  eouthorn  plains,  18  of  its  22 
species  being  found  in  Texas,  and  4  are  confined  to  that  state. 

"  Browns,  with  its  20  species,  is  found  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific,  though  more  abundantly  in  the  far  "West,  14  species  being 
found  in  California  and  10  in  Colorado,  against  7  in  New  England, 
1  in  Florida,  and  5  in  Tennessee.  B.  secaHnus  and  B.  Kalmii  are 
the  most  widely  distributed  species,  and  10,  half  the  entire  number, 
are  immigrants,  mostly  on  the  Pacific  coast,  and  the  number  of 
these  will  doubtless  be  largely  increased  in  the  near  future. 

"The  famous  Buchloe,  which  was  formerly  supposed  to  cover  the 
entire  Western  plains  with  a  dense  mat  of  turf,  seems  now  to  be 
confined  to  eight  or  ten  states,  and  to  be  nowhere  abundant. 

"  CalamagroKfis  is  essentially  a  Northern  genus,  reaching  its 
greatest  development  along  the  slopes  of  the  IJocky  Mountains  and 
among  the  hills  of  New  England.  New  England  and  Minnesota 
have  9  each,  Oregon  11. 

•*  Oonohrics  (ribuloides  makes  trouble  from  ^Maine  to  California, 
and  from  ^linnesota  to  Florida,  but  is  not  reported  from  the  ex- 
treme Northwest. 

**  Of  the  9  species  of  Chloris  only  1  is  found  beyond  the  southern 
tier  of  states,  and  even  that  does  not  venture  beyond  Kansas  and 
Tennessee. 

"  Cinna,  whether  it  have  1,  2,  3,  or  4  species,  as  published  by 
different  authors,  covers  nearly  the  entire  country  with  some  of  its 

many  forms. 

''Dantlionia,  with  its  7  species,  is  quite  local,  3  species  being 


THE  (JRAMIXEiE  OF  NORTH   AMERICA.  669 

(•oTiliiied  to  the  Western  coast,  wliile  the  otiier  4  are  all  east  of  the 
mountains  and,  with  a  single  exeeption,  east  of  the  Mississippi  River. 
Almost  the  same  may  be  said  of  the  'J  si)ecies  of  JJetitltdmjmu. 

"  Ely  mils,  with  its  18  species,  has  representatives  in  nearly  every 
state  excepting  Florida,  but  is  most  abundant  in  the  Kocky  Moun- 
tain region  and  on  the  Pacific  slope,  California  and  Oregon  having 
8  si)ecies  each,  while  New  England  has  but  3  and  Texas  5. 

**  J'Jrttf/rns/is  is  another  genus  of  wide  distribution,  5  of  its  25 
species  being  found  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  while  but  3 
species,  1  in  California  and  2  in  Florida,  are  confined  to  single 
states. 

"  Fvstnra  is  also  widely  dispersed,  and  is  so  extremely  variable 
that  it  is  very  difficult  to  define  the  limits  of  many  of  the  so-called 
species  or  their  geographical  range. 

"  Glyceria  and  Afropis  form  a  group  with  representatives  in 
nearly  every  state,  though  more  abundant  northeast  than  elsewhere; 
New  England  having  the  greatest  number,  12,  while  Minnesota  has 
6,  (^)regon  7,  I'exas  2,  and  Florida  only  1. 

''  Melica  with  its  18  species  is  strongly  Avestem,  having  12  spe- 
cies in  California  and  11  in  Oregon,  while  only  2  arc  found  east  of 
Colorado  and  Texas. 

"  Mi(hlenher(iia  centres  in  the  arid  regions  of  the  Southwest.  28, 
or  more  than  half  of  its  46  species,  being  found  in  Texas,  while  Ari- 
zona has  no  less  than  30,  or  about  two-thirds  of  the  entire  number. 

"  Oryzoptiis  in  some  form  is  found  in  nearly  the  Avhole  country 
excepting  south  of  the  Ohio  Kiver,  where  its  occurrence  is  noted  but 
once. 

'*  J^anicnm,  with  some  of  its  83  species,  covers  the  entire  country, 
but  its  distribution  is  very  unequal  and  appears  to  be  influenced  by 
both  climate  and  the  cultivation  of  the  soil.  Many  of  its  forms  are 
rarely  seen  excepting  in  cultivated  fields,  where  they  may  grow  *  as 
thick  as  crab-grass,'  and  many  others  have  a  limited  range.  Many 
species  which  are  annuals  in  the  North  become  perennials  in  a 
miltler  climate,  and  so  we  find  both  species  and  individuals  becoming 
more  numerous  as  we  go  South.  New  England  has  21  species, 
while  Florida  has  45;  Minnesota  has  14,  and  Oregon  oidy  5,  while 


670  UEOURAPHICAL  DISTUIBUTION. 

Texas  claims  59.  California,  usually  so  prolific  in  local  specios  of 
large  genera,  has  only  11  in  all,  and  none  which  are  peculiar  to 
that  state. 

*'  Paspalum,  with  its  39  species,  has  a  still  more  marked  liking 
for  the  southern  country,  having  29  species  in  Florida  and  28  in 
Texas,  against  3  in  New  England,  none  in  Minnesota,  and  only  1  in 
Oregon.  It  is  a  genus  which  flourishes  best  in  heat  and  moisture, 
and  is  almost  wholly  absent  from  the  plains  or  among  the  moun- 
tains ;  Tennessee  having  9  species,  the  greatest  number  in  any  in- 
land state. 

"  Poa,  with  its  63  species,  finds  a  place  for  some  of  its  forms  in 
every  state,  but  it  is  most  at  home  in  the  cool  mountain  regions 
of  the  North.  Oregon  and  Colorado  each  luis  26  species,  many 
of  them  being  local,  while  California  follows  closely  witli  23,  and 
Utah  with  19.  New  England,  New  York,  and  Pennsylvania  each 
has  10,  while  Texas  has  but  6,  and  Florida  3. 

*'  SiegUugia  {Triodia),  with  its  18  species,  is  almost  wholly 
Southern  and  largely  Southwestern,  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  having 
10  eacli,  Texas   16,  and  the  other  Gulf  States  5  each. 

"•  Spartina,  with  its  7  distinct  forms,  whether  they  be  called 
species  or  varieties,  has  some  representatives  in  marshy  soils  every- 
where. 

"  Stipa,  with  its  29  species,  has  but  3  species  east  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River  and  but  3  south  of  the  Ohio,  but  is  more  abundant 
westward,  having  7  in  Colorado,  15  in  Arizona,  and  18  in  Cali- 
fornia. 

"  Trisctum  finds  a  place  for  just  one-half  of  its  species  in  Cali- 
fornia, while  Oregon  and  Colorado  have  4  each,  and  Texas  3." 


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Observations  on  some  New  England  Plants,  with  chaiacteis  of  several 

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BIBLIOGRAPHY.  67& 

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INDEX. 


Abola  Adans.,  317 
AchiCta  plumosa  Fourn.,  340 
Achnathemm  Beauv.,  212 
AchnodoH  Link,  275 
Achnodouton  Heauv.,  274 
Acnuhne  Wight  &  Arn..  428 
Acrathcrum  Link,  76 
Acrospt-lion  Bess.,  373 
ActinocJdoa  \Villd.,413 
irracilis  WHkl.,  417 
^hirsHU,  R.  &  S.,  417 
Aeiiialiita  Schultes,  494 
Aet,'i<i/if's  Trin.,  494 
yE^ri/ofs  L.,  641,  643 
(iromalioi  Walt.,  401 
hystrix  Null.,  653 
/Ei^opogou  H.  &  B.,  70 
iEGOPOGON  Btauv.,  70 
cenchroides  H.  &  B.,  73 
geminiflorus  H.  &  B.,  73 
var.  abortivuB  Fourn.,  73 
var.  unisetus  (R.  &.  S.)  Fourn.,  7; J 
gracilis  Vasey,  73^ 
tiniutiis  R.  &  S.,  73 
A'^lvria  Wilki.,  100 
Agntitliis  Beauv.,  330 
aitiiiiiis  Beauv.,  334 
AGROPYRON  J.  Gartn.,  634 
caninoides  (R.  Pound),  640 
caninum  a..)  Beau^.,  639 
laninuni  nuilatcfuL-  Vasey,  63i) 
caiiiiiuiii     (forma)     liohuesiriis     R. 

Pounil,  635 
dasystaohyum  (Hook  )  Scribn  ,  liod 
diver  gens  Nees,  638 
glaucum  (Desf.)  R.  &  S.,  6'.i7 
repens  (L.)  Beauv..  636 

var.  tenerum  (Vasey),  637 
Scribneri  Vasey,  638 
tfiieriini  Vasey,  637 
unilatcraU  Beauv.,  635_ 
tiiiil<i/eriilr  Cassidy,  635 
violaoescens  (R.  Pound),  635 


AGROPYRON 

Tiolaceum  (Hornm.)  Vasey,  639 
violiUiUni     (forma)     caninoides     R. 
Pound,  640 
AGROSTIDEiE,  189 
AGROSTIS  L.,319 
aequivalvis  Trin.,  329 
itiroides  Torr.,  399 
.\i.HA  L.,  332 
,,1,^'idn  Wold.,  283 
tilpiiui  Scop.,  334 
altissima  (Walt.)  Tuckerm.,  334 
iirachuoidt's  Ell.,  333 
urinaria  Scribn.,  330 
aspfra  Miclix.,  387 
ospi'rifolia  Trin.,  331 
attenuata  Vasey,  334 
harhata  Pers.,  303 
/•reri/olia  Nuit.,  388 
Ciliforiiita  Trin.,  331 
canina  L.,  324 

var.  1,-1/ II ira his  Trin.,  339 
var.  alpina  Oakes,  334 
var.  Btolonifera  Vasey,  3'M 

cinna  Latn.,  318 

,i,iiid,-stin<i  Muld.,  387 

lompri'ssiis  Torr.,  397 

loustriilns  Vasey,  330 

crvpt'indrd  Torr.,  304 

densiflora  \'asey,  336 

Diegoensis  \'asey,  338 

/hiiiiini^ri/sis  Siliult.,  304 

Elliottiana  Scluilt.,  333 

,-/i>i/,^<i/ii  Lam.,  391 

exarata  Trin.,  330 

cxarata  iidcrophylla  S.  Wats.,  336 

exigua  Thurb. ,  333 

fasciculata  (H.  B.  K.)  R.  &  S.,  331 

Jilif'ormis  Muhl.,  353 

foiiosa  Vasey,  338 

geminata  Trin.,  336 

(jir.ANTKA  Gaud.,  333 

grandis  Trin.    331 


67: 


678 


IN'DEX. 


Ageostis 

Hallii  Vasey,  335 
Howellii  Scribn.,  333 
////«/«//>  Vasey,  330 
hyemaliB(Walt.)B.  S.  P.,  327 

imhliiittit  Spreng.,  264 
Imiia,  L.,  296 
Inflata  Scribn.,  325 
iiitiiryupta  L. ,  3i)7 
///;/«•</  Michx.,  290  ^^ 
latcriflortx  Michx.,  2o'~< 
hitif'olui  Trevir.,  318 
littomlis  Lam.,  303 
hni;ifoliii  Torr.^  287 
A/iriarnii  L.,  252 
Michituxii  Trill.,  327 
microphvlln  Sieud.,  tJdl 
microphylla  Steud.,  32o 
var.  major  Vasey,  3-JO 
viia-ospentui  Lag.,  253 
mturofwta  Thurb..  320 
multiiulmis  Vasey,  32« 
KoviC-Auslur  Vasey,  3-4 
Oregonensis  Vasey,  odd 
pallots  Trin.^  331 
/,//^■i/<^  323 
/<,;„<^u<7  R.  Br.,  31b 
perennans  (Walt.)  Tuckerm.,  328 
jiurpnrt'ii  Gaud.,  3i)7 
nui'tHosa  Michx.,  252 
r(f>ciis  Scribn.,  328 
/v'owvr  Vasey,  331 
rostiiuln  Raddi,  283 
scahra  Willd.,  327 
Scouleri  Trin.,  328 
Stviili-rii  Trin.,  323 
seri.ra  Ell.,  256 
serotimi  Torr.,  296^ 
setifolia  Fourn. ,  325 
solu'Ut'fi'"  Muhl.,  244 
Spict'i-renti  L.,  356 
Mini  flora  Willd..  25;» 
tenuiB  Vasey,  331 
Tornvana  Schult.,  29 « 
triifiopoties  Ell.,  256 
variauB  Trin.,  331 
vertioillata  Vill..  329 
Tirescens  H.  B.  K.,  323 
riri^iniid  L.,  302 
yiri^iniiii  Muhl.,  293 
iiidis,  323  _ 

with  ■,iili;<iris,  325  b33 
AIBAL.,361 
aqudtiiit  L.,  496 
ant i ill  Spreng.,  364 
atyopurpuren  Wahl.,  366 
Bottniia  Wahl.,  369 
brevi folia  Biej). ,  309 
ucridea  L.,  475 


caspitosa  L.,  368 
(apilhiris  Salzm.,  362 

CARYOI'IIYLI.EA  L.,  36- 

cristata  L..495 
danthoniodes  Trin.,  d<0 
eloHi^ata  Ho()k._,  371 
Jlexuosu  L.,  365 
hold  for  mis  Sieud.,  3«0 
mdicoidcs  Michx.,  562 
w/<.///.y  Muhl.,  493 
1       obttisata  Michx.,  492 
I'R.KCOX  L.,  30- 
purpurea  Walt.,  469 
pusilla  Schur.,  362 
spiiata  L.,  377^ 
sul'spioita  L.,  377 
tri flora  Ell.,  493 
tr'uncaia  Muhl.,  492 
Airidium  Steud.,  363 
Airochloa  Link.  494,  49;) 
Allasostaihywn  Nees,  .)-0 
Ai.riNK  FoxiAii.,  277 
ALOPECUKUS  L^,  276 
AGRF.STIS  L  ,  278 
alpinus  J.  E.  Sni.,  2«7 
aristulatus  Michx.,  280 
CalifornicuB  Vasey,  2*9 
eloiii^atus  Poir.,  313 
fulvns  Smith,  280 
l;emcui.a  rus  L.,  280 

var.  aristulatus  Torr.,  2oU 

var.  fulvuB  (J.  E.  Smith)  Scribn. 

280 
var.  robuBtUB  Vasey,  280 
Howellii  Vasey,  277 

var.  Merrimani  nov.  van,  2«o 
Maiounii  Vasey,  277 
maritiinus  Poir.,  313 
vionspeliciisis  L.,  31- 
occidentalis  Scribn.,  277 

VRATKNSIS  L.,  278 

var.  alpfstris  Wahl.,  2(» 
BaccatUB  Vasey,  278 
utriiulatus  Sch.,  278 
Alvaa  Willd.,  100 
Amaxitis  Adans.,  523 
Amber  Cane,  58 
Amldvtes  Dulac,  474 
AMMOPHILA  Host.,  353 
arenaria  (L.)  Link,  3.54 
hre-dpilis  Henth.,  355 
Curtissii  Vasey,  35.5_ 
lotti'i folia  Vasey,  355 
AMPHICAKPON  Raf . ,  98 
amphicarpon  (Pursh)  Nash.,  9ft 
Floridanum  (Chapm.),  100 
Amphiiarpum  Kuiith,  98 
lloridanum  Chapman,  109 


INDEX. 


679 


Amphiiarpunt  Purshii  Kunth,  99 
Amphitiotinx  Nees,  458 
AiHf^hii^iitcs  Jan.,  583 
AMi'iiii.Mriiis,  41 
AmphoLiucl,!  Anderss.,  163 
Anachyris  Necs,  81 
Anastrof'hiis  Sililecht.,  81 
Anasi  Ronirs  Stlilecht.,  83 

Andbofogon  l.  ,  ;i9 

alopeciiroiiii's  L.,  27 
nmhii^uiis  Miclix,,  411 
anthistiroiJis  Rupr.,  64 
arctatuB  Cliapin..  49 
iir^^entt'tis  DC,  57 
ar'^cnt'HS  Ell.,  50 
argyreus  Sthult.,  50 
a7;ntitt'iis  Miclix.,  59 
brachystachyuB  Cliapin.,  49 
brevifolius  Sw..  44 

var.  genuinus  iiack.,  44 

var.  pullii  Fian':ii.,  44 
Cabanisii  Hack.,  50 
iindu/iis   Trin.,  '■M 
cirratus  Hack.,  45 
condensatuB  (Nets)  M.  H.  K.,  47 

var.  paniculatuB   (Kunth)   Mack., 
47 
contortus  L  ,  64 
Jissili /loriiiit  Miclix.,  51 
Elliottii  Chapni.,  51 

var.  lazifloruB  Scribn.,  51 
euBcoparius  Hack.,  46 
fastigiatus  Sw.,  48 
/,(/is/s  Foiirn.,  44 
Floridanus  Scribn.,  53 
furiiitus  Muhl.,  55 
geminata  Mack.,  55 
;^iaiiiiis  Torr.,  57 
graciliB  Spreiifj;.,  43 
Hallii  Mack.,  'A 

var.  I'ispiciilii  Vasey,  55 

var.  flaveolus  Mack.,  ,54 

var.  incanescens  Mack.,  55 

var.  muticas  Mack,,  55 
HAi.F.riN^is  (I..)  Mrot.,  58 
hirtifloruB  Kunth.  43 

var.  brevipedicellatUB,  44 

var.  feensis  (Fourn.)  Mack.,  44 
iitiOMpleliis  I'resl,  60 
Leibmanni  Mack.,  .53 

var.  Hohrii  Mack.,  53 
longiberbis  Mack.,  53 
iiidiroihrix  Fourn.,  53 
macrouruB  Michx.,  52 

var.  abbreviatUB  Mack.,  52 

var.  corymboBus  Chapm.,  52 

.ar.  glaucopBis  Kii.,  52 

var.  hirBUtior  Mack.,  52 

var,  -iriiiis  Chapm.,  52 


Andbofogon 

maritiniHs  Chapm.,  47 

maritimuB  Mack.,  47 

melanocarpus  Fll.,63 

Mo-.'iufari  M.  H.  K.,  36 

nutans  L. ,  60 
var.  avenacens  (Michx.)  Mack.,  59 
var.  incompletUB  (Presl)  Mack.,  60 
var.  LinnaeanuB  Mack.,  60 
var.  BtipoideB  (Kunth)  Hack.,  60 

Niiltii/lii  Chapm.,  38 

oii![os/ui//yi/s  Chapm.,  47 

patticuUitns  Kunth,  47 

paucifloruB  (Chapm.)  Mack.,  61 

piptatheruB  Mack.,  62 
var.  Falmeri  Mack.,  62 

provincialis  Lam.,  55 

var.  pycnanthuB  Mack.,  56 

polviiiiclylon  L  ,  404 

A'<n;iniir  L. ,  26 

Buprechti  Mack.,  64 

saccharoideB  Sw.,  56 

var.  barbinodis  (Lag.)  Hack.,  57 

var.  genuinuB  Mack.,  57 

var.  glaucuB  (Torr  )  Scribn.,  .57 

var.  incrmis  \'ascy,  57 

var.  BubmuticuB  Mack.,  57 

var.    'J'orr,-iiniis  Mack.,  57 

Schottii  Rupr.,  48 

scopariuB  .Michx.,  46 

Siiol'icuiiins  Kunth,  63 

sccundiis  F.li.,  60 

Bemiberbis  (Noes),  47 
var.  pruinatus  Mack.,  48 

stipoides  M.  H.  K.,  60 

tener  Kunth,  45 

var.  filiformis  ( Xecs),  Mack.,  4.'> 

ti'trnstiulniis  Ell..  52 

var.  tiistiuhyus  Chapm.,  53 

Torrciinns  Stfuil.,  .")7 

unilateralis  Mack.,  60 

Tiiirhiiitus  Ell.,  51 

VirginicuB  L.,  51 

var.  glaucuB  Mack.,  52 

var.  tetrastachyus  (Ell.)  Hack.,  53 

Wrightii  Mack.,  .56 
ANDROFOOONEJE.  20 
Anrmdi^ro.stis  'i'rin.,  3.56 
Animatki)  Oaks,  ;!83 
Anisantha  C,  Koch,  608 

pontica  C.  Koch,  680 
.A.NMAL  FoA,  530 
Antiphora  Steud.,  66 
Antlicnantia  R.  Hr.,  97 
ANTHJENANTIA  Beau  v.,  97 

lanatadL  H.  K.)  Renth.,  98 

rufa(Ell  )  Schult.,  97 

villosa  Fieauv.,  98 
ANTHEFHOBA  Schreb.,  66 


680 


INDEX. 


Anthephora 

axillijlora  Steud..  439 
elegans  Schreb.,  ti7 
A nt liopoi^'on  Nuit.,  410 
Ant/iosachne  Sleud.,  634 
ANTHOXANTHUM  L.,  184 
alpinmii  Sclnir.,  185 
gii^anlftim  Walt., 
onoKATUM  L.,  185 

var.   ruEi.ii  (Lecoq  &    Lamoite), 
185 
Ptulii  Lecoq  &  Lamotte,  185 
Antiuoria  Pari.,  361 
AFERA  Adans.,  356 
e[fiisa  S.  F.  Gray,  357 
iHtcrrupta  Beauv.,  357 
Si'icA-VKNTi  (L.)  Heaiiv.,  356 
var.  iNTF.KurrrA  (L.),  357 
ARCTAGROSTIS  Griseb.,  316 
arundinacea  (Trin.),  317 
latifolia  (R,  Br.)  Griseb.,  316 
Ardophilii  Rupr.,  556 
Ltestiuiii  Rupr.,  557 
mttifonata  Hack.,  558 
ARISTIDA  L.,  193 

Ailsccnsioiiis  Walt.,  203 
Americana  L.,  204,  305 
appressa  Vasey,  198 

var.  brevier  Vasev,  198 
Arizonica  V^asey,  198 
barbata  P\)urn.,  199 
basiramea  Vasey,  300 
bromoides  W.  li.  K.,  204,  205 
Californica  Thurb.,  197 

var.  fugitiva  Vasey,  197 
coarctata  H.  B.  K  ,  205 
coguata  Trin.,  205 
iO>i(/t-iisiita  Chapin.,  204 
desmantha  Trin.  &  Rupr.,  196 
dichotoma  Michx.,  208 

var.  Curtissii  A.  Gray,  208 
iiispa-s'i  Trin.  &  Rupr.,  204,  205 
Jivaricata  H.  B.  K.,  203 
divergens  Vasey,  209 
fasciculata  (R.  &  S.)  Torn,  206 
var.  Californica  Vasey,  207 
yar.  Fendleriana  (Steud.)  Vasey, 

207 
var.  Hookeri  Trin.  &  Rupr.,  207 
var.  micrantha  Vasey,  207 
var.  Nuttallli  Thurb.,  208 
Fendhriana  Steud.,  207 
Tloridana  (Chapm.)  Vasey,-  201 
gracilis,  203 
gracilis  Ell.,  209 

var.  depauperata  A.  Gray,  209 
gyrans  Chapm.,  200 
Havardii  Vasey,  205 


ARISTIDA 
Humboldtiana  Trin.  &  Rupr.,  203 
hum u lis,  205 
Jonesii  Vasey,  197 
lanata  Poir.,  203 
lanosa  Muhl.,  203 
loni;isiia  Steud.,  208 
manzanilloana  Vasey,  210 
Nealleyi  Vasey,  199 
tiii^n-sifiis  Presl,  204 
oligantha  Michx.,  203 

var.  nervata,  202 
Orcuttiana  Vasey,  210 
Falmeri  Vasey,  203 
palustris  Vasey,  206 
purpurascens  Poir. ,  201 

var.  depauperata  Vasey,  201 
var.  minor  Vasey,  201 
f>urpiir,a  N'utt.,  198 
ramosissima  Eugelm.,  208 

var.  iiiiiiiristata  Enjjelm  ,  208 
var.  uniseta  Eugelm.,  208 
Reverchoni  V^asey,  198 
scabra  Kunth,  211 
Schiediana  Trin.  &  Rupr.,  209,  210 

var.  minor  Vasey,  209,  210 
sco7'ii  Vasev,  199 
setifolia  II!  B.  K.,  206 
simplicifolia  Chapm.,  200 
spiciformis  Ell..  197 
stricta  Michx..  203.  204.215 

var.  condensata  (Chapm.)  Vasey, 

204 
var.  A'calleyi  Vasey,  199 
tenuis  Kunth',  211 
tuberculosa  Nutt.,  196 
virgata  Trin.,  202 

var.  piilustris  Chapm.,  206 
Aristidium  Endl.,  413 
ARRHENATHERUM  Beauv.,  386 
asperuin  Opiz,  387 
iiveuaceum  Beauv.,  387 
biaiislatum  Peterm.,  387 
hulhosum  Presl,  387 
it\lticum  Opiz,  387 
Ei.ATioR  (L.)  Beauv.,  387 
t-xserens,  387 
paLcstinum  Boiss.,  387 
precalorium  Beauv.,  387 
zavadiliiinuin  Opiz,  387 
Arrozia  Schrad.,  171 
Artlirathcrutn  Beauv.,  193 
ARUNDINARIA  Michx.,  657 
bambusiaua  Trin.,  658 
gii^antea  Chapm.,  658 
macrosperma  Michx.,  658 
var.  tecta  (Walt.),  659 
tecta  Muhl.,  659 


INDEX. 


C81 


ABUNDINELLA  Raddi,  76 

Cu/iinsis  Griseb.,  78 

Deppeana  Nees,  78 

pallida  Nees,  77 

Falmeri  Vasey,  76 
AruHiio  Heauv.,  459 
ASUNDO  Journ.,  458 

oi^rostoiihs  Piirsh.,  351 

allisiiiiiii  Meiith.,  401 

ureiiaria  L.,  354 

hrtvipilis  Torr.,  35 

Canadensis  Michx.,  351 

cinnoidcs  Muhl.,  348 

coarctata  Torr.,  348 

toloyata  Ait.,  1H3 

ionfinis  W'illd.,  353 

DoNAX  L.,  459 

festuouea  VVilUi.,  560 

I.ani^sdorJTii  Link,  344 

tiiaxi'itii  Korsl^.,  461 

nt'i^lecta  Elirh.,  353 

pa  lust  r  is  Salisb.,  461 

Phragmihs  L.,  460 

rsiHiiophraginiti-s  Lejeune,  461 

funi^t-ns  A  net.,  461 

purpurasicns  Scliult.,  344 

rivu'iaris  Auct.,  461 

sativa  Lam.,  459 

scriptoria  L.,  459 

stricta  Tinim.,  353 

tecta  Walt.,  659 

vulgaris  Lam.,  461 
ASPEBELLA  Humb.,  656 

Californica  (Roland.),  657 

Hystriz  (L.)  Moench,  656 
Asfrflla  Schreb.,  177 
Asprella  VVilld.,  656 

Californica  Henlli.,  657 

Alexandra  R.  &  S..  179 

Nvstrix  Willd.,  656 

Ic'ntictilaris  R.  &  S.,  179 

monaiidia  R.  &  S.,  179 

orvzoidis  Lam.,  178 

Viri^inica  R.  &  S.,  178 
Aspris  Adaiis.,  361 
Ataxia  R.  Br..  185 
Atheropoi^on  Muhl.,  413 

hiiinilis  Spreng  ,  415 

olii^ostachyus  Nutt.,  417 

papillonts  Engelm..  417 
Ti iicna  Spreng.,  436 
Arllnochortus  Lowe,  638 
ATBOPIS  Rupr.,  570 

angUBtata  (R.  Hr.)  Griseb.,  572 

Californica  Munro,  576 

Canbyi  (Scribn.),  580 

DiSTANs  (Host.)  Rupr  ,  573 
var.  coNKERTA  (Fries),  573 


ATBOPIS. 

Fendleriana  (Steud.),  556 

IflBviB  (Vasey),  577 
var.  rigida,  578 

Lemmoni  (Vasey),  573 

Lettermani  (X'aseyi,  579 

MARiriNA  (Huds.)  Griseb.,  575 

Nevadensis  ( Vasey ).  577 

pauciflora  Tlnirb.,  579 

Priagleii  (Scrihii.).  57M 

i'K()cuMni.N.s  (Curtis)  Tluirb.,  575 

pulchella  (\'asey),  574 

scabrella  Tluirb.,  581 

Suksdorfii  (Vasey).  574 

tenuifolia  Tluirr).,  579 

var.  stenophyla  X'asey,  580 

unilaterale  (.Scril)ii.),  581 
Aulaxanlhus  KM.,  97 

i  Hiatus  Lll.,  y« 

;-///>/.•  Ell.,  97 
^///<m/(/  Nutt..  97 
Arena  Hall,  330 
AVENA  L  ,  381 
_  affinis  Hernh.,  384 
'  agraria  Hrot.,  384 

agraria-mntica,  384 

ograiia  s  sijuialtcra,  384 

alia  Cav.,  384 

aiuhigna  Schoenb.,  384 

iinglica  Ilort.,  385 

ardiicnsis  I.ej.,  384 

atheranlltcia  I'resl,  383 

liAKHAiA  Hrot.,  383 

itRKVis,  Roth,  386 

Inilhosa  Wiild.,  387 

Caroliniana  Walt.,  373 

ccrniia  K until,  379 

C/iincnsis  Fisch.,  386 

cincrca  Auct.,  385 

deyeiixioidfs  \\.  H.  K.,  374 

d/spi-miis  Mill.,  385 

elatior  L.,  387 

clonoata  H.  H.  K.,  376 

i-ATfA  L.,  384 

fitna  Schreb.,  384 

fatua  Viv.,  383 

/lard  Hon.,  385 

'jlaTcsons,  380 

f II sea  Ani.,  385 

G'corgiana  R.  &  S.,  385 

gcorgica  Zuccag.,  385 

gluinosa  Heauv,,  391 

liirsuta  Roth.,  383 

hispanica  Hort.,  384 

Hookeri  Scribn.,  383 

hyhrida  Peterm.,  384 

intermedia  Lindgren,  384 

lanuginosa  Gilib.,  385 


682 


INDKX. 


AVENA 

liiiioiiiiiina  Dur.,  !{84 

iiui  locarpii  Mdeiich,  384 

mollis  Miclix.,  877 

nrrxasa  Lain.,  iib4 

NT  DA  L. ,  t]fSO 

iin/tiiis  St.  Lag.,  884 

ouiK.NTAi.is  Schrel)..  386 

piilustris  Michx.,  878 

Peuitsylvanicii  L.,  873 

pratoisis  L.  var.  Americana  Scribn., 
388 

rubra  Zucca^ni,  385 

SATIVA  L.,  385 

sec  Hilda  Salisb.,  887 

sc^italis  Hianca,  383 

siS(/iiiliriii  llort.,  888 

Sinithii  T.  C.  Porter,  509 

STKRIMS  L.,  388 

sti'rilis  Dflile,  385 

striata  Michx.,  382 

STRiGosA  Schreb.,  384 

Syriaca  Hoiss.,  384 

tartarica  Ard.,  386 

7'oluuciise  H.  B.  K.,  377 

trisperma  Auct.,  385 

iuberosa  Giiib.,  887 

iinilatcralis  Brouss.,  386 

versicolor  Hook.,  388 
AVENE.ff:,  858 

AwNLKss  Bromf.  Grass,  613 
Axoiiopits  Beau  v.,  81 

Bahlingcra  Grertn  ,  181 

ariindiiuuca  Dumort.,  188 
BAMBUSE.S:.  657 
Baki.ky,  642 
Bari.ky,  Six-rowed,  647 
Baki.ky,  T\yi)-ko\ykd,  647 
Barnyard-guass,  119 
Bkacii-grass,  354 
BEALIA  Scribn.,  267 

Mexicana  Scrilm.,  267 

speciosa  (Vasey),  268 
Bkard-grass,  312 
Beckeropsis  Fig.  &  De  Not.,  163 
BECKMANNIA  Host.,  427 

eruceeformis  uniflorus  Scribn.,  428 
Bentham,  concerning  books,  2 
fierclitoldia  PresI,  148 
Bkrmuda  Grass,  396 
Biathcrium  Desv.,  410 
BIBLIOGRAPHY.  2,  671 
Black  Oat-grass,  218 
Blue  Grass,  546 
Blue  Joint,  55 
Blue  Joint.  351 
Blue  Stem,  55 


!  Biytlia  Fries,  317 

sua-,rolciis  Fries,  318 
BoiiK.MiAN  Oats,  ;!S6 
Boni.E-HRi  sii  Grass,  656 

BoriLK-GRASS,  157 

BOUTELOUA  Lag.,  413 

AUamosana  Vascy,  424 

arenosa  Vasey,  419 

aristidoides  (Kuntb)  Griscb.,  425 
Bolandcri  Vasey,  417 

breviseta  Vasev,  430 

bromoide8(H.  B.  K.)  Lag.,  423 

Burkei  Scribn.,  433 

curtipendula  (Michx.)  Torn,  422 

eriopoda  Torr.,  431 
faiia  Bigelow,  417 

J'ouiiiicraua  Vascy,  441 

Havardi  Vasey,  434 

hirsuia  Lag.,  417 

var.  Palmeri  Vasey,  417 

Hnmboldtiana  Griseb. ,  434 

oligostachya  (Nuti.)  Torr.,  417 
var.  major  Vasey,  418 
var.  pallida  Scriljn.,  'I IS 
var.  ramosa  Scribn  ,  416,  418 

polystachya  (Benth.)  Torr.,  418 

polystacliya      var.       tiuijoy      Vasey» 
430 

prostrata  Lag.,  415 

pusilta  V'asey,  415 

racciiiosa  Lag.,  433 

ramosa  Scribn.,  416 

Eothrockii  Vasey,  420 

scorpioidcs  S.  Wats.,  416 

Stolonifera  Scribn.,  416 

tenuis  Griseb.,  415 

tenuis  Griesb.,  414 

Texana  S.  Wats.,  436 

Triavhera  Benth.,  436 

trifida  Thurb.,  421 

uniflora  Vasey,  43(5 

vestita  (S.  Wats.)  Scribn.,  419 
BoviN/E  Hack.,  584 
Brachiaria  Griseb..  105 
Brachiaria  Griseb.,  104 
BBACHYPODIUM  Beaiiv.,  627 

Mexicana  (R.  &  S.)  Link,  638 

Pringlei  Scribn.,  627 
BBACHYELYTRUM  Beaiiv.,  268 

arista! urn  R.  &  S.,  309 

erectum  (Schreb.)  Beauv.,  269 

Piiiii^lci  Vasev,  2<i6 
Brae hy stylus  Diihic.  494 
Braconolia  Godr.,  634 
Brandtia  Kunth,  76 
Brepharochloa  Endl.,  177 
BBIZA  L.,  519 

aspera  Knapp,  520 


IXDKX. 


083 


Sbiza 

OnitiiJinsis  Miclix.,  564 
(iipt'iisis  Schraiik,  531 
Clusii  Scluilt.,  5-J() 
fill  dor  Si  bill.,  5'i(» 
J\)-<ii;rostis  L  ,  48i} 
J.timiirkiiiiiii  Cluiin.,  521 
hilfsitiis  Desv.,  5:^0 
major  Prtsl,  521 

MAXIMA   L.,  521 

MkhiA  L.,  520 

MINOR  L.,  520 

monspesxulaiui  Goiiaii,  521 

TOtundata  (H.  li.  K.)  Steud.,  521 

riiluns  I'oir,  521 

rubra  Lain.,  521 

st-rolni  I  Diini.,  521 

trenuila  Lam.,  521 

rirt-iis  Trill., 

'iriJis  I'ail.,  520 
Ihizopymm  Link,  523 
Jirizopyrtiiit  Prcsl,  518 

Ameriiauuiii  Link,  518 

pi  las  II  III  Prcsl,  (ilU 

s pi  cat  mil  1 1  ook. ,  518 
Bromki.ka,  498 
Bro:<iiiliiim  N'ees.  320 
lU-onu'psis  Fmirn.,  008 

trt-cla  I'oiirn.,  (i20 
Jiroiiiiis  .Scop.,  fill 
BROMUS  L.,  6t)8 

,r/'i>r/i//,'>  iix  St.  Amans,  620 

m^rariiis  llornung,  625 

,i-;v.v//.v  .Ail.,  620 

aleutensis  I  rin.,  611 

allis^iiiius  (jilil).,  626 

altisuiiiiis  Web.,  622 

aiiif>ii;,iis  Jord.,  611 

tiiiipliis  C.  Kdcii,  613 

angiistifoliiis  Sclirank,  620 

arvensis  Knapp,  625 

AKVio;sis  L.,  626 

ar'i'ciisis  Lain.,  620 

arvcr.sis  Oed.,  625 

Asi'KR  Muir.,  622 

aspcr  Pall.,  620 

aspi-ripi-s  Jord.,  611 

avi'iiati'iis  Lam.,  620 

/>ai/iii.ii<  C,  625 

barbatoides.  614 
var.  Bulcatus,  615 

Billot  a  Sell.,  625 

breviaristatus  (Hook  )  Biickl.,  623 

ji'.tiz.KKoKMis  Fiscli.  &  Mey.,  617 

Caiiaiiriisis  Michx.,  618 

aitliartiitis  Vahl.  610 

^aiiisii'iis  V'iv.,  610 

ciliatus  L.,  618 

var.  Coloradensis  Vasey,  019 


BROMVS.  ciliatus 

var.  minor  Munro,  619 
var.  montanis  \'asey,  619 
var.  pauciflorus  Vasey.  61!> 
var.  purganB  (L.)  A.  Gray,  619 

tiliatiis  Hulls.,  612 

liliafiis  Mil  hi..  624 

colli  III  iitii/ lis  Sihrad..  625 

depauperatuB  Prcsl,  613 

(iiaiii/riis  Curt.,  612 

Khiliarii  Gaud.,  825 

KKKcrus  Muds.,  620 

t'lvitiis  Lc'dcb.,  612 

cii; A.Ni  K.rs  L.,  619 

ji^'raitili lloriis  Hook.,  616 

gross  us  DC,  625 

gviuiiii/riis  Roth.,  612 

J /an kt-a litis  K until,  616 

/lirsutHS  .Schrank,  617 

J/ookt-riaitiis  '1  hurb.,  613 

IiorJcaceus  DC,  625 

iioum'.ACKUs.  618 

iM  uMis  L.,  612 

Kalmii  A.  Gray,  624 

var.  occidentalis  Vasey,  624 

laciniatuB  n.  sp.,  615 

li-.iiliis  11.  M.  K.,  602 

.MADKI  1  KNSIS    L.,   612 

iiHixiniiis  Disf.,  611 
ma. \i  III  IIS  Gilib.,  625 
mollis  L..  (i27 
mollis  L.,  618 
mnlli /loriis  L.,  627 
miilt'ispi.a.iis  R.  &S.,  613 
miiralis  I  luds.,  612 
Orcuttianus  X'ascy.  622 
iiiliilus  Dum.,  625 
J^olvsta./iviis  DC,  612 
piilhsoiis  Ml  hi  .  (;l^^ 
Pampellianus  S(  ribii.,  621 

var.  Tweedyi  Scribn.,  623 
ptirgaits  L.,  619 
piirgaiis  Torr. .  624 
latiniiosiis  L. ,  627 
KACKMosrs  L.,  625 

KKWDIS    Kolh.,   611 

rotiiiiiialiis  11.  H.  K.,  521 
uuiii.NS  I...  (!18 
Sill  rail,' I- i  Kiiiuh,  616 
St'ra/iiiiis  L,,  627 
SKCMiMs  L  ,  625 
.*■,•;•<■/"//>'  A.  Urauii,  625 
Begetum  II.  H.  K.,  614 
s<,>UAKU<)sis  L.,  617 

STKKII.IS  L.,   613 

sti/>iilaliis  Griseb.,  508 
Suksdorfii  V.isty,  623 

TKCidUI'M   L.,   620 

unioloideB  (Willd.)  H.  B.  K.,  616 


684 


INDEX. 


Bbomus 

virens  Buckl.,  01 U 

var.  minor  i^cribn.,  614 

Willdtnowii  Kiinth,  61<5 
Brown  Bkni  Grass,  ;524 
Bruiktnannin  Nutt.,  4'J7 
Bmhloc  diutvloidi's  Engelm.,  439 
BriKAi.o-CKASs.  439 
BULBILIS  Rafin  ,  438 

dactyloides  (Nutt.)  Rafin.,  489 
Bitm'h-i;kass,  210 
bukgrass,    101 

Ciibriiii  LuR.,  81 
CALAMAGROSTIS  Adans.,  330 

Aleutica  Bon^..  340 

(iri'iiaria  Roth,  354 

blanda,  3-19 

Bolanderi  Thurb.,  352 

/'rt'Tipilis  A.  Gray.  354 

breviseta  (A.  Gray)  Scribn.,  3.50 

Canadensis  (Michx.)  Beauv.,  351 

Caiiiuitiisis  Nutt.,  348 

cinnoides  (Muhl.)  Scribn.,  348 

ionjhiis  Nutt.,  352 

crassii^lnmis  Thurb,,  353 

Cusickii  Vasey,  350 

diitsa  Vasey,  345 

deschampsioides  Trin.,  339 

liiihia  Vasey,  343 

erecta.  340 

Howellii  Vasey,  339 

koelerioides  Vasey,  345 
var.  densa  (Vasey).  345 

lactea  (Suksdort),  340 

Langsdorffii  (Link)  Trin.,  344 

iongi folia  Hook.,  355 

Macouniana  Vasey.  343 

Jliwiaina  Nutt.,  351 

Montanensis  (Scribn,).  342 

neglecta  (Ehrh.),  Gjertn.,  352 
var.  conflnis  (VViild.),  353 
var.  crassiglumis  (Thurb.),  353 
var.  gracilis  Scribn  ,  352 

Xuttiilliaiia  Sieud.,  3-18 

Orizabae  (Rupr.)  Steud.,  340 
pallida  Vasey  &  Scribn.,  349 

Piikiringii  A.  Gray,  350 
fliiiiio.ui  (Fourn.)  Scribn.,  340 

poseformis  (Fourn.),  349 

Porteri  A.  Gray,  342 

Fringlei  (Scribn.),  345 
f'l/r/^itnisu'fis  R.  Br.,  344 
rubescens  Buck!.,  341 

Scribneri,  343 

s/n\:'i/  lieauv,,  352 

Soksdorfii  Scribn.,  340 

sylvatica  var.  Americana  X'asey,  347 


CALAMAGROSTIS 

svhvfini     Vcir.    /ireTisvta    A.     Gray. 
350 
var.  longifolia  Vasey,  3'18 
Tweedyi  Scribn,,  348 
Vaseyi,  344 
Calaminhloc  Reichb.,  76 
CALAMOVILFA  Hack.,  354 
brevipilis  (I'orr.)  Hack.,  364 
Curtissii  Vasey,  355 
longifolia  (Hook  ).  355 
CiiliintJi.ru  Nutt.,  4;i8 
Cai.ikorm.v  Timoiiiv,  182  • 

Callichhva  Sprang.,  30 
Cii/ot/nua  Desv.,  519,  520 
Calycoiion  Nutt.,  234 
Ciim/'uloti  Desv.,  401 
CAMPULOSUS  Desv.,  401 

aromaticus  (Walt.)  .Scribn.,  401 

inoitostiuhvos  Beauv.,  401 
Canary-crass,  181,  182 
Cank,  058 
CAFRIOLA  Adans.,  395 

Daci  vi.oN  (L.)  Kuntze,  395 
Cin-yocldoii  Trin,,  171 
CaryochhHi  Spreng.,  223 
Casiostega  Rupr.,  439 

aiicmola  Rupr.,  440 
CasU'lliti  Tineo,  582 
CATABROSA  Beauv.,  495 

aquatica  (L.)  Beauv.,  496 
Catiultistos  Doell,,  470 
Catapoilium  Link,  582,  583 
Catch-ki.y  Grass,  179 
Ciitijthfropliora  Steud.,  102 
CATHESTiiCUM  Prcsl,  450 

erectum  Vasey  &  Hack.,  452 

Mexicanum  Prcsl,  452 

prostratum  I'resl,  452 
CEXCHRUS  L,,  159 

Carolinidntis  Walt,,  101 

echinatus  L.,  100 

gniiiii/dris  L.,  33 

incertus  M.  A.  Curt.,  160,  162 

myosuroides  H,  &  K.,  160 

Palmeri  Vasey,  102 

/•aiiiijlorus  Benth.,  102 

niii'wostis  L.,  73 

srtfl.r/is  Sw.,  100 

stiiitus  Chapm.,  100 

tribuloides  L.,  Kil 
CfnitOi/i/oti  DC,  009 
Ccratoi/iloti  Beauv.,  008 

aiistralis  Spreng.,  016 

hi-tviaristala  Hook.,  623 

festuioidiS  Beauv.,  010 

graudijiora  Hook.,  613 

j'.iii/ula  Schrad.,  010 


INDKX. 


085 


Ceratoc/iloii  unioloiilis  DC,  616 
Cerfsiii  I'crs.,  HI 

Jluiliins  Ell.,  8() 
Ch,rtit>ia  Heauv.,  19!l 

ainnis  R.  &  S.,  ',>01 

fasiiiuliifit  R.  &  S.,  206 

,^ossypinii  Heauv.,  tiOiJ 

oli^iittlhii  Ui-auv.,  20'i 

s.'li folia  R.  &  S.,  806 

sliitta  Bcauv. ,  5J04 
CHJETIUM  Nees,  148 

bromoides  (Lam.)  Ik-nth.,  148 

i/iTtiriaitii  Heauv.,  "HYA 
Chatolironitis  Nees,  ;{8}) 
CHAMJEBAFHIS  R.  Hr.,  150 

caudata  (Lam.),  157 

var.  pauciflora  Vasey,  158 

composita  ( H .  H.  K.)  Kuntze,  154 

corrugata  (Schultes)  Kunt/e,  156 

flava  (Kunth)  Kunt/e,  153 

(iLAicA  (L.)  Kuntze,  155 
var.  genioulata  (Heauv.),  156 
var.  IsBTigata  (MuhL),  155 
var.  perennis  (Curtiss),  l.'>6 

imberbis  (Poir)  Kuntze,  l.*>7 

Itai.ica  (L.)  Kuntze,  154 

latiglumis  (Vasey),  152 

magna  (Griseb.),  152 

pauciseta  (Vasey)  Kuntze,  152 

sulcata  (Rail(li),  158 

uniaeta  (Presl)  Kuntze,  158 

Yentenatii  (Kunth),  153 

verticillata  (L.)  Porter.  151 

viRiDis  (L.)  Porter,  157 
ChiisiolvtrioH  Desv. ,  51!) 
Chiismant Ilium  Link,  515 
CiiKA  1,  025 
('11I.SS,  625 
Chilochloa  Heauv.,  274 

CHINKSK  SUCAR-CANK,  58 

Chloamnia  Rafin.,  582 
CHLORIS  Swartz,  402 

olhii  Presl,  403 

ciliata  S\v.,  406 

cucuUata  Hisch.,  407 

Jnhia  W.  H.  K..  437 

I  iirtipi'iiiiiild  Michx.,  422 

eleg^ns  IL  li.  K.,4(i:t 

Floridana  (Chapni.)  Vasey,  407 

glauca  (Chapni.)  \'a<ey,  4U8 

longifolia  (Foum.)  Vasey,  405 

iiionostiuhya  Michx.,  401 

iniicroiuitii  Michx.,  420 

ptti-ica  Sw.,  408 

polydaotyla  (L.)  .Sw.,  4(>4 

submutica  II.  H.  K.,  40G 

Swartziana  Doell.,  408 

verticillata  Nutt.,  405 


CHLOBOPSIS  Hack.,  408 
faioiculata  (Fourn.)  Kuntze,  410 
pluriflora  (Fourn.)  Kuntze,  410 

CHLORIOEJE,  3U3 

ChloyoiJcs  Fisch.,  402 
C/iont/nit  hyrum  Nees,  406 
ChoHtirosium  Desv.,  413 

firiiiim  Torr.,  417 

/lilt urn  H.  H.  K.,  417 

olii^os/iiikyuiii  Torr.,  417 

polysliiiliyuni  Henth.,  419 
CiiKVs<)i'()'(;oN  Hack.,  61 
l:'hfysopi{^on  Trin.,  39 

a-'cmunis  Henth.,  59 
Cliyysiii  IIS  iiiirt'iis  Heauv.,  525 
CiNNA  L.,  317 

arundinacea  L.,  318 

Bolanderi  Scribn..  310 

latifolia  (Trev.)  Griseb.,  318 
var.  glomerata  Siribn.,  319 

mairoura  Kunth,  3(i9 

niiuroura  Thurb. ,  310 

Mcxiiiiiia  Heauv.,  253 

p,-u</nlit  Trin.,  318 

rmrmosii  Kimih,  252 

soiioliftfd  Link,  244 

striitn  Kunth,  309 

tfiiuijloru  Link,  255 
Cinuastrum  poicfoynic  F'ourn.,  349 
Clndoraphis  FVanch.,  475 
Clcacliue  Roland,  81 
Clfopoi^'on  Nutt.,  270 
Cliiiilyna  Griseb.,  648 
Clonieua  Heauv.,  234 
Cock's-koot,  523 
Civhulivrum  Nees,  475 
COIX'L.,  19 

ilacl\loii{(s  L.,  18 

l.Al  IIRYMA  L.,  20 

COLEANTHUS  Seid.,  281 

subtilis  Seid..  281 
Colli  ltd  rill  Ehrh.,  494 
Cololhiiliiw  Heauv.,  276 
Colo/Hiiithiis  Trin.,  490 
GOLFODIUM  Trin.,  5o(; 

iiriiii-iiiiiui'tiin  Hook.,  317 

fulTum  (  1  rill.)  Griseb.,  557 

III i folium  R.  Hr.,  316 

mucronata  ( Hack.),  5.58 

pendulinum  (Iriseb.,  5.5T 
Common  Oais,  385 
C()\(;ii()  Grass,  117 

COKD-C.RASS,  396 

(  orttliriiiii  \  ill!.  413 
CoR.N,  15.  0-) 

Coniuiopiie  III. .     iniiiiii  Walt.,  334 
hveiiiak  Walt.,  327 


686 


INDEX. 


ConiHtopiic pircututns  Wall.,  .'{38 
C'on'iiir/>ns  Zi-a,  51 1 
Co}\'n,[<horus  HiMuv.,  'Ml 

Kinr.uiHs  HtMiiv.,  'M',\ 
Costi,,  Willk.,  «;t4 
COTTEA  Kiiiith,  450 

pappophoroidet  Kmith,  450 
Corcii-ciKAss,  (;;{0 

CRAlt-dKASS,  110 

Crtfpiilia  Schrank,  038 
Ckkki'inc  Hkni,  333 
CremopyiuiH  Schur,  634 
Ckksiki)  Uoo's-TAii.,  534 
Crinipfs  Hochst.,  3^0 
Critfsion  Rafiii.,  043 

giniciiliilum  Kafiii.,  044 
Critho  !•:.  Mcy.,  043 
Crithodium  Link,  041.  043 
Crithopsis  Jaiib.,  043,  047 
Crif/iopyrum  llort.,  034 
Cnpsiinia  Fi)tirti.,  300 

stricia  Founi.,  3(»7 
Crypsis  Lam.,  373 

alopfiuroidt-s  Scliracl.,  374 

scluntoiih-s  Lam.,  374 

squiiriosa  Nutt.,  450 

striitii  \\.  B.  K.,  307 
Ciyptopyi-um  lleyiili.,  041 
Oypturus  Link,  (iv'S 
Cti-niutn  Paiiz.,401 

Aiiifriiitniini  Spreng.,  403 

mroliuianum  I'anz.,  403 
L'urtopo;^on,  193 

dichotomus  Beau  v.,  308 
Cuvicra  Koel.,  043,  643 
Cylindrostachytr,  470 
Cynuitoihhhi  Sclilecht.,  SI 
Cym/'of-Pi^on  Sprctig.,  39,  04 

viclauoiarpHs  Spreng.,  03 
CYNOSURUS  L  ,  534 

.Ki^yptints  L.,  439 

aureus  L.,  535 

der ulcus  L.,  458 

CKISTATUS  L.,  534 

DoinitiiitHsis  Jacq.,  434 

hidiius  L. ,  4;i0 

iii':iltitus  Opiz,  534 
polyhrattcatus  Poir. ,  534 
Czcrnya  Presl,  459 

arundiuacca  PiesI,  461 
Cynodon  Rich.,  395 

Dadvlon  Pers.,  390 

repens  Dulac,  396 
stellatus  Willd.,  396 

Dactilon  Vill.,  395 
DACTYLIS  L.,  533 
abbreviata  Bernh.,  533 


Dactylu 

iilliiiiti 

,.ipif.it<,  .Si hull..  533 
liiiiilii  ( )pi/,  533 
tynosunddts  L.,  397 
x/iiu,rs,yiis  Willd.,  .^)33 
lilOMIKAIA  1...  533 
hispaitUii  Roth,  533 
iihiriliiHa  Curt.,  4(K) 
Ortmauuiaiia  Opi/,  533 
Pali  us  Ait.,  398 
pfitdu/ii  Duin.,  533 
slriifa  Ait.,  399 
vi//osii  'IViioic,  533 
Daityliutniium  Willd.,  438 
.■/\^yp/iiiiu>n  Willd.,  439 
Dtutylo;^i-iim))Ht  Link,  334 
l^aluaiin  A<lans.,  490 
DANTHONIA  DC,  389 
Allnti  Austin,  393 
Californica  H.iland,  ;;90 

vai.  unispicata  (Mimro),  391 
compressa  Austin,  393 
intermedia  \'a'ey,  393 
Mexicana  .Scribn.,  391 
sericea  Nutt.,  390 
spicata  R.  &  S.,  391 
unispicotit  iMunro,  391 
Darmi,,  039 
iH-uutdolia  Bast.,  330 
DEHAZERIA  Dum.,  533 

sicri.A  Diun.,  533 
BESCHAMFSIA  Beau  v.,  ,%3 

atropurpurea  (Wahl.)  Scheele,  360 
Bottniia  Trin.,  369 
brevifolia  R.  Br.,  304 
C8B8pit08a(L  )  licauv.,  368 
var.  alpina  Vast-y,  308 
var.  Bottnica  (Wahl.)  Vasty,  309 
var.  brevifolia  (Bicb.)  VascV,  309 
var.  confinis  Vasev,  309 
var.  longiflora,  309 
var.  maritima  \'asey,  309 
var.     montana    (Sihiir. )     \'asi-v 
309 
calycina  Prt-sl,  370 
danthonioides  (I'rin.)  Wiscy,  367 
danlhiKnoidcs  .Nluiiro,  370 
elongata(ll()()k.)  Muino,  371 

v;n.  ciliata  Vasey,  371 
flexuo8a(L.)  Trin.,  365 
gracilis  Vasev,  371 
holoiformis  Presl,  370 
liiti/idiii  Vasey,  366 
moit/aua  Schur.,  369 
Pringlei  Scribn.,  365 
Dfsinazcriii  Dum.,  533 
Desprctiia  Kunth,  512 


INOKX. 


(5S7 


J)is/'r,f:iii  Mixiciimt  Kiiiith    51^ 
Jh;  III  \  ill  1  >i  aiiv.,  .")(|;i 

Jliiii'iiii.t  IJiaiiv.,  509 
jJi'vi'it  I  ill  ('  ar.,  !i;5({ 

Al.Hliiii  Mi.iir..,  !M0 

lioiiihliri  V'ascy,  i}."*^ 

coiijinix  Kiiiiih,  W^Vl 

<riissi^l!iiiiis  \'ascy,  !J5!l 

Cii.uikii  V'ascv,  !]•"•() 

tii'.u  /iiiinpsioiiii'.i  V'ast'y,  l{;i9 

diihiit  Scrihii.,  S4;i 

//,.r,'  ////  Vascy,  ;i:iJI 

l,iili\i  Siiksdort.,  iWti 

J.inigsi/orjjii  Kiitilli,  :!44 

Jl/iiiotiniiiiia  Vascy,  'M'A 

J/iiii/.iiiriisi's  Sciiliii.,  343 

Orizii/'.r  Riipr.,  iW) 

J'orli'ri  Vascy,  I)4'-2 

J'ri/n;/ri  Scrilm.,  IM.""* 

fiir/>iinisi-,  lis  Kuiitli.  I{44 

iii/i,:siiii.t  Vascy,  IM  I 

sy/:iiliiii  Kuiith,  J!44 

Siii'si/or/ii  Scriljii.,  Ii4l 

Iri Ihifii  N'cfS,  374 

'r\i<iidyi  Snihn..  340 
Diiuhroa  Niitt.,  S(i3 

iiiiiriliiiin  Niitt.,  i)T.") 
JJi.uhvniiiii,  ~*s;J 
jnai'ii.i  K.itiii.,  Gil 
Diarrhviiii  licMUV.,  nil 

Aiiirriiiuiit  Ht-aiiv.,  511 
Diiisti'iiiiintlu-  Sieiid.,  l(iT 

pliilystaihys  Steud..  107 
r>iihietiiriii  Nt-fs,  410 
DicnANTiiiiM  (Willcmft),  39,  42,  63 
DiKcioMis  Hiauv.,  40 
jyii^i  III  rill  llcist.,  104 
Di(;irAUi\  Heist.,  105 

filiformis  Muhl.,  109 

//  // '//  ifiisii  1  'e  rs . ,  110 

piis/'iilihfi:<!  Miclix.,  85 

Siiii:^i4inii/is  Scop.,  110 

st-iotiiiii  Michx.,  Ill 

vi/hsa  Ell.,  Ill 
Di.i^ra/i/iis  Trill.,  181 

(iniihiiiiiui-ii  'rriii..  183 
mi.fiyriiiii  RaCm.,  2"23 
Dili'fvnini  Miclix.,  234 

iiris/o.uini  Michx.,  ','09 

niiiiiili tioniin  Miclix.,  245 
Vimn  i,i' V.niW.,  185 
Diiinsia  Rafiii.,  185 
Dinchi-ii  DC,  4!3 

aristidoidcs  11.  B.  K.,  425 

hromoidi-s  W.  H.  K..  423 

atrtipeiidiila  DC.  423 

repcns  II.  H.  K  .  424 
Dioicopoii  Desv.,  527 
Vipliichiu-  Beauv.,  430.  431 


Dipliichue  duhia  Scribn.,  487 

j'li.uii  iiliins  Bc'.mv.,  435 

imlirit  <lii  (Tliiiil). )  .Scribn.,  435 

riiii-lii  X'ascy,  43«I 

A'lViit/ioiii  Vascy,  484 

ri,t;idii  Be  nth  ,  4M4 

spidilii  D(i-ll,  434 

J'tiuyi  Vascy,  436 

risiidit  Scril)!!.,  434 
Dipliii /iviiitiH  Nces,  234 
Pisihli'i  I'hil.,  518 
DiSSANTHELIUM  Trin.,473 

Californicum  (Nuti.)  Bcmii.,  473 

solerochloidea  (Suud.)  Fuurii.,  474 
/)issiiiriiiinn  Laliill.,  185 
Distil  hi-i,i  i;hiii.,  027 
DiSTICHLIS  Rafin.,  517 

iiiiiriliinii  Rafin.,  518 

spicata  (L. )  (iiccnc,  518 
Disloiiiisiliiis  Diilac,  582 
Doiiiiiiiim  Fries,  458 
Doiiiix  Bcauv.,  458 

tiniudiitiici'us  Bcauv.,  459 

fcsliiiiiiius  Beauv.,  5(50 

siili-'tis  Prcsl,  459 
D(tiUA,  58 
Dkoi'-skih,  245 
Divniiiiiulcs  Ehrh.,  583 
DUPONTIA  R.  Bi.,  5.58 

Ci'ultvi  \.  (irav,  502 

Fisheri  R.  Br.i  5.59 

psilosantha  Riipr. ,  559 

DlKKA,  58 

EATONIA  Rafin.,  490 

Dudley!  Vascy,  492 

Aliformis  (Chapin.)  Vasey,  491 

hybrida  Vasey,  491 

longiilora  (X'asey),  494 

obtusata  (Mich.x  )  \.  (Iray.  492 
v.ir.  robusta  Vasey,  493 

Pennsylvanica  (DC.)  A.  Gray,  3T3, 
493 
var.  Jiili/i'iiiiis  Chaptii.,  491 
var.  liiiv^ijloiii  \'asey,  494 

plirpiinisii-iis  Rafiii.,  493 
EiiiiNuciii.uA  Bcauv.,  100 

Criisxi'^/'  Beauv.,  119 

si-Zii^wrn  Bcauv.,  109 
F.i/iisiu/iys  XccU.,  159 
K(  vrriAN  Rii  i>C()u\,  58 
Khrluutiii  WiKC.,  177 

i/iiiidi-siiiiii  WipR.,  178 
ElEUSINE  Ga-rtn.,  428 

/EcvnicA  (I,.)  Desp.,  429 

Bakcinonknsis  Costa,  429 

ciliiitii  Rafin.,  429 

cniciittti  Lam.,  429 


i)88 


INDEX. 


ELEU8INE 

Jisliuhya  Trin     430 
Mshiiis  Moench.,  4dO 
,/„w/;/-<".v/V  Sieber  4J0 

.r.jiilis  Salisl...  4.50 
Indica(L.)tia^.in..430 

w«<7v;/<;/<«  Michx.   4d^ 

N-itiii„t,i  M(Kiicli,  4.V» 

M-ostr,iU>  Spreng.,4^J 

n„////.N/.v  R.  Br.,  4','9 

Elulotnchov  Hess.,  ;5»1  „ 

ELIONURUSlI.&B-  Willd-.-^G 

barbiculmis  llaik,  .5< 

,a;/<//.//o  (TriM.)  llark..37 

ciliaris  11.  H.  K.,  -W 
A'«//„////  Vasey,  38 
tripsacoides  11.  «.  K..d» 
var.  ciliaris  ('Inn.),  do 

ELYMUS  L.,  64? 

ambiguuBV.  &S..6r)l 

arenarius  L.,  049 
Canadensis  L.,  054 
CAnT-MKi'is,KL..0S4 

CiroUiii'i litis  \Valt.,l).)ii 
condensatus  PnsK  "•'" 
,-;-,;///;/.vS.hrel).,6.)4 
dasystachys  Trin.,  b4J 
elymoides  ( Rafn.. )  ^weezy .  bo- 

var.  glaucifcliu8(Muhl.)  lorr.,( 
H.uinloliiis  Miilil..  054  _ 
glaucus  Regel,  var.  tenuis  VascN ,  < 

j/vslrix  L.,  650 
innovatus  n.  sp.,  bw 

Macounii  Vasey,  0;i3 

mollis  Trill.,  040_ 

«/7/,/«.f  Vasey.  0^)3 

Orttit/'O'i'is  Vasey,  0.)U 

PhiUidcll^hiiUS  L.,  _Ci)4 

Saundersii  Vasey,  Op^i 

Sibiriais  Hook.,  05i. 
var.  Amcruaiim^^'^^.,  "•>•> 

Sitamm  R.  &  ^- 6.»'J 

Btriatus  WiUa.,  05.) 

var.  r///<M/'.v  A.  (.ray,  b5.) 

triticoides  Huckl..  050 
/'„;/<<'«rr;v;/.s7.v  Vasey,  G4« 

Virginicus  L.,  053 

var.  glaucus  n.  V'V'-.        rr..j 
viir.  Bubmuticus  lluok.,  00.5 

Eudaiyx  Rafm.,  l"i 
Kndodla  Rafin.,  1^7 
/•;;///<■<//'(',;-■'"'  Desv  .^44. 
/f/W/z/w  Ciau(l.,4<4 

EPICAMPE8  Prei-i,  300 
anomala  Scrilm.,  311 


481 


Epicampes 

Bourgsei  Fourn.,  310 
distichophylla  (Presl)  Vasey.  308 

var.  mutica  Scribn.,  oU» 
Enii-rslrvi  Vasey,  308 
grandis'( Vasey),  309 
lanata  Presl,  307 
macroura  (Kunih)  BeiUh.,  30U 
mutica  Rupr.,  311 
rigens  Heiiih.,  310 
stricta(n.  B.  K.)  Presl,  307 
EBAGROSTIS  Host,  47) 
luiiuihi  Presl,  478 
Brownei  (Kunih)  Nces,  484 
iumf'cstris  Trin.,  488 
capillariB  (L.),  481 
OmdinidiM  (Sprcnp;.)  Scribn 
ciliaris  (I.)  Li"k,  479 

var.  patens  Chapni.?  4«9 
ivnfcrla  Trin.,  481 
curtipedicellata  Huckl.,  4»/ 
diversiflora  Vasey.  480 
EuAi'.Kosris  (L.)  Karst.,  48^ 
Eragroslis  Mac^J.,  480 
erosa  Scribn.,  483 
hnidh-rimui  Sieiui.,  .)7b 
Frankii  Meyer,  480 
glomerata(Walt.)  L.  H.  Dewey  481 
interrupta  (Nutt.)  Trelease,  48- 
luge  -'  Nees,  489 
M.'  loR  Host,  480 
wi.         lost,  483 
Neo  -icxicana  Vasey,  485 
Orcuttiana  Vasey,  485 
,),vi7(//V  'I'orr.,  483 
pallida  Vasev,  479 
PalmeriS.  Wats.,  489 
pectinacea  (Michx.)  Nees,  488 
var.  n-lnu/,t  Chapnu,  488 
var.  speotabilis  (Pursh.)  A.  Gray, 
489 
pilif.ra  Sdicele,  490 
pilosa(l..)  Heauv..  487 
plumbea  Scribn.,  484 
/.,w)/V,^  Heauv..  483 

var.  m,•i;astin■>,yi,^^^  Gray,  48(> 
/•itrs/i/i  ilort.,  487 
pusillus  Scribn.,  481 
refracta  ( M lib  1.)  Scribn.,  4S8 

;■,//,;;/.>■  Nees.  478 
sp,;iul'ilis  A.  Gray,  489 
;7\/Vi;  Scribn.,  4^*4 
sesBilispica  Huckl.,  484 
spicata  Vasey,  490 
tenuis  (F.U.)  A.  Gray,  4S^ 
Vablii  (R.  .'<:  ^■)  Nees,  4.» 
EREMOCHLOA  Huese,  34 

l.i  r.RSioiDi.s  (Munro)  Hack.,  -.4 


INDEX. 


68» 


Etwmopyrum  laub.,  (534 
Enmot^vnwi  Ledcb.,  635 

Erianthus  Miciix.,  ae 

alopecuroides  (I..)  Ell.,  27 

brevibarbis  Michx.,  28 

it'll  tor  I  IIS  Kll.,  28 

Jiif'oniais  Heauv.,  24 

KAVi-.N\,K  (L.)  Beau  v.,  20 

-uii</itin<i,/,s  Michx  ,  27 

striotus  Haldwiii,  2!) 
I-'.rioilurl,,  Fij^.  &  De  Not.,  16,'$ 
EriOCHLOA  H.  H.  K.,  100 

aristata  \'asey,  103 

Lemmoni  Vas.  &  Scrib.,  101 

longifolia  Vasev,  102 

mollis  Kimth,  102 

var.  loiii:;i folia  Vasev,  102 

punctata  (L.)  W.  Ilaniih.,  10;{ 

sericea  Miinro,  102 
ErioCOMA  Niitt.,  224,  23J 

tusi^iihto  Nutt.,  232 

membranacea  (I'ursh),  282 

Webberi  Tlmrl).,  233 
Ei-Oililoi'  Rafiii.,  475 
EUCHL^NA  Schraii.,  13 

luxurians  Dur.,  14 

Hexicana  Sclirad.,  14 

Miwiiana  Fouri;,,  14 
Eiifisliiai,  583 
Eiikhistiixon  Sieiid.,  39 
Eiilalia  faponita  Triii.,  24 
Eui,/>/o</ilo,i.  431 
EiMKi.icA,  498 

EUI'AMCUM,  106 
Eui'AsrAinM  Benth.,  83 
Eump/iis  Trill.,  447 
Eiisfot/iys  Dfsv.,  402 

Eloii'diuui  Chapiii.,  407 

X/(nii<t  Cliapm.,  408 

Eiilriuno  Triii.,  413 

tin's/ i,/oii/,s  Trin.,  425 

i>rp»ioi,/i-s  Kuntli,  423 

lurtipt'iulula  'I'liii.,  422 

olif;ost,u/iya  Kuiith,  417 
Exaorosfis  Steud.,  475 
/■:xy,/ra  Endl.,  503 

l-'tilanut  Allans.,  524 
Kai.sk  Rick,  177 
Eiiniln-ia  Stouil.,  223 
FESTUCA  L.,  582 

altaica  Trin.,  003 

iim/>i\i;iia  Vasev,  589 

amethystina  L.,  GO  I 
var.  asperrima  Hack.,  001 

amplissima  Kupr.,  002 
var.  elliptica  11.  var.,  003 

apeiinina  Do  Not.,  591 


Festuca 

II  ret  ill!  Schiir.,  591 
iirizoiiiid  Vascy,  598 
artiiiiliita  De  Not.,  591 
tirtnii/hi(i,,(i  I.ilj..  559 
as/<,;;i  M.  &  K.,  022 
iiHstnilis  Schur.,  591 
Bor.t.rii  Hack.,  590 
brcvifoliii  R.  Br..  597 
l<roinoi,i,-s  Michx.,  580 
Californica  Vasey,  590 
aif'i//,it,i  Lam.,  594 
conflnis  \'ascy,  587 
iirtiui  Hack.,  591 
,ristiit,i  Vill.,  495 
dasyclada  Hack.,  002 
dentioulata.  new  name,  589 
iUanUni  Michx.,  511 
diiri  use  Ilia  L.,  595 

var.  Itvstrix  lioiss.,  GOO 
KI.ATIOR  1,.,  ,591 

var.  PKATi.Nsis (Muds.)  Hack.,  593 

fallax  Tliiiili,  000 

fiisiiiiilaris  Lam.,  435 

I'ciias  Lag.,  591 

j/tiitaiis  L.,  509 

fratercula  Rupr,,592 

^!;l,rii<rs,fns  He>>etschw.,  COO 

j,'r<i,/l/i/iia  Thurl).,  590 

littironuilla  Pourr.,  591 

/iftrropliylla  Lam.,  005 

Howellii  Hack.,  591 

Hvsi  uix  Boiss.,  GOO 

iii,li\;rst,i  var.  //ystrix  Willd.,  (iOO 

lilt  rill  is  DC,  012 

iiit.rrit/'ta  Desf.,  591 

Jonesii  N'ascv,  593 

var.  conferta  Hack.  593 

liitifolia  Dulac,  591 

hixa  (land.,  5!) I 

litorca  Hick.,  591 

livida  Willd.,  002 
loliacia  Lam.,  591 
loii^is./a  Hc.n' tscluv.,  000 

M,xin,iia  R.  i^:  S.,  028 
microstachys  (.Monro)  Nnit.,  5S,> 
var.  ciliata  ,\.  (,rav,  585 
var.  pauciflora  .Scribn,,  580 
MviiKos  L.,  .'hSO 
iii-rrosa  Hook.,  538 
nutans  Sprenfr.,  es8 
var.  iihi/or  Vasev,  589 
viir./<,iliistr/s  Wood,  589 
var.  Shortii(Kimili),  589 
o/'tiisa  Sprciif.;. ,  58i) 
<hiid',ii/,ilis  I  look.,  004 
octoflora  Walt.,  r,.SO 
oriciitiilis  Kern.,  591 
ovina  L.,  .593 


690 


INDEX. 


PESTUCA,  ovina. 

viir.  Arizonica  (Vasey)  Hack.,  598 
var.  (  Aiii.i.ATA  (Lam.)  Mack.,  594 
var.  Columbiana  ii.  var.,  599 
var.  DUKiiscui.A  (L.)  Hack.,  595 
var.  ingrata  Hack.,  598 
var.  MARC.iNATA  Hack.,  596 
var.  Oregona  Hack.,  599  ^ 
var.  polyphylla  Vasey,  597 
var.  pseudovina  Hack.,  595 
var.  supina  (Schur)  Hack.,  594 
var.  vulgaris  Koch,  594 
parviflora  KU.,  600 
pauciflora  Thunb.,  604 
fnitctisis  Hulls.,  593 
procuwl>cns  Kiinlh,  575 
pseudovina  Hack.,  595 
rdduans  Steud.,  591 
Bichardsonii  Hook.,  587 
RiciDA  (L.)  Kunih,  587 
rubra  L. .  605 

var.  fallax  (Thuill)  Hack.,  606 
var.  genuina  Hack.,  607 
var.  glaucescens  Hack.,  606 
var.  littoralis  Yascy.  607^ 
var.  longiseta  Hack.,  606_ 
var.  pubescens  Vasey,  607 
var.  trichophylla  Gaud.,  606 
rti/'i'iis  Pers.,  610 
satl'ni  LaK  ,  628 
scabrella  Torr.,  604 

var.  Vaseyana  Hack.,  605 
s.iittYd  Poir.,  586 
S/iorfii  Kuiuh,  589 
simplex  Hoiss.  &  Hal.,  591 
s/<ii<iit<;i  McKtich,  591 
siil'itlata  Vasey,  603 
suliotii  Hack.,  596 
sit/>iit(i  Srhur,  594 
ten,//,!  Will.l.,  586 
ieiiui flora  Srhrad.,  6o5 
Texana  Vasey,  589 
Tliur/hi-i  Vasey,  604 
trich,phylla  Ducros,  606 
Vaseyana  Hack.,  tiOl 
,ni,'hi,les  Willd.,  616 
versuta,  new  name,  589 
viridula  Vasey,  590 
Fesltiearid  Link,  583 
FESTUCEJE.  443 
J-'estiiii>iJ,s  Coss.,  608 
1-ihiehia  Ka'l.,'305 
FiNci-U-cuASS,  55,  110 
FioKiN,  ii;!2 
/■'i,>rinia,  iUil 

Fl.ATSIKMMI.I)  PoA,  546 

Flumiuia  Fries,  559 
Fowl.  Mkadow-grass,  550 
Foxtail,  155,  276 


Foxtail,  Meadow,  378 
FoxiAiL,  Slkndkk.  378 
Foxtail.  Watk.u,  280 
Fkksh-water  Coru-grass,  397 
luissia  Schur,  361 

Gama  Grass,  18 
OASTBIDIUM  Beauv.,335 

Ai  .-^TRALE  Keauv^,  335 

laxtim  Boiss.,  335 

leitdii:;eruin  Gautl.,  335 

vcstittiin  Spreng.,  335 
GEOGR.APHICAL  DISTRIRU- 

TION,  660 
Giant  Reed-grass,  459 
Giant  Rye  grass,  650 

GII.KKRI'S   ReI  lEE-GRASS,  183 

Glvieria  R.  Br.,  563 
acuminata  Schur,  569 
acutijlora  Torr.,  570 
airoities  A.  Gray,j")73 
ani^ustata  Fries.  573 
a,JHatiia  ].  E.  Smjih,  568 
bulhosa  Buckley,  501 
Cauailensis  Trin.,  564 
Can/'vi  Scribn. ,  580 
cmferia  Fries,  573 
,l,;'linala  Breb.,  569 
(lentieulata  Duin.,  569 
,iistans  Wahl.,  573 
elcn^a/,!  Trin.,  566 

/luilansR.  Bnj^569 
Julva  Fries,  557 
gnuhlis  S.  Wats.,  .568 
"liyhrida  Towns..  569 

i'nt,-i;?-a  Dum.,  569 

I.emmoni  Vasey.  573 

h'liaeea  Godr.,  569 

marilima  M.  &  K.,_575 

Alitliauxii  Kunih,  567 

r.errata  Trin.,  567 

ohtiisa  Trin.,  565 

pallida  Trin.,  5U(1 

pendiiiiiui  I.aestail.,  558 

pauei flora  Presl,  5U8 

pedieellata  Towns.,  569 

pi  i  eat  a  Fries,  509 

proeumlhiis  Duin.,  575 

funiila  Vasey,  573 

spieala  Guss.,  5(lil 
Gi.VCKKi.E.  497 
Goat's-heard  Grass,  70 
GoldlhieJiia  Trin.,  7<) 
Colli nia  Fourn.,  583 

folv.^aina  Fourn.,  437 
Grama,  417 
Grama-grass,  413 
GRAMINE/E.  1 
Graminea;,  Morphology  of,  Bentham,  C 


INDEX. 


691 


GRAPHEPHORUM  Desv.,  560 

altijugum  Fourn.,  561 

/Itwiiosunt  Tliurb.,  472 

fuhuDi  A.  Gray,  557 

iite/icoiiit-s  Heaiiv. ,  563 

melicoideum  (Michx.),  563 

var.  Cooleyi  (A.  Gray)  Scribn.,  563 
var.  vtiijor  A.  Gray,  563 

pcndnliniiin  A.  Gray,  557 

Pringlei  Scribn.,  561 

Wolfli  Vasey,  563 
Grkkn  Foxtail,  157 
Greciiia  Nutt.,  314 

Arkansaiut  Nutt.,  316 

GUATKMALA  GrASS,  14 

Guinea  Corn,  58 
Gu»i)iaitthili(i,  39 
GYMNOPOGON  Beauv. ,  410 

ambiguus  (Michx.)  H.  S.  P.,  411 

brevifolius  Trin.,411 

/(istii;i<iliis  Nees,  411 

loii^^ifolins  Founi.,  405 

ratt'wosus  Bcauv.,  411 

sco/<aiiiis  Trin.,  411 
Cymnosticlium  Sclircb.,  656 

Ctilifoniitum  Boland.,  657 

Hystrix  Schreb.,  650 

mains  Heynh.,  6.")6 
Gymnothrix  var.  hit i folia  Schult.,  164 
GyiiinotJnix  Beauv.,  163 

ccHchroidt's  R.  &  S.,  165 

Mcxicana  Fourn.,  165 

Hackclia  (?)  angusti folia  Vasey,  438 
HACKELOCHLOA  kuntze,  33 
granularis  (L.)  Kuntze,  33 
Hard  Fksci;k,  505 
Jlaypachiie  Hochst. ,  475 
Haynaldia  Schur,  634 

Hl'MlKIIOG-GRASS,   101 

Hckatcrosachnc  Steud.,  146 

Heleochloa  Host.,  373 

ALOPI'.CUROIDKS  Host.,  374 

sciUKNOinKs  L.,  274 
Ilelicotrichium  Bess.,  381 
Jlellcria  Fourn.,  583 

lirida  Fourn.,  603 
J/eh'piis-Vr\n.,  100 

pilosus  Trin.,  103 

ptinctatits  Nees,  103 
Jlciiiarthria  R.  Br.,  29 

Havardii  Vasey,  33 
Hcmibromtis  Steud.,  637 
Hkrd's  Grass,  376 
JHeteraiitlulitim  Ilochst.,  634 
Hcterolipis  Ehrenb.,  403 
HF.TERoroGON(I*ersoon),  43 
Hfteropogon  Pers.,  02 


Ifticrpogon  aiiiiniiiatiis  Trin.,  63 
Hettrosteia  Desv.,  413 

juini folia  Desv.,  423 

jiind folia  H.  B.  K.,  434 
Hiterostiga  Kunth,  413 
Jlcuffelia  Schur,  381 
Ucxarrheua  Presl,  67 
Hicroihloc  Gnicl.,  185 

alpiua  R.  &S.,  187 

/w-<v///>R.  &  S..  186 

macrophylla  Tluirb.,  187 

A/txicaiia  Benth.,  187 

paudjlora  R.  Br.,  188 

lupi-ns  Host.,  186 
HllARIA  H.  B.  K.,  67 

cenchroi''      '1.  B.  K.,  68 
var.  cihutus  Scribn.,  69 
var.  longifolia  Vasey,  69 
var.  Texana  Vasey,  GO 

Jamesii  (Torr.)  Benth.,  70 

mutica(Buck.)  Benth.,  69 

rigida  (Thurh  )  Scribn.,  68 
HOLCUS  L.,  350 

alpiiius  Svv.,  187 

dtitsiis  Peterm..  3(i0 

glauiiis  Willlv.,  300 

kahpt-nsis  L.,  58 

la::atus  L.,  360 

laxus  L.,  516 

MOLLIS  L.,  360 

odoraius  L.,  186 
Holy  Grass,  185,  180 
HOMALOCENCHRUS  Mieg,  177 

hexandra  (R.  &  S.)  Britton.  179 

lenticularis  (Michx.)  Kuntze,  179 

monandra(R.  &  S.)  Britton,  179 

oryzoides  (L.)  Mcig,  178 

Virginicus  (Willd.)  Britton,  178 
llookeriatui  Griff.,  535 
HORDE.S:,  638 
HORDEUM  L.,  043 

chilcnse  R.  &  S.,  645 

ciliatiim  Gilib.,  040 

DISTICHOM  L.,  047 

gtiiiciilalum  All.,  (i45 

CrUssoNKANUM  Pari.,  646 

heteroslychyou  Beauv. ,  647 

iir.XAsi'iciioN  L  ,  047 

llystrix  Roth,  O-IC) 

i  III  her  lie  Arduini,  647 

jubatum  L.,  044 

leporimtin  Link,  040 

MAKITIMI'M  Willi.,  645 

Montanense  Scribn.,  644 

Mr  K I  MM  L.,  040 

nodosum  L. ,  045 

pratense  Huils.,  645 

pnbesceiis  Guss.,  (J46 


692 


INDEX. 


HOBDETJM 

pusillum  Nutt.,  645 

secalinwn  Schreb.,  645 
Hydrochloa  Hartm.,  563 
HTDBOCHLOA  Beauv.,  170,  570 

Carolinensis  Beauv.,  170 

distans  Hartm.,  573 

maritima  Hartm.,  569,  575 
Hydropyluin  Link,  173 

esculentuin  Link,  173 
Hymenachnk  Beauv..  104, 106 

Myurtis  Beauv.,  121 
Hyvienolhedum  Lag.,  70 
IJyparrheuiii  Aniierss.,  39 

Ruprecliti  Fourn.,  64 
Hvpogvnium  Nees,  39 
liypudieurns  Reichb.,  66 
Hystrix  Moench,  656 

JJystrix  Millsp.,  656 

pdtiila  McEnch,  656 

ICHNANTHUS  Beauv.,  145 
pallens  (S\v.)  Munro,  146 
iMPERATACyrill.,  21 

arundiiiiUi'ti  L.,  32 
Braziliensis  Trin.,  23 
brevifoliii  Vasey,  23 
caudata  Chapm.,  23 
candata  Scribn.,  38 
Hookeri  Rupr.,  23 

I M PUKE,   58 

Indian  Corn,  15 

Indian  Grass,  57 

Indian  Rick,  173 

Jsc/urmiiin,  34 

leersioides  Munro,  34 
sectmdatiim  Walt.,  167 

Isotria,    463 

Italian  Mii.i.et,  154 

Italian  Ryk-grass,  629 

Jarava  Ruiz  &  Pav.,  211 
Joachimia  Tenore,  437 
Jon's  Tears,  20 

JOHNSON  Grass,  58 
OUVEA  Fourn.,  630 
pilosa Scribn.,  631 
Btraminea  Fourn.,  631 
var.  straminea  Scribn,  631 
Junk  Grass,  543 

Kentucky  Blue  Grass,  543 
Kielboul  AdSins.,  193 
KffiLERIA  Pers.,  494 

crUtata  (L.)  Pers.,  495 

nitidu  Nutt.,  495 

parvi flora  Bert.,  495 

Petitlsvlvanica  DC,  493 


K(ELEBIA 

pitkhella  Spreng.,  468 

truuaita  Torr.,  493 
KORYCABPUS  Zea,  511 

aruudinaceus  Zea,  511 

diandrus  (Michx.)  Kuntze,  511 
Kromhhohia  Rupr.,  513. 

latifolia  Fourn.,  513 

I.achnaf^rostis  Trin..  336 
Ladies'  Traces,  184 
l.acrtiii  Greinow,  177 
lAGUBUS  L.,  357 

ovATis  L.,  358 
LAMABKIA  jSIoench,  535 

aurka(L.)  Moench,  525^ 
I.apf<ago  racemosti  Willd.,  73 
jAippa'^opsis  Sicud.,  81 

LAIU;E  yUAKINC-l-KASS,  531 

LASIACES,  108 

/.<isi(i:^ro/is  Link,  213 
Lasiopoa  Ehrh.,  608 
Leersia  Soland.,  177 

liexandra  S\/.,  179 

Icnticiihiiis  Michx.,  179 

viomiudra  Sw.,  1(9 

cryzoidcs  Sw.,  178 

J'iri,ntiiiii  Michx.,  178 

Virginica  VVillci.,  178 
I.ipeocercis  Trin.,  39 
Ltpiurus  Dum.,  631 
Leptocarydion  Hochst.,  463 
Leptoct-rcus  Rafin.,  631 
LEPTOCHLOA  Beauv.,  430 

ff//i«M(/A/ Steud.,  433 

Lomingensis  (J acq.)  Trin.,  434 

dubia(H.  B.  K.)  Nees,  437 

fascioularis  (Lam.)  A.  Gray,  435 

filiformis  Presl,  433 

imbricata  Thurb.,  435 

Laugloisii  Vasey,  432 

Ludoviciana  Vasey,  432 

Mexicana  Scribn.,  437 

muoronata  (Michx.)  Kunih,  432 
var.  pulchella  Scribn.,  433 

Nealleyi  Vasey,  433 

pi'llucida,  432 

polygama  (F'ourn.),  437 

Pringlei  (Vasey),  436 

BCabra  Nees,  432 

spioata  ( Doell)  Scribn.,  434 

Tracyi  (Vasey),  436 

virgata  Wight,  434 

visbida  (Scribn.),  434 
Leploioryphium  Nees,  97 

lattatuin  Nees,  98 
Leptophoba  Ehrh.,  361 
Leptostachya,  476 


INDEX. 


693 


l.eptostachvs  Mey..  431 
XEPTUBVS  R.  Br.,  631 

Bolamieri  Thurb.,  634 

fasiituliitus  Trin.,  33 

i  ii.iKOKMis  (Roih)  Trin.,  633 
var.  iNCL'i<VATUS(L.)  Trin.,  633 

pattiitilatus  Niitt.,  413 
Lesottrdia  Fourn.,  453 

Karwinskiatia  Fourn.,  454 
Leiuopoa  Griseb.,  537 
Lcvmiis  Hoclist.,  647 
Libert ia  Lej.,  608 

LlKNDKII.I.A,  293 

J.ithacliiie  Beauv.,  168 
lOLIUM  L.,  638 

agyptiium  Bell,  630 

tii^n-sfe  Hort.,  629 

album  Steud.,  630 

amiuiim  Bernh.,  629 

iinnui'.in  Lam.,  630 

urcnarium  Rouv.,  639 

-aristatmn  Lag.,  629 

arista  turn  Pers.,  629 

arvense  With.,  630 

aspt-riim  Roth,  629 

ainat/i-nse  Bernh.,  629 

(i-ihicitm  Opig.,  '!29 

decipiens  Dum.,  630 

elongatuiii  Hort.,  639 

infelix  Rouv.,  630 

italicuin  A.  Br.,  629 

lucid  urn  Dum.,  630 

MUi.TiKLORUM  Lam.,  639 

I'KRKNNK  L.,  639 

Psetido'italicum  Schur,  639 

rcmotwn  Schrank,  639 

strict nm  Presl.,  629 

TKMiri.KNTUM  L, ,  630 

var.  ARVENSE  (With.),  630 

tenue  L.,  639 

vtilgare  Hort.,  629 
I^opliochloena  Californica  Nees,  514 

refracta  A.  Grav,  514 
Lophochloa  Reichb.,  495 

Low  Si'EAR-GRASS,  530 

l.udolfia  Willd.,  657 
LUZIOLA  Juss.,  171 
AlabamensiB  Chapm.,  172 
Peruviana  J.  F.  Gmel.,  172 
ITCUBUS  H.  B.  K.,  270 
brevifoHus  Scribn.,  271 
phleoides  H.  B.  K..  270 

var.  brevifoliuB  (Scribn.),  371 
var.  glauoifolina  nov.  var.,  371 


MacroHepharus  Philippi,  475 
Macrocha:ta  Steud. ,  163 


Macrochloa  Kunth,  212 
Alacronax  Rafin.,  658 
Macroztachya  Hochst.,  403 
Maize,  15 

Maizilla  Schlecht.,  81 
Manisuris  Sw.,  33 
MANISUBIS  L.,  39 

compressa  (L.  f.)  Kuntze,  31 

corrugata  (Baldw.)  Kuntze,  31 

cylindrica(Michx.)  Kuntze,  31 

yranularis  Sw.,  33 

rngosa  (Chapm.)  Kuntze,  30 
Mapira  Adans.,  168 
Maksii-grass,  396 
HATDEJE,  13 

Medium  Quaking-grass,  530 
Mcgastachya  Beauv. ,  475 

aniicna  Fourn.,  478 

ciliaris  Beauv.,  479 

polvmorpha  Beauv.,  484 
MELICAL.,  496 

acuminata  Boland.,  508 

altissima  Walt.,  503 

anomala  Scribn.,  311 

argenta  (Howell)  Beal,  504. 

aristata  Thurb.,  510 

bromoides  A.  Gray,  508 
var.  Howellii  Scribn.,  509 

bttlbosa  Porter  &  Coult.,  506 

bulbosa  Gayer,  507,  508 

bulbosa  Thurb..  507 

Californica  Scribn.,  507 

colpodioidcs  Nees,  499 

diffusa  Pursh.,  503 

var.  nitens  Scribn.,  502 

frutescens  Scribn.,  503 

fugaz  Boland.,  501 

Geyeri  Munro,  508 

Geyeri  Thurb. ,  501 

glabra  Michx.,  505 

Harfordii  Boland.,  510 
var.  minor  Vasey,  510 

imperfecta  Trin.,  499 

var.  flexuosa  Boland.,  499 
var.  minor  Scribn.,  499 
v.ir.  refracta  Thurb.,  500 
var.  scsi/ui flora  Torr.,  500 

inflata  Vasey,  500 

laxifloria  Cavan.,  505 

macrantha  (Vasey)  Beal,  506 

multinervosa  Vasey,  501 

mutioa  Walt.,  505 

var.  diffusa  A.  Gray,  503 
var.  glabra  A.  Gray,  505 
var,  parvi flora  Porter,  502 

nana,  new  name,  504 

paiiicoides  Nutt.,  499 

Parishii  Vasey,  500 

parviflora  (Porter)  Scribn.,  503 


691 


INDEX. 


MELICA  poitoides  Torr.,  507 

Porttfi  Scribn.,  503 

Smithii  (Porter)  Vasey,  509 

spectabilis  Scribn.,  500 

atricta  Holaiul.,  503 

Bubulata  (Giiscb.)  Scribn.,  508 

Torreyana  Scribn.,  500 
Mi'linum  Link,  173 

pal  list  re  Linlc,  173 
Menithnpta  Rafin.,  389 
Mfiisaclnie  Trin.,  463 
Mesquite-grass,  417 
Michfltiriix  Dum.,  008 
MiCROCHLOA  R.  Hr.,  394 

setacea  R.  Kr.,  394 
Miiropvrnin  Link,  583 
.]//>;■/</ Pers.,  657 
MlSCANTHUS  Anderss.,  23 

Sinensis  Anderss.,  34 
Miliaria  Trin.,  108 
Milaiium  Mcench,  233 

Milium  l.,  233 

amphicarpoti  Pursh,  99 

ciliattim  Muhl.,  99 

coDiprt'ssntn  Sw.,  85 

cuspidalHin  Spreng,  233 

efEusum  L. ,  234 

punclotum  L  ,  103 
puugens  Torr.,  238 

rati'inosiiiit  Sni.,  285 

tra)issilvanicnm  Schur,  234 
Millet.  58,  125 
Mauchia  VVeiider,  81 
Moliiieria,  361 
MOLINIA  Shrank,  474 

CcERULEA  (L.)  McEnch,  754 
Monachather  Steud.,  380 
Mimachn,'  Heaiiv.,  100 
MONANTHOCHLOE  Engelm.,  454 

littoralis  Engelm.,  455 
Monathera  Rafin.,  401 
Mouilia  S.  F.  Gray,  474 
Monocera  Ell.,  401 
Monograph  of  Kumbusere,  Miinro,  6 
Mouopogon  Presl,  388 

avcmiceus  Presl,  388 
Moulinsia  Rafin.,  192 
Mountain-timothy,  275 
MUHLENBEBGIA  Schreb.,  234 

affinis  Trin.,  259,  264,  265 

AlamoBSB  Vasey,  248 

arenicola  Buckl.,  261 

argentea  Vasey,  255 

iiristata  I'ers.,  269 

Arizonioa  Scribn.,  263 

artioulata  Scribn.,  258 

Berlandieri  Trin.,  258 

BourReei  Fourn  ,  341 


MUHLENBEBGIA 

hrackyelytrmii.  Trin.,  269 
brevifolia  Scribn.,  254 
breviseta  Griseb.,  245 
Buckleyana  Scribn.,  247 
iicspitosa  Chapni.,  361 
calama}:;rostidea  Kunth,  248 
Californica  Vasey,  253 
capillaris  (Lam.)  Trin.,  256 

var.      filipes      (Curtis)      Chapm., 
256 

var.     trichopodes     (Ell.)     Vasey, 
356 
ciliata(H.  &  K.)  Trin.,  343 
lilt  ltd  Trin.,  318 
ihindistina  Trin..  387 
Clomena  Trin.,  341 
comata  (  Thurb. )  Henth.,  259 
dehilis  Trin.,  253 
dtpatiperala  Scribn.,  239 
diffusa  Schreb.,  345 
dumosa  Scribn.,  359 

var.  minor  Scribn.,  26 
elata  Vasey,  246 
elongata  Scribn.,  251 
i-rtcta  Schreb.,  269 
ezilis  Fourn.,  246 
filiculmis  Vasey,  250 
flipfs  M.  a.  Curt.,  256 
firma,  n.  sp.,  244 
flavida  Vasey,  249 
Jlavida  var.  stridior  Scribn. ,  263 
foliosa  Trin.,  252 
^loinerata  Trin.,  253 
'gracilis  (EL  H.  K.)  Trin.,  343 

var.  breviaristata  Vasey,  343 

var.  enervis  Scribn.,  243 
gracillima  Torr. ,  261 
grandis  Vasey,  309 
Nuac/iucaiia  Vasey,  262 
implicata(VVilkl.)  Trin.,  264 
laziflora  Scribn.,  258 
Lemmoni  Scribn.,  263 
longifolia  Vasey,  257 
longiglumis  Vasey,  366 
lycuroides  V^asey,  239 
Mexicana  (L.)  Trin.,  252 

var.    filiformis     (Muhl.)     Scribn. 
253 
microsperma  (DC.)  Trin.,  253 
monticola  Buckl.,  250 
liana  Benth..  241 
nebulosa  Scribn.,  247 
Neo-Mezicana  Vasey,  265 
Palmeri  V^asey,  265 
Farishii  Vasey,  249 
parviglumis  Va?ey,  257 
pauciflora  Huokl.,'365 
paucijlora  Buckley   363 


INDEX. 


6y5 


HUHLENBEBOIA 

peniiuld  Bong.,  308 

Forteri  Scribn.,  259 

Fringlei  Scribn. ,  257 

pulcherrima  Scribn.,  240 

pungens  Thurb.,  2U2 

purpurea  Nutt.,  353 

racemosa  (Michx.)  B.  S.  P.,  253 
var.  brevifolia  Vasey,  353 
var.  ramosa  X'ascy,  353 

Keirrchoni  V.  &  S.,  361 

rigida(H.  B.  K.)  Trin.,  240 

scabra  Scribn.,  343 

Schaifneri  Fourn.,  239 

Schreberi  Ginel.,  245 

■coparia  Vasey,  346 

setarioidi's  Fourn.,  849 

selifolia  Vasey,  361 

Bobolifera  (Mulil.)  Trin.,  344 

speciosa  Vasey,  368 

spiciformis  Trin.,  254 

stipoides  (H.  B.  K.)  Trin.,  344 

subalpi'ia  Vasey,  343 

sylvatica  Muhl.,  348 

var.  Californica  Vasey,  349 
var.  gracilis  Scribn.,  249 
var.  setarioides  (Fourn.),  249 
var.  setiglumis  S.  Wats.,  349 

teneUa(H.  B.  K.)  Trin,,  363 

tenuiflora  (VViild.)  B.  S.  P.,  355 

Texana  Thurb.,  359,  360 

Trinii  Fourn.,  366 

virescens  (H.  B.  K.)  Trin.,  243 

lt'il/i/fnovii  Trin.,  355 

Wrightii  Vasey,  851 
MUNBOA  Torr  ,  455 

squarrosa  (Nutt.)  Torr.,  456 
var.  floocuosa  Vasey,  456 
MisQuiT-r.RAss,  413 
Mygahirus  Link,  583 
Mvrioslachyn,  476 

Naked  Oats,  386 

Nassella  E.  Uesv.,  233 

A'a-'icularia  Raddi,  145 

NAZIA  Adans.,  73 
occidentalis  (Nees),  74 
racemosa  (L.)  Kuntzc,  73 

Xi-sonema  Rafin.,  330 

Xestlera  VVilld.,  413 

XlMHI.E  WlM.,  345 

Nrr-cRASs,  SoS 
Xoniurus  Reichb.,  583 
N^owodworskya  Presl,  313 

CEdipiichne  Link,  100 
punctata  Link,  103 
Old-witch  Grass,  139 


OlYBA  L.,  168 
latifolia  L..  168 

pauiculata  Sw.,  168 
Oncea  Franch. ,  511 
Ophismenus   Boir.,  146 
Opizia  Presl,  489 

stolonifera  Presl,  440 
OPLISMENUS  Beauv.,  146 

tolonus  H.  B.  K.,  118 

Crus-gaUi  Dum.,  119 

Liebmanni  Fourn.,  147 

sabuUolus  Kunth,  120 

sftarius  R.  &  S.,  147 

undulatifolius  Beauv.,  147 
Orchakd-ckass,  523 
OBCUTTIA  Vasey,  456 

Californica  Vasey,  457 

Oreenii  Vasey,  457 
Ortachne  Nees,  193 

scabra  Fourn.,  311 

tenuis  Fourn.,  811 
Orthopogon  R.  Br.,  146 
Orlhoraphium  Nees,  318 
Orthostachys  Ehrh.,  647 
OBYZA  L.,  176 

clautitstina  A.  Br.,  178 

SATIVA  L.,  176 
0ivzea\  180 
OBYZ£S,  169 
OBYZOPSIS  Michx.,  233 

asperifolia  [Rich,  in]  Michx.,  325 

caJuca  Beal,  336 

Canadensis  Torr.,  328 

cuspidata  Benth.,  333 

exigua  Thurb.,  237 

fimbriata  Ilenisl.,  381 

Hendersoni  Vasey,  338 

juncea  (Michx.)  B.  S.  P.,  228 

Kingii(Boland.),  229 

Macounii  (Scribn.),  329 

melanocarpa  Muhl.,  3'J5 

viiirantha  Thurb.,  230 

micrantha  (Trin.  et  Rupr.),  3;>0 

mongolica  (Turcz.)  Beal,  327 

Fringlei  Scribn.,  326 
erecta  Beal,  330,  331 

A'ic/nndsonii  Beal,  339 

Sibirica(Lam.),  336 

U'Meri  Benlh.,  233 
OviN.K  Hack.,  584 
Oxyant/ie  Steud.,  450 
japonica  Steud.,  461 
Oxydenia  Nutt.,  430 


Padia  Zoll.  &  Mor. 
FANICACE.S:,  13 
FANICEJE,  78 


176 


696 


INDEX. 


PaNICULAEIA  Fabr. ,  5fi8 

acutiflora  (Torr.)  Kuntze,  570 

Americana  (Torr.)  MacMillan,  508 

aqualiiii  (L.)  Kuntze,  508 

Canadensis  (Michx.)  Kuntze,  564 

elongata  Torr.,  565 

fluitans(L.)  Kuntze,  569 

laxa  Scribn.,  567 

nervata(Willil.)  Kuntze.  567 

obtusa  (Muhl.)  Kuntze,  565 

pallida  (Torr.)  Kuntze,  566 

pauciflora  (Presl)  Kuntze,  568 
Paniiulatiim  Ard.,  146 
PANICUM  L.,104 

adspi-rsum  Trin.,  116 

agrostoides  Muhl.,  128 

amarum  Ell.,  l!24 

var.  minor  V.  &  S.,  135 

anceps  Michx.,  128 

var.  striitum  Chapm.,  136 

atigiistifolitoii  Chapm.,  121 

aiii^iisli foil  inn  Ell.,  141 

arenarium  Cham.  &  Schkcht. ,  125 

autumnale  Kosc,  121 

uTiitiii'iiin  II.  B.  K.,  133 

harlniio-.ic  Trin.,  121 

iHirlnihitiiiii  Mirhx.,  139 

brachyanthum  Steud.,  121 

brevifolium  L.,  136 

/iroiNcii/is  Lam.,  148 

bulbosum  II.  B.  K.,  131 

var.  avenaceum(H.  B.  K.),  132 
var.  minor  Vascy,  131 

iirspilostim  Spreng.,  116 

crspi/osiitn  Sw.,  113,  115 

capillare  L..  129 

var.  ii^'ri'sff  Gatt.,  130 
var.  campestre  Gatt.,  130 
var.  flexile  Gatt.,  130 
var.  geniinlatum  Scribn.,  130 
var.  niiliiiceum  V^asey,  130 
var.  minimum  Engel,  130 
var.  vulgare  Scribn.,  130 

«apillarioides  Vasey,  134 

carina  til  III  Torn,  115 

tratu/atiim  Lam.,  157 

Chapmani  Vasey,  137. 

ciliatissimum  Buck.,  133 

liliatiiin  Ell.,  139 

clandestinum  L.,  144 

colonum  L.,  118 

var.  Zonalk(Guss.)  L.  H.  Dewcv, 
118 

commutatum  Schultcs,  141 

var.  oonsanguineum  (Kuiuh),  141 

compositum  Nees,  154 

consangiiincHin  Kunth,  141 

corrui;;ata  Ell.,  156 

Crus-gaUi  L.,  119 


PANICUM,  Crus-gaUi. 

var.  hispidum  (Muhl.)  Torr.,  119 

var.  sabulicolum  (Nees)  Trin.,  120 
Curtisii  Steud.,  115 
Dactvlon  L.,  396 
dehile  Ell.,  135 
ddnle  Poir,  127 
depauperatum  Muhl.,  140 

var.  lazum  Vasey,  140 
dichotomum  L.,  138 

var.  laxiflorum  (Lam.),  139 

(<i)  (omintaic  S.  Wats. 

(/;)  fasiiciilatum  S.  Wats. 

Xc)  gyaiile  S.  Wats. 
diiRiBumSw.,  133 
digitarioidts  Carpenter,  115 
diTfrgi-ns  Muhl.,  121 
ensi foil  urn  Baldw.,  189 
enuiforinf  Sibth.,  114 
fasciculatum  Sw.,  117 

var.  fusoum  (Sw.)  117 

var.  major  (Vasey),  117 

var.  reticulatum  (Torr.),  117 
flliforme  L.,  109_ 
JlaTiiin  Nees,  153 
Jlfxile  Scribn.,  130 
fragile  Kunth.  131 
fuscHiii  Sw.,  117 
fuscniii  major  Vasey,  117 
geniciilaliun  Muhl.  ,129 
geniiulatuiii  Lam.,  156 
gibbum  EII.,  126 
glahriim  Gauil.,  110 
glatuiiin  L.,  155 
GROSSAKIt'M  L.,  116 

gymnocarpon  Ell.,  131 

Hallii  Vascy,  132 

Havardii  Vasey,  135 

Iiians  Ell.,  127 

hispidum  Muhl.,  120 

ignoratum  Kuntii,  98 

iinbi'rbc  Poir,  157 

Indicum  L.,  138 

Isachne  var.  Mexicana  (Vasey),  114 

Italicuin  L.,  154 

Joorii  Vasey,  142 

juiiicntoriim  Pcrs.,  132 

Kunthii  Fourii.,  125 

lachnanthum  A.  (iray,  112 

hevigatum  Muhl.,  155 

lanatum  Rottb.,  Ill 

lauiiginosum  Ell.,  139 

la/if olinin  Walt.,  145 

taxi flor urn  Lam.,  139 

leucpplhciim  H.  B.  K.,  Ill 

LI.NKAKK  Krock,  110 

var.  Mississippiense  Gaitinger,  111 
MAXIMIM  Jacq.,  132 

var.  bulbosum  Munro,  131 


INDEX. 


01)7 


Fanicum 

molicarium  Michx.,  127 
microcarpon  Muhl.,  137 

var.  sphaerooarpon  (Ell.).  137 
microspermum  I'Ourn.,  134 

-Mll.lACKU.M   L.,   125 

fiiilUiceiim  Walt.,  129 
minimum  Stribii.,  130 
MOI.LK  S\v.,  121 
muricatum  Michx.,  120 
Myosurug  Rich.,  121 
Myurus  Lam.,  121 
^.Ciilltyi  V'asey,  143 
tifi-Tosum  iMuhl.,  141 
neuranthum  Griseb.,  185 

var.  ramosum  Griseb.,  135 
vitidum  Lam.,  139 
Oazacense  Steud.,  144 
obtusum  IL  B.  K.,  115 
Palmeri  V'asey,  120 
t" III' lis  Sw.,  14G 
paspaloides  Pers.,  114 
fdtfittissimum  R.  &  S.,  127 
pauiijlorum  Ell.,  143 
pedicellatum  Vasev,  135 

I'l.ANTACINKUM  Li'llli,   113 

platyphyllumMuiiro,  112 
Piiiigln  Vasev,  119 
proliferum  Lnm.,  129 

var.^  geniculatum  (Muhl.)  Vasey 

prostratum  Lam.,  113,  115 
ptilicsiciis  Michx.,  139 
ramulosum  Michx.,  136 
repens  L.,  127 

var.  confertum  Vasey,  128 
relic  II  la  film  Torr.  ,117 
Keverchoni  Vasey,  120 
rhizophorumFoiirn.,  139 
riifiim  Kuiith,  97 
stil'ulicoliim,  Nees,  120 

SANGLflNALR  L. ,  110 

var.  Simpsoni  Vasev,  109 
soih-itiuii/iim  Chaptii'..  A'i 
Schiedeanum  Trin.,  119 
sooparium  Lam.,  143 
scopariiim  Michx..  143 
serotinutn  (Walt.)  Trin.,  lU 
sctariiim  Lam.,  147 
setigerum  Heauv.,  109 
Simpsoni  (Vasey),  109 
sonorum,  new  name,  130 
sparsijloruin  Vasey,  121 
spluerocarpon  Ell.,  137 
Btenodes  Griseb.,  126 
striatum  Chapm.,  117 
tenerrimum  Kiinth,  113 
ieiiuicidmum  Chapm.,  137 
P.  virgatum  L.,  121 


Steud. 


PANICUM,  p.  virgatum. 

var.  mat  rasper  mum  Vasey,  126 
Texanum  Huckl..  117 
iinisetttm  Trin.,  158 
Urrilleanum  Kunth,  131 
verticillatiim  L.,  151 
viride  L.,  157 

PAPPOPHOKUM  Schreb.,  447 

apertum  Munro,  447 

I'oreaU  Torr.,  448 

liiKiiroidium  Schrad.,  448 

Wrightii  S.  Wats.,  448 
Para-(;kass.121 
Piirroteranthc     Dnmmondii 

569 

Pitspalaiitliittm  Desv.    81 
PASPAIUM  L,  81 

(im/>ti;inun  DC,  110 
Jilodi^t-ttii  Chapm.,  88 
Bofcianum  F'liigge,  92 
Buckleyanum  Vasey,  93 
csespitosum  Fliigge,  88 
f  liatifoliiim    Nlichx.,  91 
compressum  (Swartz)  Nees,  85 
conjugatum  Herg.,  «9 
till syp/iy Hum  Ell.,  91 
i/t/ii/e  Michx.,  90 
Jh'i^ifarin   Polr.,  85 
dilatatum  Poir.,  02 

var.  decumbens  Vasey,  93 
distichium  1..,  92 
Drummondii  C.  .Muell,  90 
elatum  Kicii  ,  93 
i/,x<iiis  Mtlgge,  89 
Elliott  a  S    Wats. ,  85 
fliforme  Fluegge,  10!) 
Floridanum  .Midix,,  96 

v.ir.  glabratum  luigclm.,  97 
Jliiitans  Kunth,  S? 
fiiraitum  villosiim  \'ascv,  86 
giganteum  Baldwin,  95' 
gracile  Schiecht.,  86 
,i;'iuil,-  Steud.,  .S7 
/lallii  V.  and  S. ,  93 
Humboldtianum  FIflgge,  91 
inops  Vasey,  89 

var.  major  Vasev,  89 
IsBve  Michx.,  95 
laiiatiim  \\.  H.   K.,  98 
lentifemm  Lam.,  95 
leiiti^inostiin  Vasey,  90 
lividum  Trin.,  92  ' 
macrophyllum  II.  B.  K.,  90 
maiiospi-niium  Flilgge,  96 
membranaceum  Walt.,  86 
Miiliauxianum  Kunth,  85 
mouostachvHin  Vasev,  93 
mucronatum  M u h I.  ,86 


698 


INDEX. 


Pasfaluh 

notatum  Flngge,  95 
i'-'(ituiii  Nees,  03 
paspalodes  (Michx.)  Scribn.,  85 
Fittieri  Hack.,  88 
planifoHuin  Fourn.,  90 
platyiiiulon  Poir.,  85 
plicatulom  Miclix.,  90 
prsBCOz  Walt.,  95 
pyrnniiiialc  Nees,  87 
pubiflorum  Rupr.,  93 

var.  glauoum  Scribn.,  93 
purpurasifits  Ell.,  93 
raoemosum  Lam.,  87 
rectum  Nees,  93 
repens  Berg.,  87 
saitguinale  Lam.,  110 
sirotiiiuin  FHlegge,  111 
setaceum  Michx.,  91 
var.  ciliatifolium  (Michx.)  Vasey, 
91 
teneUum  Willd.,  89 
Hiidtilatum  Poir.,  90 
vaginatom  Sw.,  93 
Vaseyanum  Scribn.,  140 
Telutinosum  Nees,  134 
verrucosum  Muhl..  135 
TiliosHin  rill.,  139,  141 
virgatum  L  ,  88 
var.  platyozon  Doell,  88 
var.  pubiflorum,  Vasey,  88 
viBcidum  Ell..  143 

var.  scabriuBCulum,  143 
IValteri  Ell.,  115 
Walter!  Poir.,  145 

var.  molle  Vasey,  145 
IValterianinn  Schultes,  80 
IFi7(0xiii>tit//i  Vasey,  140 
zanthophysum  A.  Gray,  143 
zoiiiih'  Guss.,  119 
P,r/iM  Pour.,  373 
Pectinarici  Hack.,  34 
Pcltophoia  Desv.,  39 
Pcnicilhria  Willd.,  163 
PENNISETUM  Rich.,  163 
bambusiforme  Hems!.,  165 
cenchroides  Rich.,  165 
crinittitn  Scribn.,  163 
durum,  new  name,  163 
};t-iiiit(l(ilH>n  Jacq.,  156 
LATiFOLiUM  Spreng.,  164 
i.oNcisTYi.rM  Hochst.,  166 
Mezicanum  Hemsl.,  165 
multiflorum  Fourn.,  164 
myosurotiles  Spreng.,  160 
purpurascens  W.  \\.  K.,  166 
setosum  (Sw.)  Rich.,  166 
vt-r  icillatnin  R.  Br.,  151 
Pt-ittti'iii'ris  Beauv.,  389 


PENTABRHAPHIS  n.  B.  K.,  441 

Fournierana      (Vasey)      Hack.       & 
Scribn.,  441 

pauperoula  (E'resl)  Scribn.,  443. 

Bcabra  IK  B.  K..  443 
Pvntastachvii  Hochst.,  163 
PEREILEMA  J.  &  C.  PresI,  871 

cillatum  Fourn..  273 

orinitum  J.  &  C.  PresI,  371 
PcreiUmii  PresI,  330 
Pkrknnial  Rvixjrass,  639 
Perihallia  Trin.,  861 
Petfioessii  DcEll.,  476 
Phinelhiyia  Willil.,  403 
P/uucliiriis  Griseb.,  29 
FHALARIDEJE,  180 
PHALARIS  L.,181 

Aiiit-rii,iiia  Ell.,  183. 

amethystina  Trin.,  183 

iiui;usta/a  llort..  183 

iingus/ata  Nees,  183 

aqtiatiai  Delile,  183 

arundinaoea  L.,  183 
var.  picta  (Hori.),  183 

(irtindinacta  Michx.,  183 

rt < 7V«/rt;7j  Salisb.,  183 

Canariensis  L.,  183 

Caroliniaua  Walt,  183 

colorata  Beauv.,  183 

intermedia  Bosc,  183 
var.  angu8tata(Hort.),  182 

Lemmoni  V^asev.  183 

mitrostac/iya  DC,  183 

oryzoides  L.,  178 

ovata  Moench,  183 
Plialaiidiiim  Nees,  473 
Phahma  Dum.,  524 
PHARUS  p.,  171 

glaber  H.  B.  K.,  171 

liifi/oliiis  Trin.,  171 
PHIFFSIA  R.  Br.,  283 

algida  (Soland.)  R.  Br.,  283 
PHLEUM  L.,  274 

alpinum  L.,  275 

pratense  L. ,  276 

sclurnoides  L.,  374 
Pholiiiriis  Trin.,  631 
PHRAGMITES  Trin.,  457 

altissimtis  Mabille,  460 

urundinacca  Allam,  460 

ittts trails  Trin.,  400 
gt^s^iintm  J.  Gay,  460 
japonica  Steud.,  460 

occidi-iittilis  Trill.,  461 

Phragmites  (L.)  Karst.,  460 

viils^aris  Trin.,  461 
Pkikon'-ckass,  157 
PiicoKN,  386 


LNDKX. 


699 


Piptatheruni  Beau  v.,  223 

ni};nim  Torr.,  225 
J'i/>tiu/i,ctiuiii  I'resI,  223 
/'lii:^ivs(iichya,  470 
J'liiHtinia  Bubaiii,  275 
rintystachva,  470 
J'litiraphis  'I'orr.,  67 

Jamesii  Torr.,  7U 
inutica  Hiickl.,  69 
ri ill, ill  Thiirb.,  08 
P/iiif/i,iiit/i,\sis  Steiid.,  389 
PlEUBOPOOON  R.  Hr.,  513 

Californioum(Nees)  Henth.,  614 

/.o/>/t(>,/iliviiii  Nees,  513 

refraotum  (Gray)  Benth.,  514 

Sabinii  R.  Br..  315 
P/oth  Sclireb.,  520 
J\'<i  A  dans.,  519 
POA  L.,  5:0 

acuminata  Scrihn. ,  538 

luuahilis  Wall.,  489 

a 'II /lit;  11, 1  F.ll.,  405 

tnroi,/fs  Nutt.,  573 

alpina  L.,  542 

var.  minor  Scrihn.,  543 

var.  purpurascens  (Vasey),  543 

alsodes  A.  Gray,  530 
var.    IFolJii  Vasey,  553 

<inceps  PresI,  546 

iiiiceps  Hcgetschw.,  543 
aiuiina  Nutt.,  570 
aiigHstat,i  R.  Br  ,  572 
aiigustifoli,i  Reichb.,  550 
aiifinstifoliti  L.,  543 
<jttiiiisti/pli,t  Ucria,  531 

ANNUA  L.,  530 

<?««««  Cham.  &  Schlecht.,  531 

var.  stricta  Vasey,  545 
aqtiatica  var.  Americana  Torr.,  568 
arachnifera  Torr. ,  535 

var.  glabrata  V^asey,  535 
argentea  Howell,  504 
ariita  Vasey,  576 
aspera  Gaudin,  553 
attica  Boiss.,  543 
autumnalis  Muhl.,  533 

var.  robuBta  Vasey,  534 
/>a,iensis  Uaenke,  542 
Bigelovii  V,  &  S.,  545 
Bolandcri  Vasey,  540 
hrac/np/iylla  Schult..  534 
Brandegei  Scribn.,  544 
l>n-.if,ilia  Gaud.,  542 
brevifolia  .Muhl.,  534 
Brownei  Kunth,  485 
hryophila  Trin.,  553 
ccesia  Am.  authors,  552 
CiFsia  J.  E.  Smith,  553 

var.  strictior  A.  Gray,  553 


POA 

Calif  arnica  Steud.,  549 
Canipyle  Schult.,  533 
capillar  is  L.  481 
Caroliniana  SpreuR,,  487 
Chapmaniana  Scribn.,  545 
tiliari.1  L.,  479 
cin.na  Vil.,  543 
carul.a  Knapp,  543 
colli  11,1  Host.,  542 
coiiiplanata  Sclinr,  548 
cn.\iiM<|.;«s.\  L  ,  540 
coii/crt.i  FCII.,  481 
oonflnis  Vasev,  547 
conglomerata'  R  u  p  r . ,  537 
coroiiciisis  Schur,  542 
coslala  Schum.,  543 
cristata  Chapm..  545 
crKcata  Michx.,  550 
Cusiokii  Vasey,  533 
ciispit/ata  Nutt.,  534 
debilis  Torr.,  539 
Uensi/loia  Buck  I.,  535 
ileiitata  Torr.,  500 
ittprcssti  Presl,  543 
di scalar  Hoppe,  542 
ili .stalls  L.,  573 
tliraricn/a  Vil!.,  543 
Douglasii  Nees,  5J9 
tlithia  Leers,  531 
t/ii/iia  [Hont  k.]  Verz.,  543 
<lu rinse II la  VVilld.,  530 
Eatoni  S.  Wats.,  570 
elegans  Hall.,  550 
elciiaiis  Poir.,  479 
Elliattii'&\-ix<in^.,  533 
elangtita  Torr. ,  500 
erajrrasti/oriiiis  Scliur,  543 
Enijrraslis  L.,  482 
filifalia  Schur,  543 
filfo/ia  Vasev,  539 
flava  L.,  550' 
flavicans  Ledb.,  551 
Jlt'xiiasa  Muiil.,  533 
Jlcxupsa  J.  E.  Smith,  554 
Jluit,ms  Scop.,  569 
fulva  Trin.,  557 
geli,la  Schur,  542 
glabra  Ehrh.,  549 
glauca  Vahl,  553 
glonierata  Walt.,  481 
glumaris  Trin.,  549 
gracillima  Vasey,  554 
Orayana  Vasey,  548 
gregalis  Suter,  543 
hetcr,^pltylla  Scheele,  543 
hispidul'a  Vasey,  555 
llt^liciiackfri  Trin.,  531 
HoweUii  V.  &  S.,  541. 


^ 


700 


INDKX. 


POA 

huinilis  Elirh.,  B43 
/ill milts  Lej.,  5510 
hydrophvhi  Thuill.,  560 
fivpnoidis  Lam.,  478. 
l'daho«nsii,  TiltO 
infirma  II.  cS:  K.,  531 
int,irtipta  Nutt.,  483 
Xelloggii  Vasty.  540 
Kiui;ti  S.  Wats.,  549 
Liccstadii  Riipr.,  557 
Uvvis  V^asfv,  577 
Laiii^tana  Reichb.,  548 
lazai  ll.xnk.,  554 
Lejt'iiuii  Dum.,  54!J 
l.etleriiHini  Vasey,  570 
Ituidii  Vasey,  570 
lu^i^fiis  Kiintli,  400 
iiHicrniithe  Vasey,  500 
inaliiiimdnricusis  Lej.,  543 
mil riti Ilia  IIiuls. ,  5T5 
iiiodtsta  Tiickeriii.,  '.i97 
tniir.iHs  Wibel,  540 
tiiirifoliii  Scluir,  543 
nenioralh  Pursh,  550 
uemonilis  Torr. ,  530 
nemoralis  L. ,  552 

var.  flrmula  Most,  553 

var.  glauca  (Vahl),  553 
nervata  VVilki.,  507 
nervosa  (Hook.)  Vasey,  538 

var.  Tracyi  (Vasey),  538 
Ncvtidensis  Vasey,  577 
niitiins  Link,  588 
c/>ttis(i  Muiil.,  505 
occiden talis  V.  &  S.,  539 
Orcuttiana  Vasey,  556 
orcpphila  Schur,  543 
ci'uUs  Tineo,  530 
piilustris,  Mucll.,  531 
pa  lust  r  is  \\.  Mart.,  550 
Pattersoni  Vasey,  578 
pectiimcea  Michx,,  488 
peiidiilimi  J.  Vahl,  558 
pilosa  Muhl..  487 
pilosa  L.,  487 
polvmorpha  R.  Br.,  484 
polynoda  Parn.,  540 
pratensis  L.,  543 
prateusis  Pollich,  531 
Pringh'ii  Scribn.,  578 
prociniibens  QwxX..,  575 
Psfudo-hyhrida  Schur,  531 
pseudopratensis   Scribn.    &    Rydb., 

550 
pubescens  Lej.,  543 
pule  he  I  la  Vasey,  574 
ptiHij^t'ns  Nutt.,  534 
puiigens  Torr.,  533 


FOA 

piirpHnistcns  Vasey,  548 

ijiiinijiii/ii/ii  I'ursh.,  467 

reflexa  V.  &  S. ,  530 

re/niitii  Muhl.,  488 

iiplans  Michx.,  478 

lii^'idii  L.,  587 

Rapreohtii  Peyr.,  555 

Siiii<l/i,rxii  Vasey,  539 

Siii/iiui  Khrli.,  631 

sciiliri'llii  Vasey,  581 

sderochloidrs  Steud..  474 

scroti iiii  Lhrh.,  550 

seskrioidfs  Michx.,  407 

si-tiUYti  Hoffm.,  543 

si-tiici'ii  I  luds. ,  531 

Sheldon i  Vasey,  579 

spectahilis  Pursh,  489 

steuiiiithii  Janka,  543 

slolonifern  Bell.,  542 

strictii  HeKClschw.,  .543 

slrij^osd  Hoffm.,  543 

subaristata  Scribn.,  533 

su/'cirrii It'll  Sm.,  543 

sii/iconipres.ui  Parn.,  540 

siihlilis  Schur,  543 

Siiksdorfii  Vasey,  574 

siipinn  Schrad.,  530 

sylvestris  A.  Gray,  537 

svlriiolii  Guss.,  543 

tenuifoliii,  578 

teniii folia  Buckl.,  579 

tenuis  Ell.,  483 

Texana  Vasey,  464 

thermalis  Pers.,  543 

Thurberiana  (Kuntzc)  Vasey,  548 

Tracyi  Vasey.  538 

triangularis  Gilib.,  630 

trijlora  Gilib.,  550 

trii'ialis  Guss.,  543 

TRIVIAI.IH  L. ,  531 

var.  filiculmis  Scribn.,  533 
occidentalis  Vasey,  539 

unilatcralc  Scribn.,  581 

Vahlii  R.  &  S.,  448 

variegafa  Lam.,  542 

Vaseyana  Scribn.,  533 

Villarsii  Gmel.,  543 

viridis  Gilib.,  543 

Wheeleri  Vasev,  547 

Wolfii  (Vasey)  Scribn..  553 
POACEJE,  180 
Poarion  Reichb.  ,494 
Podosicmum  Kunth,  334 

ciliatuin  H.  B.  K.,  243 

debile  H.  B.  K.,  253 

distichophylluin  Presl,  308 

^racile  H.  B.  K.,  342 

implicatum  H.  B.  K.,  264 


INDKX. 


rui 


Ppi/osivtiiinii  rii^ii/iim  II.  B.  K.,  'J40 

itipoidts  11.  H.  K.,  'iW 

tenellHm  li.  B.  K.,  'J<W 

vir.SifHs  H.  B.  K.,  242 
Poidiitm  Nees,  526 

I'OISON-DARNI  I„  OIJO 

Polvantheri.y  Nees,  047 
Polvodon  H.  B    K.,  4i;i.  415 
POLYPOOON  Pesf.,  ;{12 
elongatas(I>(>ir.)  II.  B.  K..  iilii 

•;  loin  era  t  us  Willi!.,  252 

MTioKMs  sm.,  ;n4 

MAKITIMIS  VVillcl,,  '6VA 

MoNsi'Ki.iF.Nsis  (L.)  Desf.,  ni2 
Polyrapliis  Trin.,  447 
Polvsihistis  ptuipentih  Prcsl,  442 
P()rcui'ink.-<;kass,  215 
J'orrotcranthe  Steiul.,  503 
Pristdla  Bcrtol.,212 
Prohuia  F.hrli..  ^01 
Prosphysis  Dulac,  583 
Psamma  Beaiiv.,  i55;{ 

lit  t  oralis  Beau  v.,  854 
J'siimiiiflyiiir  G\'\sv\).,  648 
/'siiidocvtiodon,  4!il 
Pseitdopoa,  527 
Pseudorvza  Griff.,  177 
Psihinthera  Link,  457 
Pterium  Desf.,  525 
Ptihtgrostis  Griseb  ,  212 
PiYCiioriiYi.i.iM  Braun,  106 
Ptucinellia  Bar).,  563,  570 

dislaiis  Pari.,  571! 

iiiarilima  Pari.,  575 

QUACK-GKASS,  630 
yiAKINCM.UASS,  619 
yilCK-GKASS,  636 

Kabdochloa  Beauv.,  430 
Rtuhidiospcrntum  Mexicauum   Vasev, 

631 
Kaddia  BcrtoL,  168 
Kiirem  Adaiis.,  159 
Kaspailin  Mem.,  312 
Raiciikkia  Grass,  649 
Ray-grass,  629 
JitaiKi  Brign.,  13 

liixnriivis  Uur.,  14 
KcboiiUa  Kunth,  490 

ohtiimtti  A.  Gray,  492 

J\'nnsyh<auica  A.  Gray,  493 
Rki)  Top,  332 
REDFIELDIA  Vasey,  472 

flexuosa  (Thurb.)  Vasey,  472 
R  1.1.1),  659 
Rkid  Canary-grass,  183 

RkKI)  GRASS,  460 


REIMARIA  FltlRge,  80 

oligottaohya  Munro,  80 
NiUheta  Sleud.,  336 
Rksci'k-guass,  616 
Revision      des      GraiiiiiiCes,     Kutuli. 

3 
Phisocephalus  Boiss.,  373 

RlllllON-GRASS,   184 

Rick,  176 

Rici-.-cUT  Grass    178 
Rick's  Cousin,  178 
Riedelia  Trin.,  76 
Kipidium  Trill.,  26 
A\i\;H,ri,i  C.  K(.t  h,  634 
A'tvmeriit  Zea,  511 
Poslrmia  Trin.,  3T2 
Notlhivllia  Host.,  361 
Kottha-tliii  L.  f.,  Diss.,  29 

lomprfssn  L,  f . ,  32 

tompii'ssu  Beauv.,  167 

lorriigdta  Baldwin,  81 

cyliitdritii  Torr.,  31 

fiisciiulata  Lam.,  33 

Jiliforinis  Roih,  633 

iinurviita  L.  f. ,  633 

paiiiciilata  Spreng.,  413 

rii^^osa  Chapm.,  30 
Rough  Mkadow-grass,  531 
Rush  Sai.t-grass,  398 
Ryi:,  640 

Siibs/ni  Adans.,  81 
SACCHARUM  L.,  25 

ar;j;ttitettiu  Brous.,  57 
contort  urn  Nutt.,  28 

OKFICINARUM  L  ,  25 

Ka\fniiiC  \...  26 

strict  urn  Null.,  29 
Salt  Marsii-i;rass,  399 
SAi.r  Rkkd  grass,  398 
Sam)-iu;r,  161 
Sand-grass,  354 
Santia  Savi. ,  312 
SAVASTANA  Schrank.,  185 

alpina  (Sw.)  Scribn.,  187 

macrophylla  (Thurb.),  187 

Mexicana  (Benth.),  187 

odorata  (L.)  Scribn.,  186 

pauciflora  (R.  Br.)  Scribn.,  188 
SCHAFFNERA  Benth.,  74 

gracilis  Benth.,  74 
SCHEDONNARDUS  St  cud.,  412 

paniculatus  (Nult.)  Trelease,  413 

'J'cxaniis  Steud.,  413 
Schedoiwrus  Beauv.,  582,  608 

lividus  R.  &  S.,  603 
Sclu'lliiigia  Steud.,  70 
Schistachne  Figar.,  192 


702 


INDEX. 


Sc/iiziic/iyriuni  Nces,  i?9 

amdi'iifiitiis  Necs,  47 

fiUfonne  Noes,  4f* 

scmihffhi'  Necs,  47 
Schmidtiii  Trait.,  381 
Sciiu adkk's  Buomus,  016 
Schultcsia  Spienjj.,  40'.i 
Scleraclnie  Ton.,  ;il4,  58i} 

Afkausauii  Torr.,  iJlO 
ScL-rockloa  Reichb.,  583 

niafitima  Reichb.,  575 

procHinbeus  Heauv,,  575 
Sci.KUoi'o.A,  5S3 
SCLEROPOOON  Philippi,  45;{ 

Karwinskianus  (Fouiii.)  lienih.,  454 
Silfrostiiilivi,  47() 
ScolnJiha  Merl.  &  Koch,  453 
SCOLOCHLOA  Link,  550 

arandinaoea  (Liij.)  MncMillat),  5.V,) 
SCRIBNERIA  E.  Hack.,  033 

Bolanderi  (Thurb.)  Hack.,  631 
Skahaki.ky,  645 
Ska-oats,  516 
SECALE  L..  640 

ckukai.k  l.,  640 
Si'Cdliiiiiim  Schiir,  634 
SknE'-.ca,  186 
Si'iiifts  A  dans.,  513 
Si'riiWa  llassk.,  163 
Sfrra/a litis  Pari.,  608 
Sksamk  Grass,  18 
S/-s/,r/,i  Niitt.,  438 
SESLERIA  Scop.,  457,  458 

cicrui.ka  (L.)  Arduin,  458 

daityh'Uis  Niitt.,  439 
Si'laria  Hcaiiv. ,  150 

aui.iata  R.  &  S.,  157 

iompositit  II.  H.  K.,  154 

lorrtii^iita  Schul.,  156 

Jla'i'ti  Kuiith,  153 

^s^rniiiiliifa  Heauv.,  150 

t;;liiuiii  Meauv.,  155 

'iw/>rr/>is  R.  &  S.,  157 

Ititlua  Heauv. ,154 

lutii;;li4iiiis-  Vascy,  153 

Miix'Hi'  (iriseb.,  153 

pauduta  Vasey,  153 

purpiir  a  Heauv. ,  164 

suliiita  Raddi,  158 

iinhitii  Fourii.,  158 

I'enti-iiiitii  Kunth,  153 

T'l'i-ticillata  Beauv.,  151 

'.•iridis  Heauv.,  157 
SiiKKi-'s  Fi'SCiiK,  593 
SIEOLINOIA  Bernh.,  463 

acuminata  (Munro)  Kuntzc,  470 

albescens  (Munro)  Kuntze,  469 

ambigua  (Ell.)  Kuntze,  465 


SIEOLINOIA 

Americana  (lieauv.),  466 

<,rr;/./.r</(ll.  H.  K.),  470 

ChiiMuaHti  Small.,  467 

congesta  1..  II.  Dewey.  46S 

eragrostoides    (V.    &     S.>    L    IF., 
Dewey.  465 
var.  scabra  Vasey,  465 

JUwii  Kuntze,  467 

grandiflora  Vasey,  471 

mutica  ( lOrr.)  KiUi'.ze,  471 

N.'alleyi(Vasov)  K.  II.  Dewev,  470 

•nlchella  ( 1 1 .  li.  K.)  Kuiuze,  468 
.;ir.  parviilora  Vasey,  468 

purpurea  (Wait.)  Kuntze,  409 

seslorioides  (Miclix.)  Scribn.,  107 

stricta  (Null.)  Kuntze,  464 

Texana  (  I'hiirb.)  Kuntze,  460 

trinerviglumis     (Munro)      Kiaitzc, 
463 

Wrightii  X'asey,  464 
Sii.KV  AiiKosTis,  356 
Sitdiiion  Katin.,  (»47 

f/\'/ni>i</t:\-  Ratin.,  652 
Siftis/<,-/(>s  Adans..  047 
Smai.i,  Cank,  059 
Smai.i.ku  Mkadow  Fkscuk,  593 
Smai.i. i:r  yuAKiM;-GRAss,  530 
Sori^/iiini  i'ers.,  39 

aTi-iiiuriim  Chapm.,  59 

hiili-p,iisi-  I'ers.,  58 

iiiiliins  CHiapiu.,  00 

nutans  A.  Gray,  59 

piiHiiJloruni  Cliapni.,  01 

sriiniiitiin  Chapm.,  00 
SomiiKRN  Rkiu),  183 
SPARTINA  Schreb.,  390 

cynosuroides  (L  )  Will.!.,  397 

var.  polystachya(Michx.)  Scribn., 
398 

densiflora  HronKu.,  397 

,C/-//'n/  Muhl.,400 

gracilis  Trin.,  399 

doiiiiii  Foiirn.,  397,  400 

/'//;/, r,/  Ell.,  398 

junciformis  Ennelm.  &  Gray,  400 

jiiiiii f'orniis  Engelm.  &.(iray    399 

'/,rri[ii„/„  VVilld..  400 

patens  (Ail.)  Muli!.,  3!)8 

stricta  (Ait.)  Roih,  399 
var.    maritima    (Curt.)     Scribn., 

400 
var,  j^^/a/>ra  Muhl.,  400 

Si'KAK-lJRASS,  543 

Spoi/iipdoon  FoiMii.,  20 

SFOROBOLUS  R.  Hr.,  383 
airoides  Torr.,  299 
m-niiiiyus  Huckl  ,  398 
argutus  (Neesj  Kuntli,  301 


INDKX. 


703 


Sforobolus 

Aiizoiiims  riiiirh.,  28fi 
aruiiiiiniuiiis  V.iscy.  'Ml 
asper  (Miclix.)  Kunih.  'J.^T 

vai.  Srummondii  \'asiy,  ~H7 

var.  Hookeri  ^'l'Ii^.)  Nasty,  ^yS 
asperifolius  ^Nt■(•s)  I  hurl).,  'JIKS 

Inurifolitis  Vascy,  'iSS\ 
ulrovirem  Kunili,  !!()() 
auriculatus  V'as<y,  ■»'!t4 
Bolanderi  Vasey,  ~'HS) 
brevifolius  (Nutt.)  Scribii.,  288 
Buckleyi  \'asf y,  IMIiJ 
capillaris  X'ascy,  \VS'.\ 
loniplnHiittis  Sciilm.,  ;!10 
compressus  (  Ton.)  Kiinili,  2U7 
confusus  X'ascy,  ~0I 
oryptandrus  (Ion.)  A.  ("nay,  !J04 

var.  flexuOBUS  'I'1iimI>.,  ;!()."> 

var.  strictus  Sciii)n.,  IM).*) 
{uxpiiiatiis  Wood,  'JMS 
depaiiperatus  (  i'orr.)  Scril)!)  ,  2'.)5 

var.  filiformis  nov.  var.,  'Jl)(> 
Domingensis  ( Iriii.)  Kiiiiih,  :t01 
flliculrais  (  lliiirl).)  Vasi-y,  288 
Floridanus  Chupm..  2!>0 

var.  Curtissii  X'asoy,  290 
gracillimus  (  Tluiil). )  \'asey,  25)5} 
heterolepis  A.  (irav,  28!> 
iM.ici  s(I,.)  R.  Mr.,  2<.t(i 
inflata  Vasev  &  Dewey,  289 
interruptus  Vasev,  2S(j 
inrolula  Miilit..  287 
I.\(  tjui.MONi'ii  Kiiiuli,  202 
Jonesii  Vasey,  29;i 
junoeuB  (Mirlix.)  Kiinlh,  200 
macrospermus  Sirilxi.,  :{U2 
niiiior  X'asey,  5i()0 
minutiflorus  ( I  riii.)  Link,  290 
ovatus,  :!(H) 
Nealleyi  Vasey,  5501 
purpurascens  llaniiltoii,  291 
raoemosus  N'asey,  300 

lilDlll/oSllS,    29-t 

repens  I'resl,  207 
Sacatilla  (irisel).,  205 
serotinus  ( Torr.)  A.  (Iray,  20(5 
Shepherdi  Vasey,  208 
tenacissimus  Mean  v..  202 
Texanus  \'asey,  i{()2 
tricholepis  (Torr.)  IDiili.,  291 
vaginaeflorus  (Torr.)  Vasey,  20i{ 
Virginicus  (!..)  Kiinth,  :i02 
Wolfii  Vasev.  280 
Wrightii  Miinro.  iior. 

S(.)U1UKK.I.-IAII,  ffKASS,  O-l  t 

Sfi'/i/>//itri>s  Allans.,  274 

,Sf(Hii/>n>/>iu.t  (irisel).,  008 

.V/fV/Cr ///.'<;  Ctilifoniiiii  Null.,  47!t 


STENOTAFHRUM  Trill.,  107 

Aiiit-r'hanitiii  .Sihrank.,  I(i7 

seoundatum  (Wall.)  Kiintze,  107 
Sri.w.vur's  ("an.\uv  i;kass,  182 
Stipa  I..,  211 

avenacea  L.,  218 

harluiUi  Miehx.,  218 

I'uolor  I'ursh.,  218 

lUooiiitii  Holaiiil..  221 

iiiiiiiiti  Serihii.,  220 

('iiii,i(/,>isis  I'oir.,  228 

<<i/<i7/iiris  I.am.,  250 

,/i/v.u'/'/ir//ii  Desv.,  215 

comata  Triii.  &  Uiipr.,  210 

coronata  1  hurl). ,  210 

,/i//i,s.,  Wall.,  25(: 

eminens  (a  van..  220 

var.  Anderson!  V.tsev,  221 

fiio^taJiva  II.  M.  K.,  217 

fiminiata   II.   M.,  2;{| 

flexuosa  Vasev,  21i> 

Hassei  \asev'  22:i 

liyntcnoid.s  K.  iS:  .S.,  232 

/,////  Kimtli,  217 

Jarava  Meaiiv.,  217 

JHtiiiit  Michx.,  228 

Kiii-ii  Holaiiil.,  220 

l.ctti-riihini  Vasi-y,  222 

MiiiOiiiiii  Siiibti.,  229 

iiit-hiiHHai f^a  Muhl.,  Oil 

iiitinhriuhiiiw  I'llisli..  232 

.]/i>H:;('/iiii  Tine/.,  227 

muoronata  II.  H.  K.,  210 

multinode  Seribii.,  222 

oocidentalis  Tliiirl).,  214,221 

Farishii  \'asey,  2:0 

parvilhoa  Nlill.,  221 

pennata,  Neo  Mexicana  Thiirl).,  214 

J'riii-/,i  .Serihii.,  230 

A'/. //(/;. Ac;///  A.  dray,  220 

Scribneri  Vasey,  220 

s<Ti,,-(i  Miehx.,  250 

setigera  I'resl,  218 
Sii>iri,,i  Lain.,  220 

spartea  Trin..  215 

.spur/, a   I  look.,  221 

speciosa  Trin.  ct  Riipr.,  215 
Still'iiitiniii  Hiijanil..  219 

striota  N'asey,  221 

tenuissima  Trin.,  217 
/  'i>i;ini,,i  I'crs.  ,218 
viridula  I'rin.,  221 

var.  Lettermani  X'asey,  222 
var.  minor  \'asey,  222 
var.  pubescens  \'asey,  222 
var.  robusta  Vasey,  222 
Stipii^rostis  Noes,  102' 
S/r.'f/iiiini  Sehrail.,  108 
,SV/ ,//,/, ////<■  II.  i{.  K.,  193 


704 


INDEX. 


Streptachne  R.  Br.,  213 

Floridana  Chapm.,  301 

scabra  H.  B.  K.,  211 

tenuis  H.  B.  K.,  211 
Stripkd  Grass,  184 
Strombodurus  Wilkl.,  441 
Strebloc/uetf  Mocbst.,  389 
Subtribes,  Bent  ham,  7, 10 

SUGAR-CANK,  25 

SwEKT  Vernai,  Grass,  185 

SWIICII-CANE,  fioO 

Symbasiandni  Willd.,  67 

Syitophe  Dulac,  583 

Synopsis  Plantarum  Glumacearum, 

Steudel,  4 
SyntherisHia  glabra  Schrad.,  110 

firacox  Walt.,  110 

serotiiia  Walt.,  Ill 

villosa  Walt.,  109 

Tall  Fescue,  591 
Tall  Oatgrass,  387 
Tartarl\n  Oats,  386 
Teosinte,  14 
Texas  Bue  Grass,  535 
Texas  Millet,  117 
T/iatHitocalaiHus  Munro,  058 
Thin  Grass,  328 
THUEBERIA  Benth.,  314 

Arkansana  (Torr.)  Benth.,  316 
Thysanaclinc  Presl,  76 
Timothy,  276 
Tiuica  (iarzia,  525 
Toothache-grass,  402 
Tom-si  a  Ruiz  &  Pav.,  185 
'J'osai^ris  Beau  v.,  234 
Tozzettia  Savi,  270 
Traihynia  Link,  627 
Trachytiotia  Michx.,  396 
juiiii-a  Michx.,  398 
polvstachya  Michx.,  398 
TRACHYPOGON  Nees,  35 
Moiitufari  Nees,  36 
pblymorphus  Hack.,  35 

var.  Montufari(ll.  B.  K.)  Hack. 
36 
Sirobiiulatiis  Nees,  63 
Tragus  pccidcntalis  Nees,  74 

raccmosiis  Hall,  74 
Tremularia  Heist.,  519 
Triac/ivrum  Hochst.,  282 
Tri<cna  H.  B.  K.,413 

racrmosa  H.  B.  K..426 
Trial hcra  Desv.,  413,  415 
Tribes,  Bentham,  7,  10 
Tri,haclnu'  Nees,  104,  105 

tenuis  Nees,  112 
Trichata  Beau  v.,  373 


Trichloris  Fourn.,  408 
fasiiculata  Fourn.,  410 
plurijlora  Fourn.,  410 
Trichocliloa  Beauv.,  234 
s^lomerata  Trin.,  252 
^implicata  R.  &  S.,  264 
miirospcrma  DC,  253 
sobolifcra  Trin,,  244 
tendla  R    &  S.,  263 
Tricluniium  Michx.,  320 
algidum  R.  &  S.,  283 
oiin  ,i,m  Schrad.,  324 
deiumbciis  Michx.,  328 
datum  Pursh.,  334 
laxifioruin  Bigel,  327 
Jyereiinans  Ell.,  328 
Si  a  brum  Muhl.,  327 
Trichoon  Ruth,  459 
Triiuspis  Beauv.,  462 
acuminata  Munro,  470 
albescens  Munro,  464 
ambigua  Chapm.,  465 
mutiea  Torr..  471 
purpurea  A.  Gray,  469 
seslerioides  Torr.,  467 
strict  a  Thurb.,  464 
Texan  a  Thurb.,  466 
trinerviglumis  Munro,  463 
Triglossum  Fisch.,  658 
Triniusa  Steud.,  608 
Triodia  R.  Br.,  462 
acuminata  Benth.,  470 
albescens  Benth.,  469 
cuprea  J.  F.  Jacq.,  467 
eragrpstoides  V.  <S:  S.,  465- 
i^randi flora  Vasev,  471 
'jVealle'vi  Vasey,  470 
ptilchella  H.  B.  K.,  468 
Schaffneri  S.  Wats.,  434 
Americana  Beauv.,  466 
Triplasis  Beauv.,  462 
Triplatcra  Endl.,  413 
TRIPSACUML.,  17 

compressuvi  Fourn.,  18 
cylindricum  Michx.,  31 
dactyloides  L.,  18 

var.  Fbridanum  (Porter),  19* 
var.  Lemmoni  (Vasey),  19 
fasciculatum  Trin.,  19 
F'.oridanum  T.  C.  Porter,  19 
lanceolatitm  Rupt.,  18 
Lemmoni  Vasey,  19 
monostachyum  Willd.,  18 
Triraphis  Nees,  389 
TRISETUM  Pers.,  372 
barbatum  Steud.,  614 

var.  major  Vasey,  61.^ 
Brandci'd  Scribn.,  563 


INDEX. 


705 


Trisetum 

Citlifoinicum  Vasey,  376 
iiiiifsiLiis  Huckl.,  JJyO 
cernuum  Trin..  S79 

var.  canescens  (Buckl.),  380 
deyeuxioides    (11.    li.    K.j     Kunth, 
374 
var.  pubescens  Scribn.,  374 
elongatumdl.  H.  K.)  Kunth,  376 
filifolium  Scribn.,  37r) 

var.  aristatum  Scribn,,  375 
Hallii  Scribn.,  375 
iiilfnupttim  Huckl.,  376 
Ludovicianum  Vasey,  374 
;//.'//('  Kunth,  377 
montanum  Vasey,  379 
palustre  (Michx.)  Torr.,  373 
paniculatuin  Fuurn.,  381 
Pkatknsk  Pers.,  380 
piirtiirns(Ciis  Torr.,  383 
Sandbergii  n.  sp.,  378 
sesquiflorum  Trin.,  378 
spicatum(L.)  Richter,  377 
var.  moUe  (Michx.),  377 
sul'spicatiim  var.  iiivticnm  Boland., 

503 
Toluccense  H.  li.  K.,  377 
VJrletii  Fourn.,  380 
VVoljU  Vasey,  5(53 
Trisiola  Rafin.,  515 
TRISTACHYA  Nees,  388 
leiostachya  Nees,  388 
Mexitana  Kunth,  388 
TRISTEGINEa:,  75 
TRITICUM  L.,  641 
lijiiinum  L. ,  039 
dasystachyuin  A.  Gray,  636 
^iiliuiiinit  Desf.,  637 
Peitiisvlviiniruin  H.  S.  P.,  373 
rcpciis  L.,  036 

var.  dasystiuhyii'n  Houk.,  636 
slri:^osum  Les.,  638 
violiiicum  Hornm.,  639 
Vri.wARE  Vill.,  643 

TlKKKV-KOttT,  55 

Twncii-cKASs,  036 
Typhoidcs  Moench,  181 

UNIOLAL.,  515 

-r„cilis  Michx.,  516 
iatifolia  Michx.,  516 
laxa(L.)  P.  S.  P.,  516 
longifolia  Scribn.,  517 
iii/iii,,  Haldw.,  517 
paniculata  L. ,  516 
piiiii^tiis  Rupr.,  031 
sessiliflora  Poir.,  517 
spiaita  L.,  518 


Uracfnte  Trin.,  223 

asperi folia  Trin..  225 

lanata  Trin.,  333 

micrautha  Trin.  &  Rupr.,  230 

racemosa  Trin.,  325 
Uralcpsis  Nutt.,  462 

purpurea  Nutt.,  469 

puh/iclla  Kunth,  468 

ixristuUita  Nutt.,  469 
Urochloa  Beauv.,  104 

uiiiscta  Presl,  158 

Vanii.i.a-grass,  185,  186 
Vasi'ya  Thurb.,  334 

coma t a  Thurb.,  359 
Vki.vet-crass,  360 
Vil/a  Ad  a  ns.,  319 
Vilfa  Heauv.,  283 

airoides  Trin.,  399 

arguta  Nees,  301 

Arkausana  Trin.',  301 

arundiuacea  Trin.,  317 

aspcra  Heauv.,  387 

asperi  folia  .\ieyen,  298 

eompressa  Trin.,  3!)7 

cryplandra  Torr.,  304 

euspidata  Torr.,  388 

depaiiperata  Torr.,  395 

JJomingeiisis  Trin.,  304 

Druinmoudii  Trin.,  387 

fasdeulata  \\.  H.  K.,  331 

filieulmis  Thurb.,  388 

i^rueillifna  Thurb.,  393 

hctcrolopis  A.  Gray,  387 

Hookeri  Trin.,  288 

juiieea  Trin.,  390 

minima  Vasey,  386 

tiiinutijlorus  Trin.,  399 

plumhea  Trin.,  3!i5 

scrotiiia  Torr.,  396 

teiiacissima  II.  H.  K.,  293 

leiiera  Trin.,  397 

trieholepis  Torr.,  391 

ulilis  Torr.,  295 

vai^i II w flora  Torr.,  293 
rirtiiniea  Heauv.,  303 
Urinaria  Trin.,  100 
Vulf'ia  flmel.,  583,  583 

murostaihya  Munro,  585 

Myurus  Gniel.,  586 

WAl.r.-HARI.KV,  646 

Watkr-oais,  173 
Way  Hkn t,  040 

WkAK  Sl'KAR-CRASS,  539 

WEINGAERTNERIA  Hernh.,  362 

CANKSCKNS  Hernli.,  303 
Wheat,  463,  641 
VViiiTKCiRAss,  177,  178 


706 


INDEX. 


Whiie  Rice,  178 
WiLU  Oats,  384 
WiLU  Rice,  1T3,  176 
Wilhelmsia  C.  Koch,  494 
WilibalJa  Sternb.,  281 
Windsoria  Nutt.,  465 

amhi^ua  Nutt.,  465 

pallida  Torr.,  566 

sir  Ida  Nutt.,  464 
Wire-grass,  546 
IVirtgniia  Nees,  81 
Wood-grass,  59 
Woolly-beard  Grass,  26 

Xauthauthos  St.  Lag.,  184 
Xiint/ionaiit/ios  St.  Lag.,  184 

Yellow  Oat-grass,  380 

ZEA  L.,  15 
canina  S.  Wats.,  16 


Zea 

Mays  L.,  16 
Zeobromus  Griseb.,  609 
Zeocriton  Beauv.,  642,  643 

distichum  Beauv.,  647 

murinum  Beauv  ,  646 
Zertta  Panz.,  582,  608 
ZEUGITES  p.  Br.,  512 

latifolia  (Founi.)  Benth.,  512 

Mexicana  (Kunth)  Trin,,  513 
ZlZANIA  L.,  173 

aquatica  L.,  173 

clixvulosa  Michx.,  173 

latifolia  Griseb.,  173 

miliacea  Michx.,  176 

falustris  L.,  17o 
ZlZANIOPSIS  DOelL  &  Aschers.,  175 

miliacea  (Michx.)  Doell.   &  Asch- 
ers., 175. 
ZOYSIEf,  65 


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10 

HENRY  HOLT  &  CO.'S  BOTANICAL  WORKS. 


Arthur,  Barnes,  and  Coulter's  Handbook  of  Plant  Dis- 
section. 

By  Professors  J.  C.  Auxnuuof  Purdue  University,  Chaki.ks  R.  Haknes 
of  University  of  Wisconsin,  and  President  John  AI.  Coi.  i.tkr  of  I.iike 
Forest  University.    xi  +  256pp.     izmo.    $i.zo,  «^/. 

Treating  of  Green  Slime,  Dark  Green  Scum,  Common  Pond  Scum, 
White  Rust,  Lilac  Mildew,  Common  Liverwort,  Moss,  Maidenhair 
Fern,  Scotch  Pine,  Field  Oats,  Trillium,  and  Shephtrd's-purse.  There 
is  also  a  chapter  of  general  suggestions  on  apparatus  and  manipulation. 

Beal's  Grasses  of  North  America. 

By  Prof.  W.  J.  Hum.  of  Michigan  Agricultural  College.  4:57  4-  7"?  PP. 
Fully  illustrated.     2  vols,  (sold  separately).     Vol.  L,  $2.50.  "Vol.  U. 

Bessey's  Botany. 

By  I'rofcssor  Charles  E.  Bessky  of  the  University  of  Nebraska. 
AiiiLticiin  Scieiici:  Series.  Aiivanceii  Course.  Revised.  x-t-Oiipp. 
8vo.     $2.20,  net. 

Bkiefrk  CofRSE.  With  an  Introductory  Chapter  on  the  Gross  Anatomy 
of  Flowering  Plants,  and  an  Appendix.  Entirely  Neio  liiUtion,  1S96. 
vii  +  356  pp.     i2mo.     $1.12,  «(•/. 

Crozier's  Dictionary  of  Botanical  Terms. 

By  A.  A.  Ckozieh.     vij-222pp.     8vo.      $2.40,  «f/. 

Hackel's  True  Grasses. 

Translated  from  "  Die  NatUrlichen  Pflanzenfarailicn,"  by  F.  Lamson 

SCHIKNEK  and  EffIK  A.  SOLTHWORTH,      V  +  22S  pp.      8vo.     $1.50. 

Kerner's  Natural  History  of  Plants. 

Translated  by  Professor  F.  W.  Oi.ivkr  of  University  College,  London. 
With  16  colored  plates  and  1000  wood  engravings.  Four  parts.  410. 
Cloth,     $15.00,  net. 

"  Sliould  find  a  place  in  every  college  and  public  library."' — Boston   Tran- 
script. 

MacDousal's  Experimental  Plant  Physiology. 

On  the  basis  of  Oels'  "  PHanzenphysiologische  Versuche."  By  D.  T. 
MacDol'gal,  University  of  Minnesota,     vi  +  88  pp.     8vo.    $1.00,  net. 

A  manu.il  of  elementary  experiments  with  living  plants,  not  too  difficult, 
perhaps,  for  higli-scliool  pupils  who  have  had  a  course  111  general  botany, 

Price's  Fern  Collector's  Handbook  and  Herbarium. 

My  Miss  Sauik  F.  Pkilk.     With  72  plates.    4to. 

Underwood's  Our  Native  Ferns  and  their  Allies. 

With  Synoptical  Descriptions  of  the  .\mcrican  I'terlilnphyta  North  of 
Mexico.  By  Professor  Lucien-  M.  Unokuwood  of  DePauw  University. 
J-'i/t/i  Edition,  Revised,     xii  +  '5^'  PP-     i2mo.     $1.00,  net. 

Zimmermann's  Botanical  Microtechnique. 

TranslatL-d  by  J.  Ellis  HuMPHKiivs,  S.D.    xii  +  ^g'^PP-    8vo,  $2.50,  «f/. 

Postal;;'  on   net  />oois  8%  additional.     For  further  fiarticulars  send  /or  />c- 

logiie  0/ Science  Books. 

HENRY  HOLT  &  CO.,  29  W.  230  St..  New  York. 


**  Should  find  a  place  in  every  college  and  public  lidrary."— Boston  Transcript, 

KERNER'S  NATURAL  HISTORY 
OF  PLANTS. 

Translated  by  Professor  F.  W.  Oliver,  of  University  College, 
London.  A  work  for  reference  or  continuous  reading,  at  once 
popular  and,  in  the  modern  sense,  thoroughly  scientific.  With 
i6  colored  plates  and  looo  wood  engravings.  Four  parts.  4to. 
Cloth.    $15.00  «<?/. 

The  Nation;  "  The  author  evidently  planned  at  the  outset  to  take  every  attractive 
teature  of  plants  oC  all  grades,  and  place  these  attractive  features  in  the  very  best  light. 
For  this  purpose  he  has  skillfully  employed  a  brilliant  style  of  exposition,  and  he  has  not 
hesitated  to  use  illustrations  in  black  and  in  color  with  the  freest  hand.  The  purpose  has 
been  attained.  He  has  succeeded  in  constructing  a  popular  work  on  the  phenomena  of 
vegetation  which  is  practically  without  any  rival.  The  German  edition  has  been  accepted 
from  the  first  as  a  useful  treatise  for  the  instruction  of  the  public  ;  in  fact,  some  of  its  illus- 
trations have  been  taken  bodily  from  the  votumes  by  museum  curators,  to  enrich  exhibit 
tion  cases  designed  for  the  people.  With  two  exceptions,  the  full-page  colored  plates 
leave  little  to  be  desired,  and  might  well  find  a  place  in  every  public  museum  in  which 
botany  has  a  share.  Most  of  the  minor  engravings  are  unexceptionable.  They  are  clear, 
and  almost  wholly  free  from  distracting  details  which  render  worthless  so  many  iflustra- 
tions  in  popular  works  on  natural  history.  Professor  Kerner's  style  in  German  is  seldom 
obscure — it  is  what  one  might  fairly  call  easy  reading;  but  it  is  no  disparagement  to  him 
and  his  style  tastate  that  the  translation  is  clearer  than  the  original  throughout.  .  .  In  the 
first  two  issues  the  author  was  engaged  chiefly  with  the  study  of  the  structure  of  the  plant, 
and  its  adaptation  to  its  surroundings.  In  thtsconcluding  volume  he  considers  the  plant 
from  the  point  of  view  of  its  relation  to  others.  Therefore  he  begins  with  a  full  and  ab- 
sorbingly interesting  accountof  reproduction  in  the  vegetable  kingdom,  and  then  passes  to 
an  examination  of  species.  .  .  With  this  book,  there  is  no  excuse  for  even  busy  people  to 
be  ignorant  of  how  the  other  half,  the  plant-half,  lives." 

Botanical  Gazette :  _"  Kerner's  work  in  English  will  do  much  toward  bringing  modem 
botany  before  the  intelligent  public.  We  need  more  of  this  khid  of  teaching  that  will 
bring  those  not  professionally  interested  in  botany  to  some  realization  of  its  scope  and 
greatinterest." 

Professor  J.  E.  Humphrey  :  "  It  ought  to  sell  largely  here  to  colleges  and  public  libra- 
ries, as  well  as  to  individuals,  and  I  can  heartily  commend  it." 

John  M.  Macfarlane,  Professor  in  University  of  Pennsylvania  :  "  It  is  a  work  that 
deserves  a  wide  circulation." 

Professor  John  M.  Coulter  in  The  Dial:  "It  is  such  books  as  this  that  will  bring 
botany  fairly  before  the  public  a»a  subject  of  absorbing  interest ;  that  will  illuminate  the 
botanical  lecture-room  ;  that  will  convert  the  Gradgrind  of  our  modern  laboratory  into  a 
student  of  nature." 

New  Vork  Times  :  "  A  magnificent  work,  with  its  careful  text  and  superb  illustrations. 
The  whole  processof  plant  life  is  explained,  and  all  the  wonders  of  it." 

The  Critic:  "  In  wonderfully  accurate  but  easily  comprehended  descriptions,  it  opens 
to  the  ordinary  reader  the  results  of  botanical  research  down  to  the  present  time. 

The  Outlook  :  ".  .  .  For  the  first  time  we  have  in  the  English  language  a  great  work 
upon  the  living  pl.int,  profound,  in  a  sense  exhaustive,  thoroughly  reliable,  but  in  language 
simple  and  beautiful  enough  to  attract  a  child.  .  .  The  plates  are  most  of  them  of  unusual 
beauty.  Author,  translator,  illustrators,  publishers,  have  united  to  make  the  work  a 
success." 

HENRY  HOLT  &  CO.,  29  West  23(1  Street,  New  York. 


u 


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